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What are ZK Proofs and How are They the Future of Verifiability

Web-3 is an interesting position right now. On the one hand, the market is not exactly in its 2021 prime as bears still hold the throne. On the other hand, if you listen closely enough, you’ll hear whispers of a bull run in the making: The Bitcoin halving is coming up, and there’s all the commotion around the possible BlackRock Bitcoin ETF. So as builders build and hodlers hodl, the hope for a new season of plenty is very much alive. Now, about that builder part. I have been talking with many builders lately, and I have noticed a trend — and a story worth telling. There are lessons to learn there, both for aspiring Web3 teams and for layer-1s, and implications for what this next bull run might look like. But first, just a little history. Buidl where? Bitcoin was the first to introduce the world to the concept of cryptocurrencies, but it was Ethereum that picked up the Olympic flame and ran with it a whole new distance. By design, this network was more versatile, enabling savvy builders to create all sorts of decentralized applications on top of it. What made it possible was the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), Ethereum’s runtime environment for smart contracts — computer code executed in a decentralized fashion. EVM is so massively popular that it’s the de-facto industry standard for Web3. Most of the highest market cap layer-1s, such as the BNB Chain, Avalanche, and Cardano, leverage the EVM, and Ethereum has of Web3 developers, followed by Polkadot. From the builder perspective, this means one thing: All roads lead to Ethereum… Or at least EVM. the largest community There’s a few reasons for that. First of all, Ethereum on its own has the second-largest market cap across the entire Web3 space. Add the combined liquidity from all of the EVM-based chains, and you get a massive allure of a capital trove to potentially access.\ Secondly, EVM also scores quite high on developer-friendliness. Solidity, its coding language of choice, is a lot like Javascript, and Javascript is the world’s programming language. This means a low barrier for entry for most devs as they have an easy time learning the ropes. On top of that, EVM’s ubiquity in the industry means they likely won’t have to overhaul their entire stack if they just so happen to migrate to another chain. most popular And that “if” is actually not as hypothetical as it might seem. More and more teams that started off on an EVM layer-1 find themselves moving to other networks — for a variety of reasons. For Ethereum, it is often the relatively low throughput and high transaction fees compared to other chains, and for other general-purpose layer-1s, it’s the lack of mission-specific functions and economic mechanisms that would have helped this particular project. Open the gates! It is too early to speak of an actual exodus from the EVM — if anything, this runtime is set to stay the industry staple given the simple laws of financial gravity. Money loves money, and in the next bull run, Ethereum’s huge market cap will inevitably draw in investors, and, by extension developers. This will likely amplify the project migration as it remains to be seen how the updated network will tackle the uptick of activity. When looking at the options on the table, these teams will be after many things, such as the aforementioned mission-specific tools and incentivization mechanisms. One thing they won’t want to do, though, is to completely rebuild their entire architecture around a new tech stack. And that is something they will most likely have to do if migrating to a non-EVN blockchain. As the crypto world is bracing for another potential bull run, it’s crucial for any layer-1s that aren’t compatible with EVM to do a fast 180 on that. Full compatibility with EVM makes your project accessible to an exponentially higher number of builders and reduces the technological entry barrier to almost zero for anyone who’s done at least some coding. At a time when so many teams are looking for the perfect home — and many more will once the bulls go runnin’ — such versatility opens a clear-cut pathway to network growth. This is why peaq is , bringing its set of functions for decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePINs) to its EVM side. As DePINs and other projects focusing on real world-facing applications seek out the optimal layer-1s to work as their long-term home, many prefer to stay within the EVM realm, as this saves them time, money, and developer resources. Thus, EVM compatibility becomes one of the highest priorities for long-term network growth and ecosystem development, which is why peaq is fully committed to make all of its functions easily accessible for EVM builders. expanding its EVM compatibility Does all of this mean that there is no life beyond EVM? No, just the opposite — there are bustling communities growing around blockchains that are based on other frameworks. These networks have a lot to offer to projects looking for a new home, and, moving forward, they would stand to benefit a lot from making themselves as accessible to EVM-native teams as possible. About the author Leonard Dorlöchter is the co-founder of peaq, the go-to blockchain for real-world applications, and EoT Labs, a software development and incubation organization supporting open-source projects focused on the Economy of Things.

Here’s Why Layer-1 Blockchains Should Aim for Full EVM Compatibility

এখানে কেন লেয়ার-1 ব্লকচেইনগুলি সম্পূর্ণ ইভিএম সামঞ্জস্যের জন্য লক্ষ্য করা উচিত

Hier erfahren Sie, warum Layer-1-Blockchains eine vollständige EVM-Kompatibilität anstreben sollten

He aquí por qué las cadenas de bloques de capa 1 deberían aspirar a una compatibilidad total con EVM

Voici pourquoi les blockchains de couche 1 devraient viser une compatibilité EVM totale

यहां बताया गया है कि लेयर-1 ब्लॉकचेन का लक्ष्य पूर्ण ईवीएम संगतता क्यों होना चाहिए

レイヤ 1 ブロックチェーンが EVM の完全な互換性を目指すべき理由は次のとおりです

레이어 1 블록체인이 완전한 EVM 호환성을 목표로 해야 하는 이유는 다음과 같습니다.

Veja por que os blockchains da camada 1 devem ter como objetivo a compatibilidade total com EVM

Вот почему блокчейны уровня 1 должны стремиться к полной совместимости с EVM

İşte Katman 1 Blok Zincirlerinin Neden Tam EVM Uyumluluğunu Hedeflemesi Gerekiyor?

Đây là lý do tại sao Blockchain lớp 1 nên hướng tới khả năng tương thích hoàn toàn EVM

