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PACT

Contract testing is a method for verifying system integration by individually examining each application to ensure that contracts and interfaces adhere to the agreed-upon alignment. A mock integration point enables the validation of a component’s expected behavior without reliance on that component. In the case of a large and intricate application, it may be necessary to establish an integration point trusted by multiple applications. This trusted integration point’s behaviors are validated by all dependent applications, preventing inadvertent or malicious changes from impacting the entire system. Thus, a system can be constructed in which each component performs a specific task, safeguarding the system against accidental or malicious alterations to any of its components. Why opt for contract testing? What are the advantages of this approach? Contract testing is an excellent technique for: Identifying irregularities in consumer workflows and addressing them early on Detecting service configuration defects that may impact inter-application communication Ensuring secure connections even when producers make changes to service configurations, providing guarantees to data consumers Allowing producers to perform their tasks without disrupting the consumer’s workflow, which is also beneficial for regression testing Giving consumers the flexibility to specify their requirements and consume only what they need Preventing unexpected API communication failures due to local or mock implementations, resulting in more stable, faster, and reliable testing of the application Rapidly detecting and resolving issues When is contract testing not the best choice? It’s important to consider both sides of the coin before making a decision. Here are the main reasons why contract testing may not be suitable: Contract tests are not a replacement for Unit or Functional (component) tests Contract tests are not intended to substitute for any other type of testing If there is little or no communication between teams where contract tests are being set up, this can result in a stale contract that should not be trusted or relied upon Simply adding contract tests as another layer of test coverage or because it’s a new and trendy technique will not provide any value to your test flows Before making any decisions, it’s important to evaluate the business value, estimated time of arrival for implementation, and consider the minimum viable product that can be provided and presented. It’s also worth noting that integrating new features or tools requires workshops to onboard teams and users. Where do contract tests fit within the testing pyramid? To gain a better understanding, let’s examine the following table: Aspec Unit Contract API Way to execute local local environment Feedback time fast medium slow Setup complexity low medium high Cross-team collaboration no yes yes What tools are available for contract testing? What are my options? There are a limited number of battle-tested and production-ready tools available for implementing contract testing. Some options include: Pact Spring Cloud Contracts Which tool is the best fit for my project? Here is a brief overview of what each tool offers to help you make an informed decision: Aspect Pact Spring Cloud Contract Deployment / Administration / Hosting - Pactflow - paid - Broker - free and open source but you need to host it and maintain it - uses artifactory Supported languages - JS, JVM, Net, Go, Python, Swift, Scala, PHP, Ruby, Rust, C++ - Keep in mind that there are some limitations for specific languages. Meaning that some languages have more features than others - By default only JVM based languages - To support other languages you need to use docker image that will download the required contracts from artifactory and expose the endpoints from the image to your service Supported languages for writing contracts - It is optimized for use with "pacts" (contracts created by the Pact framework) but can be used for any type of contract that can be serialized to JSON - Groovy - Kotlin DSL - Java - YAML Message types support - REST API contracts - Async communication - Pact v3 (no offical support for Python) - REST API contracts - Async communication via Wiremock What are the default approaches or workflows used by each tool and how do they differ? Let’s examine how producer-driven contract testing is implemented: In a producer-driven approach, the producer generates contracts and shares them with consumers. Now, let’s delve deeper into how the Spring Cloud Contract tool operates and what happens behind the scenes: Now, let’s examine the workflow for consumer-driven contract testing: The following image provides a visual representation of how Pact operates: What are the steps involved in creating a new contract? Add new contract Add new contract to repository Review contract Implement consumer-side tests Implement producer-side tests Merge contract and tests Updating an existing contract Updating the contract in the repository Reviewing the updated contract Applying changes to each consumer and producer Merging updated contract and changes When should contract tests be executed? Integration into the development pipeline includes: Build phase: build code and generate contracts Test phase: perform unit, integration, contract, and other automated tests in parallel. Consider a backup plan for quick production deployment during incidents. Deploy to production Conclusion This article explains what contract testing is, its advantages and disadvantages, and how to make informed decisions. Next Steps Let’s explore building a highly scalable solution using GitHub or GitLab pipelines.

Contract Testing:  Practical Comparison of PACT, Spring Cloud

PS: This story was written in my indigenous language, Pidgin English, a variant of English. I hope you enjoy it. -All misfortune ends up as stories eventually For the longest time, I wanted to run. When you read this, I hope you understand why I did what I did. And you won’t curse me, too. When I was young, I fell in love with various kinds of food. I hated wastage, so I ate whatever I came across, full or not. They called me a glutton and many unflattering names, but my thick hide remained unruffled. Different foods meant the world to me until I found spaghetti. It’s not what you think, no. It’s beguiling and strips you of common sense. The first time I became addicted to spaghetti, the world tilted on its axis. I was floating. Let’s start at the very day my world came unraveled. “Every time carbohydrate. You go dey chop like baby pig, yet e no dey show for your body. Pankere wọ gown.” Mama said when she walked up to me, a laundry basket under her arms with rolls of fat. “Sorry, mama,” I said, slowing down my food. The apartment is tiny and meant to be stuffy, but Mama makes it work somehow. “My pikin, eat o. But eat a balanced diet, eh? I no wan make you get kwashiorkor. E no look good for body. Na so so head and belle remain. You need fat, even if na small. I go buy milk for you when I come back from the market. That milk, wetin dem dey call am again?” Her memory was sometimes glitchy, and I always came to her aid. “Na Complan.” “Ehn ehn, Complan. Na, im be that. You need am make you add flesh for your body.” But what is a twelve-year-old supposed to know about such? Mama goes to do the laundry, and I sit in front of the television, stomach rumbling. “Open the door, person dey knock,” Mama said from the backyard. Her ears are sharper than the talons of a predator on most days. “Nnena, how are you?” A woman in Mama’s size sizes me up, tying her wrapper