miren

HackerNoon editorial team has launched to celebrate their achievements and share their struggles. We need more women in technology, and by sharing stories, we can encourage many girls to follow their dreams. ! this interview series with women in tech Share your story today Tell us about yourself! Hello everyone! My name is Anastasia Mironova, but feel free to call me Ana. I'm a seasoned product designer with more than 7 years of experience. Currently, I'm working with London, focusing on creating a messaging experience that is simple, reliable, and secure. WhatsApp I feel extremely proud and privileged to create experiences for millions of users across the globe with care and empathy. Prior to product design, I spent several years at a design agency where I honed my skills and developed a passion for visual design and aesthetics — a passion that I strive to infuse into every interface I create. Why did you choose this field in the first place? Interestingly, my career took an unexpected turn as I initially started in the field of Applied Physics and Mathematics. I was even in the process of writing my PhD thesis when what some might call a 'quarter-life crisis' hit me. I realized that I was pursuing my parents' passions rather than my own. So, I decided to start fresh and completely pivoted my career by applying for an internship at a design agency. At that time, I doubt I fully understood what I was doing; all I knew was that I wanted to distance myself from academia as much as possible. As luck would have it, this decision led me to discover my true calling in the realm of design. What tech are you most excited/passionate about right now and why? I'm fascinated by the advancements in medical technology, particularly in the areas of life expectancy and reproductive technology. I think these developments have the potential to revolutionize our lives in profound ways. For instance, new developments in reproductive technology could potentially alleviate the physical burden of pregnancy for women. This is a significant step towards gender equality, as it could redefine traditional roles and expectations associated with childbirth. It's a fascinating prospect that could finally equalize men and women after all these years. Moreover, advancements in life expectancy technology could dramatically improve our quality of life and extend our lifespan. This is an exciting time to live in, and I'm eager to see how these developments will shape our future. What tech are you most worried about right now and why? There are a few tech trends that could unintentionally make the gap between different groups in society even wider. The gap between different socio-economic groups is already substantial, and there are certain less obvious technologies that could inadvertently widen this divide further. Consider, for example, the rise of personalised medicine based on genetic data. While it holds the promise of highly effective treatments, it also raises the question of accessibility. Will these cutting-edge treatments only be available to those who can afford them, thereby creating a health divide? Another concern is the rise of automation and AI in the workplace. It's a game-changer for sure, making things more efficient and cutting down on human error. But, it could also mean fewer jobs for people, especially those in industries like manufacturing or customer service. So, while these tech trends are exciting, we need to think about their impact on society and make sure we have the right rules in place to make sure they're fair for everyone. What are your hobbies and interests outside of tech? Outside of tech, I've revived my love for oil painting. As a kid, I attended art school, but I completely abandoned this passion of mine for 15 years. However, moving to the UK somehow reignited this interest. The moment I caught the familiar, sweet scent of paint and diluent, I immediately realized how much I had missed it. In addition to painting, I also take full advantage of London's rich and diverse music scene by attending various band gigs. Any fans of IDLES here? Let's talk about breaking the glass ceiling. What were the biggest challenges you faced as a woman in tech, and how did you deal with them? One of the biggest challenges I've faced as a woman in tech is dealing with my own internalized insecurities. I've often found myself to be my own harshest critic, constantly comparing myself to others and feeling as though everyone else is smarter, more experienced, or simply better. These internalized fears and self-doubt held me back in many ways. They made me hesitant to voice my ideas, reluctant to take on challenging projects and even caused me to question my place in the tech industry. Building confidence, seeking mentorship (particularly from women mentors), finding community support, and taking care of my mental and physical health have all been immensely helpful in my journey. Remember, it's okay to have insecurities and doubts but don't let them define you or limit your potential. You are capable, you are deserving, and you belong in the tech industry just as much as anyone else. Any questionable misogynistic story/situation you faced/handled, and you want to share with the HackerNoon Fam? Absolutely, I'd like to share an experience that really stands out from my early days in the tech industry, back in my home country, Russia. The situation was quite different from what I experience now in the UK. I remember being in a meeting where I voiced an idea, only to be completely ignored. A few minutes later, a male colleague presented the exact same argument, and it was hailed as a groundbreaking idea. I wish I could say it was a rare occurrence, but unfortunately, it was a norm in the industry back then. It was a stark reminder of the unconscious bias that can exist in the workplace, where a woman's contribution is undervalued simply because of her gender. As a woman in tech, it felt like I had to work twice as hard to earn the same recognition and respect