One in ten people today live with a mental health disorder

Maya Health

We found discriminatory ads can still appear, despite Facebook's efforts In May, a Wisconsin health care agency, Tenderness Health Care, posted a job ad on Facebook looking for personal care workers. According to Facebook’s “Why am I seeing this ad” pop-up, when the agency purchased the ad, it asked Facebook to not show it to anyone over 54 years of age. And they asked Facebook to show it specifically to people who have “African American multicultural affinity.” Facebook, apparently, complied. The problem? Federal law prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of age and race, including in advertising open jobs. When The Markup brought the ad to Facebook’s attention, the company took it down, according to Tom Channick, a Facebook spokesperson. (Tenderness’s CEO, Julio Fernandez, didn’t respond to The Markup’s requests for comment.) This is not the first time Facebook has been accused of allowing discrimination on its platform. Civil rights groups have accused Facebook of violating federal antidiscrimination laws and filed at least five lawsuits against the company, which culminated in a . In it, Facebook agreed to change its practices that enabled advertisers to exclude people of certain genders, ages, and “multicultural affinities” from seeing housing, job, and financial services ads. (Facebook does not collect data on users’ race but did until recently have a “multicultural affinity” category, which it did not clearly define.) landmark settlement last year The problem? Federal law prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of age and race, including in advertising open jobs. The company is still , filed by federal housing authorities. defending another lawsuit The bulk of the legal issues centered on the way much of online advertising works, including Facebook’s. Unlike many print ads and early internet ads, which appeared next to related content, Facebook’s advertising targets people. Facebook’s detailed data trove on its users allows companies advertising everything from jobs to jeans to choose from a sprawling menu of demographic characteristics and interests when choosing who sees their ads—and that has earned the company billions of dollars year after year. Facebook has that practice, arguing that companies might legitimately use age-based targeting to tailor their messages or for outreach to underrepresented groups. Its written policies ban discrimination, it has said. defended And targeting can sometimes be innocuous. A 21-plus hip-hop venue in Atlanta might have good reasons to not want to spend money advertising to 18-year-olds, people living in New York, or people whose online behavior reveals no interest in hip-hop. But there are circumstances where targeting an advertisement based on a person’s characteristics is illegal. Federal laws prohibit discrimination in housing, employment, and financial services—including in housing advertisements in particular. These regulations were imposed after decades of landlords and neighborhoods banning minority and immigrant renters and homeowners; employers discriminating based on race, gender, and sexuality; and creditors selling minorities bad loan rates and financial products. Facebook Ad Library This ad was shown specifically to people who have "African American multicultural affinity" and are under 55 years old. “Helping prevent discrimination in employment opportunity ads is an area where we lead the industry,” the Facebook spokesperson, Channick, said in an email. So why was The Markup still able to find a discriminatory job ad? Channick wouldn’t say. The company uses automated controls to limit when and how advertisers can target ads based on age and gender, in line with its civil settlement. Channick didn’t respond to a question about whether Facebook’s automated controls always work. Facebook had forbidden the use of “multicultural” categories for targeting in job ads. But those categories were used by other kinds of ads by civil and voting rights groups, Black-focused health advocacy groups, politicians on both sides of the aisle, and commercial advertisers. A week after The Markup contacted Facebook, Facebook it was eliminating the multicultural affinity categories altogether . announced after years of internal debate Aside from allowing advertisers to target specific audiences, some critics say Facebook discriminates all on its own in delivering those ads. That’s what the Department of Housing and Urban Development argues in its . lawsuit Facebook’s Algorithm Has Its Own Biases Once an advertiser picks its target audience, Facebook’s algorithm makes its own decisions about which specific user within the target audience to show an ad to. The goal of that algorithm, Facebook has , is to try to predict which people might be interested in the ad, based on their Facebook activity and the demographics it can pull from their personal pages—including age, gender, and other factors. said "For pretty much all the types of credit ads that we’ve analyzed, men tend to be a greater percentage [of the people shown the ad]." Sara Kingsley, Carnegie Mellon