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Intro Even though Rust provides its Rust book, I struggled with understanding the keyword. I asked myself, "Am I the only one who has this problem?" A quick Google search confirmed that I was not alone. mut As a result, I decided to write this article to provide a detailed explanation of the keyword. This article is intended for those who come from high-level languages such as Python or JavaScript. mut The Variables To create an unmuttable variable in Rust, simply write . It's straightforward. If you want to create a variable that can be mutated later, just add the keyword after . Rust has a helpful convention that encourages clarity of intentions. let x = 1337 mut let Adding the keyword informs others that this variable will be modified somewhere else in the code. Okay. mut Let's visualize it. Two variables here, and . let mut x = 1337 let y = 42 The References At the moment, everything is straightforward. However, things start to get a little curly when using references. Let's create some. mut let mut x = 1337;
let y = 42;

let x_ref = &mut x;
let y_ref = &y; I created two references (or "borrowed" in terms of Rust). One of them is a mutable reference, and the other is a read-only reference. Let's create a scheme for that again. In the given scheme, I have 4 variables, 2 of which are references. Both reference variables are immutable and do not have the keyword after , which means I cannot change what they point to. However, I can still change the value they reference. mut let *x_ref = 777; If you write this, the Rust compiler will not complain, and the value of (not the ref itself) will change to . However, there's a red square on the scheme indicating that lacks the mutability option. So, why can I change the value it refers to? x 777 x_ref Let’s come back to the scheme for the . let x_ref = &mut x The first white block contains the name: . The second one informs me about the type stored in that variable. In its complete form, without any implicit type annotations, I can write as follows: x_ref let x_ref: &mut i32 = &mut x; I can interpret this as: let's create an named that will hold a to and initialize it immediately with the to the value in the variable. immutable variable x_ref mutable reference i32 mutable reference i32 x This means I can modify the value it points to, but I cannot alter the reference's value (or address). In other words, I can't write something like: let x_ref: &mut i32 = &mut x;
let mut z = 0;

x_ref = &mut z; // Not allowed! In terms of the schemes, I want to change the direction the arrow is pointing to in the code block above. However, even if the variable is mutable, I can't change the arrow because the problem lies in the immutability of the itself. z x_ref To change the arrow direction, I need to modify the address stored in the variable. However, I cannot do this as the variable is immutable. x_ref Let’s do it! let mut x: i32 = 1337;
let mut x_ref: &mut i32 = &mut x; // I've added mut before x_ref
let mut z = 0;

x_ref = &mut z; // Allowed! There are too many instances of here around , right? Let's describe them. mut x_ref : I am creating a mutable variable named , which means I can change its value later. let mut x_ref x_ref : I am stating that the variable will contain mutable reference(s) to some value of type . &mut i32 i32 : I am borrowing (getting a reference to) the variable . &mut x x Then, I created a variable named and assigned it the value of . Afterward, when I wrote , I indicated that I understand to be a mutable variable that can only hold references to values. z 0 x_ref = &mut z x_ref i32 Since the type of is , I am able to assign its address to the variable. To obtain the address of , I used the syntax. z i32 x_ref z &mut z The scheme. The Mental Trick Take a look at in the statement, it may look a little bit obvious, but… = let mut x_ref = &mut x; … I see it as a divider (especially if you rotate it by 90 degrees) that splits the statement into two sub-statements: left and right. The left side provides information itself, while the right side tells us . about the variable about the value When I use the dereference operator to change the value... * *x_ref = 100; ... I do not change the value of the variable. Instead, I am changing the value that is referencing. x_ref x_ref Unmutable References I used frequently before. What if I omit some of them? mut let i = 1;
let j = 2;

let mut k = &i; Can I change the value of here? Using the divider technique, it's quite simple to answer. I can change the value of (I see on the left side), but the value (right side) is an immutable reference to (there is no here). i k mut i mut Therefore… let i = 1;
let j = 2;

let mut k = &i;

k = &j; // This is legal.
*k = 3; // This is not. The scheme. Conclusion In this article, we've dissected the nuances of the keyword and references. Remember, there's a distinction between a and a holding a reference. Our trick? mut mutable reference mutable variable Using the sign as a mental divider to better understand assignments in Rust. This simple visualization can clear up many confusions. = Happy coding!