这就是为什么 Layer-1 区块链应该以完全 EVM 兼容性为目标

Let's learn about via these 40 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Digital Nomads /Learn Repo 1. Web Monetization + Gig Economy = Digital Nomadism? Due to various technological developments, it is now easier than ever to earn money online. Known as the gig economy, there is a massive free-market system for independent workers looking to earn an extra buck. Monetizing one's expertise can remain a challenge, however. 2. US Only vs. Work From Anywhere Remote Jobs Problem Remote work is global or it’s not remote work at all! 3. How to Behave during Video Calls: 9 Rules for Communicating with Colleagues These days most companies have asked their employees to stay at home and change their office work for a remote one. In such conditions, the issues of organizing video calls have become especially relevant. It seems that online conferences for dozens and even hundreds of people are a step towards a digital future without borders when people can work from anywhere in the world and get together for negotiations literally by click. But in reality, video calls are often not as good as you might imagine. Someone cannot install the necessary program, someone is nervous  because of the relatives in the background, and someone appears at an important conference call in his pajamas and using the nickname “DimonKiller666”. We have put together some simple rules for making video calls that will help make them comfortable for yourself and your colleagues. 4. How I Beat My Limited Beliefs, Quit My Job, and Became a Island-based Digital Nomad How to become a digital nomad with no experience. Here is how I stopped working 9 to 5 and became a digital nomad. 5. Why I Decided To Build a Community for Remote Work I am the co-founder of Flexiple and Remote Tools. In this post, I describe why we are building an exclusive remote-focused community - The Remote Clan. 6. How to Manage a Remote Team if You’ve Never Done It Before Vita Baryshnikova is a Head of HR at Skyeng where 90% of employees and contractors work remotely. Vita shares her experience of creating effective processes for remote teams. These simple tips can help you prevent burnout and add transparency to your work. 7. Temporary Autonomous Security (T.A.S.) Introduction ...the digital nomad
experience is a pathway to both temporary freedom (escapism) and to sustained
liberation (evolution)...the nomad is a
foundation, a moving point mechanism... -Mariette Papic, Digital Nomad Manifesto 8. A Guide to Remote Working as a Beginner are you a freelancer or a remote employee or contractor working on a remote basis? if you’re any of this then this guide is for you. 9. Seven Expert Tips For Managers To Support Their Remote Teams “The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint to keep from meddling with them while they do it.” – Theodore Roosevelt 10. How Technology is Changing Retirement Planning Let's look at some emerging new options that can help you create passive income for retirement. 11. How To Set Up A Home Office The rise of flexible job roles, digital tech careers and more freelance opportunities around the world has led more people into working from the comfort of their home, especially during this Covid19 pandemic. However, in order to get the best and ensure quality service deliveries, remote workers need the right tools to assist their craft. 12. What COVID-19 Means for the Future of Work From Home The worldwide lockdown following the coronavirus pandemic was truly a time for remote work to shine if there ever was one. With most of the globe’s workforce being stranded in their homes and away from the office, the only solution for most was to move their labor to the remote setting. 13. Colombia's Digital Nomad Visa Raises Internet Connectivity Concerns Let’s explore why digital nomads are drawn to Colombia, what the digital nomad visa offers and which locations offer the most reliable internet connections. 14. Best Applications That Will Make Remote Work During Coronavirus More Comfortable Things have changed very rapidly for a lot of people. Just a few months ago nobody would’ve imagined they would have to stay at home for a prolonged period of time, and even though warned, preparation for a global scale epidemic was pretty poor. Right now, when the spread of Covid-19 is at its peak, a lot of people have to get used to self-isolation, which means they can’t go to work to offices anymore but have to work remotely. 15. Tips For Conducting A Remote Presentation Like many others, my workplace has been conducting business remotely most of the year. 16. Impact of Automation on the Future of Work Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are changing the nature of jobs and many believe that robots will completely put humans out of work in the coming years. 17. How to Become a Successful Digital Nomad Entrepreneur https://www.pexels.com/ 18. 6 Tips for Working Remotely Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, millions of people have suddenly had to relocate their office to their own homes. In normal times, around 8 million Americans work from home, but in just a few days, that number has multiplied, and then multiplied again. 19. Heroku Remote Culture: AMA with Francis Lacoste Francis Lacoste is a Senior Director, Software Engineering at Salesforce Heroku. During Live Ask Me Anything session with Hacker Noon community he shared his experience working remote for over 20 years and main lessons he learned from it. In Francis’s own words: 20. Banking, Finance and More with Noonies Nominee Radley 2021 Noonies Nominee General Interview with Rad Sidwell-Lewis. Read for more on Investments, Finance, Tech, Entrepreneurship, Travel and Startups. 21. Is Upwork The Sick Man Upon the Silicon Bosphorus? [Looking At Numbers] Financial reports are lengthy, confusing, and boring. I promise that I will keep it simple, brief, and straight to the point. I will let Upwork’s numbers do all the talking. 22. 8 Basic Steps to Keep Your Remote Development Teams Secure There is no doubt that the world's workforce is becoming more remote, particularly in tech as developers can now work from any location in the world. But there are a large number of new obstacles that come with this. The most pressing is security. 