University “Facebook is not giving the user what the user wants—Facebook is giving the user what it thinks a demographic stereotype wants,” the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law in a court filing. wrote In 2019, researchers at Northeastern University and the digital civil rights advocacy group Upturn ran dozens of their own ads, all targeted to the same broad audience, and that Facebook showed the ads seeking to hire secretaries mostly to women. found It’s not clear whether Facebook programmed its algorithms to show the secretary job ad to any woman because she herself did something to express an interest in secretarial work, or simply because she was a woman. given A team at Carnegie Mellon University recently real-life ads for things like jobs, housing, and credit that were included (sometimes by mistake) in Facebook’s publicly available archive of political ads. The ads were posted both before and after Facebook’s policy change. analyzed “For pretty much all the types of credit ads that we’ve analyzed,” said Sara Kingsley, a Ph.D. student who led that research, “men tend to be a greater percentage” of the people shown the ad. Housing and job ads, she said, went disproportionately to women. But individual ads can vary widely: This ad seeking to hire a mechanic was targeted to reach anybody, but Facebook showed it to men 13 times for each time it was shown to a woman. This ad , offering summer jobs for high school students, was shown nine times as often to women as to men. Things that Facebook may consider innocuous data points may correlate so strongly with age or gender or race that “the algorithm sees the of older black women, which are the result of systemic discrimination and inequity, and misinterprets those circumstances as ” David Brody, an attorney at the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, said in an email. circumstances preferences, “So the next time the algorithm encounters a user matching the qualities of an older black woman, it is going to impute those so-called preferences on to that user and in the process reinforce the pattern of systemic discrimination,” he said. What Has Facebook Done About It? Facebook’s 2019 settlement with civil rights groups required it to implement new rules, like requiring advertisers to click a button to self-report housing, job, and credit ads. Facebook then removes certain demographic targeting choices from that ad’s menu of options. And Facebook began requiring advertisers to accept an promising not to discriminate. The company also promised to research bias in its algorithms. But researchers and civil rights activists say that they’re frustrated the company hasn’t released any findings. agreement Just a few weeks ago, Facebook created teams to study racial bias on its platforms. One internal study found bias against users who had been categorized as matching the African American “multicultural affinity” category. Facebook made adjustments but shut down further research because that category was not supposed to represent race—data that Facebook didn’t gather from its users. reportedly “They have chosen not to collect that data because they don’t want to turn on the lights and see how many cockroaches are in the room,” Brody said. Just a few weeks ago, Facebook created teams to study racial bias on its platforms. Wait, Isn't Discrimination Illegal? California law bans “intentional” discrimination in places of “public accommodation,” including on websites. A pending in federal court in Northern California argues that Facebook’s ads break that law because the algorithms’ outcomes treat people differently based on characteristics like age and gender. lawsuit “Look, they wrote the algorithm,” Brody told The Markup. “No one knows how the algorithm works except them. They are responsible for everything the algorithm does.” (Facebook declined to comment on the lawsuit, but in court filings, it has denied breaking the law.) "Look, they wrote the algorithm…. They are responsible for everything the algorithm does." David Brody, Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law Federal laws also ban discrimination, but federal law also protects tech companies like Facebook from liability over the content on their platforms—specifically , which in essence says websites aren’t responsible for things other people say on their sites. Section 230(c) of the Communications Decency Act Facebook’s to the public accommodation lawsuit in California invokes Section 230—essentially saying the company can’t be sued over ads on its platform—a legal question that has not yet been settled. legal response Senator Mark Warner, a Democrat, in a statement sent to The Markup, called Facebook’s argument in fighting the public accommodation lawsuit a “misuse of Section 230.” It’s “one of the most pressing examples of why we need to reform this antiquated law,” he said. “Internet exceptionalism rationales should not stand in the way of upholding longstanding principles of fairness and non-discrimination.” Credits Originally published as " Does Facebook Still Sell DiscriminatoryAds? " with the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.

