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Assessing the Interpretability of ML Models from a Human Perspective

Celebrating 10 Years of War Robots and Reflecting From A Technical Perspective

যুদ্ধের রোবটদের 10 বছর উদযাপন করা এবং একটি প্রযুক্তিগত দৃষ্টিকোণ থেকে প্রতিফলিত করা

10 Jahre Kriegsroboter und ein Blick aus technischer Perspektive

Celebrando 10 años de robots de guerra y reflexionando desde una perspectiva técnica

Célébration de 10 ans de robots de guerre et réflexion d'un point de vue technique

युद्ध रोबोट के 10 साल का जश्न और तकनीकी परिप्रेक्ष्य से चिंतन

戦争ロボット10周年を祝い、技術的な観点から振り返る

전쟁 로봇 10주년을 기념하고 기술적 관점에서 성찰

Comemorando 10 anos de robôs de guerra e refletindo de uma perspectiva técnica

Празднование 10-летия боевых роботов и размышления с технической точки зрения

Savaş Robotlarının 10. Yılını Kutlamak ve Teknik Açıdan Düşünmek

Kỷ niệm 10 năm robot chiến tranh và suy ngẫm từ góc độ kỹ thuật

庆祝战争机器人十周年并从技术角度进行反思

Hi folks, Brands publish on HackerNoon via our Brand-as-author programs to provide our readers transparency and context, while also getting exclusive benefits such as logo, company bio, brand name as a handle, about page, and that precious Call-to-Action (or, as SEO spammers like to call it, “backlink”) button. Today, we’re going to be discussing something the editorial team gets asked all the time by content marketers of various brands: How to get our story on the front page of HackerNoon as a top story!? But, first things first, the best way for brands to write on HackerNoon is to not immediately toot their own horn, so to speak. You need to first give readers some valueby writing about your brand’s field of expertise. Oh no! “How will we promote our brand, then?” You might ask…Well, hold your horses, we’re getting to that bit. The point is to first give readers value by writing about your expertise using thought leadership and then sprinkle in a bit of promotion. As a brand, we understand that you want, and obviously, need to promote your products or services, but **that promotion should not be the main focus of the articles you are writing on HackerNoon but rather the cherry on top that readers should get after gaining some insight and value from your article. So, it is extremely important that you consider ways to offer unique value while still promoting your brand. “What about that top story spot?” I hear you screaming… Well, our editors consider a variety of factors before deeming a story worthy of that prestigious place atop the HackerNoon front page and every editor has their own editorial discretion as well but here are a few pointers to guide you in the right direction. Generally, an article may be categorized as a top story as a brandif it has some of the following elements: The article is well written (duh), free of grammatical and factual errors, and has accurate sourcing/citation for information, like this one.


If it is a unique story that has not been brought to the public eye elsewhere, like this one


A distinctive or new spin on news/events trending in the tech world that differentiates it from other stories in the ether - here’s an example.


Includes original reporting or investigational work relating to a matter - here’s an example.


Relevance to a majority of HackerNoon's audience - like this example.


A catchy/edgy headline to garner clicks and views on social media, see this.


A story that might help in spreading awareness on important issues among the masses and doing so in a respectable, well-informed manner, here’s an example.


Has a conversational, fun, engaging tone that entices the reader to continue till the end, like this.


Breaks down a complex process/concept into easily understandable language for the layman, for reference, check this story out.


Includes personal experience or personal touch or a valuable thought process - here’s a nice examplefor your reference.


Is properly researched, has good examples and includes actionable insights. Here’s a great example, check it out.


Most importantly, provides value to the reader - gets them to think, laugh, cry, be concerned, or actually feel something after reading the story. See this heartwarming startup of the year interview as an example. You can head over here to see some writing prompts that might help you make your next top story! Or maybe you can give us an interview about your company, tell us about your startup's funding or answer these questions for startup founders. Those of you consistently publishing on HackerNoon as brands are probably now familiar with our Brand-as-Author (BAA) Program, but for those who are not, this is the ideal time to check out the program to see what it can do for your brand akin to what it has done for countless others. In an effort to up our game and provide our brand partners with even more value, brands that publish on HackerNoon now receive $100 worth of social media promotion for every $500 they spend! Head here to learn more. ….and that’s all folks! Hope you found this post helpful and gained some insight from it. Looking forward to putting some more brand stories on the top! Disclaimer
Please do keep in mind that there are general guidelines and suggestions and not a guarantee that a story will be granted a top spot or accepted. Submitted stories also still have to adhere to other rules regarding plagiarism, link promotion and adequate formatting. For example: If a story hits all 12 of the above points but turns out to be plagiarized, it will not be accepted. Hi folks, Brands publish on HackerNoon via our Brand-as-author programs to provide our readers transparency and context, while also getting exclusive benefits such as logo, company bio, brand name as a handle, about page, and that precious Call-to-Action (or, as SEO spammers like to call it, “backlink”) button. Brand-as-author Today, we’re going to be discussing something the editorial team gets asked all the time by content marketers of various brands: How to get our story on the front page of HackerNoon as a top story!? How to get our story on the front page of HackerNoon as a top story!? But, first things first, the best way for brands to write on HackerNoon is to not immediately toot their own horn, so to speak. You need to first give readers some value by writing about your brand’s field of expertise. give readers some value Oh no! “How will we promote our brand, then?” You might ask…Well, hold your horses, we’re getting to that bit. The point is to first give readers value by writing about your expertise using thought leadership and then sprinkle in a bit of promotion. As a brand, we understand that you want, and obviously, need to promote your products or services, but **that promotion should not be the main focus of the articles you are writing on HackerNoon but rather the cherry on top that readers should get after gaining some insight and value from your article. So, it is extremely important that you consider ways to offer unique value while still promoting your brand. “What about that top story spot?” I hear you screaming… top story Well, our editors consider a variety of factors before deeming a story worthy of that prestigious place atop the HackerNoon front page and every editor has their own editorial discretion as well but here are a few pointers to guide you in the right direction. Generally, an article may be categorized as a top story as a brand if it has some of the following elements: a top story as a brand The article is well written (duh), free of grammatical and factual errors, and has accurate sourcing/citation for information, like this one. If it is a unique story that has not been brought to the public eye elsewhere, like this one A distinctive or new spin on news/events trending in the tech world that differentiates it from other stories in the ether - here’s an example. Includes original reporting or investigational work relating to a matter - here’s an example. Relevance to a majority of HackerNoon's audience - like this example. A catchy/edgy headline to garner clicks and views on social media, see this. A story that might help in spreading awareness on important issues among the masses and doing so in a respectable, well-informed manner, here’s an example. Has a conversational, fun, engaging tone that entices the reader to continue till the end, like this. Breaks down a complex process/concept into easily understandable language for the layman, for reference, check this story out. Includes personal experience or personal touch or a valuable thought process - here’s a nice examplefor your reference. Is properly researched, has good examples and includes actionable insights. Here’s a great example, check it out. Most importantly, provides value to the reader - gets them to think, laugh, cry, be concerned, or actually feel something after reading the story. See this heartwarming startup of the year interview as an example. The article is well written (duh), free of grammatical and factual errors, and has accurate sourcing/citation for information, like this one. The article is well written (duh), free of grammatical and factual errors, and has accurate sourcing/citation for information, like this one . this one If it is a unique story that has not been brought to the public eye elsewhere, like this one If it is a unique story that has not been brought to the public eye elsewhere, like this one this one A distinctive or new spin on news/events trending in the tech world that differentiates it from other stories in the ether - here’s an example. A distinctive or new spin on news/events trending in the tech world that differentiates it from other stories in the ether - here’s an example . example Includes original reporting or investigational work relating to a matter - here’s an example. Includes original reporting or investigational work relating to a matter - here’s an example . example Relevance to a majority of HackerNoon's audience - like this example. Relevance to a majority of HackerNoon's audience - like this example . like this example A catchy/edgy headline to garner clicks and views on social media, see this. A catchy/edgy headline to garner clicks and views on social media, see this . see this A story that might help in spreading awareness on important issues among the masses and doing so in a respectable, well-informed manner, here’s an example. A story that might help in spreading awareness on important issues among the masses and doing so in a respectable, well-informed manner, here’s an example . example Has a conversational, fun, engaging tone that entices the reader to continue till the end, like this. Has a conversational, fun, engaging tone that entices the reader to continue till the end, like this . like this Breaks down a complex process/concept into easily understandable language for the layman, for reference, check this story out. Breaks down a complex process/concept into easily understandable language for the layman, for reference, check this story out . check this story out Includes personal experience or personal touch or a valuable thought process - here’s a nice examplefor your reference. Includes personal experience or personal touch or a valuable thought process - here’s a nice example for your reference. nice example Is properly researched, has good examples and includes actionable insights. Here’s a great example, check it out. Is properly researched, has good examples and includes actionable insights. Here’s a great example , check it out. a great example Most importantly, provides value to the reader - gets them to think, laugh, cry, be concerned, or actually feel something after reading the story. See this heartwarming startup of the year interview as an example. Most importantly, provides value to the reader - gets them to think, laugh, cry, be concerned, or actually feel something after reading the story. See this heartwarming startup of the year interview as an example. heartwarming startup of the year interview You can head over here to see some writing prompts that might help you make your next top story! Or maybe you can give us an interview about your company, tell us about your startup's funding or answer these questions for startup founders . here give us an interview tell us about your startup's funding questions for startup founders Those of you consistently publishing on HackerNoon as brands are probably now familiar with our Brand-as-Author (BAA) Program, but for those who are not, this is the ideal time to check out the program to see what it can do for your brand akin to what it has done for countless others . program countless others In an effort to up our game and provide our brand partners with even more value, brands that publish on HackerNoon now receive $100 worth of social media promotion for every $500 they spend! Head here to learn more. brands that publish now receive $100 worth of social media promotion for every $500 they spend! Head here to learn more. here ….and that’s all folks! Hope you found this post helpful and gained some insight from it. Looking forward to putting some more brand stories on the top! Disclaimer Please do keep in mind that there are general guidelines and suggestions and not a guarantee that a story will be granted a top spot or accepted. Submitted stories also still have to adhere to other rules regarding plagiarism, link promotion and adequate formatting. For example: If a story hits all 12 of the above points but turns out to be plagiarized, it will not be accepted. Disclaimer Disclaimer Disclaimer Please do keep in mind that there are general guidelines and suggestions and not a guarantee that a story will be granted a top spot or accepted. Submitted stories also still have to adhere to other rules regarding plagiarism, link promotion and adequate formatting. For example: If a story hits all 12 of the above points but turns out to be plagiarized, it will not be accepted. Please do keep in mind that there are general guidelines and suggestions and not a guarantee that a story will be granted a top spot or accepted. Submitted stories also still have to adhere to other rules regarding plagiarism, link promotion and adequate formatting. For example: If a story hits all 12 of the above points but turns out to be plagiarized, it will not be accepted. Please do keep in mind that there are general guidelines and suggestions and not a guarantee that a story will be granted a top spot or accepted. Submitted stories also still have to adhere to other rules regarding plagiarism, link promotion and adequate formatting. For example: If a story hits all 12 of the above points but turns out to be plagiarized, it will not be accepted.

Factors that Can Give Brand Posts an Edge to be a Top Story — A HackerNoon Editor’s Perspective