correctly. “Fine, ma.” I was courteous even though I’d never seen her before. “Your mama no dey?” She asked, trying to peek inside the house. I hold the door firmly, dissuading her from such an act. “She dey backyard,” I responded, not budging an inch. Mama has told me many times not to let strangers in. No matter how they seem. “Okay, I just say make I greet. Before I forget, you fit to give her this? Tell am say na the new product wey come out.” She handed me a sealed product, and my eyes widened when I spotted the name. It was spaghetti. “Who be that?” Mama comes into the room, drying her hands on her wrapper. “I no know o. She just dropped this thing.” I pointed, and Mama’s eyes relaxed. “Ah, na Mama Nedu na. You no know her? She dey sell spaghetti. She say she go drop by.” I heave a breath of relief, staring at the pack of spaghetti, daring me to move forward. I cooked it the next day. Delicious doesn’t even begin to describe it. It finished a little too fast, and I stared disappointed at my empty plate, licked until it shone like the back of Nnamdi’s head. We all laughed when he came to school with a shaved head, and I never forgot ever since. I cooked it again. I was spending the cash I’d been saving for the festivities of Christmas. It finished—all 3,450 naira of it. The withdrawal symptoms started innocently enough when I hallucinated a plate of spaghetti. I reached for it, but it wasn’t there anymore. I hiss at the eba, not knowing what to do. I ate rice that night. And my life changed forever. I could feel a bubbling sensation in my stomach, as though my entrails were being pulled out of my body, acid searing through my stomach’s lining. “Jesus, wetin? Talk to me! My pikin ooo, make una help me o.” Mama rushed me into her arms, cradling my head with such fondness. I could feel my ribs digging into me. “Wetin happen?” Papa Njedika was the first to answer the call, his wife a few feet behind him. “She just begin to convulse. Her body temperature just dey rise. I no know wetin to do. My God oo, make una come o.” And Mama slips into hysteria again. “Make we carry her go hospital; we go figure out the bills later.” Mama nods, letting Papa Njedika remove me from her grasp. I could see the agony create lines on her face. But I was unconscious. Outside my body, watching me. And fear wears me like a sweater. I was dead. ~~ Being dead didn’t feel terrible, until I touched a lone thread. A thread of white and red was before me, and the non-corporeal world filled up my vision. The chairs were in their first form; a tree stood where all the chairs were, and I found myself standing in a forest. Dense. Silent. Alive. The trees encompass the world, stretching forth into eternity. Whichever way I turned, a forest greeted me. The two threads were on the ground, and I knew I couldn’t touch more than one. It was a choice. I was making a choice. I picked the red. Cliché, but it worked. I was carried into the air as though I weighed less than a feather, and I kept rising until I was above the clouds. And the world was before me. I moved, wondering what would happen if I fell from such a stupendous height. Was there a way to die a second death? I didn’t want to find out. My eyesight had no barriers; I could see the entire world simultaneously. “Child of the Stars, what are you doing here?” I heard a voice from the world, and my eyes almost rolled to the back of my head. “I think I died,” I say, turning 360 to see if I could catch a glimpse of the speaker—no such luck. “Yes, but this isn’t your path to follow. Why did you choose this path?” The voice asked again. I’d already gotten over my fear, and I was feeling irritated instead. “Is there meant to be a tutorial or something? Because I didn’t receive one.” The voice chuckled—light and all-encompassing. “Okay, Child of the Stars. Look no further. Remember who you are.” The voice said with a tone of finality and faded out of existence. Curious. After waiting for a few minutes, I got bored and began to touch the trees around me. They felt like they had a soul, as though the world stole their individuality. “What are you trying to tell me?” I whisper, cradling its bark. A purring sound reverberated around me as though waking the world from its slumber. One by one, the trees made groaning sounds, moving as one. “What’s going on?” I screamed, and they turned to me suddenly. “Child of the Stars, you’ve awoken us from our slumber. We have seen what humans have done, and we rise. No longer playthings, no longer useless. Thank you for waking the Soul of the World. Goodbye, we won’t see you again.” The world faded to black, and I opened my eyes groggily, staring at my mother's worried face. “What happened?” I asked, the mother of all headaches deciding to visit me. “My pikin don wake!” Mama screams, hugging me. Papa Njedika and his wife run into the room, looking at me with worry creasing their foreheads. The hospital waiting room seemed to be full of people. People I didn’t even know. “You’re fine now,” Mama said, but I wondered. Three days after I got home, missiles were launched into China and the US, even though there was a non-aggression pact between the World Powers. “The missiles moved like they had a mind of their own.” The president of the US made that statement, looking stupid on live television. But when Switzerland launched a missile, the world began to listen. A neutral country was calling for war. It was darker than people thought. I needed to get back to the non-corporeal world; I needed to right my wrongs. So, I ate spaghetti until I almost passed out. Nothing. I starved myself for days on end, my body worse than it was before. Nothing still. My body was refusing to die. When I dreamt, I saw the Soul of the World standing before me, eyes filled with malice. It was no longer a giant mass of trees; it was a human with eyes as deep as the universe. No, not a figure of speech. The universe was its eyeballs. “Why do you worry, Child of the Stars? They deserve it.” It says, looking down on me with contempt. “But, I’m part of the world too.” I reasoned, but the look it leveled me with was enough to incinerate. “And?” There was no remorse in its voice. “Stop, please,” I beg. “Why should I? You still use plates: books, wood. You take from us and give nothing in return. No homage, no love. You’re human, too. Born in this age, how can you be anything else? Goodbye. We won’t meet again.” “No. We will.” I stared at the Soul of the World, pleading. It smiled briefly and disappeared. “What have I done?” I asked, feeling the weight settle over my soul. “I don’t know, what have you done?” I heard a cheery voice, the same one from before. “How do I fix this?” I scream at the void, my voice not getting past two feet in front of me. “You can’t. This was your purpose all along. I like the bit with spaghetti, though I found it funny. But now, you must wake. Even stars have to face what it means to fall.” The world shattered, and I woke up with tears in my eyes. My mother was beside me, looking older than I’d ever seen her. She had grey hair. “Mama?” I asked, turning around to be sure I was in the right place. Everything looked so unfamiliar. Mama woke up with a start. She saw me and fainted. People rushed into the room, and they ran out when they saw me awake. “What’s happening?” I didn’t know whether to cry or be worried. Papa Njedika was the only person brave enough to talk to me. He approached me and hesitated but placed his hand on my shoulder. “We’re the last of Nigeria. And this is 2025. The Third World War.” It was my turn to faint. But I didn’t. I’d slept for ten years. And the world had ended. All because of spaghetti.