Mutable References or Mutable Variables? Decoding Rust's mut-mut-mut

পরিবর্তনযোগ্য রেফারেন্স বা পরিবর্তনযোগ্য ভেরিয়েবল? ডিকোডিং মরিচা এর mut-mut-mut

Veränderliche Referenzen oder veränderliche Variablen? Rusts Mut-Mut-Mut entschlüsseln

¿Referencias mutables o variables mutables? Decodificando el mut-mut-mut de Rust

Références mutables ou variables mutables ? Décoder le mut-mut-mut de Rust

परिवर्तनशील संदर्भ या परिवर्तनशील चर? रस्ट के म्यूट-म्यूट-म्यूट को डिकोड करना

変更可能な参照または変更可能な変数? Rustのmut-mut-mutをデコードする

가변 참조 또는 가변 변수? Rust의 mut-mut-mut 디코딩

Referências mutáveis ou variáveis mutáveis? Decodificando o mut-mut-mut do Rust

Изменяемые ссылки или изменяемые переменные? Расшифровка мут-мут-мут в Rust

Değişken Referanslar mı yoksa Değişken Değişkenler mi? Rust'un mut-mut-mut'unun kodunu çözmek

Tham chiếu có thể thay đổi hoặc Biến có thể thay đổi? Giải mã mut-mut-mut của Rust