The way to understand the way our mind works, the way society works, and that of the natural universe may be evolution. While pondering this I, as usual, came across a larger and more difficult question: What is purpose and where might it come from? Does purpose need a source? First, let me backtrack. We accept that evolution is the best description for the multitude of living species and their different attributes. Life itself seems to be a result of evolution, the change from non-living matter to cells that reproduce comes through the process of interaction – the blending of information, randomness (random mutation), and a best fit, or actually just fit to external surroundings. Actually, the concept of internal, inside the organism or your body, and the outside world may be far more blurred than we usually imagine. In what you call your body there are millions of bacteria many of which are necessary to your bodily functions. Although separate organisms they contribute to the whole of you, your organism. You are an amalgam. Your skin is porous letting in UV rays, chemicals (vitamin E crème for instance is designed to penetrate the skin) and sound and radiation waves pass through us as does electricity changing us in the process. This sideline just helps to illustrate that we like linear boxes although the universe is not boxed or linear. My idea sprouted wings while reading “Time Reborn” by physicist Lee Smolin. He posits that the rules of the universe, the physical laws of quantum and Newtonian physics, are a “best fit” group of rules like the DNA in an animal instructing it how to survive in its environment. They are not perfect but they are very close, and they seem to apply pretty much universally. There are infinite possibilities. But why is the speed of light a constant at 299,792,458 m/s?  Why these laws?  He proposes that these laws are the best fit for just this universe and they evolved with this universe in a coupling. These rules are still evolving. He sees black holes as the place where new laws are made and tested. Only those that fit the universe around them would survive. Recently I read an interview with acclaimed neurologist Gerald Edelman in NPQ and his description of the way our brain works and it is very similar to what I have previously written about on JeS in the article How to Create a Brain (Artificial Intelligence). Our brain finds the best fit or even any fit decisions or actions through a process of trial and error combined with randomness and imagination. Trial and error is essentially a very quick form of evolution. We test each new breed against current circumstances (often imagined) and those that don’t fit are “killed” off and those that do “survive” are tested in the real world and if successful stored for later use. But here I discovered the problem. We have a purpose. We are trying to achieve a goal. If we are trying to find the nearest Bunnings we can test different routes and modes of transport in our imagination first, and then test them in real life to fit the purposes of; Buying a hammer,
Speed of acquisition
Minimal cost. Our brain has purpose and so it creates new ideas and procedures – new information. It evolves making new connections between neurons. Societies and cultures do likewise; being an extension of the beings in them; they test ideas, adapt -making changes – then enforce rules when they have found the best fit. I have talked before about how rigid rules and hierarchies can actually stifle this evolutionary progression in societies. Cultures and societies can and do collapse – the death of a species – they can also spread memes like genes which hold the information for future use. But both animals and societies (groups of animals) have purpose.  In simple life forms the reproduction of the species is the purpose that drives everything. In simple cultures (groups) it is also the maintaining of the individuals to reproductive age to spread the species. But what is the purpose of the universe? What could the intrinsic purpose of a rock be?\ We, of course, have many purposes that are not directly related to the extension or maintenance of the entire species instead many relate solely to a good and happy life. Many people don’t breed but still have purpose. Humans just like many animals have dopamine receptors which give us pleasure from certain activities, and stress responses that cause us discomfort from bad experiences. Many of our evolutionary choice processes are driven by the desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. In a grander sense, we can invent purposes for ourselves. Be it making the world a better place or being the best footballer ever. Purpose seems to be a fluid thing, one that bends and maybe even forms from the environment and society in which we live. It may not need a linear root at all. Some people commit suicide and there is some speculation that whales may beach themselves as a form of suicide. That goes against the central purpose to progress the species. And, most importantly, many people never have children but still have purpose. Our need for a purpose to evolution is the way we try to interpret and understand the world. We want linear connections; we want a cause and effect. But there can be no ultimate cause, for nothing could cause it. Linear lines are endless. I am trying to get away from this way of thinking in this article about evolution being the way to comprehend the universe. However, there may be a way for our linear mind to understand such a concept. Perhaps the universe works in the same way as our brain. It does not need an intrinsic purpose from which all sub-purposes branch. Each micro-part, each atom, each string, and each energy field constantly adapts to the other fields and particles around it, and to the larger form, planets, stars, and gravity. An inter-loop of 4 (and possibly more) dimensional informational transfers; small to large, group and field to group, and field is all in constant flow. Constantly adapting to itself. It just is, and will, continue to be but in a constantly changing and interactive way. In the same way, we refer to the sun rising today as being a sunrise as we called yesterday’s, even though the temperature is different, the hue more magenta, and our mood less happy. The purpose (if required) is to form in the micro-interaction and randomness of evolution. Thus creating a larger organismic form, and then feeding back to itself.  We can box these things to absolutes that never existed. I would like to make one more comment about how physics may be able to help us grasp the non-linear. The theory of the Higgs Boson – which has been supported by experiments in the Large Hadron Collider –  that a Higgs Boson particle does imbalance the field of energy which causes energy to become matter. Imbalance; which we mean to be a purpose away from its desired state. This imbalance is pulling to a purpose, pulling to nothing, pulling to balance and inactivity, to chaos to infinity, which is the purpose of the universe. The matter comes from imbalance the in-between nothing and infinity, the imperfection of Plato’s forms as everything pulls toward perfect nothingness. So here we have the purpose of the universe and all comes from its inability to achieve it. As it is with us. This is just a prelude to something larger for there are too many vague areas for a thorough argument. Please think and write a comment if you want to help. This was first published a long time ago (2014) on my website JeSaurai.net which is over 20 years old now. The way to understand the way our mind works, the way society works, and that of the natural universe may be evolution. While pondering this I, as usual, came across a larger and more difficult question: What is purpose and where might it come from? Does purpose need a source? First, let me backtrack. We accept that evolution is the best description for the multitude of living species and their different attributes. Life itself seems to be a result of evolution, the change from non-living matter to cells that reproduce comes through the process of interaction – the blending of information, randomness (random mutation), and a best fit, or actually just fit to external surroundings. Actually, the concept of internal, inside the organism or your body, and the outside world may be far more blurred than we usually imagine. In what you call your body there are millions of bacteria many of which are necessary to your bodily functions. Although separate organisms they contribute to the whole of you, your organism. You are an amalgam. Your skin is porous letting in UV rays, chemicals (vitamin E crème for instance is designed to penetrate the skin) and sound and radiation waves pass through us as does electricity changing us in the process. This sideline just helps to illustrate that we like linear boxes although the universe is not boxed or linear. My idea sprouted wings while reading “Time Reborn” by physicist Lee Smolin. He posits that the rules of the universe, the physical laws of quantum and Newtonian physics, are a “best fit” group of rules like the DNA in an animal instructing it how to survive in its environment. They are not perfect but they are very close, and they seem to apply pretty much universally. There are infinite possibilities. But why is the speed of light a constant at 299,792,458 m/s?  Why these laws?  He proposes that these laws are the best fit for just this universe and they evolved with this universe in a coupling. These rules are still evolving. He sees black holes as the place where new laws are made and tested. Only those that fit the universe around them would survive. Recently I read an interview with acclaimed neurologist Gerald Edelman in NPQ and his description of the way our brain works and it is very similar to what I have previously written about on JeS in the article How to Create a Brain (Artificial Intelligence) . Our brain finds the best fit or even any fit decisions or actions through a process of trial and error combined with randomness and imagination. Trial and error is essentially a very quick form of evolution. We test each new breed against current circumstances (often imagined) and those that don’t fit are “killed” off and those that do “survive” are tested in the real world and if successful stored for later use. But here I discovered the problem. We have a purpose. We are trying to achieve a goal. If we are trying to find the nearest Bunnings we can test different routes and modes of transport in our imagination first, and then test them in real life to fit the purposes of; Gerald Edelman in NPQ Create a Brain (Artificial Intelligence) Buying a hammer, Speed of acquisition Minimal cost. Buying a hammer, Speed of acquisition Minimal cost. Our brain has purpose and so it creates new ideas and procedures – new information. It evolves making new connections between neurons. Societies and cultures do likewise; being an extension of the beings in them; they test ideas, adapt -making changes – then enforce rules when they have found the best fit. I have talked before about how rigid rules and hierarchies can actually stifle this evolutionary progression in societies. Cultures and societies can and do collapse – the death of a species – they can also spread memes like genes which hold the information for future use. can actually stifle But both animals and societies (groups of animals) have purpose.  In simple life forms the reproduction of the species is the purpose that drives everything. In simple cultures (groups) it is also the maintaining of the individuals to reproductive age to spread the species. But what is the purpose of the universe? What could the intrinsic purpose of a rock be?\ We, of course, have many purposes that are not directly related to the extension or maintenance of the entire species instead many relate solely to a good and happy life. Many people don’t breed but still have purpose. Humans just like many animals have dopamine receptors which give us pleasure from certain activities, and stress responses that cause us discomfort from bad experiences. Many of our evolutionary choice processes are driven by the desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. In a grander sense, we can invent purposes for ourselves. Be it making the world a better place or being the best footballer ever. Purpose seems to be a fluid thing, one that bends and maybe even forms from the environment and society in which we live. It may not need a linear root at all. Some people commit suicide and there is some speculation that whales may beach themselves as a form of suicide. That goes against the central purpose to progress the species. And, most importantly, many people never have children but still have purpose. Our need for a purpose to evolution is the way we try to interpret and understand the world. We want linear connections; we want a cause and effect. But there can be no ultimate cause, for nothing could cause it. Linear lines are endless. I am trying to get away from this way of thinking in this article about evolution being the way to comprehend the universe. However, there may be a way for our linear mind to understand such a concept. Perhaps the universe works in the same way as our brain. It does not need an intrinsic purpose from which all sub-purposes branch. Each micro-part, each atom, each string, and each energy field constantly adapts to the other fields and particles around it, and to the larger form, planets, stars, and gravity. An inter-loop of 4 (and possibly more) dimensional informational transfers; small to large, group and field to group, and field is all in constant flow. Constantly adapting to itself. It just is, and will, continue to be but in a constantly changing and interactive way. In the same way, we refer to the sun rising today as being a sunrise as we called yesterday’s, even though the temperature is different, the hue more magenta, and our mood less happy. The purpose (if required) is to form in the micro-interaction and randomness of evolution. Thus creating a larger organismic form, and then feeding back to itself.  We can box these things to absolutes that never existed. I would like to make one more comment about how physics may be able to help us grasp the non-linear. The theory of the Higgs Boson – which has been supported by experiments in the Large Hadron Collider –  that a Higgs Boson particle does imbalance the field of energy which causes energy to become matter. Imbalance; which we mean to be a purpose away from its desired state. This imbalance is pulling to a purpose, pulling to nothing, pulling to balance and inactivity, to chaos to infinity, which is the purpose of the universe. The matter comes from imbalance the in-between nothing and infinity, the imperfection of Plato’s forms as everything pulls toward perfect nothingness. So here we have the purpose of the universe and all comes from its inability to achieve it. As it is with us. This is just a prelude to something larger for there are too many vague areas for a thorough argument. Please think and write a comment if you want to help. This was first published a long time ago (2014) on my website JeSaurai.net which is over 20 years old now. This was first published a long time ago (2014) on my website JeSaurai.net which is over 20 years old now.