Spaghetti 

Este artículo fue primeramente publicado en . +qL es #másqueley aka #másqueley es la firma hermana de aka #beyondthelaw. +qL holoLAWn If you have legal questions or want to debate, join our . Discord TL:DR The MetaLeX whitepaper aims to give birth to a new kind of law (the ) in order to complete the project of disconnecting the blockchain world from the world of flesh and blood. To free humans from the vertical hierarchy of institutional powers and return them to a space of freedom among equals, a of horizontal hierarchy. A project that to date has a currency and finance separate - in theory - from the state (Bitcoin and Ethereum as respective paradigms of cryptocurrencies and smart contracts that enable decentralised transactions and finance); but a project that lacks an equally separate law to govern that proto-world of a longed-for separate world, a free world. Autonomous Law heterotopia What you will (and won't) find here We are all looking for something. The : a spoiler. Autonomous Law The whitepaper: an interpretation (ours). Phase 1: BORGs. Phase 2: Deal Technology. Phase 3: . Autonomous Law Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are resolved by laws and legal operators that do not contemplate (or do not want to contemplate) decentralisation and autonomy. Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are solved by very cool alternative legal operators, at the time, by humans governed by their own will, . and nothing else Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are resolved by autonomous and decentralised laws that, as such, provide for decentralisation and autonomy. By way of (in)conclusion. ➡️ We are all looking for something We are all looking for something. Diogenes a righteous man in the streets of Athens, candle in hand; Ichabod Crane a kind truth behind the terrifying Headless Horseman; Indiana Jones the Lost Ark in an unbridled race against esoteric Nazis; Sebastian, between the black keys of a piano, the love lost through an infinite renunciation of love for his beloved Mia; and, finally, searches with his MetaLeX for an that will make a free world possible —almost nothing. Gabriel Shapiro Autonomus Law The : a spoiler ➡️ Autonomous Law The to which the devotes the bulk of its text —a third at least— is something like a new normative paradigm, a new kind of legal order that will allow humans to escape the clutches of nation states and their - and -national entanglements. Autonomous Law MetaLeX whitepaper supra infra And given the state of decadence and woke perversion of Western governments, of everything that sounds or resonates with Public Administration —and this is not an opinion: it is an easily verifiable empirical observation, a notorious fact in the technical-legal-proven sense—, it seems to me that the search for MetaLeX is an enterprise worth supporting —we, who still don't know how 😅, we're in! This that dazzles us: Autonomous Law is law because it aims to regulate (in part) human interaction; is decentralised because it will reside on a blockchain; it is ( ) because the blockchain, and everything that resides in it, is code; code code is law it is because, as the execution of code (with or without AI, but AI is also code, and only code - at least for the moment, until consciousness emerges...), it does not require human intervention, i.e. the self-execution of the code is the application of the law itself. autonomous And it is because the government and the legal decision by way of the law-code, at the time of the code, the , will be independent of the as well as of . Neither traditional law, nor the humans who create it, will have anything to say about the rule of code once it is born into the world of the blockchain. autonómica rule of code rule of law the rule of men This deserves clarification in order to escape sophistry. Just as the created cannot free itself from its creation, no law can free itself from the clutches of the man who creates it. Only the constituent law, which initiates a Legal Order, can (relatively) do so under the artifice of the by which it itself, and not its creator, sets itself up as the principle of everything. And, thus, under the impossible that the constituent law itself contains in itself the will to be constituted, as a normative , is that can make it seem as if it is born and we can make it seem as if it is so. legal fiction ouroboros it ➡️ The whitepaper: one interpretation (ours) If you page through the whitepaper, its first ten pages are an interesting introduction that operates as an extensive until, around page ten, we are presented with a sort of table of contents that corresponds to the three phases of logical and chronological development of the MetaLeX project to reach the . captatio benevolentiae Autonomous Law At this point, in these lines, we are not so much interested in how the Autonomous Law is arrived at, nor therefore in the phases, as in the concept of Autonomous Law itself. Moreover - it must be said - because the description of phases 1 and 2 is clear enough to get a good idea of what we are talking about, but not sufficiently detailed to know what the hell we are talking about beyond that idea. We can all get a good idea of what unicorns are from what we talk about them; but none of us can know exactly what the hell a unicorn is until we e.g. see it, tame it, ride it, feed it… From this point of view, we will summarise the phases, in our own style. ➡️➡️ Phase 1: BORGs Phase 1 essentially concerns the creation of blockchain programmes that apply rules in a community of users. fully autonomous In this sense, a law is ultimately a very special kind of rule that is distinguished from other rules by its origin: if the rule is dictated by the state, it is a law; if it is dictated by your father or mother, it is a precept of family behaviour; if it is dictated by a criminal gang, it is the code of a mafia. But for all these groups —state, family, mafia— the rule operates as law, whether it is called law, precept or code; in other words, the law, the precept and the code are functionally equivalent within the respective target community. So a programme on the blockchain that applies rules is, for the purposes of the community resident in the protocol where it is applied, its own law. Whether it is recognised as such outside that community —and this is, strictly speaking, the crux of the matter— is another matter. These programmes are called BORGs ( ) and are like sub-DaOs stripped down, fully autonomous from a parent DAO. Suppose a DAO requires six Fi functions to function. Some of these functions with the current state of the art are fully autonomous; others are not —and that is precisely why we have this mess of BORGs, to gradually implement, as technology makes it possible, the next phases. For each fully autonomous Fi function, a programme is created to implement it, a BORG. This is then like the DAO for the sole purpose of that particular fully autonomous function. Then, there will come a point where for every Fi function of the DAO there is a BORG that implements it. However, not even at that point will the DAO be, let us say, the conjunctive sum of all these BORGs: cyBernetic ORGanisationS {BORGi} ≢ DAO The DAO is an emergence from this set of BORGs, a something more. Just as a daisy is not reduced to the petals that have been shed along with the stem; nor is a company qua legal entity (with or without legal personality, it is not relevant here) the sum of its partners, or the sum of its departments, or the sum of its strategies, or the sum of its articles of association...; so it is not the case that the DAO we have been talking about is the sum of its BORGs. That “something else” which is the daisy or the society qua legal entity with respect to the component parts is a emergence