可变引用还是可变变量？解码 Rust 的 mut-mut-mut

Intelligent DevOps: 8 Lessons Learned from Nature

ইন্টেলিজেন্ট ডিওঅপস: প্রকৃতি থেকে শেখা ৮টি পাঠ

Intelligentes DevOps: 8 Lektionen aus der Natur

DevOps inteligente: 8 lecciones aprendidas de la naturaleza

DevOps intelligent : 8 leçons tirées de la nature

इंटेलिजेंट DevOps: प्रकृति से सीखे गए 8 सबक

インテリジェントな DevOps: 自然から学んだ 8 つの教訓

지능형 DevOps: 자연에서 배운 8가지 교훈

DevOps Inteligente: 8 Lições Aprendidas com a Natureza

Интеллектуальный DevOps: 8 уроков, извлеченных из природы

Akıllı DevOps: Doğadan Öğrenilen 8 Ders

DevOps thông minh: 8 bài học rút ra từ thiên nhiên

智能 DevOps：从大自然中汲取的 8 个教训

Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods. here To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods. is now in England, completing arrangements so as to be able to supply his American friends with his improved Knitting Machines with greater dispatch, and with all the latest improvements. He would beg to call especial attention to JOHN KENT The Improved Rib Top Frame, now so well known, and acknowledged to be the best rib top frame ever built, for speed and quality of goods produced. Price, delivered free in New York, $520, currency. The Improved Circular Web Frame, for drawers and shirts, built of any size and gage. Price for a 4-head set, 17 inch to 20 inch diameter, $810, currency, delivered free in New York. The Circular Stocking Frame, from 2 in. to 5½ in. diameter. These circular frames, with my last improvements, are as near perfection as possible. The Patent Full-fashioned Shirt, Drawers and Stocking Frames produce the most perfect goods ever made by steam-power machinery, and cost fifty per cent less to keep in repair than any other Knitting Machine. Built 10 to 24 gage, and from 30 to 140 inch wide, to order. The Improved Circular Looping Frame, for putting on shirt cuffs, drawers bands, clearing the top of circular shirts, &c., built to order, of any size, from 2 in. to 22 in. diameter, and of any gage. Steel Needles and Sinkers to pattern. Persons wishing to order while Mr. Kent is in England, will please address JOHN KENT, Nottingham, up to April 12th, or, if they prefer, may send through depot. Address JOHN KENT, 348 Pearl st., New York. PUMPS. —For Description, Price Lists etc., of the Best Centrifugal Pump ever invented, with Overwhelming Testimony in its favor, send for new illustrated pamphlet (40 pp.) to Messrs. HEALD, SISCO & CO., Baldwinsville, N. Y. BRICK PRESSES. **FOR RED AND FIRE BRICK.
\ Factory 309 S. Fifth street, Philadelphia, Pa. S. P. MILLER. ST. JOSEPH, Mo., Nov. 10, 1870. T. R. BAILEY & VAIL, Lockport, N. Y.: Gentlemen:—The Lathe you shipped me has arrived, and I have it in full operation. It works perfectly, and I think it the best lathe made in the world for Bedstead and Chair work. I would recommend it to any one desirous of obtaining such a lathe. Yours truly, H. R. BRISTOL. WOOLEN MILL FOR SALE. With House and 3 acres of land, Seymour, Ct., (Naugatuck Valley,) 2 miles from R. R. depot. Never-failing stream. 3 ft. fall, dam and wheel in good condition. Inquire of JAS. ORMSBEE, on the premises. Portable & Stationary Steam Engines AND HOISTING ENGINES. A good article at low prices. Every machine warranted. Send for descriptive Price List. H. B. BIGELOW & CO., New Haven, Conn. PATENT BANDSAW MACHINES Of the most approved kinds, of various sizes , to saw bevel as well as square, without inclining the table, by , 452 to 456 Tenth ave., New York. Price $250, $275, $350, and $400. At present (Oct. 16), there are in operation, in this city alone, 88 of our machines. Send for circular. Manufacture, also, an improved saw-filing apparatus; price, $30. Have also on hand a large stock of best French Bandsaw Blades. FIRST & PRYIBIL L. & J. W. FEUCHTWANGER, 55 Cedar st., New York, Chemists, Manufacturers, and Importers of Specialities, Silicates, Soda and Potash, Chloride of Calcium, Peroxide of Manganese, Hydrofluoric Acid, Metallic Oxides, Steel and Glass Makers' and Potters' Articles, Publishers of Treatises on "Soluble Glass," "Gems," and "Fermented Liquors." PIMLICO BRACES, SOMETHING NEW. THIS invention is based on a strictly scientific principle, and is a valuable