23. Working from Home During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Challenges and Tips To Help Remote work and the associated social distancing is one of the ways to halt the outbreak of coronavirus - an enormous challenge facing the entire world in 2020. While more and more companies urge their employees to shift to working from home, and people eagerly accept the change to avoid public spaces, there are a wealth of concerns regarding what it will all be like: 24. Two Factor Authentication - The Deep State Tool That Supports Mass Technology Dysfunction 2FA is the initial, mandatory stage of ongoing privacy intrusions that are unwarranted and Orwellian. Alternatives now exist. 25. Coworking Bansko is a Haven for Digital Nomads In this slogging thread, our community discusses Zeitler's initiative, Coworking Bansko, and nomadic working. 26. Build to Rent DAO: Pioneering the Concept of 'Rent-to-Earn' Real estate tokenization system allows users to rent objects from a decentralized autonomous organization or DAO instead of buying it. 27. The Free-Range Lifestyle: How to Not Live and Die in a Cage We Evolved for Free-Range Living 28. Types And Differences of Remote Workers It’s been more than two decades since the term ‘digital nomad’ came to be. In the time since, people have shown they have a lot of imagination when it comes to their remote work-enabled lifestyles. Some stay in one place and lead an otherwise normal life while others use the flexibility of remote work to travel continuously, or at least regularly. As a result, the world of remote work has become a diverse ecosystem where people have varying degrees of commitment and availability, as well as a broad array of purposes for working remotely. 29. Some Tips On Holding a Productive Virtual Offsite Offsites are a big part of remote teams. They allow everyone to socialize, connect more deeply with coworkers, and help build shared experiences and empathy. Even if video calls are a great tool to share information, they can be tiring. It's too easy to miss non-verbal cues. Chance encounters over coffee never happen, and we don’t always experience the same personal connections that come from small-talk. That’s the downside of remote work, and that's why meeting a few times a year is a great way to fill the gap! 30. A Couple of Nomad Makers: finding friends and side project profits This article is the second in a three part series. If you want to read the first one you can do here. 31. Tips For Winning a Proposal For Software Engineers Chances are if you're doing freelancing sooner or later you'll come across a need to write some kind of proposal to your potential customer. 32. Burnout, Budget Smudget, and You Can’t Phone Home This article is the last in a three-part series. Read the previous one here (and the first one here). 33. How To Transition to Remote Work Companies transitioning to the work-from-home model became the recurring theme of the last month. I've spent more than half of the previous decade working in remote teams and have seen quite a few transitioning from the office to full-remote processes. Actively advocating remote work to everyone I know, I feel having to put a few cents into the tip jar. 34. How To Ensure That Your Team Is Happy With Remote Work? A month ago saying that running a company through the crisis caused by this pandemic has been hard would be an understatement. I’m sure this has been unchartered territory for most of us. I mean, most workplaces don’t even have work from home policies that they had to design from scratch. 35. Creative Ways Companies are Keeping Teams Sane And Connected Through WFH Mandate Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, remote employees and Work from Home arrangements were becoming increasingly common. An Owl Labs 2019 State of Remote Work Report found that 54% of U.S. workers work remotely at least once per month, 48% work remotely at least once per week, and 30% work remotely full-time. Global Workplace Analytics is forecasting a 25-30% increase in working remotely with adoption increasing proportionately with the amount of time we spend in shelter at home and work from home conditions due to COVID-19. 36. 7 Ways Telephone Systems Support Remote and Home Workers Remote working isn’t becoming popular. It already is. The number of people who work remotely in the US has increased by 140% since 2005, with 34% of US workers saying they would take a pay cut of up to 5% in order to work from home. 37. 5 Tips to Successfully Transit to Remote Working during Coronavirus-and Beyond It has been four months since Coronavirus originated in China's
Wuhan and the outbreak continues to be on the headlines. On one hand, many employers are getting ready for the possible disruptions that Coronavirus would bring to their business in the long run, such as transportation issues, labor shortages, reduced working hours and low consumer traffic. 38. An Anthology of Places and Tools That Can Help You To Find Remote Software Engineering Jobs Working remotely is no longer just a dream. If you can afford a decent laptop and access to the internet, combine it with solid work skills and that gives you a pretty good chance to find a remote job. Professionals in many industries including entrepreneurs, marketers, writers and of course software engineers have already chosen this route. 39. How to Save Toilet Paper for Your Employer As a person that used to track finances and company expenses in their previous life, I know that toilet paper is a huge expense. Everybody does it. Everybody needs it. 40. Our Nomad Makers Origin Story Our journey so far has comprised of one year in South East Asia, five months in Australia and New Zealand, two months in Berlin, two months in the UK, and one month in Eastern Europe. Now we’re working our way through South America, having explored Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia. At the time of writing we’re actually on a bus to Peru, trying to type while bouncing around on the terrible roads out here! Thank you for checking out the 40 most read stories about Digital Nomads on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