New Report Finds That Facebook Still Runs Discriminatory Ads

Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON THE HEALTH VALUE TO MAN OF THE SO-CALLED DIVINELY BENEFICENT GIFT, TOBACCO. here ON THE HEALTH VALUE TO MAN OF THE SO-CALLED DIVINELY BENEFICENT GIFT, TOBACCO. By J.M.W. Kitchen, M.D., New York. With perhaps the exception of heredity, the question of stimulants and narcotics in their relation to the physical welfare of the race is second to none in importance. With trifling exceptions, the whole world is addicted to their use. The universality of such use has led many to consider them a necessity to man, and that they are God's gifts to him, and, if rightly used, are of physical benefit. It may not be a perversion of judgment to consider that their widespread popular use is greatly due to the efforts of the race to gain anæsthesia for, and distraction from, those pains and punishments that are the inevitable sequence of departure from hygienic and social law on the part of the individual, his ancestry, and society in general. The taste for these things is acquired, not natural, though the acquisition may be through hereditary influence. An idea is held by a majority of even fairly intelligent individuals that there is a justifiable, harmless, and even beneficial use of these substances by the general public, though acknowledging that beyond a certain indefinite line this use becomes an abuse. I believe that there may occasionally be cases in which the physical benefits derived from their use outweigh the injury they inflict, but I think this use is very much less than is generally supposed, and if we can judge from the preponderance of evil effected by such use, these substances ought to be considered as the materialized curses of God rather than as beneficent gifts. The prevalent idea as to the beneficent nature of these substances I consider to be a delusion that can only be explained upon the hypothesis that there is a widespread lack of appreciation of the fact that, though they may have an immediate pleasant and agreeable effect upon the body, their injurious effects are cumulative, and are usually ultimate, and so distant as to be difficult of direct connection with their cause to ordinary observation. The more moderate the use of these substances, the more remotely is the effect removed from the cause and more difficult of detection. That the ordinary habitual, so-called moderate use of stimulants and narcotics, such as tea, coffee, tobacco, and alcohol, is, in the vast majority of cases, really an abuse, is a proposition that I think should be admitted by all who have given the subject an unbiased study. The idea that the user of tobacco and other injurious substances will be cognizant of the injury inflicted by habitual use in moderate or even excessive amounts is an undoubted fallacy. The daily, weekly, or monthly injurious effect may be entirely unobservable to even trained physicians, and yet the ultimate cumulative effect may be fatal. I can instance numerous cases of physicians directly fatally injured by the use of alcohol, who have never had the slightest cognizance of the fact; and I can also instance cases of grave disease from the use of tobacco where the patients never have believed that tobacco has been the cause of their troubles, even after a unanimous opinion to that effect has been expressed by a number of competent medical advisers. The habitual consumption of opium, in doses of any amount, is generally admitted by most people to be physically injurious outside of its strict medicinal application. Moderate indulgence in alcohol as a beverage is beginning to acquire a very widespread evil reputation. But how about tobacco? Tea and coffee we can confidently leave to the consideration of a somewhat remote posterity of a considerably advanced intelligence and elevated hygienic ideals. The relation of tobacco to the physical welfare of man can only be fairly estimated by viewing the subject in its broadest aspect; by considering its effects upon the race as a whole rather than in individual cases; by taking into consideration economical and other social conditions that at first sight might be considered as having little relevancy to the medical side of the subject. But there can be no just consideration of the matter otherwise. The direct deleterious effects of the immoderate use of tobacco are readily observable; but the great bulk of the evil physical effects due to the moderate use of this plant are of an intermediate nature and not directly noticeable; nevertheless, they are real, and worthy of medical attention. The plainly marked results following the use of tobacco in relatively large amounts seem to be due to quick and extreme interference with nutrition, and a diminution of function of all kinds, which may be represented by anything from a slight decrease of appetite and digestive ability up to a complete loss of function of almost any important organ. Tobacco has stimulating as well narcotic properties, but as ordinarily used its stimulating effect appears to be slight as compared with its narcotic influence. In this respect it differs from alcohol, the use of which, owing to the usual method of introduction in large amounts through the stomach, produces directly, by stimulation, readily noticeable structural changes. But with tobacco the direct evil results are mostly of a functional character, and are more generally diffused, owing to the usual slow manner of introduction into the body. These two properties have an effect upon the body in moderate use as well as in immoderate use, the effect being simply in proportion to the quantity used, though the effects of moderate use may not be measurable by ordinary means. It is easy to see the effects of large amounts of tobacco in the stunted growth of adolescents; in functional cardiac disorders; in intellectual sluggishness, loss of memory, and color blindness; in loss of appetite, and other neuroses of motion, and marked blunting of various functions of sensation, and in degeneracy of descendants; but that lesser evils are produced must be proved mostly by inference, circumstantial