just as the DAO is a mereological emergence of those BORGs. Which brings us headlong into the second phase. mereological ➡️➡️ Phase 2: Deal Technology For this set of BORGs -{BORGs} - to identify with the DAO, it is necessary for its elements to work in a coordinated manner. This will be achieved through a series of agreements between the BORGs that will then validate the identity: {BORGi} + TFA ≡ autDAO Where TFA = Technological Framework Agreement, a set of covenants that make the set of BORGs cease to be just that, a set of BORGs, and become an entity functionally equivalent to the DAO from which they were detached. Now, the final result will be so qualitatively different from the DAO that it will also be substantially different from it: it will be a true DAO (= autDAO) . That is: 2 the set of BORGs plus their TMA operates as a perfectly autonomous and autonomous version (autDAO) of the imperfect autonomous and autonomous DAO that gave birth to them. From this perspective, and as far as these two phases are concerned, it can be said that, at the end of the day, MetaLeX only aims to recover the pure sense of the DAO, a DAO that technological limitations and human praxis have turned decentralisation and autonomy into an absurdity, because I don't care whether the one at the top governs or the one next to him governs, if it is the case that the one at the top and the one next to him have exactly the same power. ➡️➡️ Phase 3: Autonomous Law Our autDAOs —well, those of MetaLeX, that is— as social entities that are also social entities, however much they reside in the blockchain, will interact with each other and with the world of flesh and blood; that interaction will generate conflict; and that conflict will have to be resolved. And this is —in our opinion— where the whitepaper puts its finger on the problem —we recommend reading it, in particular the headings and . We, here, present it as follows: Phase 3-Autonomus Law Conclusion ➡️➡️➡️ Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are resolved by laws and legal operators that do not (or do not want to) contemplate decentralisation and autonomy If these conflicts are resolved under the , state legal systems, also from above and from below), they will de facto nullify the essence of the underlying structures that have been so hard to create. rule of law , trying to explain the Kantian categories of time and space, that the world is seen through the lenses of the glasses you wear: if pink, then rose-coloured. This, which our grandparents used to tell us in other less refined but certainly more understandable ways, is as true as the sun. Warburton explained And so, if it is the case —and it is— that the creators of the laws of the world of flesh and blood do not look at the world through the lens of and , then it is also the case that their laws do not have these concepts embedded in their letter and that, therefore, their application on a decentralised and autonomous factual substratum will overlook in whole or in part the of that factual substratum. In other words: the laws and their application will the decentralised and autonomous dimension of the conflict, so that the conflict will be resolved as if there were no decentralisation and autonomy. decentralisation autonomy decentralised and autonomous nature disregard And it makes no difference to me whether "X is not in Y" or "X being in Y, X is disregarded as being in Y". ➡️➡️➡️ Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are solved by very cool alternative legal operators, at the time, by humans governed by their own will, and nothing else And if these conflicts are solved under alternative conflict resolution procedures (panels of experts, forums of wills or opinion polls outside the blockchain, arbitration tribunals...) which, for the sake of this alternativity, are already considered very cool, the setback is even worse. For under the (apparent) success that the conflict where at least one party is an autonomous and decentralised entity is no longer resolved by inconsiderate state laws, but by highly regarded experts or those considered as such, what we are falling into is personalism. And this only departs in degree, but not in quality, from caveman conflict resolution by the tribal sorcerer. ad hoc Humans have not been trampling the earth for two hundred thousand years —to put a figure on it— to escape the reptilian law of men by way of the rule of law in order to, in more refined but no less unjust ways, end up by overthrowing the rule of law by submitting to the will of a forum of (supposedly) very cool experts: humans. Even the worst of laws with judges is better than the best of judges without laws, if only because the former, at least, will always resolve in the same way, while the latter, who knows how they will end up resolving the day they let themselves be carried away by their rages… ➡️➡️➡️ Conflicts with a decentralised and autonomous dimension that are resolved by autonomous and decentralised laws which, as such, provide for decentralisation and autonomy This, and no other, is the end of the road if the product of phases 1 and 2 is to survive in the long term. A law, the (i) which, as a code inserted in the blockchain, contains rules that are intrinsically decentralised in their conception, whose application generates equally decentralised outputs; and (ii) which, as a self-executing code, is applied whether or not its addressees inside and outside the chain want it to be applied, thus endowing the system with , making the system autonomous with respect to the world of flesh and blood, freeing it from both the rule of law and the law of men. Autonomous Law autonomycity (In)conclusion ➡️ The MetaLeX project is ambitious and exciting. But we shall see whether it remains a wet dream, because even its successful implementation is not enough to make it a successful project. If it is based on the creation of an , then to the creation must be added the , if not generalised, then relevant, at least at the sectoral level, of the Autonomous Law created. Autonomous Law adoption Let us explain. The birth of a Legal System is the result of a pact. But not just any pact. It is a pact for at least two reasons. sui generis It is —first reason— because it is a founding pact and, as such, a ; a pact that subjugates —or so it intends— all the other pacts that exist or will exist, just as the contained, and therefore subjugated —and that one really subjugated…— the . Such a pact is called "constituent" (it is, moreover, the first constitutional pact which can later be modified by other constitutional pacts but which are no longer constituent), and what has been agreed is called "Constitution" or "Magna Carta". sui generis pact of pacts One Ring Rings of Power And that Constitution has the vocation of , which is an exception (and a very big one) to the principle of relativity of contracts, a principle whereby —thank God— agreements only have effects between their parties —and for this reason it is also , second reason. having effects vis-à-vis third parties sui generis Of course, the contracting parties are supposed to act on the mandate (representative at least, imperative as a desideratum) of these third parties. They could not otherwise be bound by this agreement, nor by any other. So by representation (imperative or not) the third parties assume the Constitution just as a third party can assume a contract (it is the figure of the assumption of a contract by a third party). However, for the to work, it is necessary, not only that the greatest number of third parties of the target community assume it, but that all third parties of that community assume it, that the community (be it group, tribe, team, club, society…) assume it as a community. And it is often much more problematic to