40 Stories To Learn About Digital Nomads

Any views expressed in the below are the personal views of the author and should not form the basis for making investment decisions, nor be construed as a recommendation or advice to engage in investment transactions. As y’all know, I don’t fuck for free. While I love disseminating knowledge about macro and crypto for free on this blog, I gotta eat too. Bubbly water in the clerb ain’t cheap. In December of last year, I launched my crypto family office, . I hired BitMEX’s former head of corporate development, , to run around the world looking for worthy crypto projects to invest in. Our goal is to invest in early stage projects that will deliver excess returns over just holding Bitcoin and Ether. Maelstrom Akshat Vaidya Moving forward, every once in a while, Akshat will grace readers with a thinkpiece on a crypto vertical that he is very excited about. Obviously, we are shilling our bags, but we’re also trying to educate the market on why the problems these projects are trying to solve are important to the goal of furthering decentralization. Ultimately, we want to help power the teams that will completely destroy — *ahem* I mean, offer an alternative — to the parasitic, rancid TradFi financial system. The below thinkpiece speaks about the overall movement to decentralize validators of the Ethereum network. This space is super exciting, and I expressed a bullish view on the Ethereum Merge via increasing the percentage of Ether in my portfolio and purchasing LIDO (the governance token of Lido Finance). In the back of my mind, though, I always worried that Lido was not sufficiently decentralised, and that once the market started caring about this, the coin would tank. After Akshat invested in Obol and ether.fi and explained his rationale for doing so, I knew it was time to dump my Lido position, which I did recently. Read on to understand our thought process in more detail. Shapella’s Show: ETH Staking’s Coming Shake-Up By: Akshat Vaidya, Head of Investments @ Maelstrom “Not your keys, not your crypto” has been the industry’s motto for as long as I’ve been in this space. But time and time again, traders, customers, and even founders and name-brand fund managers continue to fuck this up. Far too many keep repeating the same mistake again and again, cycle after cycle, of giving up control of their private keys — resulting in billions of dollars worth of lost or stolen funds (from Mt. Gox to FTX, and ). everything in between Prior to DeFi Summer (circa 2020), clients typically lost funds on poorly managed or outright fraudulent CeFi exchanges. But in 2021–2022, this issue reared its head in a new way — with a number of so-called “decentralized” (but still ultimately custodial) cross-chain bridges (e.g., the $586MM BNB Bridge exploit). Once again, individuals that voluntarily gave third-parties access to their private keys got rekt, and were reminded once again that “code is law.” compromised, to the tune of $2.5B Giving up access to our private keys — to either centralized or “decentralized” entities — is a compromise any of us should have to make, given infrastructure capabilities inherent to blockchains. not Yet here we are in 2023, playing with fire all over again in our collective thirst for easy ETH staking rewards. Post-DeFi Summer, we have come to expect yield on our crypto — particularly on our ETH, and even more so now given recent Fed rate hikes. However, since setting up a validator is still hard , customers have found themselves forced to make a false choice between using staking services that are dangerously custodial in nature, and simply letting their ETH sit idle. Worryingly, have chosen the former, entrusting their private keys to the likes of services like Coinbase, Kraken and Binance; and ETH liquid staking derivative (“LSD”) protocols like Lido Finance. To be fair, these custodial projects have served as important stepping stones towards the trustless, decentralized future of ETH staking. However, they also prioritized speed-to-market at the expense of exposing stakers to potentially substantial operator, regulatory and security counterparty risks. [if you’re working on elegant solutions to help bring down technical barriers to solo-staking, ] ping me too many 1) fully-centralized 2) proto-decentralized The Shanghai-Cappella (“Shapella”) upgrade, set to take hold in the next 24 hours, will allow stakers to withdraw staked ETH for the first time (at a rate of 0.4% of total staked ETH per day). (~15% of all ETH in circulation, worth tens of billions of dollars) is about to be unshackled from the previously mentioned risk-prone, custodial staking business models of the past. These incumbents have the most to lose in terms of their existing market share of staked ETH, and possibly the least to gain from the tens of millions of forthcoming ETH about to be staked over the coming years. And of these incumbents, Lido — the largest and first proto-decentralized LSD protocol — might be the biggest (slowly) ticking time bomb of them all. Fortunately, that false choice ends starting now. 18 million+ ETH Let’s unpack how Shapella might pave the pathway for Lido’s ETH staking dominance to crack. Lido, which accounts for ~75% of all ETH locked in LSD protocols, and ~30% of staked ETH overall, is essentially built upon stakers’ faith in the trustworthiness of node operators: Stakers deposit ETH with no contribution from node operators ; (unlike Rocketpool’s model, where node operators contribute 16 of the 32 ETH for each validator) Node operators, not stakers, generate keys , and execute the staked ETH:ETH redemption process *;* ( ) including both BLS private keys, as well as validator keys on a voluntary basis The implication being, that stakers do not hold a direct claim on either their ETH or staking rewards, but only over a pool of hypothetical assets generated by the protocol itself (analogous to the business model of cross-chain bridge Wormhole, ). hacked last year for ~$321MM of its own similarly hypothetical ETH-derived asset To be clear — Lido works because node operators choose to play ball. Period. If node operators, for whatever reason, are unwilling or unable to exit their validators in order to give you “your” ETH or “your” staking rewards, you’ve got a problem. Of course, there are meaningful steps Lido has taken to mitigate the risk that a major event — such as a hack compromising validator keys, or regulatory/legal action preventing node operators from releasing ETH — spirals out into a market panic. . But regardless, ultimately node operators can simply refuse to exit, effectively rendering “your” staked ETH illiquid and inaccessible for a period of time, with limited downside risks borne by node operators. […At least by design. Lido’s entire redemption process will only be tested live, at scale, for the first time starting April 12th after Shapella, since it’s thus far been a one-way street] TL;DR: Lido’s revenue model (and that of its node operators) depends on you not only giving up your private keys, but also bearing the majority of the risk. All for just…4–6% yield on your precious asset. Sound familiar? Fortunately, this is a risk none of us need to take anymore. Lido was architected well before we knew what we do now — i.e., that . We now know that it is not possible to simply create a smart contract-controlled redemption mechanism as a workaround. So, what if we could do it all over again post-Shapella? Knowing what we know now, how would we design Ethereum staking services that are both and ? withdrawal credentials sitting on the execution layer is not enough to make an LSD protocol non-custodial non-custodial still scalable We launched Maelstrom, the family office of BitMEX co-founder Arthur Hayes, in December 2022, amidst the wreckage of numerous collapsed custodial business models, to invest in projects fixing what went wrong. We are backing teams committed to delivering on the full potential of blockchain — a scalable, privacy-enhancing, decentralized, non-custodial and interoperable stack of infrastructure capable of unleashing new trillion dollar markets across various use cases. To that end, we are starting with primitives, and investing in ETH staking infrastructure projects that compete directly with the two risk-prone custodial business models described above (both fully-centralized and proto-decentralized); and those that are complementary with these same legacy incumbents to help them (as well as new entrants) further decentralize. 1) 2) Maelstrom’s debut investment was in an early-mover in that second category, a project that isn’t competing with either the Lidos or the Coinbases of the world, but rather tooling them to eliminate single points of failure. , an investment we closed in January this year, is helping solo-stakers as well as fully-centralized, proto-decentralized and genuinely non-custodial services alike further decentralize. Obol’s distributed validator technology (“DVT”) middleware allows validator keys to be “split” among multiple node operators, effectively creating a “multi-sig” validator that can be run simultaneously across a collection of machines. These multi-validators still “speak” as one to the Beacon chain, avoiding penalties or slashing, while improving redundancy, security, and decentralization across the ETH staking space. More . Obol Labs [see next bullet] here , on the other hand, is our first investment in a project aiming to bring about a stepwise evolution from the legacy custodial models of both Lido and Coinbase. ether.fi is building one of the first (and other PoS networks in the future). In a post-Shapella world, where stakers are able to freely bounce from staking service to staking service to chase the highest yield, ether.fi circumvents the impending race to the bottom by competing on something other than just APY. With ether.fi, stakers generate and control their own keys throughout the staking process from creation to redemption, and can exit validators to claim their ETH back at any time, preventing node operator malfeasance. I.e., “your keys, your crypto.” ether.fi’s non-custodial model reduces risks for all parties, including node operators who will no longer be required to keep wallets connected or rely on a trusted middleparty for coordination. More on the mechanics . ether.fi genuinely non-custodial, delegated staking services for Ethereum here Maelstrom is building a long-term investment portfolio of infrastructure companies that will serve as the foundation of our trustless, decentralized future. Giving up your private keys is a compromise you need to make in order to participate in any decentralized ecosystem. The existing, legacy players in ETH staking — be they centralized or proto-decentralized — had prioritized speed-to-market during this past crypto Summer. But storm clouds are swirling over these incumbents, as new projects offering trustless, truly non-custodial ETH staking solutions are being built and scaled this Winter. And with today’s Shappela upgrade, the shackles are finally coming off. not