that my male colleagues seemed to receive just by existing in the space. These experiences were frustrating and disheartening, but they also fueled my determination to challenge the status quo and advocate for equality in the tech industry. I believe it's important to share these stories, not to dwell on the negatives, but to highlight the progress we've made and the work that still needs to be done. So, thanks #Hackernoon for doing this important job 💪. What was the biggest setback/failure that you faced, and how did you manage it? My biggest setback was spending years in academia studying Applied Physics and Mathematics, a path chosen by my parents, not me. This decision delayed my true ambition of becoming a designer. To manage this, I made a tough decision to leave academia and pivot my career towards design. Despite the challenges and lack of experience, my passion drove me to secure an internship at a design agency. This setback, while difficult, was a turning point. It taught me the importance of following my own path and that it's never too late to pursue your passion. Today, I'm a fulfilled designer, grateful for the journey that led me here. What's your biggest achievement that you're really proud of? One of my proudest achievements is becoming a versatile and diversified individual, both professionally and personally. I've managed to avoid being pigeonholed into one specific area and instead, have cultivated a broad range of skills and interests. This versatility has not only made me a more well-rounded individual, but it has also greatly enriched my work as a designer. By drawing on a wide array of experiences and perspectives, I'm able to approach problems from different angles and come up with more innovative solutions. A particular achievement that stands out is my time at Yandex. As the sole designer, I launched a whole new type of video content for Zen publishing platform from scratch in just a few months. This initiative significantly increased our main timespent metric, taking it from zero to millions of minutes. Following the success of this project, I was given the opportunity to lead a team of talented designers. This allowed me to transition into a managerial role, where I could guide the vision for a whole range of new video projects for Yandex. I'm proud of these achievements because they reflect my commitment to continuous learning, growth, and delivering tangible results. They're a testament to my belief that we are not defined by a single interest or skill, but by our ability to adapt, learn, and evolve. In your opinion, why do we see this huge gender gap in the tech industry, and how can we reduce it? In my opinion, the gender gap in the tech industry is largely a result of societal stereotypes and expectations that are ingrained in us from a young age. Often, girls are encouraged to be cute and artistic, while boys are pushed towards being strong and analytical. This leads to a perception that careers in science, technology, and programming are for "smart", "analytical" people, which is often implicitly associated with men. This stereotype can discourage women from pursuing careers in tech from a very young age. It creates a self-perpetuating cycle where the lack of female representation in tech reinforces the stereotype that it's a male-dominated field, which in turn discourages more women from entering the field. To reduce this gender gap, we need to challenge these stereotypes and encourage girls and women to pursue their interests in tech. This can start with education and representation. Schools and educators can play a crucial role in encouraging girls to explore STEM subjects and in providing role models in these fields. In the workplace, companies can make a conscious effort to promote diversity and inclusion, not just in hiring practices, but also in creating an environment where everyone feels valued and supported. Ultimately, it's about creating a culture that values diversity of thought and encourages everyone, regardless of gender, to pursue their passion, no matter where. Who is your tech idol? Why? My tech idol is none other than Susan Kare, a trailblazing graphic designer who was among the first 10 employees at Apple, working alongside Steve Jobs. She's a total badass and a pioneer in her field. Kare is the creative genius behind some of the most iconic symbols in tech history. Ever seen the "sad Macintosh" or the "command" symbol on a Mac? That's all her. These symbols have become so ingrained in our tech culture that it's hard to imagine they haven't always been there. The first time I saw a photo of her, wearing her Converse and flashing a wide smile, I was completely taken aback. She was so different from what I had pictured a "graphic designer" to be. That image of her, so full of joy and creativity, really resonated with me. It stole my heart and made me realise that I wanted to follow in her footsteps. She's a true inspiration. Do you have any advice for aspiring girls who want to join the field? : Never hesitate to share your ideas and opinions. Your voice is just as important as anyone else's in the room. Remember, every perspective adds value and your unique viewpoint can lead to innovative solutions. Speak Up : If you witness inequality or unfair treatment in the workplace, don't be afraid to raise your voice. It might be uncomfortable, but it's crucial for creating a more inclusive and fair environment. Stand Against Injustice : Seek out mentors and peers who support and inspire you. Whether it's a local tech group, an online community, or a supportive coworker, these relationships can provide invaluable guidance and encouragement. Find Your Community : The tech field is always evolving. Stay curious, keep learning, and don't be afraid to dive into new areas. This will not only make you a better professional but also keep your passion for tech alive. Never Stop Learning Remember, your contribution to the tech field is valuable and needed. Don't let anything hold you back! #GoGirls!