The Quest for Purpose: Evolutionary Perspectives on Mind and Universe

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Sebastien Ferr ´e, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France and ferre@irisa.fr. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) Related Work Object-centric Models for ARC Grids MDL-based Model Learning Evaluation Conclusion and Perspectives, References & Supplementary Materials 7 Conclusion and Perspectives We have presented a novel and general approach to efficiently learn skills at tasks that consist in generating structured outputs as a function of structured inputs. Following Chollet’s measure of intelligence, efficiently learning here means limited knowledge prior for the target scope of tasks, only a few examples per task, and low computational resources. Our approach is based on descriptive task models that combine object-centric patterns and computations, and on the MDL principle for guiding the search for models. We have detailed an application to ARC tasks on colored grids, and sketched an application to FlashFill tasks on strings. We have shown promising results, especially in terms of efficiency, model complexity, and model naturalness. Going further on ARC will require a substantial design effort as our current models cover so far a small subset of the knowledge priors that are required by ARC tasks (e.g., goal-directedness). For FlashFill tasks, the addition of a counterpart for loops and common functions is expected to suffice to match the state-of-the-art. References 1. Acquaviva, S., Pu, Y., Kryven, M., Sechopoulos, T., Wong, C., Ecanow, G., Nye, M., Tessler, M., Tenenbaum, J.: Communicating natural programs to humans and machines. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35, 3731–3743 (2022) 2. Ainooson, J., Sanyal, D., Michelson, J.P., Yang, Y., Kunda, M.: An approach for solving tasks on the abstract reasoning corpus. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09425 (2023) 3. Alford, S., Gandhi, A., Rangamani, A., Banburski, A., Wang, T., Dandekar, S., Chin, J., Poggio, T.A., Chin, S.P.: Neural-guided, bidirectional program search for abstraction and reasoning. CoRR abs/2110.11536 (2021), https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.11536 4. Chollet, F.: On the measure of intelligence. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.01547 (2019) 5. Chollet, F.: A definition of intelligence for the real world. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 11(2), 27–30 (2020) 6. Devlin, J., Chang, M., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Conf. North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT. pp. 4171– 4186. Assoc. Computational Linguistics (2019). https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1423 7. Elias, P.: Universal codeword sets and representations of the integers. IEEE Trans. Information Theory 21(2), 194–203 (1975) 8. Ellis, K., et al.: Dreamcoder: Bootstrapping inductive program synthesis with wake-sleep library learning. In: ACM Int. Conf. Programming Language Design and Implementation. pp. 835–850 (2021) 9. Faas, M., Leeuwen, M.v.: Vouw: geometric pattern mining using the MDL principle. In: Int. Symp. Intelligent Data Analysis. pp. 158–170. Springer (2020) 10. Fischer, R., Jakobs, M., Mucke, S., Morik, K.: Solving Abstract Reasoning Tasks with Gram- ¨ matical Evolution. In: LWDA. pp. 6–10. CEUR-WS 2738 (2020) 11. Goertzel, B.: Artificial general intelligence: concept, state of the art, and future prospects. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 5(1), 1 (2014) 12. Grunwald, P., Roos, T.: Minimum description length revisited. International journal of math- ¨ ematics for industry 11(01) (2019) 13. Gulwani, S.: Automating string processing in spreadsheets using input-output examples. In: Symp. Principles of Programming Languages. pp. 317–330. ACM (2011) 14. Johnson, A., Vong, W.K., Lake, B., Gureckis, T.: Fast and flexible: Human program induction in abstract reasoning tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.05823 (2021) 15. Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in neural information processing systems 25, 1097–1105 (2012) 16. Lake, B.M., Salakhutdinov, R., Tenenbaum, J.B.: Human-level concept learning through probabilistic program induction. Science 350(6266), 1332–1338 (2015) 17. Lieberman, H.: Your Wish is My Command. The Morgan Kaufmann series in interactive technologies, Morgan Kaufmann / Elsevier (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-55860- 688-3.x5000-3 18. Menon, A., Tamuz, O., Gulwani, S., Lampson, B., Kalai, A.: A machine learning framework for programming by example. In: Int. Conf. Machine Learning. pp. 187–195. PMLR (2013) 19. Muggleton, S., Raedt, L.D.: Inductive logic programming: Theory and methods. Journal of Logic Programming 19,20, 629–679 (1994) 20. Rissanen, J.: Modeling by shortest data description. Automatica 14(5), 465–471 (1978) 21. Silver, D., Huang, A., Maddison, C.J., Guez, A., Sifre, L., Van Den Driessche, G., Schrittwieser, J., Antonoglou, I., Panneershelvam, V., Lanctot, M., et al.: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature 529(7587), 484–489 (2016) 22. Vreeken, J., Van Leeuwen, M., Siebes, A.: Krimp: mining itemsets that compress. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 23(1), 169–214 (2011) 23. Xu, Y., Khalil, E.B., Sanner, S.: Graphs, constraints, and search for the abstraction and reasoning corpus. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.09880 (2022) Supplementary Materials We here describe the contents of the supplementary file accompanying the paper. A public repository of the source code is also available at https://github.com/sebferre/ ARC-MDL for ARC and at https://github.com/sebferre/ARC-MDL-strings for FlashFill. There are two main directories: one for ARC tasks and another for FlashFill tasks. Task Sets The public task sets of ARC are available online at https://github.com/fchollet/ARC. There are two task sets: training tasks and evaluation tasks, each containing 400 tasks. The task set of FlashFill is made of the 14 examples in [13]. We provide them as JSON files in FlashFill/taskset/, using the same format as ARC tasks, except that strings and arrays of strings are used instead of colored grids. For convenience, we also provide the file FlashFill/taskset/all examples.json to allow for browsing all examples in one file. Results We provide the learning and prediction logs for each task set: – ARC/training tasks.log – ARC/evaluation tasks.log – FlashFill/tasks.log Each log file starts with the hyperparameter values, and ends with global statistical measures. For each task, it gives: – the detailed DL (description length) of the initial model; – the learning trace (including the pruning phase) as a sequence of refinements, and showing the decrease of the normalized DL; – the learned models before and after pruning and their detailed DL; – the best joint description for each training example, except for ARC evaluation tasks so as not to leak their contents to the AI developer (a recommendation made by F. Chollet); – the prediction for each training and test example; – and finally a few measures for the task. The measures given for each task and at the end are the following: – runtime-learning: learning time in seconds (including the pruning phase); – bits-train-error: the remaining error commited on output training grids, in bits; – acc-train-micro: the proportion of training output grids that are correctly predicted; – acc-train-macro: 1 if all training output grids are correctly predicted, 0 otherwise; – acc-train-mrr: Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) of correct predictions for training output grids, 1 if all first predictions are correct; – acc-test-micro: the proportion of test output grids that are correctly predicted; – acc-test-macro: 1 if all test output grids are correctly predicted, 0 otherwise; – acc-test-mrr: Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) of correct predictions for test output grids, 1 if all first predictions are correct. The reference measure in ARC is acc-test-macro. The micro measures provide a more fine-grained and more optimistic measure of success. For convenience, we also provide in ARC/solved tasks a picture for each of the 96 training ARC tasks that are solved by our approach. We kindly invite the reader to browse them to get a quick idea of the diversity of the tasks that our approach can solve. The pictures are screenshots from the UI provided along with ARC tasks. This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Sebastien Ferr ´e, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France and ferre@irisa.fr. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Sebastien Ferr ´e, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France and ferre@irisa.fr. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Abstract & Introduction Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) Related Work Related Work Object-centric Models for ARC Grids Object-centric Models for ARC Grids MDL-based Model Learning MDL-based Model Learning Evaluation Evaluation Conclusion and Perspectives, References & Supplementary Materials Conclusion and Perspectives, References & Supplementary Materials 7 Conclusion and Perspectives We have presented a novel and general approach to efficiently learn skills at tasks that consist in generating structured outputs as a function of structured inputs. Following Chollet’s measure of intelligence, efficiently learning here means limited knowledge prior for the target scope of tasks, only a few examples per task, and low computational resources. Our approach is based on descriptive task models that combine object-centric patterns and computations, and on the MDL principle for guiding the search for models. We have detailed an application to ARC tasks on colored grids, and sketched an application to FlashFill tasks on strings. We have shown promising results, especially in terms of efficiency, model complexity, and model naturalness. Going further on ARC will require a substantial design effort as our current models cover so far a small subset of the knowledge priors that are required by ARC tasks (e.g., goal-directedness). For FlashFill tasks, the addition of a counterpart for loops and common functions is expected to suffice to match the state-of-the-art. References 1. Acquaviva, S., Pu, Y., Kryven, M., Sechopoulos, T., Wong, C., Ecanow, G., Nye, M., Tessler, M., Tenenbaum, J.: Communicating natural programs to humans and machines. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35, 3731–3743 (2022) 2. Ainooson, J., Sanyal, D., Michelson, J.P., Yang, Y., Kunda, M.: An approach for solving tasks on the abstract reasoning corpus. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09425 (2023) 3. Alford, S., Gandhi, A., Rangamani, A., Banburski, A., Wang, T., Dandekar, S., Chin, J., Poggio, T.A., Chin, S.P.: Neural-guided, bidirectional program search for abstraction and reasoning. CoRR abs/2110.11536 (2021), https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.11536 4. Chollet, F.: On the measure of intelligence. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.01547 (2019) 5. Chollet, F.: A definition of intelligence for the real world. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 11(2), 27–30 (2020) 6. Devlin, J., Chang, M., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Conf. North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT. pp. 4171– 4186. Assoc. Computational Linguistics (2019). https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1423 7. Elias, P.: Universal codeword sets and representations of the integers. IEEE Trans. Information Theory 21(2), 194–203 (1975) 8. Ellis, K., et al.: Dreamcoder: Bootstrapping inductive program synthesis with wake-sleep library learning. In: ACM Int. Conf. Programming Language Design and Implementation. pp. 835–850 (2021) 9. Faas, M., Leeuwen, M.v.: Vouw: geometric pattern mining using the MDL principle. In: Int. Symp. Intelligent Data Analysis. pp. 158–170. Springer (2020) 10. Fischer, R., Jakobs, M., Mucke, S., Morik, K.: Solving Abstract Reasoning Tasks with Gram- ¨ matical Evolution. In: LWDA. pp. 6–10. CEUR-WS 2738 (2020) 11. Goertzel, B.: Artificial general intelligence: concept, state of the art, and future prospects. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 5(1), 1 (2014) 12. Grunwald, P., Roos, T.: Minimum description length revisited. International journal of math- ¨ ematics for industry 11(01) (2019) 13. Gulwani, S.: Automating string processing in spreadsheets using input-output examples. In: Symp. Principles of Programming Languages. pp. 317–330. ACM (2011) 14. Johnson, A., Vong, W.K., Lake, B., Gureckis, T.: Fast and flexible: Human program induction in abstract reasoning tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.05823 (2021) 15. Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in neural information processing systems 25, 1097–1105 (2012) 16. Lake, B.M., Salakhutdinov, R., Tenenbaum, J.B.: Human-level concept learning through probabilistic program induction. Science 350(6266), 1332–1338 (2015) 17. Lieberman, H.: Your Wish is My Command. The Morgan Kaufmann series in interactive technologies, Morgan Kaufmann / Elsevier (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-55860- 688-3.x5000-3 18. Menon, A., Tamuz, O., Gulwani, S., Lampson, B., Kalai, A.: A machine learning framework for programming by example. In: Int. Conf. Machine Learning. pp. 187–195. PMLR (2013) 19. Muggleton, S., Raedt, L.D.: Inductive logic programming: Theory and methods. Journal of Logic Programming 19,20, 629–679 (1994) 20. Rissanen, J.: Modeling by shortest data description. Automatica 14(5), 465–471 (1978) 21. Silver, D., Huang, A., Maddison, C.J., Guez, A., Sifre, L., Van Den Driessche, G., Schrittwieser, J., Antonoglou, I., Panneershelvam, V., Lanctot, M., et al.: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature 529(7587), 484–489 (2016) 22. Vreeken, J., Van Leeuwen, M., Siebes, A.: Krimp: mining itemsets that compress. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 23(1), 169–214 (2011) 23. Xu, Y., Khalil, E.B., Sanner, S.: Graphs, constraints, and search for the abstraction and reasoning corpus. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.09880 (2022) Supplementary Materials We here describe the contents of the supplementary file accompanying the paper. A public repository of the source code is also available at https://github.com/sebferre/ ARC-MDL for ARC and at https://github.com/sebferre/ARC-MDL-strings for FlashFill. There are two main directories: one for ARC tasks and another for FlashFill tasks. Task Sets The public task sets of ARC are available online at https://github.com/fchollet/ARC. There are two task sets: training tasks and evaluation tasks, each containing 400 tasks. The task set of FlashFill is made of the 14 examples in [13]. We provide them as JSON files in FlashFill/taskset/, using the same format as ARC tasks, except that strings and arrays of strings are used instead of colored grids. For convenience, we also provide the file FlashFill/taskset/all examples.json to allow for browsing all examples in one file. Results We provide the learning and prediction logs for each task set: – ARC/training tasks.log – ARC/evaluation tasks.log – FlashFill/tasks.log Each log file starts with the hyperparameter values, and ends with global statistical measures. For each task, it gives: – the detailed DL (description length) of the initial model; – the learning trace (including the pruning phase) as a sequence of refinements, and showing the decrease of the normalized DL; – the learned models before and after pruning and their detailed DL; – the best joint description for each training example, except for ARC evaluation tasks so as not to leak their contents to the AI developer (a recommendation made by F. Chollet); – the prediction for each training and test example; – and finally a few measures for the task. The measures given for each task and at the end are the following: – runtime-learning: learning time in seconds (including the pruning phase); – bits-train-error: the remaining error commited on output training grids, in bits; – acc-train-micro: the proportion of training output grids that are correctly predicted; – acc-train-macro: 1 if all training output grids are correctly predicted, 0 otherwise; – acc-train-mrr: Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) of correct predictions for training output grids, 1 if all first predictions are correct; – acc-test-micro: the proportion of test output grids that are correctly predicted; – acc-test-macro: 1 if all test output grids are correctly predicted, 0 otherwise; – acc-test-mrr: Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) of correct predictions for test output grids, 1 if all first predictions are correct. The reference measure in ARC is acc-test-macro. The micro measures provide a more fine-grained and more optimistic measure of success. For convenience, we also provide in ARC/solved tasks a picture for each of the 96 training ARC tasks that are solved by our approach. We kindly invite the reader to browse them to get a quick idea of the diversity of the tasks that our approach can solve. The pictures are screenshots from the UI provided along with ARC tasks. This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Arxiv

Conclusion and Perspectives, References & Supplementary Materials: Our Journey With ARC

Authors: (1) William P. Wagner IV, Claremont Graduate University. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Definition of Key Terms Fundamentals of Internet Operation Encapsulation Usage-Based Economic Models Net Neutrality Legal History Researcher Conclusions Areas for Further Exploration & References 9. Areas for Further Exploration • Net Neutrality at the State and Local Level. • Legislation affecting local municipalities providing public internet. • Effects of Net Neutrality on 5G deployment and vice versa. • The mechanism for resolving inter-ISP disputes. • The effects of stimulus on supply-side or demand-side economics. References [1] FCC Adopts a Policy Statement Regarding Network Neutrality, Tech Law Journal, 2005, No Author Cited, http://www.techlawjournal.com/topstories/2005/20050 805.asp [2] FCC Passes Compromise Net Neutrality Rules. December 21, 2010. Wired, Sam Gustin. https://www.wired.com/2010/12/fcc-order/ [3] Net Neutrality Explained: What It Means (and Why It Matters). November 23, 2017. Fortune, Andrew Nusca. [4] Net Neutrality in Canada & The Telus Incident Of 2005, December 7, 2017, Sarah Bauer, https://www.navigatormm.com/blog/net-neutrality-incanada-the-telus-incident-of-2005/ [5] Why is the Internet so Important? Reference.com https://www.reference.com/technology/internetimportant-db9d1faab5337241 [6] 47 U.S.C. § 230(b)(2). [7] 47 U.S.C. § 230(b)(1). [8] GN Docket No. 17-199 - In the Matter of: Inquiry Concerning Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion. FCC 2018 BROADBAND DEPLOYMENT Report. Adopted: February 2, 2018, Released: February 2, 2018. By the Commission: Chairman Pai and Commissioners O’Rielly and Carr issuing separate statements; Commissioners Clyburn and Rosenworcel dissenting and issuing separate statements. Paragraph 15. [9] RFC 3233 Defining the IETF and 3935 A Mission Statement for the IETF. [10] https://github.com/quicwg [11] FCC Global Broadband Deployment Report 2016 [12] Verizon Reply at 63; Letter from Robert C. Barber, AT&T to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, WC Docket No. 10-90. Attach. at 15-19 (filed July 30, 2014) (AT&T July 30, 2014 Ex Parte Letter). [13] FCC POLICY STATEMENT, 2005, [14] FCC 2015 REPORT AND ORDER ON REMAND, DECLARATORY RULING, AND ORDER. Paragraph 29. [15] United States Court of Appeals FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT FILED: MAY 1, 2017. No. 15-1063. UNITED STATES TELECOM ASSOCIATION, PETITIONER v. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, RESPONDENTS INDEPENDENT TELEPHONE & TELECOMMUNICATIONS ALLIANCE, ET AL., INTERVENORS. This paper is under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