implement this statement: constituent thing for every Si subject of the community {Si}, Si assumes the covenant, than this other: for a majority of Si subjects of the community {Yes}, Si assumes the pact. Why? Because the world doesn't need to be full of to fuck up the invention; it's enough that there is one for that, to fuck it up. And the fact is that the word “all” beyond rhetoric and poetics becomes a word as problematic as it is problematic —speaking — to prove that . free riders à la Hempel ”all ravens are black” Following the brilliant Searle —later terribly reviled— we can say that: A proposition counts as a rule if it is accepted that this proposition is a rule. This sounds like a truism, but it is not. If I say to you: (Ⲁ) "To get into my house you have to take off your shoes", that proposition will only be a rule if you, as well as I, accept it as a rule. For of a proposition that pretends to be a rule and is not followed by anyone we do not know whether it can be predicated to be a rule —Wittgenstein may have gone half-mad over something like that. And this will be the case of the autDAO after the end of phase 2: they will be entities of the world governed by rules that will be accepted ad intra. But their ad extra acceptance will require an exogenous-dependent plus. And we continue with Searle : 3 "rules of the form are then constitutive of institutional structures”. X counts as Y in C Which we can rewrite as follows: When a proposition counts as a rule in a community, the rule is institutionalised and we can predicate it to be a law that community. for Which, following our example of my house and your shoes, would mean that the proposition (Ⲁ) would not require your acceptance to be a rule if it is the case that in the neighbourhood in which you and I live it has already been accepted as a rule: it is a neighbourhood law —so to speak. All of which, translated to the matter at hand, means that: For the autDAO rules to count as in the blockchain community, it is necessary for the community to consider them as such. Autonomous Law This conclusion is quite hopeless for MetaLeX as the blockchain community is a network of networks made up of tens or hundreds of thousands of communities (layer 1, 2… n; more with the protocols within each layer; more with the organisations within each protocol…). But in the same hopelessness we can find a glimmer of hope, like : Blochian red heroes It is a matter of implementing the community by community blockchain until a relevant group of them accepts it as a supracommunity, (just as the neighbours in your neighbourhood and mine have been accepting house by house and case by case that all houses are entered barefoot). Autonomous Law Or so we see it in ! #másqueley Also published . here

The MetaLeX Whitepaper

**NEW YORK CITY, New York, February 16th, 2024/Chainwire/-- Introducing Kadena SpireKey, a human-friendly and secure way to seamlessly interact with any application by removing complex signing processes. Kadena Spirekey “Unlike complex Web3 wallets today where you have to remember every wallet you’ve ever created, Kadena’s SpireKey uses WebAuthn, a technology that has been developed by Google and Apple over the last 20 years, to help anyone securely digital assets directly on your phone or computer. It’s as easy as receiving a prompt on your mobile device and providing a fingerprint as a signature. Even that uncle who asks you about crypto every family holiday dinner can do it. With Kadena, we've made using applications accessible to everyone, no matter if you’re an experienced "degen" or using blockchain for the first time,” Said Kadena CMO, Mike Herron. SpireKey creates a seamless interaction between humans and technology, providing a Web2 experience with Web3 innovation. With SpireKey, users can sign transactions and Web3 applications, just like how it works on Apple Pay or Google Pay. However, it can be done directly on the user's device without opening multiple windows or copying and pasting keypairs, which eliminates potential vulnerabilities seen in traditional wallets. Added Security with Built-in Multi-sig “Kadena's built-in multi-sig signing enables an additional layer of security for SpireKey that only we can provide through our original language, Pact. With multi-sig, SpireKey allows for multiple signatures to be required for certain transaction types. For example, if you want to send over $10,000, you can set up parameters to require signatures from three different devices – your phone, laptop, and cold storage wallet. The multi-sig feature reduces the risk of compromised accounts because a bad actor would need access to three devices. It mitigates the risk of another attack vector, and adds to the overall security,” Said Stuart Popejoy, Kadena Co-Founder and CEO. SpireKey displays how Kadena thinks about the level of usability that Web3 technology should be at. At its core, SpireKey connects humans to interact with the blockchain and with one another. SpireKey believes that showing working examples will inspire all humans alike to see how Spirekey can impact the rest of the world beyond Web3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paweE0nxAZU&embedable=true About Kadena is a blockchain technology protocol that was founded in 2017 by Stuart Popejoy and Will Martino. Kadena is the industry’s only scalable Layer-1 Proof of Work (PoW) blockchain. This scalability enables Kadena to deliver infrastructure-grade performance for any blockchain project. Kadena Along with Kadena's own smart contract language Pact, Kadena’s platform provides the world with the tools and environment to turn ideas and ambitions into reality. Founded by Stuart Popejoy and William Martino, who created JP Morgan’s first blockchain and led the SEC’s Crypto Committee, Kadena aims to allow for true blockchain mass adoption. For more information, users can follow Kadena's: | | | Twitter Telegram Discord YouTube Contact Kadena Press press@kadena.io This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here.

Kadena SpireKey Integrates With WebAuthn To Provide Seamless Web3 Interactions

Recently, I started off on skilled games which are variants of Roulette, Wheel of Fortune and Baccarat. It was only by chance that I started playing these games. While betting on India for the Cricket World Cup Final on a betting site, I first came across these games. Well, India lost the final and the World Cup ended… But I started off on a new journey into the world of online skilled gaming… Err… gambling. So, whether it is skilled gaming or gambling, it entirely depends on what is your central thought process while playing the game. The dictionary would define most of these games as a game of chance. But believe me, even though the outcome of a single roulette spin or mega wheel spin is a matter of chance, in a fair casino – playing these games involves a lot of strategy, technique, mathematical basis and challenges the intellect. Hence, the term skilled gaming is a fair and eventual usage for folks involved in playing this game for longer time frames/duration. By the way, in my first month of playing these games, I lost $1,900 (~INR 160,000). But I am sure I will be able to win this back and maybe even more. So, that is my background as a skilled gamer/gambler as I write this article. So, I cannot boast of being a big winner as I share my techniques and experience. But I am sure that people who are beginning to play these skilled games, will be able to learn from my mistakes. This might help them to win and retain their winnings right from the beginning.  