Women in Tech: Interview with Anastasia Mironova, Product Designer at WhatsApp London

A comparative study of Aztec, Miden, and Ola In this article, we delve into the concept of “Hybrid Rollup,” examining how projects Aztec, Miden, and Ola approach this technology. We investigate their unique smart contract languages, explore state tree designs, and consider the trade-offs in privacy designs. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of Hybrid Rollup technologies, helping you understand their key components and envision their future trajectory. What is Hybrid Rollup? We are delighted to see that our recent initiatives have been garnering an increasing amount of attention in the market. “Hybrid Rollup” is the most accurate summary of what we at Ola have been working on: : Rollup a. It operates at Layer 2, but it also has the flexibility to function at Layer 3, depending on the platform utilized for the verification contract deployment. b. It’s a scalability solution. c. It has programmability - “Rollup” doesn’t specifically indicate this feature; “Programmable Rollup” is more accurate. : Hybrid a. It supports public, private, and hybrid contract types. b. Developers can freely choose the contract type based on their needs. c. Users can freely choose the transaction type in hybrid contracts. The diagram below simply illustrates the positioning and functionalities of Hybrid Rollup. Currently, it’s known that three projects, namely , , and , are dedicated to building in this direction. Although the technical details of each vary, they share Aztec Miden Ola a common vision: to bring more possibilities, higher security performance, more real-world scenarios and more everyday users to the blockchain industry. Programmable Rollup As a (Programmable) Rollup, a smart contract (SC) language is needed to support developers in building DApps. However, since Privacy isn’t EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) compatible, Solidity cannot be used directly to develop Private DApps. Therefore, a custom SC language is required, one that can support both the writing of public contracts and private contracts. Of course, this also necessitates the adaptation of the VM module, as it needs to maintain different types of state trees. Currently, the SC languages for the Aztec, Miden, and Ola projects are as shown in the following table: Projects Type Language name Language type Turing-complete Status Aztec ZK-ZKDSL NOIR DSL No In Development Miden ZK-ZKVM Miden IR GPL Yes In Development Ola ZK-ZKVM Ola lang GPL Yes In Development The diagram below shows the different processing logic of Aztec and Ola (Miden is similar to Ola): The most significant difference lies in the fact that in Aztec (and also in Aleo), each function of a contract is viewed as a fixed computation. At the compilation stage, specific circuits and pk/vk (public keys/verification keys) are generated for these computations, and the vk is used to identify the function being called. This leads to the following implications: Function calls require special handling. The correct passing and returning of parameters are achieved in Aleo by introducing read-only registers, with the number of registers not being fixed. The logic of the function must be deterministic computation; otherwise, it cannot be represented as a deterministic circuit and pk/vk cannot be generated. Dynamic types are not supported, such as variables for the number of loops and dynamic array types. This is because these are unknown at the compilation stage and are only known during execution, thus it is impossible to compile the function into a circuit at the compiler stage. In the design of Ola, we are not treating each function as a specific computation, for which we generate and store a unique pk/vk (public key/verification key) within the contract. Instead, we have designed an ISA-based VM, OlaVM. It’s universal, Turing-complete, and zk (zero-knowledge) friendly, capable of supporting computations of arbitrary logic. Simultaneously, we’ve defined a universal constraint system for the instruction set to regulate the correct execution of programs. Based on these designs, Ola possesses the following capabilities: Turing Completeness: It supports computations of any logic, including dynamic types. ZK Friendliness: A simplified constraint system is employed to regulate the correct execution of any program. Savings on Computation and Storage: There is no need for additional computation and storage of pk/vk for each function. Hybrid Global State Tree Design Within the Hybrid Rollup, two types of states will be maintained separately. One is the public state tree, corresponding to the account type, and the other is the private state tree, corresponding to the UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) type, which we will refer to as the Note type going forward. The table below indicates the types of trees adopted by different projects: Projects Public state tree Private note tree Private nullifier tree Aztec SMT Append-only Merkle tree Indexed Merkle tree Miden SMT Append-only Merkle tree SMT Ola - scheme-1 SMT Append-only Merkle tree Indexed Merkle tree Ola -scheme-2 SMT SMT - This article will not delve into the detailed design principles of different tree states. The design principles of different trees have already been provided in the table above. We express our respect for the work of the Aztec and Miden teams. Below, we will introduce the characteristics of different state trees: Public state tree The leaf nodes of the public state tree are the plaintext information of the accounts. It needs to support four functions: addition, deletion, modification, and search. Sparse Merkle Tree (SMT) is the best choice for this purpose, as in SMT: a. The hash of an empty node is fixed, which can be cached, and the nodes don’t need to store the full data of the tree. b. When calculating the root, if an empty value is encountered, it can be directly utilized, leading to a reduction in the number of hash operations. c. Even though the tree size is fixed, the upper limit is infinitely large, with a total of 2^256 leaf nodes. d. It supports non-membership proof. Private note tree The leaf nodes of the private state tree are the commitment information of the note, and do not contain plaintext information. Each privacy transaction will consume old notes and generate new ones. If the note tree is updatable, nodes or listeners can infer the note information involved in the current transaction based on the leaf status of the state tree, such as which note commitments have been spent, which new note commitments have been generated, but the plaintext information of the note will still not be revealed. In other words, the user information and transaction information of this privacy transaction will still not be exposed. Therefore, in order to implement the untraceability of privacy transactions, the private state tree can only be append-only, and leaf nodes can not be deleted or updated. Private nullifier tree The private nullifier tree is a tree maintained to assist the . Its main purposes are to: untraceability of privacy transactions a. Prevent the same note from being double-spent; b. Disconnect the link between the inputs of a privacy transaction and the outputs of previous transactions, achieving untraceability; c. As shown in the diagram below: Therefore, for the private nullifier tree, it is necessary to support leaf addition and non-membership proof. Hence, the Sparse Merkle Tree (SMT) is a relatively good choice. From an efficiency perspective, Aztec introduced the concept of an index merkle tree, which is an enhanced version of the SMT. Privacy Design Ola has been contemplating privacy for a long time. What kind of needs and desires do users have regarding privacy? a. Sometimes, users do not want their on-chain transactions to be monitored. b. Sometimes, users do not want their on-chain data to be used illegally or without compensation. c. The cost of private actions and public actions should be similar. The table below shows the privacy features that the three projects - Aztec, Miden, and Ola - can provide: Projects Traceability Data privacy User Privacy Compliance Aztec no yes yes nomal Miden no yes yes nomal Ola - scheme -1 no yes yes nomal Ola - scheme -2 yes yes yes better All the solutions in the table above can achieve the two points a and b mentioned earlier. If we adopt the design of three different state trees in the Tree design section, this would provide the highest level of security, namely, . However, this comes at the cost of a more complex implementation, transaction structure, circuit design, and higher transaction costs. untraceable privacy transactions Therefore, when Ola designed privacy, it faced a trade-off between the untraceability of privacy transactions and the cost of privacy transactions: a. Given that user transactions on the blockchain are already private, such as the implementation of Data privacy and User privacy, is there still a need to implement the untraceability feature, even if it leads to more complex designs and higher costs? b. If privacy transactions can be traced, will it completely destroy users’ privacy? We believe that traceability might be a desirable privacy protection scheme: a. It can still protect the privacy of user transactions, and achieve user data ownership. b. It has a simpler privacy architecture design. c. It requires less computational resources for proof, hence the transaction cost would be lower. d. It is regulator-friendly, making it easy to trace the flow of privacy objects (without revealing other information). Based on the considerations above, Ola will support two levels of privacy solutions, leaving the choice of privacy needs for developers. Over the next few months, Ola will gradually implement and verify the aforementioned solutions. Summary It can easily extend corresponding functionalities to platforms that do not have privacy and high-performance features while inheriting their network security, such as Ethereum, , etc. All that is needed is to deploy the corresponding verification contracts and bridge contracts on their chains. Ola is a ZK-ZKVM platform, whose primary purpose is to build a Layer2 infrastructure that combines optional privacy with high performance. BSC, Aptos, zkSync We will continue to monitor and report on the latest developments in this field. Should you have any queries or suggestions, we would be delighted to hear from you. Please feel free to reach out to us at . contact@sin7y.org Also published . here

Hybrid Rollup — What do Aztec, Miden, & Ola Hold for the Future of Next-Generation Infrastructure?