A Technical Perspective on Net Neutrality: Areas for Further Exploration

If you read about 3d in CSS and didn’t fully understand how to make 3d in the way you want using plain CSS, I hope this mini article can be of help. In the end, you will be able to build something like this :) https://codepen.io/juliashlykova/pen/XWQzXVm?embedable=true Perspective What is in CSS? When we set for the element, it tells the browser that a child of this element should behave as though they are in 3D space. perspective perspective determines the distance between user and z=0 plane. Amount of perspective I tried to figure out how it can be that the more perspective amount we set, the less perspective we see. It was really confusing for me at first. Unless I draw some schema: When we change the z coordinate ( ) for the child, we move the child along this imaginary z-axis toward the user. So the further this z=0 plane is from us, the less noticeable the change is. translateZ() Perspective-origin determines the position of the user’s eyes relative to the transformed elements. By default, this position is centered: perspective-origin: horisontal-position vertical-position perspective-origin: 50% 50% Transform-style allows children of the element to be positioned in 3D space. And my question was: but isn’t it what perspective for? Actually, no. doesn’t add depth. If there is no perspective in the parent’s element, then we won’t see actual 3d- representation: transform-style: preserve-3d Transform-style https://codepen.io/juliashlykova/pen/BaEmWqq?editors=1100&embedable=true just allows children to live in their own 3D space. transform-style: preserve-3d Book Animation Now, let’s do some cool animation 😃. First of all, our body will look like this: index.html <div class="container">
    <div class="book">
      <span class="shadow"></span>
      <div class="back"></div>
      <div class="cover-end"></div>
      <div class="page last">
        <button class="btn-tale">Tale begins...</button>
      </div>
      <div class="page third"></div>
      <div class="page second"></div>
      <div class="page first"></div>
      <div class="cover">
        <img src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2024/03/30/12/44/landscape-8664708_1280.png" alt="">
      </div>
    </div>
  </div> In what follows, I omit insignificant properties for the topic; you can look at them in the original code in the introduction. We have a block for every page since every page will behave differently. Let’s first add to the container block: div perspective .container {
  perspective: 500px;
  perspective-origin: 50% 50%;
} We use default perspective-origin. But I preferred to explicitly set it for better understanding. So, our eyes are at the center of the container and plane is at 500px distance from us. z=0 At this  point, our block is set on the plane and doesn’t have any 3d features. Let’s add to allow pages to behave in their own 3d-space: book z=0 transform-style .book {
  position: relative;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
}

.book>div {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left:0;
  transition: transform 2s;
} Now, let’s add actual 3d :) .cover {
  transform: scaleY(1.05) rotateY(-10deg);
}

.page.first {
  transform: translateX(2px) rotateY(-10deg);
}

.page.second {
  transform: translateX(4px) rotateY(-10deg);
}

.page.third {
  transform: translateX(6px) rotateY(-10deg);
}

.page.last {
  transform: translateX(8px) rotateY(-10deg);
} To achieve volume, we move every page a little to the right and rotate it around the y-axis. Now, let’s change the behavior of the book when we hover over it: .book:hover .cover{
  transform: rotateY(-150deg);
}

.book:hover .page.first{
  transform: translateX(2px) rotateY(-150deg);
}

.book:hover .page.second{
  transform: translateX(4px) rotateY(-130deg);
}

.book:hover .page.third{
  transform: translateX(6px) rotateY(-110deg);
} Alright, here, we change rotation from to more extreme values to achieve the “opening effect.” Also, we should save our , since transform rewrites all its’ previous values. -10deg translateX And… that’s it! I hope you understand now a little more about perspective in CSS 🙂.

How to Create a 3D Effect With CSS Perspective and Book Animation

Authors: (1) William P. Wagner IV, Claremont Graduate University. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Definition of Key Terms Fundamentals of Internet Operation Encapsulation Usage-Based Economic Models Net Neutrality Legal History Researcher Conclusions Areas for Further Exploration & References 5. Usage-Based Economic Models 5.1. Traditional Analog Usage-Based Billing To understand basic Internet networking economics, we can start with a comparison to analog phone lines. Advantage: Because each line was separate, a user was guaranteed a certain level of service once a connection was made. Disadvantage: If there were too many users and not enough lines, there was no connection – “All Circuits Are Busy.” Disadvantage: The line and its bandwidth are unused when no-one is talking on that line. Economic Impact: Fixed cost makes upfront budgeting linear, but very susceptible to overuse or underuse leading to either poor user experience or wasted resources. 5.2. Digital “Best-Effort” Connections A digital Best Effort network connection means that the network does not guarantee the delivery of a given packet. It is up to the sender and receiver to confirm that all information was transferred correctly. The Internet is a best effort delivery system, and this has advantages and disadvantages. Advantage: Shared circuits mean more flexibility in allocating loads. Advantage: The same networking hardware can be used to carry Voice, Video, Multimedia, and Data. Disadvantage: If there are too many users and not enough bandwidth, the connection may slow down. Disadvantage: If the connection slows too much, certain applications may fail. For example: A voice conversation may no longer be intelligible, or video quality may suffer or even stop. Disadvantage: Both end-points will require computational power for error checking. 5.3. Measuring Internet Usage Because the Internet is 100% digital, all information can be measured in 1s and 0s. Binary. Usage is measured by how many 1s and 0s can pass through a given point in a certain amount of time. Each 1 or 0 is a bit. A bit is the smallest possible unit of measure. There are two basic measures of usage: speed and total data. Speed refers to bits per second. The faster a connection, also referred to as higher bandwidth, the more 1s and 0s that can pass through that point in a given second. This measurement takes into account all factors that affect speed at a given point but does not necessarily give a full picture of end-to-end speed. Measured in bits per second (bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps). refers to the total amount of data to be transmitted regardless of time. Usually measured in Bytes (Byte, KB, MB, GB, TB). 1 Byte = 8 bits. Data 5.4. Basic Internet Billing Structures 5.4.1 Bandwidth Only A customer buys a certain amount of bandwidth. Can be thought of as a pipe of fixed size. The customer is paying for the diameter of the pipe. Home users buy a smaller pipe. Corporate users buy a bigger pipe. 5.4.2. Data Only A customer buys the ability to download a certain amount of data at whatever speeds the network wants to allocate. The pipe diameter can change, and the customer cannot control it. Not a very common solution. 5.4.3. Combination of Bandwidth and Data. A customer agrees to pay a certain amount for guaranteed speed up to a certain amount of data, so the diameter of the pipe is fixed at a larger size, up to a certain amount of data, at which point the pipe may get smaller based on the network’s needs or the customer pays a premium for a larger pipe. 5.4.4. Dark Fiber Additional flexibility is gained from Dark Fiber (not Dark Web). Larger customers may use Dark Fiber – fiber that is allocated as shared use. The line is said to remain “dark” until a given customer leasesit for a short period of time. The same resources are allocated to a small number of companies to share on a first-come / first-served basis as needed. Dark fiber may be allocated in advance (more expensive) or on the fly (less expensive), however dynamic switching on the fly may result in delay, so you would not want to use dynamic for something like the Superbowl. 5.5. Encapsulation, Usage and Billing None of the aforementioned billing structures needs to address content because of encapsulation. Any application data is encapsulated before going on the network. The network engineers and administrators do not need to know what application or content is travelling over the network because it is all encapsulated. And application programmers and engineers don’t need to worry about hardware. Usage can be measured at any point very easily down to the smallest unit – 1 bit. Currently the Internet Service Provider (ISP), who owns the lines, satellites, and bandwidth carrying the data, bills their customer based on usage – not content. The ISP sets a price for their bandwidth and it is up to the ISP’s customer to determine their individual needs or the needs of their customers. The customer may be a single individual household, a large internet streaming service, or another ISP. The customer decides what is necessary to meet their needs and purchases sufficient bandwidth and data from the ISP. The Hardware and Networking layers of the Internet by definition, do not care what content that data is carrying. Further, it is up to the customer to make sure that they have sufficient infrastructure, computational power, and bandwidth to serve their own customer’s needs. The ISP is only responsible for their side of the network connection. 5.6. Stimulus As noted in the introduction, it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the effects of any stimulus to the equation, however it should be pointed out that various countries including the U.S., most of Europe, Japan, Australia and many others, have employed different methods of supply-side stimulus to encourage the spread of broadband availability and speed improvement – as well as differing methods to affect demand-side consumer price[11]. This paper is under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

A Technical Perspective on Net Neutrality: Usage-Based Economic Models

Authors: (1) William P. Wagner IV, Claremont Graduate University. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Definition of Key Terms Fundamentals of Internet Operation Encapsulation Usage-Based Economic Models Net Neutrality Legal History Researcher Conclusions Areas for Further Exploration & References Abstract This paper serves as a brief technical examination of Net Neutrality and the Internet fundamentals relevant to the discussion. This document seeks to provide sufficient technical perspective that it may inform the political and economic debate surrounding the issue in the United States. Further, this research demonstrates that existing Internet economics are based strictly on usage, and that this model can account for all uses. Finally, I will argue that there should be some legislation and regulation of ISPs with regard to Net Neutrality in the U.S. Keywords - Net Neutrality, Internet, ISP, Provider, Government Regulation 1. Introduction Net Neutrality has been in the news over the last decade as a topic of political, economic, and civil rights consideration in the United States [1][2][3]. As documented in the rest of this paper, The U.S. Government as well as those of other nations [4], state and local governments, the national private networks that make up the Internet backbone, and major technology and content providers are all engaged in an active push-pull to define internet standards that protect innovation, corporate interests, and consumer needs. The Internet is fundamental to success in the modern world [5]. Communities, law enforcement, hospitals, militaries, corporations, and individuals with a certain level of access to the internet are all demonstrably better equipped for success in the current United States and globally. In 1996, in section 230(b) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, Congress describes its national Internet policy. Specifically, Congress states that it is the policy of the United States “to preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet” [6] and “to promote the continued development of the Internet [7].” Because of this need, it has become desirable for infrastructure planning and budgeting to define minimum standards. What those minimum standards are and what mechanism should regulate them is the first piece of the Net Neutrality debate. Proponents of Net Neutrality want legislation that prevents ISPs from restricting or prioritizing traffic – known as “fast lanes” – claiming this will stifle freemarket innovation, investment, expansion, and user choice along the “Edge” of the Internet. Opponents of Net Neutrality claim the legislation will stifle freemarket innovation and expansion by ISPs. As illustrated in fig.1, the consumer’s interests are protected through a combination of free enterprise and legislation, so this paper explores any relevant technical considerations and existing protocols, before moving to the economic models, then finally the legal fight in the courts. This research paper demonstrates how all Internet traffic uses a process known as Encapsulation to achieve complete separation between the content/application developers, and the hardware/networking engineers. Finally, this paper explains how the current economic model, based strictly on usage, accounts for all internet traffic down to the smallest possible unit of measure – a single bit. It is beyond the scope of this paper to fully explore the socio-political and economic ramifications of any changes to the current system such as supply-side assistance that would encourage network expansion vs. demand-side stimulus to reduce consumer cost, however this researcher will provide some legal history and make some observations on the current state of the political and legal debate. This paper is under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