Shapella’s Show

This story is a part of Hacker Noon’s ** **initiative. The series is intended for tech professionals in any field to share their experience of building a career in tech and help bust the common myths beginner techies are facing. How to get a job in tech If you too would like to share your experience, . you can do so here What is your current position? Running my own company doing bits of consultancy, bits of training and teaching, bits of speaking, bits of writing, a lot of learning. These days it’s hard to define under one label as it’s the overlap between whatever I find interesting and whatever provides value to clients. It certainly brings challenges when people ask me what it is I do. How long have you been working in tech? Over two decades now, so it’s been a while. Up until the last couple of years it was always as an employee, until I sensibly went independent shortly after lockdown came in through the UK. Just as a note, I would not recommend voluntarily leaving stable, secure, and enjoyable employment in the middle of a global crisis to try taking over and running your own business. It worked for me, but I’ve had plenty of anxious nights thinking what could go wrong. Over the time I’ve been in tech, I’ve done tech support, field laptop repair, development, architecture, SOC monitoring, engineering, management, risk, compliance, and a number of other things. There’s been no career plan or carefully plotted path, simply eagerly grabbing onto the next opportunity when I felt the time was right - even if it meant I had to sprint to catch up. What is your educational background and how did you end up in cyber security? University dropout originally, with a smattering of A-levels. I did end up going back to university to earn a masters in 2017, but for most of my career my education was more based around professional certificates and self-education - or support from people I’d count as mentors. My journey into security is really difficult to judge. Arguably I was involved in it way back at the start of my career, managing school networks shortly after the second UK Data Protection Act had come in - so information security was fresh in everyone’s minds. At that point, information security was still the new buzzword and cyber was a long way over the horizon. Nowadays I usually say that I’m in security, not narrowing it down to a specific domain like information or cyber, but up until a few years ago I still described myself as in cyber security. Pointing to a specific point where that happened is more of a challenge. It’s one thing I strongly suggest now to those trying to get into security, it’s easier to break in by accident than on purpose. If you’re in something even peripherally related and can get involved with the security team in an organisation you can find yourself in the field before you even know it. We’d love to know a bit more about the mentors, was it a format arrangement? Very much not formal - the best mentor/mentee relationships often aren’t. There are two people I’d point to as mentors throughout my career though, and working with them corresponds to my two longest tenures in roles. The first was in one of my earliest roles, a guy who saw potential in me to do more than sit on the helpdesk and brought me in to help with architecture and virtualisation, which gave me a huge boost at the beginning. The second was much later, a few years before going independent, and really filled in the missing pieces. She had worked with my employer at the time for 17 years, and her guidance on how to operate through organisations, juggle with the politics, and engage people’s self-interest where needed has been hugely effective ever since. What was the best piece of advice you got over the course of your career? “Remember it's only a model." There's various forms of this, but it's been vital through the years. Far too often in this field we slip into the trap of thinking we have the answers because we've decided one model or another is the 'truth'. This soundbite is a reminder that no matter what model we're using we shouldn't get too attached - it's only a guide to thinking and understanding, not a rulebook. I’ve come across people far too often who’ve latched onto one idea as the and cannot let go of it. Whether that’s the CIA triad, out of date password advice, particular risk models, approaches to testing, or anything else it is vitally important to be able to let go and rethink things through a different lens. truth One thing I keep telling my own students, to the point where it’s become an in-joke (although nowadays there’s enough of them it’s not really in so much as just a joke) is that there are no right answers, just ones that are less wrong. It’s flippant, but in security it’s true, there is no end goal or perfect answer - we work on a mix of aiming for and continuous improvement. Stopping and deciding any one answer is is where problems start. good enough right The Importance of Self-Learning in Cybersecurity Mixed. I’ve gone through professional training, academic training, and a lot of self-learning. I wouldn’t say any one of those was more or less important than the others, it’s the blend that’s been valuable and got me to where I am. Mix and match, don’t devote yourself to one way of learning. You will get a lot of advice about platforms like and , and they are incredibly useful . Where this goes wrong is that penetration testing is a tiny subset of the cybersecurity field, and it’s one of the most competitive to get into since it’s seen as the ‘sexy’ pathway. Going down those paths to the exclusion of all else will not help you with GRC (Governance, Risk, and Compliance), security architecture, cryptography, architecture, forensics, or any of the other dozens of options that are available to you. HacktheBox TryHackMe if you want to get into penetration testing and are two organisations who provide a measure of blue team self-training materials, and there are plenty of YouTube videos available on technical areas such as incident response and forensics that you can find. Security Blue Team Immersive Labs It’s when you step outside the technical that things can become challenging, and the best advice here is to turn to books and advice from those already in the field. Given the vast range, I’m not going to provide a complete list of books I’d recommend (it would be far too long, maybe another article), but many of us in the industry are always happy to talk to those looking to break in and provide some recommendations. I will provide a few I always suggest though. by Cliff Stoll The Cuckoo’s Egg One of the earliest narratives of cyber espionage, this tracks an investigation and illustrates the foundations of modern digital forensics and investigations. by Eliyaho M. Goldratt The Goal While nowadays The Phoenix Project may be better known, The Goal is the work it is based on and there is something about the much more concrete examples of manufacturing that I find make it more relatable and grokky. by Robert Cialdini Influence Often recommended by social engineers, Cialdini’s work is worth reading for everyone as you will come across many situations in your career where it’s relevant - it’s also a great work for recognising the principles being used against you. by Stephen R. Covey The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People One of those books that people can be a little cynical about, 7 Habits is a classic for a reason and still has a lot to add. Definitely worth a read. by James V Stone Information Theory: A Tutorial Introduction While everyone knows a little about cryptography, Shannon’s work on information theory is often overlooked. While most people in security will never use it directly, taking some time to understand it can give you a completely different view on things that will make a difference throughout your career. Knowing what you do now, where do you think one should start learning if they want to work in your position one day? Wherever you can. Having said that, I still say that schools are a great place to start - not studying, but managing systems. Schools are often under-funded, have a huge range of technologies, take security seriously at a management level, and are a brilliant way to dive into the deep end and learn really fast. Certificates are a difficult topic - there’s a lot of marketing and snake oil around them, and many are ultimately only assessed by multiple choice tests which makes them less-than-useful as a way of measuring ability, and far too easy for people to abuse. Some have useful knowledge in their curriculum, but you don’t need the certificate for that, so it’s often best to treat them as keys to unlock roles where they’re required - but not go credential-chasing unless you have to (ideally once you’re in and a company is paying for your training and exam). A few things I would suggest are trying to learn to let go of pride - that took me a good few years and cost me plenty in that time - and always reserve the right to be completely wrong about things. Also be ready and willing to fail, learn, and try something different - don’t hold on to failing situations, it’s perfectly fine to give up when something isn’t working. What is the work-related achievement you’re the most proud of? That the family company I took over is still going from strength to strength after two years of me running it. It's even growing, despite (or possibly due to) our rather unique way of working. Just keeping it going would have been a triumph, but the way we’ve developed since I took over is something I’m truly proud of. What do you think is the biggest myth about starting a career in cybersecurity? That application forms are the way to go. While the whole idea of the ATS system that looks at keywords is a bit of a myth, the sheer number of applications you’re going up against for the advertised entry level roles puts you at bad odds. It’s far better to network and bypass the system by getting dropped in with a personal word for someone. On a less serious note: What do you listen to while working? It’s fairly eclectic - a lot of instrumental stuff when I’m doing anything that requires a lot of thinking as I find that vocals distract me. Otherwise it ranges through country, jazz, trance, and whatever else pops up. Thanks so much for taking the time to tell us more about your career path. Any words of wisdom for aspiring techies? Forget following your passion. When most people talk about following your passion in a career, they’re looking at it backwards. The passions you have at the start will not be the same as later on, they are changeable whims and trying to strictly adhere to one - or worse, believing there is something wrong if you don’t have one - is a good way to kill them dead, fast. Instead, indulge your curiosity. Follow what interests you, and don’t hold yourself bound to those interests as and when they change. True passion follows curiosity and effort to satisfy it, not the other way around.