Esteban Miranda

So let’s start! Tell us a bit about yourself. For example, name, profession, and personal interests. Hi, I’m Novi, nice to meet you. I work as a consultant mostly focused on product development, organizational design, and complexity management. I’ve been doing that for a long time, and I was lucky enough to work with both startups and companies. I like to write, I used to compose music and I like sailing. Sometimes I talk about product management in front of a lot of people. Fortune 500 Interesting! What was your latest Hackernoon Top story about? In , I’m applying subjectivism-related ideas to organizational design, all from a very high level. The main point is that different people can internalize the same phenomena in different ways, so in order to have an effective organization, we need to consider how each of us experiences any phenomena and build meaning around them. Subjectivism and Organizations Do you usually write on similar topics? If not, what do you usually write about? I mostly write about complexity management and related topics. I believe that anything we do needs to be grounded in theory, otherwise it’s just a game of numbers—us doing random things and hoping that something will stick. But there’s a better approach to product management and organizational design than . When Airbus builds an aircraft it goes without saying that they need to be experts in physics, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, chemistry, etc. When it comes to organizational design there’s often something left to be desired. So in my writing, I’m sharing my experiences, while trying to find a balance between theory and practice, and also create a story that other people can relate to. hope Great! What is your usual writing routine like (if you have one?) I don’t have a strict routine, but on most days I start writing after 18h and until 20h. When I say write, this also implies research and outlining. I often write on weekends, regardless if I feel inspired or not. was completed a few months ago on a random Sunday. I was able to complete it in a day as I already had a detailed outline and knew exactly where I wanted to go both creatively and narratively. Subjectivism and Organizations Being a writer in tech can be a challenge. It’s not often our main role, but an addition to another one. What is the biggest challenge you have when it comes to writing? My job is my vocation so I invest a lot of time, energy, and creativity into what I do. The hardest part when it comes to writing is not finding free time, but actually switching off from work and everything else. What is the next thing you hope to achieve in your career? There is a product management framework that I developed over the last five years. I hope that in the near future I’ll be able to organize research with the help of an established organization, all with the goal to collect empirical evidence and ultimately publish a scientific paper about this framework. Wow, that’s admirable. Now, something more casual: What is your guilty pleasure of choice? Ice cream of course. Do you have a non-tech-related hobby? If yes, what is it? I used to compose music, but I haven’t done it in years. I like to work out and when possible, go sailing. What can the Hacker Noon community expect to read from you next? More stories on complexity management, sensemaking, the lifecycle of an order, and philosophy-meets-product-development. https://twitter.com/MilenkovicNovi

Meet the Writer: HackerNoon Contributor Novi Milenkovic Talks Complexity Management and More

Miden is a stark technology-based ZKVM implementation solution. In its basic layer, the stark proof is generated based on the ZKP library and the proof will be verified. The dotted part in the following Figure 1 is the main function implemented by Miden. It mainly consists of three components. 1. One set of lexical syntax compilers, that is the lexical analyzer and syntax parser in Figure 1. They can program the assembly instructions defined by Miden into codeblock or the opcode and op value contained in the block. 2. One set of instruction executors, that is the executor in Figure 1. It will execute the codeblock and the opcode and op value contained in the block according to the defined rules. And the executed results will be the execution trace used for generating the proof. 3. One set of AIR(Abstract Inter-mediate Representation), satisfying the requirements of the stark proof, that is the AIR in Figure 1. It conducts constraints to the execution process of the Miden Virtual Machine. Figure 1. Miden project components AIR Structural Design Drawing AIR's constraints divide into stack and decoder: Figure 2 shows the stack's constraints, distributed with a stack with a top depth of 8 at initialization. The max_depth is incremented as needed if the initial distribution may be exceeded during the execution, depending on program needs, but it must not exceed the maximum depth of 16, otherwise, an error is reported. Figure 2: Column of stack constraint As can be seen below, Figure 3 shows the constraints of the decoder. Among these constraints, op_counter, op_SPONGE, CF_OP_bits, LD_OP_BITS, and hd_OP_bits are fixed column lengths. The op_sponge is used to constrain the order and correctness of instructions. The cf_op_bits constrains the 3-bit flow_ops. The ld_op_bits and hd_op_bits constrain the low 5 bits and high 2 bits of user_ops, respectively. The ld_op_bits and hd_op_bits combine to form an executable user_op that is also used as a selector for each step of the stack's state constraints! Figure 3: Column of Decoder Constraint Execution Process Example of Miden VM This section shows simple Miden logic to illustrate the execution of the virtual machine and the generation of stark's execution trace. The following code segment 1 is the segment to execute: Its execution logic is to push 3 and 5 on the stack. Then read the flag from the tape. Check whether the flag is 1 or 0. If it is 1, run the "if.true logic" to take the two numbers 3 and 5 which are pushed on the stack, add them together, resulting in 8, and push 8 on the stack. If it's 0, run the "else logic" to take the numbers 3 and 5 and multiply them together resulting in 15, and then push 15 on the stack. begin 
    push.3 
    push.5 
    read 
    if.true 
        add
    else 
        mul 
    end 
end Code Segment 1 The final instruction code parsed by Miden’s lexical analyzer and syntax parser is shown in the following code segment 2: begin 
noop noop noop noop noop noop noop 
push(3) noop noop noop noop noop noop noop 
push(5) read noop noop noop noop noop noop 
noop noop noop noop noop noop noop,