A Technical Perspective on Net Neutrality

নেট নিরপেক্ষতার উপর একটি প্রযুক্তিগত দৃষ্টিকোণ

Eine technische Perspektive zur Netzneutralität

Una perspectiva técnica sobre la neutralidad de la red

Une perspective technique sur la neutralité du Net

नेट न्यूट्रैलिटी पर एक तकनीकी परिप्रेक्ष्य

ネットの中立性に関する技術的観点

망 중립성에 대한 기술적 관점

Uma perspectiva técnica sobre a neutralidade da rede

Технический взгляд на сетевой нейтралитет

Ağ Tarafsızlığına Teknik Bir Bakış

Quan điểm kỹ thuật về tính trung lập ròng

网络中立性的技术视角

Inna Olenina discusses how to foster long-term relationships with major clients, establish effective communication within the development team, and create products that are as user-friendly as possible. Principal Software Engineer, Inna Olenina, has been crafting software solutions for global market leaders for over two decades. She has collaborated with Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, and Sony, developing products that range from key functions of high-tech medical equipment to operating systems and antivirus software. As a leading engineer, she has also mentored professionals, helping them grasp the design of programs and the subtleties of algorithms. For the past seven years, Inna has been instrumental in the creation and development of AI-enabled retail apps. These apps, used by tens of thousands of users from over 70 countries, assist brands in understanding how their products are positioned on store shelves, analyzing data, and adapting their sales strategy. Given Olenina’s extensive experience, deep expertise, and successful track record, she was entrusted not only with ensuring the technical flawlessness of products but also with customer communications. Inna assumed management responsibilities, supporting customers worldwide in the process of using the applications and consulting on the implementation of new features. Inna Olenina shared insights on how to effectively address customer problems, build long-term relationships with them, and bring technological products to perfection, all while fostering a positive atmosphere within the team. Q: Inna, you've worked on a diverse range of projects, spanning from medicine to retail. Did you find it challenging to adapt, or do your competencies seamlessly apply across all domains? A: Understanding programming principles has been invaluable in my journey. If you're proficient in C++, transitioning to Java becomes relatively straightforward. However, I did need to readjust. As a mobile and embedded systems engineer, I constantly delve into the intricacies of new devices and operating systems.  While Android app development differs significantly from industrial healthcare software projects, I embraced the learning curve. For instance, my collaboration with Stereotaxis—a company specializing in non-surgical arrhythmia treatment using remote magnetic navigation—required me to comprehend basic anatomy.  Writing programs to control such equipment and process the 3D images displayed on doctors' computers during procedures demanded this foundational knowledge. Similarly, when developing retail applications, I delved deep into understanding our customers' business specifics. I identified crucial data points, optimized functions for users, and meticulously minimized the risk of introducing erroneous indicators. Q: How did you transition from development to management? A: For a significant period, I served as the lead developer for retail applications in the CIS. In 2018, as one of the key employees, I was presented with the opportunity to relocate to the US and assume a managerial role. This marked a new phase in my career development in addition to the complex and innovative technical work, I took on responsibilities for product quality control and user consultation. I interact with customers from all over the world not just in the US, but also in Canada, Latin America, Europe, and even China and India. Customers reach out to me when they encounter any issues with their apps. My primary responsibility is to analyze the situation and identify solutions. Q: What challenges do clients most often encounter? A: Problems can be categorized into user and technical issues. User problems refer to difficulties experienced by specific users. These can arise due to misconfigured device settings, application configuration errors, device incompatibility with our products, or a lack of understanding of the functionality leading to errors in the data collection process. Sometimes, it’s as simple as a lack of network connectivity. Technical errors are more complex; they can occur, for instance, after a new release and necessitate revisions from the team. In such cases, I need to relay information to the development team responsible for a particular functionality, persuade them of the need for changes, and agree on deadlines. It’s crucial to remember that you can’t just update the program and immediately, without testing, release this version to the customer. Sometimes, solving one problem can give rise to another. Therefore, setting the right expectations for the customer is also important for me. Q: How exactly do you understand what the customer's problem is? A: Over the course of my work, I've developed a clear algorithm of actions. The first step is to request logs from applications and devices, meticulously analyzing the data. Often, at this stage, I can already provide the client with clear recommendations. However, if there aren't sufficient logs, I engage the users in a collaborative process. We replay the users’ actions within the app online, discussing the situation in detail to uncover the root of the problem. In my work, meticulous documentation plays a pivotal role. Every step agreements, product changes, and code modifications are meticulously recorded in our IT system.  This practice aligns with the Scrum project management methodology, emphasizing iterative development and close interaction with the customer. Having this comprehensive documentation benefits the entire team managers, developers, and testers alike. It allows us to verify the product against the client's requirements. So, when someone encounters a technical issue after an update release, I can delve into the code, identify the highlighted lines with recent changes, and pinpoint any errors. Q: Could you provide examples of challenging problems that you've been able to resolve? A: For instance, there was a day when I discovered that large volumes of data were corrupted during transmission from several dozen mobile devices to the server. I promptly crafted an optimal script to restore them and forward them for further processing. Another example - after interacting with users, I identified a flaw in the application interface that complicated the entry and verification of information on one of the screens. I took the initiative to enhance the product and developed a prototype that met the customer's needs. On another occasion, I encountered a performance issue when querying a database from the server and proposed an innovative solution - alter the data type and modify the scenario in which it is requested. In all instances, both time and money were saved for the clients and my company. Q: You have to interact with people from completely different countries all the time. How do you do it? A: This is indeed a challenging task because mentalities and communication styles vary significantly across different regions. What is considered normal in the West may be entirely incomprehensible to clients from the East, and vice versa. To succeed in this endeavor, I've dedicated time to studying cultural differences and the subtle nuances of communication. Over the years, I've honed my ability to find a common language with clients who come from vastly different backgrounds. As a result, I've received many expressions of gratitude from them. Q: Can you provide some tips on how to communicate with customers? A: Firstly, it’s crucial to have not only a deep understanding of your own product but also of the customer’s business and its needs. This knowledge will assist you in quickly identifying the problem and asking the right clarifying questions. Secondly, it’s important to convey the main ideas to the customer as clearly as possible, without burdening them with technical details that are unlikely to interest them. . Thirdly, managing the customer’s expectations properly is key - if you realize that it takes a day to update a product, you should not promise that it will be ready in a couple of hours. And, of course, remember that you and the client are not on opposite sides of the barricades - you are one team of professionals. It’s necessary to include the customer in the process and provide them with feedback. Honest and open communication, calmness, and a problem-solving attitude will help you establish a long-term and strong relationship. Q: Is it ever the case that a customer comes in with a request to improve a product rather than solve a problem? A: Yes, indeed, and it happens quite frequently. Clients observe their competitors in the market, and if they notice an effective solution, they often request for it to be replicated. I would say that there are two primary requests in the market today.  Firstly, users desire an interface that is as simple as possible, free from unnecessary elements, and enables them to perform tasks efficiently. The fewer actions required to achieve a goal, the better. As a result, customers have repeatedly requested for processes to be simplified and automated. Q: What do you do if someone approaches you with such a request? A: When customers approach me with proposals, I consult with them to understand their goals, needs, and desired functionalities. I then evaluate whether such a project can be implemented. This involves understanding the system requirements, estimating the cost of the project, determining the development timeline, and assessing the potential impact. If it’s beneficial to make changes, I liaise with the development team. Together, we explore opportunities to bring the customer’s idea to life, propose different options, and find common ground in case of disagreements. Among other tasks, I prepare architectural design recommendations for my colleagues, test the implementation, and then validate the effectiveness of the products when interacting with customers. Q: It appears that you frequently interact with the development team. Could you share how to foster constructive relationships within the team? A: The fundamental principle is that the team should operate as a cohesive unit. Early in my career, I experienced working in a team where members did not listen or understand each other: frontend developers were at odds with backend developers, each blaming the other for their mistakes. This is not an ideal situation. It's crucial that every team member comprehends not only their role and responsibilities but also their colleagues' areas of responsibility and the interconnections between processes. Furthermore, open, transparent communication and a friendly team atmosphere are essential. Team members should feel comfortable asking questions or making suggestions whenever something is unclear. Such initiatives should be encouraged. Of course, regular meetings are necessary to synchronize on projects. This way, all team members stay informed about the progress and understand the action plan for the immediate future.

Balancing Technical Excellence & Client Satisfaction: A Software Engineer's Perspective

Affiliate marketing is a real powerhouse in the digital marketing realm and in recent years has gone through significant growth and transformation. Chances are, you’ve been on the receiving end of it yourself! Now, it is not the time to ignore this approach, since the power of social media, increased device usage, and the boom of creator-led media are all here to help your business thrive. According to _ __, the affiliate marketing industry is experiencing robust growth and there are approximately 9,600 global services and companies related to affiliate marketing in 2023 including agencies, platforms, and various other organizations or apps providing affiliate services. Additionally, forecasts that affiliate marketing spending will reach a staggering US$ 39,805.4 Mn by 2031. Influencer Marketing Hub Astute Analytica For context, reported that global affiliate revenue for affiliate networks amounted to $6.5 billion in 2006. MoreNiche Exciting numbers, huh? Here are some more. According to Performance marketing association survey data: 84% of businesses find affiliate marketing to be more profitable than other marketing methods. In 2021, affiliate marketing contributed to around $71 billion in ecommerce revenue in the United States. On average, every $1 spent on the affiliate channel resulted in $12 in ecommerce revenue across all industries. 84% of media publishers and bloggers create content for affiliate marketing. Retail brands were responsible for 76% of affiliate channel spending, with about one-third going to clothing affiliate programs. Again, number-heavy facts, but you and I know that marketing is nothing without numbers. The explosive growth of the affiliate marketing industry in the 21st century can be credited to a few key factors. First off, the surge in digital operations and the widespread use of mobile devices. Then, the subsequent digitalization of services, the advancements in digital marketing, and the increased volume of online purchases, fueled by a shift in consumer behavior, have all contributed to the flourishing landscape of affiliate marketing. Affiliate marketing's widespread appeal also stems from its affordability, and the high return on investment in terms of both time and cost when compared to alternative marketing approaches. Businesses caught on the wave, adapting their operations and creating affiliate marketing programs to drive their revenue. Then, the social media boom was exactly what gave affiliate marketing the kick in needed, coupled with the rise of influencer marketing and brand partnerships. Thanks to the significant increase of social media usage (from 5% in 2005 to 79% in 2019 according to ), platforms like Facebook and Instagram became key to affiliate marketing campaigns. Our World In Data That’s kind of how we got here. Now, it's not just something companies do on the side; it's a real way to make money. As we navigate the landscape, it's evident that the rise of Cost-Per-Action models is not just a trend but an exciting narrative for sellers on the global stage. So, what’s in plan? In this article I’d like to introduce to you current trends in affiliate marketing and most recent market breakthroughs, seen through the lens of a founder. Choose your fighter A growing market is nothing without innovation, and the very expected emergence of newer tools is a great indicator for market relevance. Just as with any increasing complexity, humans start to seek (and make) tools for dealing with the tools we already have. The rapidly growing affiliate marketing industry is no exception to the rool. Here are the purposes, and some of the tools we’ve got so far: This is software offered by Impact Radius, Awin, and Post Affiliate Pro and it provides advanced tracking and analytics for affiliate marketing campaigns, letting brands and their affiliates optimize their strategies based on performance data. Affiliate Tracking: Companies like AspireIQ, Upfluence, and CreatorIQ can help brands connect with influencers (including micro-influencers), streamlining the process of finding the right partners for affiliate marketing. Influencer Marketing Platforms: If you need a little help creating the visuals, tools like Canva and Adobe Spark let affiliates and marketers easily create high-quality, engaging content for promoting products across almost any channel of choice. Content Creation Tools: For managing affiliate marketing content across multiple social media platforms, doing things like scheduling posts, or analyzing engagement metrics – Hootsuite, Buffer, and Later are the way to go! Social Media Management Tools: Big-time players like Mailchimp and ConvertKit are well-known powerful tools for creating email lists and launching outreach email campaigns with personalized affiliate offers and content. You can also track opens, clicks, and conversions. Email Marketing Services: SEO-helpers such as SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz and similar services provide affiliates with critical insights into keywords, competition, and performance, helping you optimize content and improve visibility in search engine results. SEO Tools: To conclude In recent years affiliate marketing has become not only a useful tool, but a robust solution for sales, bound to be a prominent player in the future of marketing as a whole. And for that, there are many reasons. Its low-risk nature provides a secure avenue for both businesses and marketers and the potential for high rewards and a scalable income adds an enticing element to the affiliate marketing landscape. With affiliate marketing you simultaneously build brand awareness and drive traffic, presenting itself as a holistic marketing solution and an attractive choice in the evolving landscape of digital marketing, making it a pivotal player in shaping the future of promotional strategies. So, are you in?

Inside the Affiliate Marketing Product Boom: A Founder's Perspective on Market Trends

I confess! I use ChatGPT, and here’s why Like anyone in the communications industry (or probably just anyone), I couldn’t ignore ChatGPT for too long. I tried it for everything: articles’ outlines, short-to-large social media posts, work on content strategy, work emails, search for needed platforms or tools, and even internal and external agency documentation. And I should say, even though I never presumed something written by the ‘Chat’ would be the final version, it helps me work faster. I’ll try to answer how & why further. Every day is the Chat’s day Let me explain why I’ve tried ChatGPT for so many different purposes. First, I firmly believe that one cannot lead a team without understanding the specifics of their work. So, to lead the communications team, I should be a communications expert myself. Second, as a C-level person in a small boutique-type agency, especially in its early stages, you must catch up with everything before you find a dedicated expert. From Every Day to One in 5 Days: My Frequency of Using ChatGPT I think I’ve explained why I used ChatGPT almost daily when it started operating. But now, I still have loads of work and a personal blog, which I ignore for most days of the week. That’s because, from what I think, ChatGPT at its current stages is only good for avoiding procrastination. This means that if your task is too complex, requires the creativity you lack, or you don’t know where to start, ChatGPT will solve the problem by providing a rough draft. Besides this, it’s weaker than search engines and has nothing to compare with the human mind. Will I be Using It for the foreseeable future? Months From Now? Years? Yes, I will soon. But I hope it will improve more, and I also hope for more opportunities in unique image creation. I tried this function a little bit, but my impression is the same as that of textual functionality. If I’m So Critical, Why Do I Still Use It? Despite the imperfections, ChatGPT can actually act as a junior assistant. Yes, you’ll need to fact-check its work, and yes, you will find critical mistakes, but it saves time. For me, it is a savior in content plan creation. Indicating all the details of your professional background and interests will help you develop ideas for the following articles. It won’t make the Newsjacking for you, though. Chat is also quite okay for creating rough templates for cold pitching and social media posts. Therefore, it can be very helpful if, for example, you are writing a script for your employee and want to show the examples without spending much time. There Are Other Chatbots Out There. What Makes ChatGPT Stand Out From the Competition? Assecibility. Lots of user feedback. Clear UI. That’s enough for a user like me—those who use AI on a more advanced level might and will say more. The Most Significant Downside The most significant downside is not the ChatGPT itself but its users. Since its very start, many people have thought AI can replace human writers when it can’t. When I was looking for a good writer to join my team, I had to read numerous GPT-generated texts, and none of those were good. Such materials do not provide any insights, have a bit of a robotic tone of voice, and are just not interesting at all. Closing note: How Would I Describe ChatGPT to Someone Who Doesn’t Know Anything About the World of AI? I’d say ChatGPT doesn’t need any introduction. Everybody knows it. But if I were to introduce it to someone like my mom or grandma, I’d say it’s a digital Junior Assistant — not the smartest in town, but always ready to help.