How to Get a Job in Cybersecurity 

Cómo conseguir un trabajo en ciberseguridad

Comment obtenir un emploi en cybersécurité

साइबर सुरक्षा में नौकरी कैसे प्राप्त करें

サイバーセキュリティで仕事を得る方法

Como conseguir um emprego em segurança cibernética

Làm thế nào để có được một công việc trong an ninh mạng

如何在网络安全领域找到工作

NFTs gained traction and soared high in popularity, to the point it was named the word of the year in 2021 by the Collins dictionary. NFT sales were approximately $24.9 billion in 2021, an exponential rise from $94.9 million in 2020. From 545,000 wallets that traded NFTs in 2020, about 28.6 million NFTs traded NFTs in 2021. However, some of the most notable projects are expanding their ecosystems by offering token incentives and community-centric perks. Let's have a look at the top-performing NFT projects in April 2022. Conjecture Many people wouldn’t have imagined the imminence of its emergence a few years before the advent of blockchain technology. Even when blockchain came mainstream, many artists wouldn’t have believed their expertise would earn them a fortune on the novel technology. Like many other industries, blockchain has transformed the art industry into an epoch of unique and algorithmically generated art pieces with their aesthetic traits and rarity score. Beyond naysayers’ imagination, NFTs debuted in the mainstream and grew into a larger market in the blockchain industry. Its growth became enormous when various art labs and investors started diving into the NFT market and promoting it. Venture capitalists were not left out, and media organizations and big brands were not spared. Every movers and shaker of the global economy want to have a bite of the flourishing NFT economy. Like DeFi has its self-sustained economy on the blockchain, the frenzy of adoption of NFTs paved the way for an independent economy for NFTs too. This was achieved with several NFT projects that drove NFTs beyond mere trading of digital arts. They gave NFTs utility and extended their functionalities to an immersive ecosystem—metaverse—to widen the horizon of NFT economies. Integrating NFTs into the metaverse maintains a deep-rooted economy and assures investors that NFT and its economy are not for frivolities and are here to stay. Every persona, objects, collectibles, environment, and other valuable tools and features in the metaverse are NFTs. To keep the flame of NFT burning, several NFT projects regularly incentivize their holders to ensure they keep their NFT assets; to extenuate panic sales, which could be a heavy blow to its economy. Let’s dive into four notable NFT projects in the industry. These fantastic projects include Bored Ape Yacht Club—BAYC— and its ApeCoin, Moonbirds and their nesting features, Cool Cats and their milk, and CyberKongs alongside their bananas. Bored Ape Yacht Club—BAYC BAYC was created by the notable Yuga Labs on April 23, 2021, on the Ethereum network. The project has grown into one of the most prestigious collections in NFT marketplaces. BAYC is a collection of 10,000 Bored Apes, which grants its holders access to the club—BAYC— for future incentive models. These incentives came through other NFT collections from Yuga Labs, like the Bored Ape Kennel Club and Mutant Ape Yacht Club—MAYC. The gross evaluation of all NFTs in these collections totaled $3 billion. Yuga Labs successfully made their NFT projects top-notch with captivating activities to engage their community as incentives. These unending engagements drove millions of users and investors from many industries, including celebrities, to their NFTs. Yuga Labs witnessed significant events in March 2022 to further establish its tentacles in the NFT industry. These include its acquisition of Meebits and CryptoPunks (another NFT projects’ company), raised $450M in funding on March 22, 2022, and also announced its ApeCoin. The advent of ApeCoin, an ERC-20 token, marks another grand era in the entire BAYC and allied clubs in the Yuga Labs ecosystem. It began with distributing a 1/1 NFT to the Ape Foundation, which executes the ApeCoin DAO’s decision. The ApeCoin DAO, like other DAOs, is governed by all token holders to vote on decisions like partnerships, governance protocols, new projects, and fund allocations, among others. ApeCoin Token Utility ApeCoin grants its holders the right to participate in the decision-making process through voting. Since the token is decentralized, it’s governed by ApeCoin DAO, which decides what’s next in the ecosystem. This decision-making lies in holding ApeCoin to be part of the governance. It is pertinent to note that Yuga Labs has no governance authority. Governance Aside from being a governance token, ApeCoin will also be the native token of the Ape ecosystem, which can be used to offset charges on the ecosystem and purchase future products and services without centralized intermediaries. Native Crypto of the Ape Ecosystem The ApeCoin DAO encourages third-party developers to integrate ApeCoin into their games, projects, and other services. As P2E games incentivize their players with the ApeCoin, it will further promote the token beyond the Ape ecosystem. Incentives With the emergence of the Ape token, holding an Ape before being part of the ecosystem has ended. With ApeCoin, holders can now access the Ape ecosystem, which will house many intriguing activities. Access ApeCoin generally aims to be more than a community-based token; as it keeps forging ahead, it will soon be available for staking and other DeFi protocols to invigorate the token and promote the Ape ecosystem. ApeCoin Token Distribution The ApeCoin has a fixed supply of 1 billion tokens which has been minted already and can’t be burnt. The token was launched on March 17, 2022, with 30.25% of the token unlocked to be in circulation. The remaining supply will be released to circulation at an average of 1.5% of the maximum supply every month for 48 months. From the total supply, 16% was allocated to the Yuga Labs team, with 1% allocated to Jane Goodall’s Charity Foundation. Another 14% of the token was allocated to ApeCoin launch contributors and 8% for Yuga Labs & BAYC’s founders. The remaining 62% was allocated to the DAO community, where 15% was airdropped to holders BAYC, BACK, and MAYC NFT holders, while the remaining 47% was reserved for the DAO treasury and resources. Tokenomics From January to April 