if 
assert add noop noop noop noop noop noop 
noop noop noop noop noop noop noop 
else 
not assert mul noop noop noop noop noop 
noop noop noop noop noop noop noop 
end] Code Segment 2 Figure 4 shows the process of the virtual machine executing code segment 2. The middle part is the flowchart of the executor executing opcodes. The left dotted lines refer to the decoder trace generated in the code execution. The right dot-dash lines refer to the stack trace generated in the code execution. In the figure, the executor conducts executions block by block according to the code block. In this example, a span block is executed first. Then the if-else-end structure at step 32 is performed to enter the switch block and press the sponge hash generated by the last execution of the previous span block into the ctx_stack. After the switch block is executed, pop it into the sponge at step 49. Figure 4: the state change figure of the VM executing opcode Note: This document describes the latest version of the main branch for Miden projects as of 2022-05-27. So far Miden's next branch has done a lot of redesigning of instructions, and AIR has implemented only a few constraints. Constraint Conditions of the Stack In this section, we will show the constraint conditions of the main User operation instructions, among which, old_stack_x refers to the value stored at the x position of the stack before the instruction execution, new_stack_x refers to the value stored at the x position of the stack after the instruction execution, “–>” refers to the copy of the value from the left side of the stack to the right, and “==” refers to the equation constraint. The constraints of the stack are relatively simple, and no explanation is required. Condition Instruction Choose Constraint: new_stack_0 == (condition * x) + ((1 - condition) * y)

 old_stack_0 == x
 old_stack_1 == y
 old_stack_2 == condition
  
 old_stack_3  --> new_stack_1
 old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n-2
 
 aux_0 == condition.is_binary == true If the condition is 1, x is at the top of the stack. If the condition is 0, y is at the top of the stack. Arithmetic Instruction add Constraint: old_stack_0 + old_stack_1 == new_stack_0
old_stack_2  --> new_stack_1
old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n-1 mul Constraint: old_stack_0 * old_stack_1 == new_stack_0
old_stack_2  --> new_stack_1
old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n-1 inv Constraint: old_stack_0 * new_stack_0 == 1
old_stack_1  --> new_stack_1
old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n neg Constraint: old_stack_0 + new_stack_0 == 0
old_stack_1  --> new_stack_1
old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n Bool Instruction not Constraint: aux_0: make sure old_stack_0 is binary

1-old_stack_0 ==  new_stack_0 
old_stack_1  --> new_stack_1
old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n and Constraint: aux_0: make sure old_stack_0 is binary
aux_1: make sure old_stack_1 is binary

old_stack_0 * old_stack_1 == new_stack_0
old_stack_2  --> new_stack_1
old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n-1 or Constraint: aux_0: make sure old_stack_0 is binary
aux_1: make sure old_stack_1 is binary

1- (1-old_stack_0) *(1- old_stack_1) == new_stack_0
old_stack_2  --> new_stack_1
old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n-1 Hash Instruction RESCR Limit function hash satisfying hash function protocol Occupying 6 registers. Constraint: hash(old_stack0，old_stack1， old_stack2， old_stack3， old_stack3， old_stack5) == 
（new_stack0，new_stack1， new_stack2， new_stack3， new_stack3， new_stack5）

old_stack_6  --> new_stack_6
old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n Compare Instruction eq Constraint: aux_0 == new_stack_0 * diff == 0

new_stack_0 == 1- (old_stack_1-old_stack_2)*old_stack_0

old_stack_0 == inv(old_stack_1-old_stack_2)

old_stack_3  --> new_stack_1
old_stack_n. --> new_stack_n-2 cmp Compare according to the bit length cycle of the two numbers to be compared, such as: A: [0,1,0,1] B: [0,0,1,1] The compare instructions need to be executed four times. Constraint: // layout of first 8 registers
// [pow, bit_a, bit_b, not_set, gt, lt, acc_b, acc_a]
    
// x and y bits are binary
new_stack_1 == x_big_idx(lg lt flag) （type:binary)
new_stack_2 == y_big_idx(lg lt flag) （type:binary) 


bit_gt = x_big_idx*(1-y_big_idx)
bit_lt = y_big_idx*(1-x_big_idx)

// comparison trackers were updated correctly
new_stack_3 = not_set_idx

new_stack_4(gt) == old_stack_4(gt_idx) + bit_gt * not_set_idx
new_stack_5(lt) == old_stack_5(lt_idx) + bit_lt * not_set_idx 

 // binary representation accumulators were updated correctly
old_stack_0 = POW2_IDX

old_stack_6 = Y_ACC_IDX
old_stack_7 = X_ACC_IDX

new_stack_6 == old_stack_6 + x_big_idx * old_stack_0(power_of_two);
new_stack_7 == old_stack_7 + y_big_idx * old_stack_0(power_of_two);

// when GT or LT register is set to 1, not_set flag is cleared

not_set_check = (1-old_stack_5(lt_idx))*(1-old_stack_4(gt_idx))
not_set_check == new_stack_3(not_set_idx)

// power of 2 register was updated correctly

new_stack[POW2_IDX] * two == old_stack[POW2_IDX]

old_stack_8  --> new_stack_8
old_stack_n  --> new_stack_n Stack Operation Instruction dup.n Constraint: new_stack_0 == old_stack_0
...
new_stack_n-1 == old_stack_n-1

old_stack_0  --> new_stack_n
old_stack_k  --> new_stack_n+k swap Constraint: new_stack_0 == old_stack_1
new_stack_1 == old_stack_0

old_stack_2  --> new_stack_2
old_stack_n  --> new_stack_n ROLL4 Constraint: new_stack_0 == old_stack_3
new_stack_1 == old_stack_0
new_stack_2 == old_stack_1
new_stack_3 == old_stack_2

old_stack_4  --> new_stack_4
old_stack_n  --> new_stack_n Constraint Condition of Decoder Comment In this section, we will show the constraint conditions of the main Flow operation instruction. User Code Execution op_bits For the constraints of cf_op_bits, ld_op_bits and hd_op_bits Constraint 1: each bit can only be 0 or 1. Constraint 2: when op_counter is not 0, ld_ops and hd_ops cannot both be 0. Constraint 3: when cf_op_bits is hacc, the op_counter state will increase by 1. Constraint 4: BEGIN, LOOP, BREAK, and WRAP instructions need to be aligned according to 16. Constraint 5: TEND and FEND instructions need to be aligned according to 16. Constraint 6: PUSH instruction needs to be aligned according to 8. Constraint: cf_op_bits == binary
ld_op_bits == binary
hd_op_bits == binary