improvement on old style suspenders. It is simple in construction, and combines the qualities of Brace and Suspender. They are unequaled for elegance, durability and comfort. Manufactured at the Monumental Silk Works, Baltimore. JOHN M. DAVIES & CO., Sole Agents, 384 & 386 B'd'y, N. Y. Dr. J. ARMSTRONG'S (Patent) Improved Heater, Filter, Lime Extractor, and Condenser Combined, For Steam Boilers. MANUFACTURED BY Toledo, Ohio. Armstrong & Starr, Send for Circulars. Formerly Armstrong & Welsh. —An Engine, 12x36 in. cylinder, and two Boilers, 4x15 feet, in good order, will be sold cheap. FOR SALE. J. J. TAYLOR & CO., 68 Courtlandt st., New York. Trapping and Fishing. All about it. Sent free. Address "Hunter," Hinsdale, N. H. HUNTING, First Premium awarded by Am. Inst., 1870 T. H. McALLISTER, Optician, 49 Nassau st., N. Y. Rare and Beautiful Flowers —AND— CHOICE VEGETABLES Can always be obtained by Sowing The Seventeenth Annual Edition of their celebrated "SEED CATALOGUE AND GUIDE TO THE FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN," is now ready for distribution. It contains Four Beautifully Colored Lithographs, and about 300 choice Engravings of favorite Flowers and Vegetables, 136 pages of closely-printed matter, and a list of Twenty-five Hundred species and varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds, with explicit directions for their culture, and much other useful information upon the subject of Gardening. A copy will be mailed to all applicants inclosing 25 cts. Regular customers supplied gratis. Address B. K. BLISS & SONS, Nos. 23 Park Place, and 20 Murray st., P. O. Box No. 5712. New York. Science for the Million. THE Boston Journal of Chemistry, Devoted to the Science of Home Life, the Arts, Agriculture, and Medicine. JAMES R. NICHOLS, M.D., WILLIAM A. ROLFE, A.M., } Editors. ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. A paper which commends itself at once to Physicians, Druggists, Chemists, Teachers, Farmers, Mechanics—in short, to Professional and Practical Men of every class. The Domestic Recipes and Formulæ for Art Processes are of themselves worth many times the cost of subscription. Specimen Copies Sent Free. Address **BOSTON JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,
\ 150 Congress st., Boston. FOOT LATHES, And all kinds of small tools. Illustrated catalogue free. GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. AGENTS WANTED.—To sell Stephens' which embraces a Rule, Level, Square, Plumb, Bevel, Slope Level, T Square, etc., in one compact tool. These instruments retail at $3.50 each, and energetic salesmen can make money by selling them among mechanics. We warrant them in every particular, as the construction and graduation is faultless. Send for descriptive circular, cuts, and terms. Patent Combination Rule, STEPHENS & CO., Riverton, Conn. FELT. THE BEST, CHEAPEST and MOST DURABLE non-conductor known, for sale by the Original Manufacturer, at the BOILER FELTING WORKS, 46 Courtland st., New York. Universal Wood Worker. For Agricultural, Railroad, Car, Carriage, and Wagon Works, Planing Mill, Sash, Door and Blind, Bedstead, Cabinet and Furniture Factories. McBETH, BENTEL & MARGEDANT, Hamilton, O. , Inventor's Exchange 245 Broadway, N. Y., "Am. Agriculturist" Building. TANGIBLE INVENTIONS NEGOTIATED. No goods received unless ordered. B. F. KEMP, Proprietor. MACHINISTS' TOOLS, at greatly reduced prices. Also, some Woodworth Planers and Second-hand Tools. 97 to 113 R. R. ave., Newark, N. J. E. & R. J. GOULD, successors to Gould Machine Co. N. B. PATENTED Articles introduced. Also, State and County Rights sold for Inventors. STONE, PUGH & CO., 55 N. 6th st., Philadelphia. G OLDEN HILL Seminary for young ladies, Bridgeport, Conn. Miss Emily Nelson, Principal. 1826 USE THE VEGETABLE PULMONARY BALSAM. 