Remember, the important word there… ‘Retain’. Before we begin, you need to first understand the two main elements, while playing games in an online casino. Remember, being great in strategy, intellect, analysis, technique may help you to win – but if you lack in controlling your impulses or try to go far beyond set safe boundaries you may not be able to keep your winnings. Ultimately, without a balance of the below two – where the second being very important to make sure that you do not end up losing big including losing all your winnings – you will not be able to make a positive impact. In my case, I strongly believe my lack of the second point, did not let me retain my winnings. You have to understand that it is very easy to get swayed away during the dynamics of game playing, but you must ensure that before you begin you make a pact with yourself on your boundaries and limits and stick to it, without fail. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) An intelligence quotient is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or sub tests designed to assess human intelligence. The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a measure of a person's intellectual abilities in relation to others. Emotional Quotient (EQ) The ability to understand and control your own feelings, and to understand the feelings of others and react to them in a suitable way. Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to perceive, use, understand, manage, and handle emotions. Advise for Beginners (Entry Level Players) Start with Small Amount It is the best that you start with a small amount. This will help you to learn the techniques via practice, it will reduce the risk, increase chance of winnings and teach you the basics of emotional control. If I were to specify in the INR context, I will consider the following as a very small amount: INR 2000-5000. Very soon, depending on your interest, passion, reasoning, gaming experience – you may realize that you create your own small amount boundaries, like from about INR 5000-15000. But control your urge to continuously keep depositing and trying your chances to win, without actually understanding the techniques and mathematical basis. Impulsive Gambling At the beginning, you may start off on randomly placing bets on numbers or make arbitrary choices, betting amounts based on your basic analysis of the game. This is true for every individual who starts off on these games. But as time goes on, It would be in best interest that you refrain from impulsive gambling, that is you do not keep betting based on your current bursts of energy. Even thought, at times, this may yield you some money – as it is a game of chance. But, believe me, in the long run it will be disastrous and not yield anything and you may end up losing huge amounts. You have to play to a plan, a strategy using techniques described here. Your intellect and experience may hep you in improvising and finding variants of the techniques described in this article. Compulsive Gambling Another thing is the urge to continue playing these games. The strong urge to play these games continuously, day in and day out, is a very normal human response. This may affect your normal student day or work day. Hence, It is best to plan your time to play these games. It will also give you some reserved fun time, something that challenges your intellect outside of your study/work and a judicial use of your analytical/mathematical/ reasoning abilities. I used to play after my work day, at late night or early morning. This was a good way to end the day. But I also had urges to play this throughout the day, which I usually did on weekends. Hydration and Tea Breaks The excitement created by these games may lead to increased blood pressure, focused and long use of monitors while staring at them continuously and deeply, anxiety, mood disorders, dehydration, skipping nature’s calls, disinterest in completing household chores, skipping daily shower, decreased personal hygiene and a host of such other disorderly behaviors. By not indulging in impulsive and compulsive gambling, you might save yourself from many of these problems. Also, you have to make sure you have a bottle of water and tea/coffee in a thermos besides you, if you like to drink tea/coffee. It is better that you take a 5minute to 10minute break every 1 hour or every play cycle or game set to drink water and have tea/coffee, as per your choice. You might also choose to have a tea/coffee cup warmer by the side of your playing device (mobile, tablet or pc). Be warned that the game playing may also lead to an increase in the number of cigarettes you smoke – Please make sure to control this behavior. Breaks on a Losing Streak When you are on a losing streak, it is highly advisable that you take a break and move out of the context of the game. You may choose to watch YouTube, Short Film or Social Surf. Try to focus on something out of context – like Animal Kingdom, Comedy, Cartoons, Sports, Current Affairs(!) or Latest Movie Trailers. It is just to get you of that mindset and then you come back to the game, for a new series of game sets. It is also advisable, that when you are on a series of losing streaks, it is better to avoid playing on that day. It is such things that are easier said than done. It is because your loss might takeaway your sleep and hence you may choose to continue playing. These are the things, if mastered, may let you keep your winnings and also, to keep winning more. Watch out for part 2 of the article where I provide advise for intermediate players and introduce basics of the Fibonacci betting style. Also appears . here

Winning in Online Skilled Gaming… Err… Gambling!

Joey looked out his front window, contemplating Coit Tower. He thought of Artie who had changed his life forever on the crookest street in the world. It felt like a dream when he thought back. Was that day real when he met Artie on this curvy brick street? No matter how unreal those times seemed now, he knew they had happened. His very expensive house on the exclusive brick section of Lombard Street was proof for sure. When Artie gifted him this incredible view of the bay, Joey’s life was forever changed. In the thirty-plus years he had been there, a day did not pass he did not think of and thank Artie for the view. He had met Artie in North Beach. Artie was from out of town. Joey found his British accent charming. Artie had a room at the Fairmont atop Nob Hill while Joey was renting a flat in the basement of an ancient building. Joey’s mind wandered to joyful times spent gallivanting up and down Nob Hill. Artie was a successful writer who traveled the world. Joey and Artie fell deeply in love during those halcyon days. Artie was just in San Francisco for a summer conference. Joey was surprised to hear him say he lived in Sri Lanka. However, any time he was on the West Coast he would come to San Francisco to visit Joey. The last time had been back in 1993. “Joey come visit me on Lombard Street,” said Artie on the telephone “Lombard Street. You are not staying on Nob Hill anymore?” Joey asked. “No, I am over on Lombard Street, 1040 Lombard Street. Come on over Joey I have a surprise for you.” Artie’s voice was pregnant with mystery. Joey was on the most crooked street in the world within the hour. The front window looked out on the bay. He could see the Oakland Bay Bridge and Treasure Island in the distance. San Francisco was an especially magical place back in those days. A place where a poor kid from Turlock might be gifted a dream home on a magical street in a magical city. “What!?” Joey was incredulous that such a gift could be given or would be given. He loved Artie and Artie loved him. Yes, they had a special bond, but a house seemed like too much. “I don’t have any money for a down payment Artie? I cannot afford the mortgage payment even if I did.” “It doesn’t matter Joey. I am giving it to you. It is already paid for. I just have to put the deed in your name,” Artie explained calmly. “I don’t