// ld_ops and hd_ops can be all 0s at the first step, but cannot be all 0s at any other step
op_counter * binary_not(ld_bit_prod) * binary_not(hd_bit_prod) == 0


if op_counter != 0
    (1-ld_bit_prod)*(1- hd_bit_prod) == 0

if is_hacc != true
    op_counter = current.op_counter
    

// BEGIN, LOOP, BREAK, and WRAP are allowed only on one less than multiple of 16

// TEND and FEND is allowed only on multiples of 16

// PUSH is allowed only on multiples of 8 hacc Comment Hacc, as the flowOps, will always cause the state change of sponge when conducting this instruction, and therefore it is needed to perform the constraints. Constraint: mds(sbox(old_sponge) + user_opcode(7bits) + op_value(push_flag=1))  == sbox(inv_mds(new_sponge)) Condition Judgment t_end As the constraint of the true branch end of if, it is divided into two parts: Constraint 1: is the constraint of the sponge state. The value at the top of the stack is equal to new_sponge_0. The sponge after the last execution of the true branch of if is equal to new_sponge_1. New_sponge_3 is equal to 0. Constraint 2: is the constraint of ctx_stack. The value at the top of the stack is equal to new_sponge_0. Any other element in the stack will move by one position to the top of the stack. Constraint 3: is the constraint of loop_stack. The state of loop_stack is changeless. Constraint: parent_hash = current.ctx_stack()[0]
block_hash = current.op_sponge()[0]
new_sponge = next.op_sponge()

parent_hash ==  new_sponge[0]
block_hash == new_sponge[1]
new_sponge[3] == 0

// make parent hash was popped from context stack
ctx_stack_start = OP_SPONGE_WIDTH + 1 // 1 is for loop image constraint
ctx_stack_end = ctx_stack_start + ctx_stack_current.len()
ctx_result = &mut result[ctx_stack_start..ctx_stack_end]

ctx_stack_current_0 = ctx_stack_next_1
ctx_stack_current_1 = ctx_stack_next_2
...
ctx_stack_current_n = ctx_stack_next_n+1

// loop_stack copy
copy range: ctx_stack_end  to. ctx_stack_end + loop_stack_current.len()
loop_stack_current_0 = loop_stack_next_0
...
loop_stack_current_n = loop_stack_next_n f_end As the constraint of the false branch end of if, it is divided into two parts: Constraint 1: is the constraint of the sponge state. The value at the top of the stack is equal to new_sponge_0. The sponge after the last execution of the true branch of if is equal to new_sponge_2. new_sponge_3 is equal to 0. Constraint 2: is the constraint of ctx_stack. The value at the top of the stack is equal to new_sponge_0. Any other element in the stack will move by one position to the top of the stack. Constraint 3: is the constraint of loop_stack. The state of loop_stack is unchanged. Constraint: parent_hash = current.ctx_stack()[0]
block_hash = current.op_sponge()[0]
new_sponge = next.op_sponge()

parent_hash ==  new_sponge[0]
block_hash == new_sponge[2]
new_sponge[3] == 0

// make parent hash was popped from context stack
ctx_stack_start = OP_SPONGE_WIDTH + 1 // 1 is for loop image constraint
ctx_stack_end = ctx_stack_start + ctx_stack_current.len()
ctx_result = &mut result[ctx_stack_start..ctx_stack_end]

ctx_stack_current_0 = ctx_stack_next_1
ctx_stack_current_1 = ctx_stack_next_2
...
ctx_stack_current_n = ctx_stack_next_n+1

// loop_stack copy
copy range: ctx_stack_end  to. ctx_stack_end + loop_stack_current.len()
loop_stack_current_0 = loop_stack_next_0
...
loop_stack_current_n = loop_stack_next_n

How Does the STARK-Based Proof of Execution Process Work on Miden V1?

¿Cómo funciona el proceso de prueba de ejecución basado en STARK en Miden V1?

Comment fonctionne le processus de preuve d'exécution basé sur STARK sur Miden V1 ?

निष्पादन प्रक्रिया का STARK-आधारित प्रमाण Miden V1 पर कैसे कार्य करता है?

MIDEN V1 で STARK ベースの実行証明プロセスはどのように機能しますか?

Como o processo de prova de execução baseado em STARK funciona no Miden V1?

Quy trình thực thi bằng chứng dựa trên STARK hoạt động như thế nào trên Miden V1?

基于 STARK 的执行证明流程如何在 Miden V1 上工作？

How to Use Knowledge Graphs for Retrieval-Augmented Generation—Without a Graph DB

পুনরুদ্ধার-অগমেন্টেড জেনারেশনের জন্য জ্ঞান গ্রাফগুলি কীভাবে ব্যবহার করবেন—একটি গ্রাফ ডিবি ছাড়াই

So nutzen Sie Wissensgraphen zur abruferweiterten Generierung – ohne Graph-DB

Cómo utilizar gráficos de conocimiento para la generación de recuperación aumentada, sin una base de datos de gráficos

Comment utiliser les Knowledge Graphs pour la génération augmentée par récupération – sans base de données graphique

रिट्रीवल-ऑगमेंटेड जेनरेशन के लिए नॉलेज ग्राफ़ का उपयोग कैसे करें - बिना ग्राफ़ DB के