Why I Continue to Use ChatGPT Despite its Limitations — A C-level Perspective 

To write this text, I approached everyone from our CTO to product owners and managers of our projects at to give you as comprehensive a picture as possible. And just to be clear: I'm not mixing anything up. Scale Final On the one hand, as a startup, we spend a lot of time building the bark of all processes, not looking for trends and trying to stay ahead of the competition. But because we love the fast pace of work and technological progress and ultimately develop products ourselves, we know what’s happening in the world. This is also reflected in our slogan: 'The world moves fast. But we are faster.' So you've come to the right place if you want to learn about technology trends and how they are implemented by a real team. All the experts I spoke to agreed on one thing. You guessed it. AI, namely LLM, is the most important tech trend of 2024 that will eclipse everything else. 1. LLMs in Product Development a. Programmers are increasingly turning to LLM tools such as copilot for various tasks. AI assistants don’t just write a new code for you. With copilot, developers interact with the entire software development lifecycle differently. LLMs have fundamentally changed the game: from suggesting optimizations and refactoring existing code to debugging and explaining complex code snippets. How Scale Final tackles this: Of course, our development team has integrated LLM tools into workflows. We use these tools to understand our code base and development practices better. We have also increased our productivity. We can tackle more complex problems faster as AI provides insights and suggestions that are not immediately obvious to even the most experienced of us. From organizing project documentation to summarizing key points from meetings and reports, you name it, LLMs make information management a more easily manageable task. b. Managers use LLMs to streamline the vast amounts of information they deal with daily. Our management teams use LLMs for a wide array of things: from auto-generated reports and formatting documents according to company standards to even email composition. How Scale Final tackles this: This not only saves our precious time but also ensures that all our communication and documentation are consistent throughout the channels, improving overall project management efficiency. By feeding LLMs with market research, customer feedback, and performance data, PMs can come up with innovative ideas for features, improvements, and even entirely new products. c. Product managers find LLMs to be powerful allies in the brainstorming process. Scale Final's product managers use LLMs as brainstorming partners, that are challenging our ideas and assumptions. This AI-driven approach to ideation helps us discover unique angles and opportunities we might have overlooked to ensure our products remain competitive and meet the evolving customer needs. How Scale Final tackles this: LLMs not only help with proofreading and finding references, but also with developing ideas, structuring articles, and ensuring that the tone and style of a text are consistent. d. Writers are perhaps the most obvious beneficiaries of LLM advancements. Our content creation process and LLMs are interlinked. Writers at Scale Final use these tools to increase both productivity and creativity. Every piece of content is not only well-written but also well-structured. LLMs assist in everything from creating first drafts to final proofreading, making the content creation process more efficient and effective. How Scale Final tackles this: LLMs are finding their way into almost every product imaginable, from customer service bots that can understand and effortlessly answer complex queries to personalized learning platforms that adapt to each user's pace and learning style. 2. LLM in products We're integrating LLM into our B2B products that improve the user experience by automating their everyday tasks. This allows our clients' employees to focus on more strategic and creative tasks, but also significantly increases their satisfaction and productivity, not to mention have more rest. What Scale Final does: A few more words on tech perspectives Our experts agree that in the coming year, not only will the possibilities and applications of LLMs expand, but how companies and consumers perceive and interact with AI technologies will also change significantly.

Tech Trends 2024: Predictions and Perspectives From Scale Final Experts

টেক ট্রেন্ডস 2024: স্কেল চূড়ান্ত বিশেষজ্ঞদের কাছ থেকে ভবিষ্যদ্বাণী এবং দৃষ্টিকোণ

Tech-Trends 2024: Vorhersagen und Perspektiven von Scale-Final-Experten

Tendencias tecnológicas 2024: predicciones y perspectivas de los expertos en escala final

Tendances technologiques 2024 : prévisions et perspectives des experts finaux à l'échelle

तकनीकी रुझान 2024: स्केल फ़ाइनल विशेषज्ञों की भविष्यवाणियाँ और परिप्रेक्ष्य

2024 年の技術トレンド: スケールファイナル専門家による予測と展望

2024년 기술 동향: 대규모 최종 전문가의 예측 및 관점

Tendências tecnológicas para 2024: previsões e perspectivas de especialistas finais em escala

Технологические тенденции 2024: прогнозы и перспективы от экспертов Scale Final

Teknoloji Trendleri 2024: Ölçek Nihai Uzmanlarından Tahminler ve Perspektifler

Xu hướng công nghệ 2024: Dự đoán và quan điểm từ các chuyên gia cuối cùng về quy mô

2024 年技术趋势：规模最终专家的预测和观点

A program that maintain its correctness in a multi-threaded environment is said to be a program. Thread-Safe Fundamentally, thread safety revolves around proper management of the shared state. In the absence of such proper management, the program could potentially spiral into an invalid state when executed in a multi-threaded environment. Defining Application’s State An application’s state is formed by the collective states of the individual objects that constitute it. An object’s state encompasses the data stored in its static or instance fields, which can influence its externally visible behavior. Furthermore, an object’s state may encompass fields from other dependent objects, creating a complex web of interconnected states within the application. Whether an object’s state need to be managed for concurrent access depends on its usage in your program. If an object is only ever accessed from a single thread, state management might not be needed! If multiple threads access the same mutable state of an object without proper synchronization, your application is technically broken. There are three ways to fix it — Don’t share the object across threads Make the object’s state immutable Implement proper synchronization for accessing the object’s shared state Using good Object Oriented Principles can help us in designing thread-safe classes. Thoughtful implementation of encapsulation, immutability, and precise specification of invariants can significantly reduce the effort required to create thread-safe classes, ultimately streamlining the development process. An important thing to note is that a program consisting of only thread-safe classes may not be thread-safe. Additionally, a program may be thread-safe even when some of its classes are not thread-safe. It all depends on how your objects interact with each other in your program! Defining Thread Safety A thread-safe class behaves correctly even when accessed from multiple threads, regardless of the scheduling or interleaving of the execution. The calling code needs no synchronization on its part when working with a thread-safe class. Thread-safe classes encapsulate the necessary synchronisation, relieving the client from the burden of providing their own. The need for synchronization arises when multiple threads access the same mutable state. However, stateless objects, by virtue of having no state to share, inherently possess thread safety. As a result, . stateless objects are always thread-safe Example of a thread-unsafe class Consider the following class that is used to find a certain number of primes, Java public class PrimeFinder {
    // Variable to count the number of invocations
    private int hitCount = 0;
    public int getHitCount() {
        return hitCount;
    }
    public List<Integer> findPrimes(int count) {
        hitCount++;
        // Find 'count' number of primes
        final List<Integer> primes = new ArrayList<>();
        for(int i = 2; i < Integer.MAX_VALUE; i++) {
            if(isPrime(i)) {
                primes.add(i);
                if(primes.size() == count) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        return primes;
    }

    private boolean isPrime(int num) {
        for(int i = 2; i < num; i++) {
            if(num % i == 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
} Note that the instance variable hitCount constitutes the state of any PrimeFinder object. Unfortunately, is not thread-safe, even though it would work fine in a single-threaded environment. This class is vulnerable to , as the operation to increase the , although seemingly atomic, is actually broken down into three distinct steps. Here is an example of an unlucky sequence of events causing to enter an invalid state. PrimeFinder lost updates hitCount hitCount Unlucky interleaving of execution causes hitCount to be 10 when it should be 11 Computation of incorrect results in case of some unlucky timings in a concurrent program is called a . The particular type of race condition that plagues our is called or . To eliminate this race condition, we must increment the hitCount in a single atomic operation. race condition PrimeFinder check-then-act read-modify-write There are several ways to fix the class. One such way is to use a thread-safe class inside . Here is the updated code, PrimeFinder PrimeFinder public class PrimeFinder {
    private final AtomicInteger hitCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
    public int getHitCount() {
        return hitCount.get();
    }
    public List<Integer> findPrimes(int count) {
        hitCount.getAndIncrement();
        // Find 'count' number of primes
        final List<Integer> primes = new ArrayList<>();
        for(int i = 2; i < Integer.MAX_VALUE; i++) {
            if(isPrime(i)) {
                primes.add(i);
                if(primes.size() == count) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        return primes;
    }

    private boolean isPrime(int num) {
        for(int i = 2; i < num; i++) {
            if(num % i == 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
} Using the atomic variable, we can ensure atomic operations on numbers and object references. Since the state of consists only of , which is thread-safe now, the class is thread-safe now! PrimeFinder hitCount PrimeFinder When a single element of state is added to a stateless class, the resulting class will be thread-safe if the state is entirely managed by a thread-safe object. Is it possible to add more state variables to PrimeFinder in a similar manner and still maintain its thread safety? Let us see… Consider the following (updated) class, PrimeFinder public class PrimeFinder {
    private final AtomicInteger numCache = new AtomicInteger(1);
    private final AtomicReference<List<Integer>> primeFactorCache = new AtomicReference<>(new ArrayList<>());
    
    // ...

    public List<Integer> findPrimeFactors(int num) {
        if(numCache.get() == num) {
            return new ArrayList<>(primeFactorCache.get());
        }
        // Find prime factors of 'num'
        final List<Integer> primeFactors = new ArrayList<>();
        for(int i = 2; i < num; i++) {
            if(isPrime(i) && num % i == 0) {
                primeFactors.add(i);
            }
        }
        numCache.set(num);
        primeFactorCache.set(new ArrayList<>(primeFactors));
        return primeFactors;
    }

    // ...

} The method is supposed to return prime factors of a number. It also stores a cache of the last number factorized and its factors. We have used atomic classes to store both the and the . findPrimeFactors numCache primeFactorCache Still, our class is not thread-safe! Can you spot the race condition here? Hint: There is a check-then-act race condition here! One invariant of our class is that the list will hold all prime factors of . Since two different variables participate in a single variant, these variables are not independent! In such cases, all the dependent variables must be updated in the same atomic operation! PrimeFinder primeFactorCache numCache To maintain state consistency, ensure that dependent state variables are updated in a single atomic operation. Intrinsic Locking in Java Every Java object can implicitly act as a lock for the purpose of synchronization. These built-in locks are what we call or . intrinsic locks monitor locks There is a built-in mechanism in Java to provide synchronization called a synchronized block. A synchronized block is a set of statements guarded by an intrinsic lock (object reference). Here is its syntax — synchronized (lock) {
  // Statements working with shared mutable state
} The lock is automatically acquired by an executing thread when it enters a synchronized block and is released when the block is exited. Since these intrinsic locks can be held by at most one executing thread at once, they allow exclusive access to the guarded code. A synchronized method is a synchronized block with the entire method as body and object as its lock. this Let us fix our class using intrinsic locks. PrimeFinder public class PrimeFinder {
    private final AtomicInteger numCache = new AtomicInteger(1);
    private final AtomicReference<List<Integer>> primeFactorCache = new AtomicReference<>(new ArrayList<>());
    
    // ...

    public List<Integer> findPrimeFactors(int num) {
        synchronized (this) {
            if (numCache.get() == num) {
                return new ArrayList<>(primeFactorCache.get());
            }
        }
        // Find prime factors of 'num'
        final List<Integer> primeFactors = new ArrayList<>();
        for(int i = 2; i < num; i++) {
            if(isPrime(i) && num % i == 0) {
                primeFactors.add(i);
            }
        }
        synchronized (this) {
            numCache.set(num);
            primeFactorCache.set(new ArrayList<>(primeFactors));
        }
        return primeFactors;
    }

    // ...

} With this, our class is thread-safe again! PrimeFinder With this, we reach the end of this blog. We discussed the fundamentals of thread safety in terms of program state and explored some basic synchronization techniques in Java. If you enjoy reading this blog, consider throwing in a like and subscribe to not miss future articles on Java concurrency! Also published . here

Safeguarding Concurrent Programs in Java: Thread Safety from an Object Oriented Perspective

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have taken the world by storm. Within 2024, the revenues from the NFT market are expected to reach $2,378.00m, and by 2028, the projected revenue amount is $3,369.00m, with an annual growth rate of 9.10%. It means that NFTs’ impact on the global economy is expected to be growing exponentially. What are the reasons for such a growth rate? While the majority of users associate NFTs with art and content creation, this understanding is very limited. So, what about checking the perspectives of NFTs in art, business, and economy, and whether non-fungible tokens are going to have any relevant impact on the world in the years to come? Are non-fungible tokens revolutionizing the art and content creation industries? Blockchain is widely praised for being secure and immutable. Once an NFT is minted, it cannot be counterfeited, eliminated, or replaced. This is why NFTs are expected to play a crucial role in combatting piracy and counterfeiting. One of the main proofs that NFTs may work out as expected is the fact that even the European Union Intellectual Property Office has issued an about NFTs and virtual goods. Brands willing to move their intellectual assets in the Web3 world, have to ensure that there is a physical asset backing the virtual one, while the term NFT on its own is “ ”. So, even from this practice, we can see that there are still many limitations on the way for NFTs to represent copyright. NFTs are certificates recorded on a blockchain, and these certificates shall represent physical assets. official practice not acceptable Tokenization of real-world assets: real estate, valuable items, etc. There are many platforms that benefit from this technology by allowing to tokenize real-world assets such as homes, airplanes, yachts, valuable art pieces, and other worthy items. Further, fractions of these tokens are sold to investors. This practice is highly beneficial to everybody. People can buy a property that was earlier not accessible due to its high prices. Property owners can get money from sales or rent faster than if they were relying on high-net-worth individuals only. Geographical limitations are not as restrictive as they were before the tokenization introduction because blockchain is accessible from any point in the world. But how NFTs are related to tokenization? Tokenization relies on NFTs to happen. Real-world assets are turned into NFTs which are recorded on a blockchain. Each NFT has its identification code and metadata, these things make the NFT unique. This uniqueness is what gives NFTs value in the world of business. NFTs for solving ethical issues One more type of NFT is expected to rise - those that will be taking care of the ethical part of the game. Here, we are talking about tokenization again but from a different perspective. Take a newly developed medication for a super contagious disease that is spreading in Africa - counterfeits are the major problem in such a case. NFTs would allow to ensure that the medication comes from a reputable pharmaceutic company and can be trusted. Another example would be gems, for instance, diamonds. It is not a secret that many gems are mined in Africa, and plenty of mines rely on child labor to benefit more. NFTs would help to track the gem's origin to ensure it doesn’t come from a mine where child labor is used. While it is still long for this use case to be applied, it for sure may add value to the NFT industry and boost its potential. NFTs for fighting scam Have you ever bought fake tickets to a concert or another important event? If yes, you know this pain. NFTs will eliminate the danger of buying fake tickets by forging the title of ownership on a blockchain. Well, tickets are just an example. I expect that in the future, NFTs can be widely used to prove the authenticity of items. Bottom line NFTs are still evolving, and like any new technology, they will be susceptible to ups and downs. However, one thing is clear: in the future, everything will be about utility. NFTs as images will sustain but this use case won’t be the main one anymore. What are the future use cases of NFTs? Some of them we can already determine, however, I am sure that many more things are to come.