understand. Why?” Joey asked Joey’s revelry was broken when he noticed some rather large SUVs parked in the street. He did not recognize them. Ever since the street had been closed to vehicles other than locals, strange autos on the brick road were conspicuous. Eight men in dark suits exited the vehicles as Joey watched. “NSA!” The men shouted at Joey They surrounded Joey. He was hustled through his front door. Within seconds they were in his living room. “We are here to deliver this,” said one of the suits. He thrust an envelope into Joey’s hand. No one had shown Joey any ID, but he had seen weapons. Joey was unsure what to do. He sat for a moment and then opened the envelope. In it, he found a note in a strange language. A language he never thought he would actually need, Harrapan. Artie had taught Joey Harrapan all those years ago. He had never heard anyone speak about the language. It was a mystery to Joey why Artie had been so adamant that Joey learn the language as part of getting the deed to the house. “This IS the mortgage Joey and mortgages aren’t easy to pay,” Artie explained. Now Joey was looking at a note partially written in Harrapan. The English language portion of the note was about the Clarke-Asimov Treaty. Joey was not unfamiliar with the Clarke-Asimov Treaty. Joey was a big science fiction buff. He had read Asimov’s Foundation series multiple times. He particularly loved Arthur C. Clarke’s Childhood’s End story. He recalled the stories about how Arthur C. Clarke and Isaac Asimov developed an amicable rivalry. It was legendary within science–fiction fandom. The rivalry eventually led to the Clarke–Asimov Treaty. The Clarke–Asimov Treaty stated that each author would refer to the other as the world’s greatest writer in his specialty — and refer to himself as merely second–best. Under these terms, Asimov would crown Clarke as the best science–fiction author ever, while Clarke would anoint Asimov as the greatest science writer. Of course, each could publicly crown himself a close second to the other. The two reputedly created the pact during a shared cab ride. The only time either acknowledged this treaty was in Clarke’s dedication to his book, Report on Planet Three. In that book, Clarke wrote: “In accordance with the terms of the Clarke–Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.” Joey always wondered if his “friend” Artie was THE Arthur C. Clarke. He sure looked like all of the photos…kind of. Artie was a big fan of those early writers of science fiction. Artie used to always talk about how coincidental it was that Isaac Asimov and Robert Heinlein had worked at the Philadelphia Naval Yard during World War II. He hinted at some top-secret work Asimov had been exposed to during World War II. Sometimes if he drank a little too much he would say Asimov told Arthur C. Clarke something “special” about the Philadelphia Experiment. In the morning though, he would deny or claim to remember nothing. Joey often asked him about UFOs. Artie would laugh. “Aliens”, he would say with a chuckle, “We don’t need no stinking aliens!” “Well?” asked one of the suits who was not pointing a gun at him startling him from his reflections on the Clarke-Asimov Treaty. Joey looked up. There were three other large men holding large assault weapons aimed in his direction. He felt scared. He struggled to remember anything Arthur had taught him in Harrapan. “I cann…can’t remember,” he pleaded. The suit in front of Joey raised his hand. Joey cowered fearing he was about to be struck. The suit signaled for his compatriots to lower their weapons. “Don’t be afraid. We’re here from your government,” he explained softly. “Don’t worry. My name is Jack. We are with the NSA. You are not in trouble. We just need your help,” he continued. Joey looked like a deer in headlights. He stared at the symbols on the piece of paper. His mind went back to his days with Artie. He remembered Artie talking about the language of a long-lost ancient civilization. The Harrapan script was a mix of letters, but also of glyphs which meant a whole word or concept. He remembered Artie trying to teach him, but the fact that some symbols were whole words while others were simply letters was difficult to tease out of the text. “Look, my name is John Stick. We are with the NSA. We need you to read this text in the native tongue. Intelligence reports you may be the only person on the planet who can read this piece of paper and speak the phrase in the native tongue,” explained the suit as he flashed an official-looking identification card. “What? Why me? I cannot read this,” Joey said weakly. “ I cannot speak Harrapan.” “Harrapan! Yes, that is exactly what you need to do,” shouted the suit named John excitedly. Joey’s mind raced. The symbols did look familiar somehow. He thought about Artie. He smiled. The two had many beautiful moments on the beaches around San Francisco. Joey heard himself whisper, “Jo-E korgin qa Ahrrt-E. Artie loves Joey.” “That’s it!” shouted a woman with a small device in her hand. Suddenly, windows started breaking in the front of the house. It was not just the windows. Everything was breaking. The room was being peppered with bullets. “Vykhod!” The man who called himself John Stick ordered and directed. Everyone moved to the back of the house except Joey. All of the suits and the woman fled out the back as soon as there was a moment of silence. Joey just laid behind his couch shaking as he watched them run to his garage. “FBI! FBI! Hands up. Hands up. Show yourself now or be shot!” There were many loud voices and orders being shouted. “He’s here. He’s here! Joey stood up from behind the couch cautiously. He touched his chest and other parts of his body incredulous there was no blood or injury. He started to cry. “You are not hurt! What did you tell them?” “Tell who? They were the NSA,” Joey defended the fact he had translated the note. He didn’t know who was who anymore. “Look. I am Paul Jerome from the FBI,” said a tall red-haired man with a beard. “Those people were not from the NSA. They were Russians. They blew up the Georgia Guide stones last year.” “Really?” Joey was now interested because he had wondered why these had been blown up. He had planned on visiting them last year while making his annual trip to visit his father in South Carolina. However, traffic in Atlanta had been bad so he skipped the trip. A month later, they were partially blown up and then mysteriously demolished with heavy equipment by local authorities within hours. “Yes, the Russians were looking for the time capsule underneath the guide stones.” “Did they find it?” Joey asked inquisitively “Yes, and that note they gave you was what was in it! We need you to tell us what you read there. Your voice and your voice alone can decode the video squirreled away somewhere on the Ethereum blockchain. The location of the fabled Black Pyramid of the Urals is revealed in the video. This is the real reason for the War in Ukraine. Allegedly, the Ukrainians somehow discovered the location of this ancient structure and discovered its secrets. The Black Pyramid contains a cache of ancient technology. This technology is capable of generating enormous power. These are essentially weapons of mass destruction…in the eyes of many.” Alarm bells went off in his head. He knew he must cooperate or end up in Guantanamo. The next words confirmed this for him. “This is a matter of NATIONAL SECURITY Joseph,” the FBI agent said matter-of-factly. “You are the ‘oracle’. Your voiceprint of this message will complete the smart contract and release the video.” “Yessir,” Joey responded obediently. “It was Harrapan sir. This is what I said.” Joey paused and then said “Jo-E korgin qa Ahrrt-E. Artie loves Joey.” He spoke directly into the device thrust into his face. Also published here.