グラフ DB を使用せずにナレッジ グラフを検索拡張生成に使用する方法

검색 증강 생성을 위해 지식 그래프를 사용하는 방법 - 그래프 DB 없이

Como usar gráficos de conhecimento para geração aumentada de recuperação - sem um banco de dados gráfico

Как использовать графы знаний для генерации с расширенным поиском — без базы данных графов

Almayla Artırılmış Oluşturma için Bilgi Grafikleri Nasıl Kullanılır - Grafik Veritabanı Olmadan

Cách sử dụng Sơ đồ tri thức cho thế hệ tăng cường truy xuất—Không cần cơ sở dữ liệu đồ thị

如何使用知识图谱进行检索增强生成（无需图形数据库）

**BANKSTOWN, Australia, April 15th, 2024, Chainwire/--**Xuirin Finance, has recently presented its DeFi card, an innovative solution designed to merge the functionalities of traditional debit and credit cards with the decentralized financial services provided by DeFi. The introduction of this card aims to facilitate daily transactions using cryptocurrencies, enhancing their integration into the global payment ecosystem. Overview of Xuirin Finance's DeFi Card The DeFi card from Xuirin Finance allows users to engage in a variety of financial transactions, including online purchases, bill payments, and cash withdrawals at ATMs, using cryptocurrencies. This initiative is part of Xuirin Finance's efforts to increase the accessibility and practical use of digital currencies in everyday financial activities. Presale Stages and Token Distribution During the initial presale stage, Xuirin Finance offered 15 million tokens at a price of $0.03 each, reaching a funding cap of $450,000. Following the completion of Stage 1, the company is preparing for the second stage of the token presale, which involves offering 25 million tokens priced at $0.04 each, with a funding goal of $1 million. https://www.youtube.com/embed/_uuWln81FdE Xuirin Finance's $500K Mega Giveaway In conjunction with its ongoing presale, Xuirin Finance has announced a Mega Giveaway, totaling $500,000 in prizes. This giveaway includes substantial rewards for 20 winners, designed to engage and expand the community around Xuirin Finance's offerings. Participation in the giveaway requires a minimum investment in the presale, with additional engagement opportunities provided to enhance winning chances. Key Features of Xuirin Finance's Offerings Xuirin Finance has integrated several features into its DeFi card, focusing on enhancing the practicality of cryptocurrencies for everyday transactions. These features include seamless online shopping, bill payments, and ATM withdrawals with digital currencies. The initiative reflects the company's aim to improve the infrastructure supporting the broader adoption of decentralized finance technologies. This section still highlights the value provided by Xuirin Finance, but in a way that sticks strictly to describing features without implying enthusiasm or encouraging investment. Future Outlook for Xuirin Finance As the presale progresses and Xuirin Finance continues to enhance its services, the company is focused on broadening the practical use of cryptocurrencies in everyday financial transactions. This initiative aligns with ongoing developments in the cryptocurrency sector aimed at enhancing user accessibility and convenience. About xuirin xuirin Finance is a groundbreaking DeFi platform dedicated to transforming the decentralized finance landscape. With a mission to bridge the gap between traditional finance and DeFi, Xuirin introduces innovative solutions such as DeFi Debit Cards, AI-Enhanced P2P Lending, and a secure, multi-chain DeFi Wallet. Designed for accessibility and user empowerment, Xuirin aims to redefine financial transactions, making them more efficient, transparent, and inclusive. For additional information on Xuirin Finance and to participate in the ongoing presale, users can visit: Website: https://xuirin.com/ Linktree: __https://linktr.ee/xuirin __Users can join Xuirin Finance's Presale here. Contact Aleksandar Milenkovic XUIRIN FINANCE PTY LTD support@xuirin.com This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. **BANKSTOWN, Australia, April 15th, 2024, Chainwire/--**Xuirin Finance, has recently presented its DeFi card, an innovative solution designed to merge the functionalities of traditional debit and credit cards with the decentralized financial services provided by DeFi. The introduction of this card aims to facilitate daily transactions using cryptocurrencies, enhancing their integration into the global payment ecosystem. Overview of Xuirin Finance's DeFi Card The DeFi card from Xuirin Finance allows users to engage in a variety of financial transactions, including online purchases, bill payments, and cash withdrawals at ATMs, using cryptocurrencies. This initiative is part of Xuirin Finance's efforts to increase the accessibility and practical use of digital currencies in everyday financial activities. Presale Stages and Token Distribution During the initial presale stage, Xuirin Finance offered 15 million tokens at a price of $0.03 each, reaching a funding cap of $450,000. Following the completion of Stage 1, the company is preparing for the second stage of the token presale, which involves offering 25 million tokens priced at $0.04 each, with a funding goal of $1 million. https://www.youtube.com/embed/_uuWln81FdE https://www.youtube.com/embed/_uuWln81FdE https://www.youtube.com/embed/_uuWln81FdE Xuirin Finance's $500K Mega Giveaway In conjunction with its ongoing presale, Xuirin Finance has announced a Mega Giveaway, totaling $500,000 in prizes. This giveaway includes substantial rewards for 20 winners, designed to engage and expand the community around Xuirin Finance's offerings. Participation in the giveaway requires a minimum investment in the presale, with additional engagement opportunities provided to enhance winning chances. Key Features of Xuirin Finance's Offerings Xuirin Finance has integrated several features into its DeFi card, focusing on enhancing the practicality of cryptocurrencies for everyday transactions. These features include seamless online shopping, bill payments, and ATM withdrawals with digital currencies. The initiative reflects the company's aim to improve the infrastructure supporting the broader adoption of decentralized finance technologies. This section still highlights the value provided by Xuirin Finance, but in a way that sticks strictly to describing features without implying enthusiasm or encouraging investment. Future Outlook for Xuirin Finance As the presale progresses and Xuirin Finance continues to enhance its services, the company is focused on broadening the practical use of cryptocurrencies in everyday financial transactions. This initiative aligns with ongoing developments in the cryptocurrency sector aimed at enhancing user accessibility and convenience. About xuirin xuirin Finance is a groundbreaking DeFi platform dedicated to transforming the decentralized finance landscape. With a mission to bridge the gap between traditional finance and DeFi, Xuirin introduces innovative solutions such as DeFi Debit Cards, AI-Enhanced P2P Lending, and a secure, multi-chain DeFi Wallet. Designed for accessibility and user empowerment, Xuirin aims to redefine financial transactions, making them more efficient, transparent, and inclusive. xuirin Finance xuirin Finance For additional information on Xuirin Finance and to participate in the ongoing presale, users can visit: Website: https://xuirin.com/ https://xuirin.com/ https://xuirin.com/ Linktree: __ https://linktr.ee/xuirin __Users can join Xuirin Finance's Presale here . https://linktr.ee/xuirin here here Contact Aleksandar Milenkovic XUIRIN FINANCE PTY LTD support@xuirin.com This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