collateral evidence, and analogy. The greater evils that are the outcome of a moderate use of tobacco are probably due to prolonged slight interference with nutrition, and consequent general decrease of vitality, which renders the individual more susceptible through indirect influence to the invasion of disease, and which lessens the capacity for productive effort. It is of course difficult, and perhaps even impossible, to accurately estimate the value of tobacco to the race; but let us glance at the pros and cons, and then each one can roughly estimate for himself. Tobacco may be used medicinally, but it is a dangerous and uncertain remedy, and it probably has not one medicinal use that cannot be more suitably met by other remedies. One can readily imagine easier digestion as the result of the sedative influence of the after-dinner cigar upon a disquieted nervous system, especially if the coincident irritation of alcohol and coffee have need of correction; but it can also be imagined that in most of such cases the remedy has been the cause of and will further increase the disordered condition, and that nutrition of deficiently nourished nerve tissue is rationally indicated rather than partial narcotization. There then remains, so far as I can see, the solace of moderate anæsthesia and, occasionally, of occupation for idlers, as the only items that can be placed to the credit of tobacco. There certainly are individual cases where such usage may be more provocative of physical benefit than evil, but, before judging for the race as a whole, compute the other side of the question. Tobacco injures the general health of the public through the economic loss caused by its consumption. The people of our country spend annually over seven hundred millions of dollars for tobacco—twenty per cent. more than is spent for bread. This sum represents only a minor part of the cost of the tobacco habit to the country. The crop is immensely exhaustive to the soil. Its culture has blighted whole sections of fertile territory. In the time consumed by the producer and the trader in its production, manufacture, and sale, and by the consumer in its use, and by the general interference with vital activity and consequent decreased productive capacity, there is represented an almost unimaginable sum of money. Certainly the people at large are not so well fed both as to quantity and quality, or so thoroughly clothed, or so hygienically housed that they can afford this gigantic economic waste. There can be little doubt that if the people had sufficient intelligence and moral strength to taboo tobacco, this comparatively senseless outgo would be largely devoted to supplying these and other necessities of an exalted health status. Tobacco injures health through its moral effects. The tobacco habit is certainly a dirty and frequently a disgusting habit, and encourages other dirty practices. Its use tends to make men cowardly, irritable in temper, and low in spirits. It blunts ideas of purity and courtesy, leading to invasion of the rights of others. It is presumed that few medical men would visit a delicate, sensitive patient after saturation with the "fragrant" effluvia of onions, but thousands whose systems are saturated with nicotine and who reek with nauseating odor do not hesitate to inflict their presence on sick or well. The time will come when the tobacco user will not be allowed to poison the atmosphere that is the common property of the public—will not be allowed to force the inhalation of nicotine upon the general public, to say nothing of being allowed to poison the infants and women in his own family. What would be said of a man who introduced poison in any degree into the food or drink of his child? Is the poisoning of the household atmosphere by the ignorant, thoughtless, or selfish smoker morally more defensible? Tobacco injures health through hereditary influence. The tobacco user begets, more certainly than the non-user, puny children with disordered nervous conditions. Luckily for our race, the women, who have the most important prenatal influence in guarding its physical well-being, are practically non-users of the plant. The general health status of the race is improving, not because the use of tobacco or the indulgence in other questionable practices is harmless, but because, among other things, of the great advance in general intelligence and knowledge of hygienic law. A person, or the public in general, may practice an injurious habit, and yet more than counteract its influence by opposing beneficial practices. Horace Greeley said, "Show me a drunkard who does not use tobacco, and I will show you a white blackbird." In this country, where dietetic drinking habits are not common in the family, the weakening of moral fiber by indulgence in tobacco is usually the introduction into the round of vicious indulgences, and thus directly or indirectly affects health. Smoking induces dryness of the mucous membrane of the mouth and consequent thirst. The partially paralyzed nerve terminals want something more stimulating than water to afford relief. Furthermore, blunted appetite induces deficient nutrition, and consequently there is a call for some "pick-me-up;" hence we find that the use of tobacco tends to the habitual use of alcoholic beverages, and there are very few habitual users of alcohol who escape without structural injuries to the body as well as perversion of its functions. Decrease of vital activity in all the tissues of the body marks the use of tobacco. The tendency is toward functional paralysis, though occasional signs of stimulative irritation are to be noticed, especially in the respiratory passages. The interference with intellectual activity is marked. It is said that during a period of fifty years no tobacco user stood at the head of his class in Harvard. The accumulated testimony of investigating observers is conclusive that, other things being equal, users of tobacco, in schools of all grades, never do so well in their studies as non-users. One head of a public school said he could always tell when a boy commenced to use tobacco by the record of his