1870 The old standard remedy for Coughs, Colds, Consumption. "Nothing Better." Cutler Bros. & Co., Boston. T HE CALVERT IRON ROLLING MILLS are offered at private sale. These mills are situated in the city of Baltimore, and cover 1½ acres of ground. The Machinery is of the most approved description, for making all sizes of round and square bar iron, from ¼ in. to 3 in. diameter, and flat bars of all widths, up to 7 inches. The buildings are ample and commodious. In addition to the Rolling Mills are two brick buildings (50x125 feet and 40x90 feet), now containing an 80 H.P. Engine, and Spike Machinery, but which could be used for the manufacture of Nails, Horseshoes, or any other branch of heavy hardware. This property offers an unusual opportunity to capitalists, and will be sold at a reasonable price. For further description address MARSHALL  P. SMITH, P. O. Box 1158, Baltimore, Md. BURDON IRON WORKS.—Manufacturers of Pumping Engines for Water Works, High & Low Pressure Engines, Portable Engines and Boilers, of all kinds, Sugar Mills, Screw, Lever, Drop, & Hydraulic Presses, Machinery in general. HUBBARD & WHITTAKER, 102 Front st., Brooklyn. ENGINES AND MACHINERY FOR SALE, at a great sacrifice. Two new Steam Engines, 12 and 20 horse power; 1 Faribain's Riveting Machine; 1 large Power Shears; 1 ditto Table Punch; 2 ditto Flange Punches; 1 set Power Bending Rolls; together with a large lot of Turning Lathes, Drilling Machines, Machinists' and Smiths' Hand Tools, Pulleys, Hangers, and 6 Fairbanks' Platform Scales. Send for catalogue, or apply at the South Brooklyn Steam Engine Works, cor. Imlay and Summit sts., Brooklyn. SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE— Law's Patent with Trevor & Co.'s Improvements. The Simplest and Best in use. Also, Shingle, Heading and Stave Jointers, Equalizers, Heading Turners, Planers etc. AddressTREVOR & CO., Lockport, N. Y. AGENTS WANTED—($225 A MONTH) by the AMERICAN KNITTING MACHINE CO. Boston, Mass., or St. Louis, Mo. THE UNITED STATES Brick Machine IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD, BECAUSE IT MAKES THE , , and GREATEST NUMBER THE BEST THE CHEAPEST BRICKS. It is the Perfection of Simplicity. It is Durable, and not likely to get out of Repair. See Scientific American, Sept. 17, 1870. For Descriptive Circular apply to F. C. WELLS, President, Room 13, 98 Madison st.,\CHICAGO. MACHINES can be seen in operation at the Company's Works, Chicago; at rear 59 Ann st., New York city; and at Novelty Iron Works, corner of Delord and Peter sts., New Orleans. PREPARED Asphalte Roofing Felt. This new prepared production is ready coated, and can be applied on the roof without further trouble. It is easy of application, and does not require any repairs for a long time. It is more durable than some slates, and has been found a suitable substitute for iron or tin roofs. It has a sanded or stony surface, which renders it Exposed to the most intense fire, and sparks falling upon it, it will not propagate the fire. Under the influence of the sun it will not run, which makes it specially adapted to hot climates. Its easy application and pleasing appearance have made it a favorite roofing material throughout all the Indies and other colonies. Being not cumbrous for transport, it is of invaluable service to settlers and farmers in far remote districts. When used for temporary purposes it may be taken off and applied again to another construction. It replaces common Asphalting on Terraces, Lobbies, Counting-houses, Office Floors, etc.; is a great preservative against dampness and vermin, and equalizes the temperature. It is 32 inches wide, and made in rolls of 25 yards each. Send for circular to UNINFLAMMABLE and FIRE-PROOF. E. H. MARTIN, 70 Maiden Lane and 9 Liberty St., N. Y. J. J. H. GREGORY'S Seed Catalogue. My Annual Illustrated Catalogue, containing a list of many new and rare Vegetables, some of which are not found in any other catalogue, and all the standard vegetables of the farm and garden (over one hundred of which I grow on my three seed farms), with a carefully selected list of flower seed, will be sent free to all. All my seed is sold under three warrants: 1st. That all money sent shall reach me. 2d. That all seed ordered shall reach the purchaser. 3d. That my seeds shall be fresh and true to name. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass. THE NEW WILSON Under-Feed Shuttle\SEWING MACHINES! $25 cheaper than any other! For Simplicity, Durability and Beauty they stand For Stitching, Hemming, Tucking, Felling, Quilting, Cording, Binding, Braiding, Gathering, Gathering & sewing on gathers, For particulars address unrivalled! they are unexcelled! Wilson Sewing Machine Co., Cleveland, O., or St. Louis, Mo. , **NEW and 2d-HAND.—