Xuirin Finance a Pioneer For DeFi Card - Presale Stage 1 Sold Out

Affiliate marketing is a real powerhouse in the digital marketing realm and in recent years has gone through significant growth and transformation. Chances are, you’ve been on the receiving end of it yourself! Now, it is not the time to ignore this approach, since the power of social media, increased device usage, and the boom of creator-led media are all here to help your business thrive. According to _ __, the affiliate marketing industry is experiencing robust growth and there are approximately 9,600 global services and companies related to affiliate marketing in 2023 including agencies, platforms, and various other organizations or apps providing affiliate services. Additionally, forecasts that affiliate marketing spending will reach a staggering US$ 39,805.4 Mn by 2031. Influencer Marketing Hub Astute Analytica For context, reported that global affiliate revenue for affiliate networks amounted to $6.5 billion in 2006. MoreNiche Exciting numbers, huh? Here are some more. According to Performance marketing association survey data: 84% of businesses find affiliate marketing to be more profitable than other marketing methods. In 2021, affiliate marketing contributed to around $71 billion in ecommerce revenue in the United States. On average, every $1 spent on the affiliate channel resulted in $12 in ecommerce revenue across all industries. 84% of media publishers and bloggers create content for affiliate marketing. Retail brands were responsible for 76% of affiliate channel spending, with about one-third going to clothing affiliate programs. Again, number-heavy facts, but you and I know that marketing is nothing without numbers. The explosive growth of the affiliate marketing industry in the 21st century can be credited to a few key factors. First off, the surge in digital operations and the widespread use of mobile devices. Then, the subsequent digitalization of services, the advancements in digital marketing, and the increased volume of online purchases, fueled by a shift in consumer behavior, have all contributed to the flourishing landscape of affiliate marketing. Affiliate marketing's widespread appeal also stems from its affordability, and the high return on investment in terms of both time and cost when compared to alternative marketing approaches. Businesses caught on the wave, adapting their operations and creating affiliate marketing programs to drive their revenue. Then, the social media boom was exactly what gave affiliate marketing the kick in needed, coupled with the rise of influencer marketing and brand partnerships. Thanks to the significant increase of social media usage (from 5% in 2005 to 79% in 2019 according to ), platforms like Facebook and Instagram became key to affiliate marketing campaigns. Our World In Data That’s kind of how we got here. Now, it's not just something companies do on the side; it's a real way to make money. As we navigate the landscape, it's evident that the rise of Cost-Per-Action models is not just a trend but an exciting narrative for sellers on the global stage. So, what’s in plan? In this article I’d like to introduce to you current trends in affiliate marketing and most recent market breakthroughs, seen through the lens of a founder. Choose your fighter A growing market is nothing without innovation, and the very expected emergence of newer tools is a great indicator for market relevance. Just as with any increasing complexity, humans start to seek (and make) tools for dealing with the tools we already have. The rapidly growing affiliate marketing industry is no exception to the rool. Here are the purposes, and some of the tools we’ve got so far: This is software offered by Impact Radius, Awin, and Post Affiliate Pro and it provides advanced tracking and analytics for affiliate marketing campaigns, letting brands and their affiliates optimize their strategies based on performance data. Affiliate Tracking: Companies like AspireIQ, Upfluence, and CreatorIQ can help brands connect with influencers (including micro-influencers), streamlining the process of finding the right partners for affiliate marketing. Influencer Marketing Platforms: If you need a little help creating the visuals, tools like Canva and Adobe Spark let affiliates and marketers easily create high-quality, engaging content for promoting products across almost any channel of choice. Content Creation Tools: For managing affiliate marketing content across multiple social media platforms, doing things like scheduling posts, or analyzing engagement metrics – Hootsuite, Buffer, and Later are the way to go! Social Media Management Tools: Big-time players like Mailchimp and ConvertKit are well-known powerful tools for creating email lists and launching outreach email campaigns with personalized affiliate offers and content. You can also track opens, clicks, and conversions. Email Marketing Services: SEO-helpers such as SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz and similar services provide affiliates with critical insights into keywords, competition, and performance, helping you optimize content and improve visibility in search engine results. SEO Tools: To conclude In recent years affiliate marketing has become not only a useful tool, but a robust solution for sales, bound to be a prominent player in the future of marketing as a whole. And for that, there are many reasons. Its low-risk nature provides a secure avenue for both businesses and marketers and the potential for high rewards and a scalable income adds an enticing element to the affiliate marketing landscape. With affiliate marketing you simultaneously build brand awareness and drive traffic, presenting itself as a holistic marketing solution and an attractive choice in the evolving landscape of digital marketing, making it a pivotal player in shaping the future of promotional strategies. So, are you in?

Inside the Affiliate Marketing Product Boom: A Founder's Perspective on Market Trends

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MIREN

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