recitations. Professor Oliver, of the Annapolis Academy, said he could indicate the boy who used tobacco by his absolute inability to draw a clean, straight line. The deleterious effects of tobacco have become so clearly apparent that we find its sale to minors is prohibited in France, Germany, and various sections of this country. It is somewhat a question if, at the present time, the race is not doing itself more injury by its use of tobacco than it is with alcohol, because of its more universal use, particularly by youth, and because of the respectability of the habit, which comes of its use by a certain intelligent part of the race, including teachers of morals and physics, and even temperance reformers. There is a widespread sentiment in existence that it is not a respectable thing to be even partly paralyzed by alcohol, but how few there are who consider narcosis as in any way connected with the use of tobacco. Its effect is more diffused and masked, and is not so acutely serious in individual cases, but through its interference with vital activity, tobacco is probably more generally injurious to the race than alcohol. The editorial fiat of "too long" prevents a full exposition of the subject, but, in closing, let me say I hear millions of tobacco users ask, "Why, then, was this plant given to man, if its general effects are so decidedly evil?" The question presupposes design in creation. Without subscribing to this theory, or pretending to have solved the mystery of the presence of evil in the world, the answer may be suggested that the overcoming of many seductive evils becomes to man a means of his progressive higher development. Of one thing I am convinced, that the physical development and welfare of man is interfered with in strict sequence to his consumption of substances that are unnecessary for his nutrition—stimulants and narcotics inclusive.— Medical Record. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16972/pg16972-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ON THE HEALTH VALUE TO MAN OF THE SO-CALLED DIVINELY BENEFICENT GIFT, TOBACCO

A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School by Catharine Esther Beecher, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON HEALTH OF MIND. here CHAPTER XVII. ON HEALTH OF MIND. There is such an intimate connection between the body and mind, that the health of one, cannot be preserved, without a proper care of the other. And it is from a neglect of this principle, that some of the most exemplary and conscientious persons in the world, suffer a thousand mental agonies, from a diseased state of body, while others ruin the health of the body, by neglecting the proper care of the mind. When the brain is excited, by stimulating drinks taken into the stomach, it produces a corresponding excitement of the mental faculties. The reason, the imagination, and all the powers, are stimulated to preternatural vigor and activity. In like manner, when the mind is excited by earnest intellectual effort, or by strong passions, the brain is equally excited, and the blood rushes to the head. Sir Astley Cooper records, that, in examining the brain of a young man who had lost a portion of his skull, whenever "he was agitated, by some opposition to his wishes," "the blood was sent, with increased force, to his brain," and the pulsations "became frequent and violent." The same effect was produced by any intellectual effort; and the flushed countenance, which attends earnest study or strong emotions of fear, shame, or anger, is an external indication of the suffused state of the brain from such causes. In exhibiting the causes, which injure the health of the mind, they will be found to be partly physical, partly intellectual, and partly moral. The first cause of mental disease and suffering, is not unfrequently found in the want of a proper supply of duly oxygenized blood. It has been shown, that the blood, in passing through the lungs, is purified, by the oxygen of the air combining with the superabundant hydrogen and carbon of the venous blood, thus forming carbonic acid and water, which are expired into the atmosphere. Every pair of lungs is constantly withdrawing from the surrounding atmosphere its healthful principle, and returning one, which is injurious to human life. When, by confinement, and this process, the atmosphere is deprived of its appropriate supply of oxygen, the purification of the blood is interrupted, and it passes, without being properly prepared, into the brain, producing languor, restlessness, and inability to exercise the intellect and feelings. Whenever, therefore, persons sleep in a close apartment, or remain, for a length of time, in a crowded or ill-ventilated room, a most pernicious influence is exerted on the brain, and, through this, on the mind. A person, who is often exposed to such influences, can never enjoy that elasticity and vigor of mind, which is one of the chief indications of its health. This is the reason, why all rooms for religious meetings, and all schoolrooms, and sleeping apartments, should be so contrived, as to secure a constant supply of fresh air from without. The minister, who preaches in a crowded and ill-ventilated apartment, loses much of his power to feel and to speak, while the audience are equally reduced, in their capability of attending. The teacher, who confines children in a close apartment, diminishes their ability to study, or to attend to his instructions. And the person, who habitually sleeps in a close room, impairs his mental energies, in a similar degree. It is not unfrequently the case, that depression of spirits, and stupor of intellect, are occasioned solely by inattention to this subject. Another cause of mental disease, is, the excessive exercise of the intellect or feelings. If the eye is taxed, beyond its strength, by protracted use, its blood-vessels become gorged, and the bloodshot appearance warns of the excess and the need of rest. The brain is affected, in a similar manner, by excessive use, though the suffering and inflamed organ cannot make its appeal to the eye. But there are some indications, which ought never to be misunderstood