Non-Fungible Tokens, Their Use Cases and Perspectives in 2024

Before making any investments, you should ensure to conduct your own thorough research and due diligence. Investors are excited to see where the will develop. This $ SPONGEV2 forecast looks at the trends and variables that could influence the Sponge V2 price. Read on to find out how SPONGEV2 can adapt to the dynamic crypto market. Sponge Token V2 Sponge Token V2 Price Development Forecast Experienced crypto investors are currently closely following the new Sponge Token V2 price. Although it is difficult to predict future value, we will look at some possibilities for SPONGEv2 price development: We assume that the growth trend of Sponge Token V2 will initially increase in 2024. Market experts predict positive momentum for the currency, fueled by increasing demand, practicality, and community support. Although assessments vary, SPONGEV2 has a bright future ahead of it, with the possibility of price appreciation. Nevertheless, investors should proceed with caution when investing and obtain comprehensive information. End of 2024: By 2025, Sponge Token V2 should have reached its full potential in the crypto sector. Its price rise, analysts say, will be heavily influenced by its usefulness, adoption, and community engagement. Any Sponge Token V2 prediction beyond 2025 is somewhat speculative, but the cryptocurrency could continue its rise this year. Stay informed and think seriously about your financial strategy. End of 2025: Sponge Token V2 may have become a major participant in the crypto market by 2030. The $SPONGEV2 coin has the potential to see significant price appreciation if it has a robust community, practical usage, and widespread adoption. The path that $SPONGEV2 takes until 2030 could be promising for long-term investors in Germany, even if exact price predictions are not yet known. The crypto market is constantly changing. Therefore, it is important to be attentive and flexible. End of 2030: By 2030, $SPONGEV2 could have changed a lot and its value could be affected by many things. The price will depend heavily on how widespread it is as a utility token, what relationships it forms with organizations and platforms, and what value it has for consumers. In an ideal situation, SPONGEV2 would see massive adoption and usage and eventually become an essential part of the blockchain ecosystem. For this reason, the price could rise to unprecedented heights. However, since the crypto market is often volatile, you have to be careful. It is important for long-term investors to follow SPONGEV2's development path, collaborations, and community support. To successfully manage risk in the current crypto market, diversification is still a good approach. Before adding SPONGEV2 to your portfolio, you should seek financial advice, just as you would with any other investment. Possible Price Developments for Sponge Token V2 Many factors influence the crypto market, which in turn affects the price of the Sponge Token V2. Although it is difficult to determine the exact price fluctuations, it is important to think about possible outcomes. There may be times when the SPONGEV2 price increases due to factors such as greater adoption, utility expansion, and good sentiment. Price declines can also occur due to regulatory changes, changes in investor sentiment, or market corrections. With any SPONGEV2 outlook, investors should be prepared for both positive and negative possibilities and consider things like project progress, market trends, and overall economic conditions. To mitigate the effects of market volatility, it is advisable to diversify your crypto holdings. Year Possible high Possible low 2023 $0.00042442 $0.00037243 2025 $0.00192 $0.0009483 2030 $0.01476 $0.003586 What is Sponge Token V2? A new cryptocurrency called has just emerged, following in the footsteps of its predecessor, Sponge Token V1. It is a decentralized coin based on blockchain technology and is intended to bring value and benefit to its ecosystem. Sponge Token V2 Participation in governance decisions, facilitating transactions, and access to platform features are just some of the potential uses of SPONGEV2 within its ecosystem. The many possible applications include decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, gaming, and decentralized apps (dApps). A larger number of people will be able to use and support the token if the current crypto community gets involved with the two different coins, which could cause $SPONGE to explode. However, anyone who wants to invest in or use SPONGEV2 should be confident with its goals and features. That's why you should read the white paper, the roadmap, and the official communication channels. So, before you decide to invest in SPONGEV2, as with any other cryptocurrency, you must carefully consider your investment objectives, your risk tolerance, and the results of relevant research. Factors That Influence the SPONGEV2 Course Several variables influence the value of Sponge Token V2 in the crypto market. This in turn affects its price. Market sentiment also influences the SPONGEV2 token, like all other cryptocurrencies. Increasing demand and prices are possible consequences of good news, developments, and endorsements. Low prices and demand usually appear from bad news, sentiment, or both. Staking, participating in P2E (play-to-earn), and using SPONGEV2 in decentralized apps (DApps) are all ways in which ecosystem utility influences demand and value. An imbalance between supply and demand could cause the price of SPONGEV2 tokens to rise as their scarcity and usage increase. The future price performance and growth potential of $SPONGEv2 will be heavily influenced by these and other variables. We would therefore like to go into a few special points in more detail. Planned CEX/DEX Listing Placing the Sponge Token V2 on controlled and is an important step that will impact its liquidity and pricing. decentralized exchanges A larger number of traders could have access to CEX listings, which could lead to an increase in demand and trading volume. To increase awareness of $SPONGEV2, popular exchanges could introduce trading pairs that include SPONGEV2. Alternatively, the ideas of decentralization and user autonomy can also be aligned with DEX listings. SPONGEV2 value within the decentralized ecosystem is increased by its availability on DEX platforms, which allow users to trade without intermediaries. Exchange listings are something SPONGEV2 investors and users should keep an eye on as they bring new trading opportunities and liquidity, which can impact the coin's price dynamics. Before trading SPONGEV2 on a particular platform, be sure to research the reliability and security features of each exchange. Tokenomics The development and sustainability of Sponge Token V2 are supported by a well-structured . SPONGEV2 makes it easy for users to transfer their assets from V1 to V2. This guarantees an easy change for current token holders. tokenomics mechanism Staking rewards, which allow users to obtain V2 tokens by staking their V1 tokens, make up a significant portion of the total token supply at 43.09%. This encourages users to get involved in the SPONGEV2 ecosystem and make a long-term commitment. A portion of the token allocation goes towards various goals such as $SPONGE's bridging fund (26.93%), marketing (7.50%), development (4.47%), P2E rewards (8%), and controlled exchange liquidity ( 10%). The overall vitality of the ecosystem is ensured by these allocations. Everything is aimed at promoting liquidity, awareness, and utility. Demand Through Social Media Signals The demand for and price of Sponge Token V2 is heavily influenced by social media. Twitter, Reddit, Telegram, and Discord are just some of the platforms where groups of $SPONGE fans and users gather. A positive community atmosphere, healthy participation, and helpful people can skyrocket SPONGEV2, which will attract more users and investments. Support and advocacy from prominent members of these groups can increase demand even further. But the opposite can also happen. Price fluctuations and lower demand can result in controversy and bad news. To gain useful insights into the general health of the token and expected price changes, it is recommended to monitor social media platforms and community sentiment. Because signals on social media are sometimes speculative or misleading, investors should exercise caution and verify information from multiple sources. Nevertheless, the dynamics of the crypto industry are heavily influenced by social media. Is Sponge Token V2 the Best Cryptocurrency in 2024? Do you want to buy SPONGEv2? Then we will guide you through the process step by step: Link your wallet Start by linking your Trust Wallet or MetaMask to the widget mentioned above. To buy $SPONGE tokens, this is the easiest method. On the other hand, Uniswap lists $SPONGE with contract address 0x25722Cd432d02895d9BE45f5dEB60fc479c8781E. Substitute V1 against V2 Click “Stake Now” to open the staking dashboard if you already own $SPONGE tokens. You can then stake your V1 tokens to get V2 tokens. You should know that staking V1 tokens is blocked forever. Buy $SPONGE Those who do not have $SPONGE tokens can purchase them with a bank card, exchange them for ETH or USDT, or do both. When you purchase $SPONGE through our widget, your V1 tokens are staked forever. You will also receive the same amount of V2 tokens as a starting bonus. Use your V1 tokens to collect V2 tokens Only if you use your V1 tokens can you receive V2 tokens before the official launch. As you stake more V1 tokens over a longer period of time, the number of V2 tokens you can collect increases. Conclusion The is an exciting offer for investors and fans alike. After looking at SPONGEV2's past performance, current market dynamics, and possible price movements, it is obvious that this coin is one to keep an eye on in the crypto market. Sponge Token V2 $SPONGEV2's potential to establish itself in the crypto world is high due to its excellent tokenomics, growing community, and ambitions to be listed on both controlled and decentralized exchanges. However, keep in mind your risk tolerance and proceed with caution when investing in the crypto industry. The future of $SPONGEv2 is still up for debate and discussion as we look to 2024, 2025, and 2030. When deciding how to invest in this ever-changing market, it is important that you do your research, keep an eye on the market, and perhaps even seek advice from a financial advisor. Disclaimer: This article should not be taken as investment advice. Since cryptocurrency is a highly volatile investment product, please conduct your own research before investing.

The Evolution of Sponge Token V2: An Analytical Perspective on SPONGEV2's Market Development

স্পঞ্জ টোকেন V2 এর বিবর্তন: SPONGEV2-এর বাজার উন্নয়নের উপর একটি বিশ্লেষণাত্মক দৃষ্টিকোণ

Die Entwicklung von Sponge Token V2: Eine analytische Perspektive auf die Marktentwicklung von SPONGEV2

La evolución de Sponge Token V2: una perspectiva analítica sobre el desarrollo del mercado de SPONGEV2

L'évolution de Sponge Token V2 : une perspective analytique sur le développement du marché de SPONGEV2

स्पंज टोकन V2 का विकास: SPONGEV2 के बाज़ार विकास पर एक विश्लेषणात्मक परिप्रेक्ष्य

Sponge Token V2 の進化: SPONGEV2 の市場開発に関する分析的視点

Sponge Token V2의 진화: SPONGEV2 시장 개발에 대한 분석적 관점

A evolução do Sponge Token V2: uma perspectiva analítica sobre o desenvolvimento do mercado do SPONGEV2

Эволюция Sponge Token V2: аналитический взгляд на развитие рынка SPONGEV2

Sponge Token V2'nin Evrimi: SPONGEV2'nin Piyasa Gelişimine Analitik Bir Bakış Açısı

Sự phát triển của Sponge Token V2: Góc nhìn phân tích về sự phát triển thị trường của SPONGEV2