\ Send for Circular. Chas. PLACE & CO., 60 Vesey st., New York. MACHINERY MACHINISTS. Illustrated Catalogue and Price List of all kinds of small Tools and Materials sent free to any address. GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 23 Cornhill, Boston, Mass. P. BLAISDELL & CO. MANUFACTURERS of the "BLAISDELL" PATENT DRILL PRESSES, with quick return motion, Agricultural Drills, Improved Engine Lathes, from 12 in. to 28 in. swing, Planers, Gear Cutters, Boring Mills, Hand Lathes, and other first-class Machinists' Tools. Jackson st., Worcester, Mass. Patent BEDSTEAD FASTENING. The and ever invented. Best, Cheapest, Strongest FASTENING Rights for States and Territories for sale. Address JOHN DOMINGOS and                     BENJAMIN ESSIG, Sacramento, Cal. BENT, GOODNOW & CO., Boston, Mass., Publishers of , sell Patent Rights and goods of all kinds. Orders solicited. "PATENT STAR" AGENTS WANTED. Send stamp for copy. TO THE WORKING CLASS.—We are now prepared to furnish all classes with constant employment at home, the whole of the time or for the spare moments. Business new, light and profitable. Persons of either sex easily earn from 50c. to $5 per evening, and a proportional sum by devoting their whole time to the business. Boys and girls earn nearly as much as men. That all who see this notice may send their address, and test the business, we make this unparalleled offer: To such as are not well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay for the trouble of writing. Full particulars, a valuable sample which will do to commence work on, and a copy of —one of the largest and best family newspapers published—all sent free by mail. Reader, if you want permanent, profitable work, address The People's Literary Companion D. C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, Maine. IMPORTANT TO  MACHINISTS.—The Best Metal for all Machine Uses is the MARTIN STEEL, made by The New Jersey Steel and Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. This steel is made by an entirely different process from any other and is tougher than wrought iron. It can be turned without annealing, being entirely free from hard spots. Every one who uses it pronounces it just what they have long wanted, for a multitude of uses, such as Crank Pins, Lathe Spindles and Screws, Cotton Machinery Rollers, Saw and Fan Spindles, etc., etc. Also, particularly adapted for Firebox Plates. Prices low. Send for further information, or a sample, stating use to which it is to be applied. OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING\Machinery. **OTIS, BROS. & CO.
\ No. 309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Union Emery Wheels. Solid and with Stone Center. UNION STONE CO., Boston, Mass. Branch Office, 93 Liberty st., N. Y. General Agents for the Am. Twist Drill Co.'s Superior Grinder and other Emery Wheel Machinery and Tools. Send for Circular. \ WOODBURY'S PATENT** Planing and Matching and Molding Machines, Gray & Wood's Planers, Self-oiling Saw Arbors, and other wood working machinery. S. A. WOODS, Send for Circulars. } 91 Liberty street, N. Y.; 67 Sudbury street, Boston. RI**CHARDSON, MERIAM & CO.,
\ Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent Daniels' and Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash, and molding, Tenoning, Mortising, Boring, Shaping, Vertical, and Circular Re-sawing Machines, Saw Mills Saw Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and Rip-saw Machines, Spoke and Wood Turning Lathes, and various other kinds of Wood-working Machinery. Catalogues and price lists sent on application. Manufactory, Worcester, Mass. Warehouse, 107 Liberty st., New York. 17 1 Reynolds' TURBINE WATER WHEELS. The Oldest and Newest. All others only imitations of each other in their strife after complications to confuse the public. We do not boast but quietly excel them all in staunch reliable, economical power. Beautiful pamphlet free. Geo. TALLCOT, 96 Liberty st., New York. Gearing, Shafting.