2022, BAYC trade volume peaks slightly above $43M, with its average price closing on $400k. Its market cap peaks at $4.3B towards the end of April 2022. Moonbirds Moonbirds is another remarkable NFT project launched on April 16, 2022. It is a collection of 10,000 PFP (profile picture) NFTs that grants membership to a private club and additional benefits to their holders, like nesting. The project was developed by PROOF COLLECTIVE, a private club of 1,000 dedicated NFT artists and collectors. Moonbirds has underlying utility in web 3 and beyond; it gives users exclusive access to a social club restricted to its holders. Its holders are also entitled to staking rewards and subsequent airdrops like the Moonbirds-embroidered hoodies and future airdrops. Not only that, holders of any NFT in this collection also have access to PROOF’s metaverse community. These utilities will be the cornerstone of potential utilities yet to be disclosed. Top of the Moonbirds utility is “nesting,” a soft staking model that allows owners to lock their NFTs in their wallets without transferring or listing them. Like Bored Ape holders were rewarded with ApeCoin, Moonbirds will also reward nested bird owners for how long they hold their NFTs in their wallet. Moonbirds Growth and Tokenomics Moonbirds started growing its economy immediately after launch; the project was minted on the Ethereum blockchain and recorded remarkable secondary sales. With its 49,000 ETH volume made from secondary sales in a single day, it broke the MAYC single-day record of 41,000 ETH. The project recorded over 70,000 ETH in sales volume within the first 2 days of launching with a current floor price of 33 TH. Moonbirds average price peaked at $120k with a sales volume of almost $40M between April 21-22, 2022. *Source: InToTheBlock* Cool Cats Cool Cats is an NFT project co-created by Tom Williamson, Rob Mehew, Evan Luza, and Colin Egan in July 2021. It is a collection of 9,999 randomly generated NFTs, with each cat having unique traits like body, face, hats, outfits, etc. These randomly generated NFTs have rarities like Exotic, Classy, Wild, and Cool to mark their uniqueness. Utility Aside from their appealing aesthetics, owning or holding this NFT grants access to additional perks like airdrops, passive token rewards, minting additional NFTs, and more that are yet to be unveiled. Cooltopia –Cool Cats ecosystem– announced Cool Pets and a $MILK token in September 2021. Cool Pets is another 19,999 collections of NFTs, 50% of which were reserved for Cool Cats holders. The $MILK token is the ecosystem native token and is automatically generated by all genesis Cool Cats daily. It can also be earned alternatively by sending Cool Pets on a quest. You can buy Housing or Battle chests or evolve your Cool Pets with the $MILK tokens. Furthermore, Cool Pets earn token rewards via staking, and the team behind this project is developing a lending protocol that allows holders to lend out the NFTs to complete a quest and earn a reward in return. Growth and Tokenomics The announcement of Cool Pets and $MILK doubled the market cap of Cool Cats NFTs, which ranked the 11th largest NFT project in March 2022. It recorded a trading volume of over $300M in April 2022. By January, the average price of Cool Cats was above $40k with a market cap slightly above $400M and plummeted to $14k with a market cap of $65M by the end of April 2022. CyberKongz CyberKongz journeyed into NFTs in early March 2021 with its 2D randomly generated collection of NFTs. It is a collection of 1,000 unique PFP NFTs created by an artist called Myoo, who generated 989 Genesis CyberKongz and 10 Legendary CyberKongz. The project was later upgraded with more functionality in April 2021, transforming the ecosystem into an independent and prosperous one. It paved the way for further potentials yet to be unveiled to its community. This landmark upgrade constitutes an inbuilt token emission which makes the CyberKongz ecosystem algorithmically distribute $BANANA—its native token. Furthermore, it also paved the pathway for minting more NFTs —like the CyberKongz VX and Kongnium Ore—without jeopardizing the value and functionality of the Genesis NFTs. The upgrade also edged the ecosystem towards gamification, where NFT holders can earn rewards by participating in quests. About the Emission The emission generates revenue via the Genesis NFTs; each genesis NFT will emit 10 $BANANA daily for ten years. The $BANANA doubled as the ecosystem’s utility and governance token with various utilities. With the token, CyberKongz’s holders can partake in the stake-to-play protocol, customize and upgrade CyberKongz NFTs, use them to mint extra NFTs, and more that are yet to be introduced. Like other governance tokens, $BANANA allows its holders to have a say on different proposals and upgrade the ecosystem through voting. The current price of $BANANA is $9.53 per token, meaning each CyberKongz will emit $95.30 per day and $34,784.5 per year at this current price for holding on to the NFT. The uniqueness of the $BANANA Token in the Ecosystem Aside from being the governance and utility token, the $BANANA token has another layer of underlying functionality within the ecosystem. With 600 $BANANA as gas fees, holders can freely mint two Baby Kongz through the cybernetic breeding process. Baby Kongz is 4,000 limited breeds of the genesis CyberKongz and can further be modified—name and bio—by spending more $BANANA tokens. Growth and Tokenomics A 15,000 collection of CyberKongz VX was created to promote the ecosystem further to be deployed on metaverse platforms like Sandbox. This will mark a new era in the ecosystem, making the Kongz utility NFTs. CyberKongz floor price hovers around $38k to $15.1k from January to April, with a market cap of $168M in January to $60M in April 2022. Disclaimer This report is meant for informational purposes only and not to serve as financial or investment advice. Conduct your research, and consult an independent financial, tax, or legal advisor before making investment decisions. The past performance of any asset is not indicative of future results. I do not guarantee the sequence, accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of any information provided in this report. Found this research useful, or do you have a question? Kindly drop a comment or connect with me.