Oracle on Lombard Street: The Harrapan Revelation

In the rapidly evolving field of software development, it is imperative to guarantee the smooth operation of several intricate program components. Integration testing is the process of reaching this harmony. Many firms resort to Integration Testing Service Companies to help them negotiate this challenging terrain and guarantee the quality and dependability of software. This post will discuss the function of these specialized businesses, their importance, and the things to take into account while choosing one. What is Integration Testing? methods such as integration testing are designed to confirm how various parts, modules, or services inside a software system interact with one another. Its main objective is to make sure that the integrated components perform the intended functions of the software system as a whole and that they interact as intended, appropriately sharing data and information. Software testing A crucial stage in the software testing process is integration testing. In the testing life cycle, it comes after unit testing and before system and acceptance testing. Early detection and resolution of integration problems can minimize the time, money, and effort needed to address difficulties later in the development process. Effective integration testing helps ensure that the software system as a whole functions correctly, meets its requirements, and behaves as expected when various components are combined. Advantages of Integration Testing Integration testing serves several crucial purposes: : It helps uncover integration issues, such as data inconsistencies, interface mismatches, and communication problems. Error Detection : Identifying and resolving integration problems early in the development process reduces the cost and effort required for post-deployment fixes. Early Issue Resolution : Well-integrated software systems result in smoother, more user-friendly applications, leading to greater customer satisfaction. Enhanced User Experience : The early detection and resolution of integration issues contribute to higher software quality. Improved Product Quality Types of integration testing Integration testing comes in a variety of forms, each with a distinct goal and focus: Using this method, the system is tested as a whole after all components are integrated at the same time. While this approach is reasonably easy to use, it can be difficult to detect and diagnose problems. Big Bang Experiments: This method integrates and tests lower-level modules gradually after testing the top-level components. The behavior of the lower-level modules that have not yet been developed is simulated using stubs. This helps find problems in the higher-level architecture early on. Testing from the Top Down: This method integrates and tests higher-level modules after evaluating lower-level modules first, in contrast to top-down testing.  Drivers are used to simulate the behavior of the not-yet-implemented higher-level modules. This can help discover issues in the detailed functionality of the system. Bottom-Up Examination: The system is developed and tested in tiny steps while using incremental testing. One by one, further parts or modules are added and put to the test. This method makes it easier to identify problems and allows for more detailed testing. Small-Step Testing: a top-down testing approach combined with incremental testing, wherein the top-level modules undergo incremental testing. It's a middle ground between incremental testing's finer points and top-down testing's simplicity. Top-Down Incremental Testing: Like gradual top-down testing, but with incremental integration of lower-level modules first. When crucial functionality is centralized in the lower tiers of the system, this method can be helpful. Decremental Testing from the Bottom Up: This is not a distinct type of testing but rather a strategy to choose between top-down and bottom-up integration testing approaches based on the project's needs and system architecture. Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Integration Testing: Integration testing tools Software developers can perform integration testing using a variety of technologies. The technology stack you're utilizing, programming languages, and your unique requirements all play a role in the tool selection process. These are a few well-liked tools for integration testing: A popular testing framework for Java applications is called JUnit. Although its main purpose is unit testing, it can also be used for integration testing if paired with other frameworks or tools. JUnit: Another Java testing framework that facilitates both integration and unit testing is called TestNG. It offers functions like data-driven testing, parallel test execution, and more. InitialG: A strong tool for testing web applications is Selenium. It is frequently used to simulate user behavior for functional and integration testing of web applications. Hematite: : You may write and run integration tests for RESTful APIs using Postman, an API testing tool. It's quite helpful when testing web service integration. The Postman A program called SoapUI was created especially for testing REST and SOAP web services. It enables you to design thorough test cases for testing API integration. SoapUI: A Java library called Rest Assured is used to test RESTful web services. It is frequently used in conjunction with testing frameworks like TestNG or JUnit, and it makes developing integration tests for REST APIs easier. Confident: Although JMeter is mainly used for performance testing, web applications and services may also be integrated and tested with it. It can mimic high loads to evaluate a system's performance. JMeter Apache: Citrus is a framework for integration testing that focuses on messaging systems and web services. It supports various message protocols, including JMS, HTTP, and others. Citrus Framework: WireMock is a standalone HTTP mock server for stubbing and mocking HTTP responses. It's useful for simulating the behavior of external dependencies during integration testing. WireMock: Docker, while not a testing tool itself, is commonly used in integration testing to create and manage isolated containers of components, services, or databases for testing purposes. Docker: Pact is a contract testing tool for microservices. It helps in ensuring that services communicate as expected and that changes don't break existing integrations. Pact: Best Practices for Integration Testing An essential step in the testing and development of software is integration testing. Take into consideration the following best practices to guarantee its efficacy: As soon as it is practical, start integration testing during the development cycle. This makes it possible to identify and fix integration problems early on, stopping them from getting worse and becoming more serious difficulties. Early Start: Create a concise plan for integration testing that describes the goals, objectives, and methodology of the process. The whole development and testing teams should have access to this well-documented plan. Unambiguous Test Approach: Make sure the integration testing environment is as similar as feasible to the production environment. This covers data, network setups, hardware, and software. It aids in finding problems unique to a given context. Test Environments: Use stubs or drivers to isolate the module or component being tested from the rest of the system when doing integration tests. Drivers make it easier to test higher-level components, whereas stubs mimic the behavior of missing components. Component Isolation: Before tackling larger integrations, think about integrating and testing smaller portions of the system using incremental testing techniques. This can assist in pinpointing and addressing problems in detail. Incremental Testing: Example: Utilize a distinct and exemplary collection of test data to experiment with different integration situations. Provide both boundary and normal instances to evaluate the resilience of the system. Test data: Provide thorough integration scenarios and test cases covering a range of system component interactions. To find potential problems, make sure your test cases include both positive and negative scenarios. Scenarios and Test Cases: Try to automate as many integration tests as you can. Numerous test cases can be executed effectively and reliably with the use of automated testing solutions. Automation: Your suite of integration tests should contain regression tests. Run these tests on a regular basis to make sure that updates or new integrations don't cause problems or break current functionality. Examining Regression: Establish precise standards for judging if test results (oracles) are accurate. This is particularly crucial for automated testing since it indicates whether the system is operating as it should. Examine Oracles: How to Choose the Right Integration Testing Services Company? Selecting the right Integration Testing Services Company requires careful consideration. Here are some additional tips to assist in the decision-making process: Clear Communication Ensure that the company maintains transparent and open communication throughout the project. This is essential for a successful collaboration. Security Measures Verify that the company follows stringent security protocols to protect your sensitive data. Data security is paramount in integration testing. Cost Analysis Recognize the pricing structure and assess it based on the services provided. Think about the value the company offers and its long-term cost-effectiveness. Conclusion The seamless integration of various components is crucial in today's software-driven environment. For firms trying to make their way through the complex realm of integration testing, integration testing services companies provide a lifeline. Working with a respectable and knowledgeable business can help you guarantee the functionality, dependability, and quality of your program. The advantages are obvious: lower development costs, better user experiences, and less risk. Your software projects will thrive in an atmosphere of flawless integration and exceptional performance if you choose the correct integration testing services provider.

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