To Manufacturers of Knitted Goods

Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . PREVENTING IRON FROM RUSTING. here PREVENTING IRON FROM RUSTING. In the present state of civilization the use of iron has reached a very wide extension, and in a great number of cases iron is used where wood or stone was formerly used. It is certainly an important question how this metal can be protected under all circumstances against rust or oxidation, so that the many costly iron structures may retain their usefulness and strength, and be handed down uninjured to posterity. Wherever bright iron comes into contact with air and moisture it immediately begins to rust, and this rust is not content to continually rob it of its substance in its persistent progress by scaling off the surface, but at the same time it injures the remainder of the iron by making it brittle. Attempts have hitherto been made to protect the iron by covering it with other and less easily oxidizable metals. For this purpose tin was first selected, then lead and zinc, and recently nickel. Furthermore, earthy glazings and enamels, such as are used on stone ware, have been applied to iron vessels, and they have already found extensive use in the household. In most cases these coatings, either metallic or vitreous, are inapplicable, either because they cannot be applied or are too expensive, so that on a large scale recourse must be had to paints made by mixing oils with metallic oxides, earths, etc., for protecting the surface of the iron from air and moisture. It has been observed that iron does not rust in air, not even in dry oxygen. In like manner it frequently happens that unpainted iron, such as weather vanes, fences, etc., is exposed to the air for a century with very little injury, being covered with a thin coating of the magnetic oxide (proto-sesquioxide), which acts as a protection and prevents farther action. Hence it has been proposed to produce a layer of this magnetic oxide on the surface artificially, and it was found that superheated steam furnished the means for doing this. But it is not to be supposed that such a process would find use on a large scale, and besides this protection could only serve for iron tolerably exposed to the open air and not for that in direct contact with carbonic acid and water. dry An interesting observation has been made on railways that the iron rails, ties, bolts, etc., rust until the road begins to be used. Here we must assume that anything made of iron is more inclined to rust when at rest than if occasionally caused to vibrate, when an electrical action probably comes into play and decreases the affinity of iron for oxygen. In tearing down old masonry iron bonds and clamps are often found which are as free from rust, so far as they are covered with mortar, as they were the day they left the blacksmith's hands. A French engineer met with such a phenomenon when he uncovered the anchor plates of several chain bridges which had been built about thirty years. Where the anchors were covered with the fatty lime mortar of the masonry they showed no traces of rust, but the prolongations of the anchors in empty spaces were rusted to such an extent that they were only one-third of their original thickness. It has been repeatedly observed that iron does not rust in water in which are dissolved small quantities of caustic alkalies or alkaline earths, which neutralize every trace of acid. It seems that these experiences are the basis of A. Riegelmann's (Hanau) new protection against rust. The paint that he uses contains caustic alkaline earths (baryta, strontia, etc.), so that the iron is in a condition similar to the iron anchors of the chain bridges that were embedded in lime mortar. Although a paint is not thick enough to inclose so much alkali as the masonry did that the iron was embedded in, nevertheless the alkaline action will make itself felt as long as the coating has a certain consistence. Under all circumstances, however, these new paints will be free from active acids, which is more than can be said of our iron paints hitherto in use. Besides this, the rust protector has such a composition that it could serve its intended purpose without the addition of any alkali. If experience confirms this claim, it will be an interesting step forward in the preservation of iron, and contribute to an extension in the use of iron.-- . Polytechn. Notizblatt About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2005). Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8742/pg8742-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