The State Of NFTs From April 2022

In this article, I will be examining Web 3.0 as it relates to decentralized peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing. Decentralized architecture is relatively new and still evolving. The same words can mean different things to different groups, so I’ll start by outlining some general concepts and definitions so we’re on the same page semantically. Web 2.0 is the current iteration of the internet — it’s the framework that the vast majority of web-based applications and services use today, it’s what most users think of as the “internet” or the “web”. The term Web 2.0 was coined in the dot com era by and loosely defined an evolution from Web 1.0 in terms of innovations in mobile, social, and cloud computing. The idea is far more nuanced but can be encapsulated by two main concepts — ‘services, not packaged software’ and ‘software above the level of a single device’. Tim O’Reilly While Web 2.0 is still highly value-creative, especially in the enterprise, there are successful projects emerging from what is potentially the next internet paradigm, referred to today as Web 3.0. It is still nascent, but many believe it is the next evolution of the internet and will be the framework that defines the next era of software. Just like Web 2.0, the definition of is nuanced (still evolving, and is often defined differently by different people). For the purposes of this article, I will simply define Web 3.0 as a shift to decentralized networks that rely on a network of peers rather than a client-server network reliant on centralized infrastructure. We’ll get more into the details of p2p networks, but let’s first discuss why decentralization is valuable. Web 3.0 Decentralized networks are often more performant. Let’s look at a file sharing use-case, where user A wants to send a video file to user B. In a centralized client-server network, the video file is uploaded from user A to a server that is downloading, and then user B downloads the file (which the server is then uploading). The performance is limited by the upload speed of user A, the download speed of user B, the upload & download speed of the server, and the distance between each party. In a pure peer-to-peer system, the file is transported directly from one peer to another. It is only limited by the upload speed of user A, the download speed of user B, and the distance between them. Accordingly, if the users and the server are all close together and the server upload/download capacity is higher than users A and B, then performance may equal that of a p2p network. However, as the distance between the users and the server increases and/or the performance of the server decreases (e.g., from high demand), the client-server network will perform poorly compared to the p2p network. Decentralized networks are - they get stronger as additional ‘stress’ is added. As more users (peers) are added to the network, the network performance and availability actually increases. In Web 2.0 social applications, this is seen in ‘network effects’: the value of the network/product increases as the network size increases. antifragile Unfortunately, this is not the case for the underlying infrastructure. As an application based on a client-server model increases in popularity, the application provider must increase server capacity/central compute to maintain performance and availability. Decentralized networks are trustless - the participants involved do not need to know or trust each other or a 3rd party for the system to function. Due to the client-server relationship, Web 2.0 applications are reliant on centralized servers/services, which means users must inherently trust this central authority (person or entity that owns/operates the servers). This central authority has a unilateral ability to define the rules. In practice, this often manifests as a conflict around data ownership. For example, the popular storage and file sharing service dropbox uses a client-server model: users upload data to centralized servers owned and operated by dropbox, and then download data from these same servers. Accordingly, all data passes through dropbox, and dropbox has the technical ability to read & copy this data. Thus, the only thing protecting a dropbox user’s data is the user agreement that they trust dropbox to abide by (and not change). In a decentralized p2p network, there is no central authority. Users are the owners and operators of their data, and trust resides with the software itself (rather than the operators). Decentralized networks are more secure. It’s in the name: peer-to-peer. Data is directly uploaded from one peer and downloaded by the other without using a middle man (central server). This means that there is no central authority or custodian of your data (unless you choose so). Also, when there is a central authority, there is a higher incentive for attack since data/value is consolidated (i.e. an attacker derives lots of value from being successful once). Conversely, when data/value is highly distributed, an attacker would have to have exponentially more successful attempts to derive value of the same magnitude. Decentralization reduces the incentive/payout for attackers by orders of magnitude. Now that we have some shared context, let’s discuss decentralized p2p file sharing specifically. At this point, you might be thinking, “Ok, decentralization sounds great, but what’s new about this? Haven’t services, like p2p file sharing, existed for over a decade?” To some extent, you would be correct, but there are some essential differences between Web 2.0 p2p services and the ones we can build today on Web 3.0. Let’s take BitTorrent, which was initially released in 2001, as an example. BitTorrent has three main issues (which are solvable today): it is not fully decentralized, it lacks an incentive model, and the code is not usable or extensible. (and other similar services) is not decentralized in two important ways: it uses centralized servers to track peers and store content metadata. Although peer-to-peer connections are made (to improve performance, i.e., by increasing the number of ‘seeders’), the instantiation of these connections requires a special server called a tracker, which assists in the communication between peers. BitTorrent The tracker server also keeps track of where file copies reside on peer machines, which ones are available at time of the client request, and helps coordinate efficient transmission and reassembly of the copied file. The use of trackers increases the COGS of the service provider and limits the privacy/security of users. BitTorrent doesn’t have a proper incentive model. When a user begins using the service to download a file they are called a ‘leecher’, once they have pieces of the file (or if they have other files already stored that other users would like) they can become a ‘seeder’ that is also uploading files to other users. BitTorrent will prioritize downloads to seeding users (and users that are seeding at faster upload rates are further prioritized). However, other than this, there is no real incentive to seed or store files. Since BitTorrent is reliant on seeding and file availability, it is vulnerable without an incentive model. BitTorrent (and similar services) have that make it very difficult to leverage this previous work. Some examples include: Lack of good documentation (or none at all), restrictive licensing (or no licensing), no easy to reach point-of-contact, closed source (or the source doesn’t exist anymore), the implementation doesn’t expose a friendly API, these projects are tightly coupled with a specific use-case. classic software usability issues Ultimately, this means that the service’s ability to adapt and change with user needs and requirements is severely limited. In many cases makes it impossible to address new use-cases. Specifically, BitTorrent has made some improvements (it is less reliant on trackers than in the past), but it is essentially the same service today as it was 20 years ago. Let’s now examine Web 3.0 capabilities by continuing to use file sharing as an example. Today, you can build fully decentralized p2p applications. , which developed (for decentralized transport) and (for decentralized storage) is a leader in this space. Protocol Labs Libp2p IPFS Specifically, Libp2p’s transport protocol (via circuit relay & NAT traversal) solves connecting two peers without a special tracker server. Also, IPFS (a decentralized storage service that uses content addressing) allows for fully decentralized storage and is not reliant on either content servers or an extremely large number of live/available peers to achieve file availability. The Web 3.0 concept of crypto/tokens solves the incentive issue. Specifically, is a decentralized storage network that turns cloud storage into an algorithmic market. Filecoin The market runs on a blockchain with a native protocol token (FIL), which miners earn by providing storage to clients. Conversely, clients spend FIL (hiring miners) to store or distribute data. Applied to a service like BitTorrent, this means that seeders would be compensated in Filecoin for storing files and making them available for download, and leechers would spend Filecoin to access them. This incentive structure would increase the incentive to seed and store files, which increases availability and performance to users. Monetary incentives also create a pathway to instantiate legitimate business models. Suppose the file storer were able to make money. In that case, the legitimate owners of files (media corps) might be willing to participate in the network. As Spotify proved, users don’t actually care much about the ‘free’ aspect of torrents. They care about ease of discovery and distribution. Most importantly, entities like Protocol Labs are solving software usability issues. They are the creators of Libp2p, IPFS, and Filecoin. All three of these projects are open-source, have up-to-date documentation, and are supported (by a reachable team). Additionally, protocols like Libp2p are highly modular and built for general-purpose use. This means that products built with Libp2p are highly extensible and can change rapidly to address evolving user needs and new use-cases. In summary, decentralized p2p applications have many native benefits (especially in terms of performance and security), and now tools and infrastructure are in place to build robust p2p applications. This brings me to the reason I’m writing this article: the beta release of - a pure peer-to-peer (decentralized) file sharing application. Sonr Think of it as a cross-platform airdrop that works with any file size, under any network conditions, at any distance. It is built with Libp2p and may incorporate IPFS/Filecoin or other decentralized storage networks in the future. Our vision for Sonr is to create a universal and seamless data delivery protocol. Stay tuned for more news and updates about Sonr soon!

The Hitchhiker's Guide to Web 3.0

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