Sponge Token V2的演变：SPONGEV2市场发展分析视角

The (available on & ) released in 2023 Q4 with the purpose of increasing access to the entire HackerNoon library. The mobile app facilitates readership as it was one of the main motives of the app. Almost everything we do on the web, is simpler on mobile, since it provides a personalized experience, and you can enjoy the main feature of the app from anywhere at any time. Release 1.9, live today, is our largest improvement yet, most notably with 12 languages available and our in-app writing experience. Cheers to the world wide writer! HackerNoon Mobile app Apple Google Main Features: Read - the entire 100k+ story HackerNoon library is available. Audio Player Playlist- listen to articles and create playlists with your favorite stories. Writing (NEW!) - ability to write and submit stories to human editors. Polls & Comments - vote on and discuss the latest technology trends. On the mobile app you can also see pages such as the with the trending stories of the day, Curation page with articles curated by the topics you like, / pages which also curate articles by topic, and more. With this 1.9 release, we’ve now added and on the app soon, so it just keep getting better. TechBeat page category tagged translations writing From a developer perspective, the mobile app was much needed. It was mentioned in almost every HackerNoon product meeting prior to its release. For some reason, many conversations led to: It will be good if we had a mobile app to do x y or z. As a and someone who loves challenges, I always asked myself why is it so hard to just build a mobile app. After the fact, the answer was simpler than what I thought. dev How It Happened? Turns out I came across the a few years ago and thought it was interesting but never really wrote any code to test it out. At that time, the framework only worked with Angular which probably impacted my decision on trying it out, taking in consideration that I am more of a React developer. Back then, Ionic was not as popular, and just the idea of creating a hybrid application didn’t fit in a lot of people’s mind. Anyhow, one time while on a product meeting, they were talking about the mobile app and I decided to take a look back at Ionic and guess what, they have expanded their framework to Vue and React which either or, I am really comfortable with. Ionic Framework The first thing I did was to install the framework and create a quick Android app. I was impressed by how easy and understanding process was. Being able to just drop a few components and have a mobile app its crazy to think of, but Ionic made it possible to just run some commands and have an app build in multiple platforms including iOS and Android. I felt really comfortable with the framework and I kind of new at that moment that I was up to the challenge. The coincidence came after, as I saw a new project about creating the first HackerNoon mobile app. I quickly picket up and started working on it. The Process I first started by installing Ionic in my Linux machine, created a brand new app, and researched some of their documentation. Ran these magic commands to start developing: npm install -g @ionic/cli ionic start // create ionic serve // run locally After playing with it, I then started moving components from the HackerNoon web version into this new project. Within a few hours I created a few pages. The HackerNoon designers ( ) really did a great job matching everything and giving the app a good essence and look. Most of it was developed the same way you would develop in react, except Ionic uses Typescript, good for them. My linux machine was a good starting point where I developed almost 50% of the app based on Android, but was having a hard time testing the iOS version. There was a work around with Linux which was to install Mac OS on a virtual machine, to then install XCode, and then test the app on IOS, but then I couldn’t deal with the lagging and slowness. Once I was confident with the progress of the app, I ended up making the decision of upgrading my MacBook Pro in order to start developing for iOS. So far, it was a good decision as it showed me in many levels the importance of developing for all platforms, even though I still love Linux. So working on this app with my new MacBook Pro was really eye opening. @Devans & @Kien The challenges This was a learning experience full of challenges to overcome. Even the simplest bug took hours to figure out. Gladly, I was documenting every time I got stuck, so that it doesn’t happen the next time. Being the lead developer of this project, I had to make some hard choices in terms of the infrastructure of the app, build the entire api, and at the same time learn Ionic and get used to it. Here were some of the main challenges: all devs know how important testing is when developing an application of any level. When working on the mobile app, I first started developing on the web. I actually thought that I had to deploy every time in order to test on mobile. I spent a lit of time just because I didn’t know that Ionic had a way of testing on mobile but locally. So most of the time, my css or some of the event handlers will break because its not the same implementation. After testing on mobile locally, the process because more fluid. Debugging/testing: : When I first started working on the mobile app, I saw two interesting plugins that I could use for notifications which were Local Notifications and Push Notifications. Local notifications, are notifications managed locally on the app, without interacting with a backend server. I automatically thought that local notifications was the right and faster to implement choice, so I implemented it pretty easy. However, it was not what we were looking for. Push notifications was the way to go, but it was a bit harder to implement and it needed extra set up, and a backend server. We keep it simple by just sending one notification at noon mountain time every day, although we might want to send a bit more. If you have the mobile app and accepted notifications, you should be getting this type of notification about HackerNoon top story of the day. Notifications : This is one of the app’s main features. It was joyful to build but painful to debug simply because it has to many functionalities. Making sure every button does what its suppose to do was kind of time consuming when testing. It was weird to build the story audio player as I tried multiple audio plugins to work on mobile. The main issue I encountered was that I build the player but the the audio didn’t play or the quality of the audio was really bad. Sometimes audio will work on development mode but not on production. What actually worked was the native Audio api. It was straight forward after that, just pass the source url and add the action buttons. The playlist was less of a challenge since all it takes is saving the stories on the database in order to create a playlist. Functionalities like having the playlist in order, changing voices, re-ordering, and the ability to add an entire group of stories to your playlist was really cool to implement. Maybe in the future we can have public playlists where you can see what other people are listening, with their concern of course. Here how my playlist looks right now: The playlist/player I think this was the most frustrating part, when you have a really nice version working 100% and then booom it doesn’t work, or it doesn’t load, or it doesn’t log in. I remember having input forms working on Ionic but then upgraded Ionic versions and the input events weren’t working, therefore causing me to think the errors were on the backend. Or testing the app to then realize that I can’t no longer see the logs on safari because I updated my phone and that feature was no longer supported by apple. Or trying to build a new version of the app but faild because xcode updated and something needed to be changed on my code. Those were really frustrating moments and time consuming. At least it only happened while on development 👍. Ionic updates vs iOS updates vs Xcode updates: This has been one of the bugs of the app, Android users literally couldn’t login using the google method. This was a crazy bug because it happened in production. Although it was really simple, it was also part of the learning process when it comes to mobile development. Turns out that there’s two types of keys needed for google login, one on development that is set up on firebase, and another one on production that also need to be set up in firebase. The issue here is that google play store actually produces a production key that need to replace the development key. There was no way of me knowing that and resulted in hours spent trying to figure out what was the issue. It took less that 30 seconds to fix once I figured out all needed was to replace the keys. Google Login on Android: … this was really a roller coaster. The main issue was just finding and editor that would work on mobile and Ionic. I tried about 20 different editors, and most of then failed on mobile while working perfectly on the web. Some didn’t load the keyboard, some write different letters that the ones being pressed, and some just couldn’t get installed. When I finally found one that worked, then it was supper laggy while typing so it was really tedious. Thankfully, I gave it a shot at another editor, QuillJS(!), and it seems to be working better than expected. Thats actually the editor I’m using to write this story. This feature basically kept new updates from being released because we really wanted to allow users to write on the mobile app. Writing: What I liked? The entire development process was so cool and I definitely recommend other developers to give it a shot. The more I worked with the app the more I got used to it and became more comfortable with the development process. It was really satisfying to see the app on my phone and navigating through all the pages. The most impressive feature to me was the playlist/player as its something organic by HackerNoon and one of the main features of the app. The push notifications was the feature that I probably learned the most as it was something totally new and I got to see how mobile notifications work, and such knowledge can definitely be applied in the future to other features. If you don’t have it yet, and share your thoughts in the comments ⬇️. ✌️ please download the app Here is the Apple Version: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/hackernoon/id6447998105?embedable=true Here is the Android Version: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.hackernoon.mobile&embedable=true

The HackerNoon Mobile: The Developer's Perspective and The World Wide Writer Release [Version 1.9]

দ্য হ্যাকারনুন মোবাইল: দ্য ডেভেলপারের দৃষ্টিকোণ এবং ওয়ার্ল্ড ওয়াইড রাইটার রিলিজ [সংস্করণ 1.9]

The HackerNoon Mobile: The Developer's Perspective und The World Wide Writer Release [Version 1.9]

HackerNoon Mobile: la perspectiva del desarrollador y el lanzamiento mundial del escritor [Versión 1.9]

The HackerNoon Mobile : le point de vue du développeur et la version du World Wide Writer [Version 1.9]

द हैकरनून मोबाइल: द डेवलपर पर्सपेक्टिव और द वर्ल्ड वाइड राइटर रिलीज़ [संस्करण 1.9]

The HackerNoon Mobile: 開発者の視点とワールドワイドライターのリリース [バージョン 1.9]

HackerNoon Mobile: 개발자의 관점과 World Wide Writer 릴리스 [버전 1.9]

The HackerNoon Mobile: a perspectiva do desenvolvedor e o lançamento do escritor mundial [versão 1.9]

HackerNoon Mobile: взгляд разработчика и выпуск The World Wide Writer [версия 1.9]

HackerNoon Mobile: Geliştiricinin Perspektifi ve Dünya Çapında Yazar Sürümü [Sürüm 1.9]

The HackerNoon Mobile: Góc nhìn của nhà phát triển và bản phát hành của nhà văn trên toàn thế giới [Phiên bản 1.9]

HackerNoon Mobile：开发者的视角和 World Wide Writer 版本 [1.9 版]

Context This article is meant to be a sober reflection on the data lakehouse table format conversation I have had as a participant over the last two years. I've written the following articles over the years on the subject: Table Format Comparison Table Format Comparison: Partitioning Table Format Comparison: Governance Architecture of the Lakehouse Table Formats Apache Iceberg 101 I am writing this article in response to these two pieces: Jacques Nadeau: Overview of state of table formats Kyle Weller: Don’t Worry About Data Lakehouse Features, Trust in Google Search… I work for , who is a contributor to Apache Iceberg and has robust support for Apache Iceberg Data Lakehouses (DDL, DML, Cataloging, Table Optimization) and also can read Delta Lake tables. DISCLOSURE: Dremio, the Data Lakehouse Platform Introduction Choosing the right open-source table format for your data lakehouse is more top of mind than ever as people explore implementing data lakehouses and data lakehouse platforms. With three prominent options in Apache Iceberg, Apache Hudi, and Delta Lake, all vying to be the heart of your lakehouse, it's easy to get lost in the noise of feature sets and performance benchmarks. This blog aims to cut through the fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) surrounding table formats, providing a clear path to understanding what really matters in your selection process. Short Version for Quick Readers All major table formats are mature projects that are constantly improving performance and feature sets. The existence of multiple formats is a boon to the industry, as it fosters a competitive environment that drives improvements across the board. However, when it comes down to choosing a format, it's not just about features and performance. The critical decision should be based on the ecosystem of tools you plan to use and how well they integrate with the format. By focusing on your use cases and testing with your actual workloads, you'll find the table format that best meets your needs. My Journey with Table Formats and Lakehouses Over the last two years, I've immersed myself in the world of table formats and lakehouses, a journey that I plan to continue for the foreseeable future. My entry into this conversation began with an article comparing different table formats. That piece, which became one of my most-viewed writings, initially focused on the various features of these formats. However, as I've updated the article over time, I've noticed the narrowing differences between them, leading to a significant realization. Ecosystem Over Features What truly matters is not the array of features a format possesses but the ecosystem that supports these features and their usability. After all, what's the point of advanced functionality if it's not utilized effectively or is too complex to integrate? The real value lies in how these features are implemented within the ecosystem and how seamlessly they can be adopted into your workflows. Key Takeaways The first major takeaway from my experience is the paramount importance of the ecosystem and usability over the raw feature set. A table format might boast an impressive list of capabilities, but if those features are not accessible or practical for your team's use, their value diminishes. Thus, when evaluating table formats, consider the supporting tools, documentation, community, and ease of integration into your existing systems. Ecosystem and Usability Over Features Performance Considerations: Beyond Benchmarks When delving into the world of table formats, it's easy to get caught up in the numbers game of performance benchmarks. While these metrics offer a snapshot of efficiency under ideal conditions, they seldom provide the full picture needed for informed decision-making. The Limitations of Benchmarks Benchmarks, particularly those in Apache Spark environments, have their place in performance evaluation. However, they often reflect a momentary advantage, influenced by specific configurations and data sets that may not align with everyday usage. The reality is that the performance of a table format is not static; it evolves with each update to its libraries, the processing too, and as users configure the table and tools to suit their unique workloads. True performance evaluation requires a broader lens, one that considers how a table format behaves with the suite of tools you rely on and the nature of your data. Making Informed Choices Choosing a table format based on performance means looking beyond Spark-centric benchmarks. It involves testing how each format manages your specific data types and use cases across the tools and technologies that form the backbone of your data infrastructure. Only by assessing performance in this holistic manner can you ensure that your chosen table format aligns with your operational realities and performance expectations. Understanding the Metric of Open Source Contributors A critical aspect I'd like to clarify from my original blog post is the rationale behind using the number of open-source contributors as a key metric. This choice might have raised some eyebrows, especially considering the complex structure of repository management across many table formats. These projects often distribute their development efforts across multiple repositories, separating the core project—typically written in Java—from implementations in other programming languages like Python, Go, and Rust. Why Focus on Core Contributors? The decision to concentrate on contributors to the core format was deliberate. The core repository is where the most significant decisions regarding the format's evolution are made. It's the heart of the project, determining not just current functionalities but also setting the direction for future developments. The distribution of influence over these decisions is crucial. It reveals whether the evolution of the format is being guided by a diverse group of stakeholders or if it's under the control of a few, potentially leading to a bias in development priorities. The Impact on the Ecosystem While there are undoubtedly many talented contributors working across the various language-specific repositories, their work often focuses on mirroring the functionality established in the core. Although valuable, this does not typically drive the project's overall direction. The core repository's contributor diversity is, therefore, a more accurate indicator of the project's health and its alignment with the broader community's needs. The Importance of Competitive Diversity From a consumer's perspective, the diversity of contributors to the core repository is more than a technicality; it's a safeguard against vendor lock-in, budget inflation, and the potential stagnation of innovation in a controlled market. A table format steered by a community with varied interests ensures that no single entity can dominate the project's direction to the detriment of the community. This competitive diversity fosters an environment where vendors can innovate on equal footing, driving technological advancements and more favorable pricing for end-users. The Value of Contributor Diversity In aiming for a competitive market, the significance of an open format governed by a broad coalition cannot be overstated. The diversity of core repo contributors matters because it ensures that the format remains open, adaptable, and free from monopolistic control. By prioritizing formats with a wide array of contributors, we champion the principles of open innovation and collective progress that are foundational to the open source ethos. Conclusion It's clear that the table format conversation transcends mere technical specifications and performance metrics. The past two years have illuminated the paramount importance of ecosystem compatibility, the tangible benefits of a broad, diverse community of open-source contributors, and the nuanced understanding required to evaluate performance in real-world scenarios. As we navigate the choices between Apache Iceberg, Apache Hudi, and Delta Lake, it becomes evident that the true value lies in fostering an open, competitive market that drives innovation, ensures flexibility, and avoids vendor lock-in. By prioritizing formats that align with our technological ecosystems, supported by a vibrant community, and delivering performance on our workloads with our desired tooling, we can build data infrastructures that are not only robust and efficient but also adaptable and forward-looking. Try the Dremio Lakehouse Platform Today Build a Prototype Data Lakehouse on Your Laptop with This Tutoria Also published . here

Data Lakehouse Table Formats: Considerations, Reflection, and Perspective

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