PREVENTING IRON FROM RUSTING

Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . IN WHICH PHILEAS FOGG ENGAGES IN A DIRECT STRUGGLE WITH BAD FORTUNE here CHAPTER XXXII. IN WHICH PHILEAS FOGG ENGAGES IN A DIRECT STRUGGLE WITH BAD FORTUNE The “China,” in leaving, seemed to have carried off Phileas Fogg’s last hope. None of the other steamers were able to serve his projects. The “Pereire,” of the French Transatlantic Company, whose admirable steamers are equal to any in speed and comfort, did not leave until the 14th; the Hamburg boats did not go directly to Liverpool or London, but to Havre; and the additional trip from Havre to Southampton would render Phileas Fogg’s last efforts of no avail. The Inman steamer did not depart till the next day, and could not cross the Atlantic in time to save the wager. Mr. Fogg learned all this in consulting his “Bradshaw,” which gave him the daily movements of the transatlantic steamers. Passepartout was crushed; it overwhelmed him to lose the boat by three-quarters of an hour. It was his fault, for, instead of helping his master, he had not ceased putting obstacles in his path! And when he recalled all the incidents of the tour, when he counted up the sums expended in pure loss and on his own account, when he thought that the immense stake, added to the heavy charges of this useless journey, would completely ruin Mr. Fogg, he overwhelmed himself with bitter self-accusations. Mr. Fogg, however, did not reproach him; and, on leaving the Cunard pier, only said: “We will consult about what is best to-morrow. Come.” The party crossed the Hudson in the Jersey City ferryboat, and drove in a carriage to the St. Nicholas Hotel, on Broadway. Rooms were engaged, and the night passed, briefly to Phileas Fogg, who slept profoundly, but very long to Aouda and the others, whose agitation did not permit them to rest. The next day was the 12th of December. From seven in the morning of the 12th to a quarter before nine in the evening of the 21st there were nine days, thirteen hours, and forty-five minutes. If Phileas Fogg had left in the “China,” one of the fastest steamers on the Atlantic, he would have reached Liverpool, and then London, within the period agreed upon. Mr. Fogg left the hotel alone, after giving Passepartout instructions to await his return, and inform Aouda to be ready at an instant’s notice. He proceeded to the banks of the Hudson, and looked about among the vessels moored or anchored in the river, for any that were about to depart. Several had departure signals, and were preparing to put to sea at morning tide; for in this immense and admirable port there is not one day in a hundred that vessels do not set out for every quarter of the globe. But they were mostly sailing vessels, of which, of course, Phileas Fogg could make no use. He seemed about to give up all hope, when he espied, anchored at the Battery, a cable’s length off at most, a trading vessel, with a screw, well-shaped, whose funnel, puffing a cloud of smoke, indicated that she was getting ready for departure. Phileas Fogg hailed a boat, got into it, and soon found himself on board the “Henrietta,” iron-hulled, wood-built above. He ascended to the deck, and asked for the captain, who forthwith presented himself. He was a man of fifty, a sort of sea-wolf, with big eyes, a complexion of oxidised copper, red hair and thick neck, and a growling voice. “The captain?” asked Mr. Fogg. “I am the captain.” “I am Phileas Fogg, of London.” “And I am Andrew Speedy, of Cardiff.” “You are going to put to sea?” “In an hour.” “You are bound for—” “Bordeaux.” “And your cargo?” “No freight. Going in ballast.” “Have you any passengers?” “No passengers. Never have passengers. Too much in the way.” “Is your vessel a swift one?” “Between eleven and twelve knots. The “Henrietta,” well known.” “Will you carry me and three other persons to Liverpool?” “To Liverpool? Why not to China?” “I said Liverpool.” “No!” “No?” “No. I am setting out for Bordeaux, and shall go to Bordeaux.” “Money is no object?” “None.” The captain spoke in a tone which did not admit of a reply. “But the owners of the ‘Henrietta’—” resumed Phileas Fogg. “The owners are myself,” replied the captain. “The vessel belongs to me.” “I will freight it for you.” “No.” “I will buy it of you.” “No.” Phileas Fogg did not betray the least disappointment; but the situation was a grave one. It was not at New York as at Hong Kong, nor with the captain of the “Henrietta” as with the captain of the “Tankadere.” Up to this time money had smoothed away every obstacle. Now money failed. Still, some means must be found to cross the Atlantic on a boat, unless by balloon—which would have been venturesome, besides not being capable of being put in practice. It seemed that Phileas Fogg had an idea, for he said to the captain, “Well, will you carry me to Bordeaux?” “No, not if you paid me two hundred dollars.” “I offer you two thousand.” “Apiece?” “Apiece.” “And there are four of you?” “Four.” Captain Speedy began to scratch his head. There were eight thousand dollars to gain, without changing his route; for which it was well worth conquering the repugnance he had for all kinds of passengers. Besides, passengers at two thousand dollars are no longer passengers, but valuable merchandise. “I start at nine o’clock,” said Captain Speedy, simply. “Are you and your party ready?” “We will be on board at nine o’clock,” replied, no less simply, Mr. Fogg. It was half-past eight. To disembark from the “Henrietta,” jump into a hack, hurry to the St. Nicholas, and return with Aouda, Passepartout, and even the inseparable Fix was the work of a brief time, and was performed by Mr. Fogg with the coolness which never abandoned him. They were on board when the “Henrietta” made ready to weigh anchor. When Passepartout heard what this last voyage was going to cost, he uttered a prolonged “Oh!” which extended throughout his vocal gamut. As for Fix, he said to himself that the Bank of England would certainly not come out of this affair well indemnified. When they reached England, even if Mr. Fogg did not throw some handfuls of bank-bills into the sea, more than seven thousand pounds would have been spent! About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1994). Around the World in Eighty Days. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/103/103-h/103-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

IN WHICH PHILEAS FOGG ENGAGES IN A DIRECT STRUGGLE WITH BAD FORTUNE

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