or disregarded. In cases of pupils, at school or at college, a diseased state, from over action, is often manifested by increased clearness of mind, and ease and vigor of mental action. In one instance, known to the writer, a most exemplary and industrious pupil, anxious to improve every hour, and ignorant or unmindful of the laws of health, first manifested the diseased state of her brain and mind, by demands for more studies, and a sudden and earnest activity in planning modes of improvement for herself and others. When warned of her danger, she protested that she never was better, in her life; that she took regular exercise, in the open air, went to bed in season, slept soundly, and felt perfectly well; that her mind was never before so bright and clear, and study never so easy and delightful. And at this time, she was on the verge of derangement, from which she was saved only by an entire cessation of all her intellectual efforts. A similar case occurred, under the eye of the writer, from over-excited feelings. It was during a time of unusual religious interest in the community, and the mental disease was first manifested, by the pupil bringing her Hymn-book or Bible to the class-room, and making it her constant resort, in every interval of school duty. It finally became impossible to convince her, that it was her duty to attend to any thing else; her conscience became morbidly sensitive, her perceptions indistinct, her deductions unreasonable, and nothing, but entire change of scene, exercise, and amusement, saved her. When the health of the brain was restored, she found that she could attend to the "one thing needful," not only without interruption of duty, or injury of health, but rather so as to promote both. Clergymen and teachers need most carefully to notice and guard against the danger here alluded to. Any such attention to religion, as prevents the performance of daily duties and needful relaxation, is dangerous, as tending to produce such a state of the brain, as makes it impossible to feel or judge correctly. And when any morbid and unreasonable pertinacity appears, much exercise, and engagement in other interesting pursuits, should be urged, as the only mode of securing the religious benefits aimed at. And whenever any mind is oppressed with care, anxiety, or sorrow, the amount of active exercise in the fresh air should be greatly increased, that the action of the muscles may withdraw the blood, which, in such seasons, is constantly tending too much to the brain. There has been a most appalling amount of suffering, derangement, disease, and death, occasioned by a want of attention to this subject, in teachers and parents. Uncommon precocity in children is usually the result of an unhealthy state of the brain; and, in such cases, medical men would now direct, that the wonderful child should be deprived of all books and study, and turned to play or work in the fresh air. Instead of this, parents frequently add fuel to the fever of the brain, by supplying constant mental stimulus, until the victim finds refuge in idiocy or an early grave. Where such fatal results do not occur, the brain, in many cases, is so weakened, that the prodigy of infancy sinks below the medium of intellectual powers in afterlife. In our colleges, too, many of the most promising minds sink to an early grave, or drag out a miserable existence, from this same cause. And it is an evil, as yet little alleviated by the increase of physiological knowledge. Every college and professional school, and every seminary for young ladies, needs a medical man, not only to lecture on physiology and the laws of health, but empowered, in his official capacity, to investigate the case of every pupil, and, by authority, to restrain him to such a course of study, exercise, and repose, as his physical system requires. The writer has found, by experience, that, in a large institution, there is one class of pupils who need to be restrained, by penalties, from late hours and excessive study, as much as another class need stimulus to industry. Under the head of excessive mental action, must be placed the indulgence of the imagination in and . This kind of stimulus, unless counterbalanced by physical exercise, not only wastes time and energies, but undermines the vigor of the nervous system. The imagination was designed, by our kind Creator, as the charm and stimulus to animate to benevolent activity; and its perverted exercise seldom fails to bring the appropriate penalty. novel reading castle building A third cause of mental disease, is, the want of the appropriate exercise of the various faculties of the mind. On this point, Dr. Combe remarks, "We have seen, that, by disuse, muscle becomes emaciated, bone softens, blood-vessels are obliterated, and nerves lose their characteristic structure. The brain is no exception to this general rule. Of it, also, the tone is impaired by permanent inactivity, and it becomes less fit to manifest the mental powers with readiness and energy." It is "the withdrawal of the stimulus necessary for its healthy exercise, which renders solitary confinement so severe a punishment, even to the most daring minds. It is a lower degree of the same cause, which renders continuous seclusion from society so injurious, to both mental and bodily health." " is a very frequent predisposing cause of every form of nervous disease. For demonstrative evidence of this position, we have only to look at the numerous victims to be found, among persons who have no call to exertion in gaining the means of subsistence, and no objects of interest on which to exercise their mental faculties and who consequently sink into a state of mental sloth and nervous weakness." "If we look abroad upon society, we shall find innumerable examples of mental and nervous debility from this cause. When a person of some mental capacity is confined, for a long time, to an unvarying round of employment, which affords neither scope nor stimulus for one half of his faculties, and, from want of education or society, has no external resources; his mental powers, for want of exercise, become blunted, and his perceptions slow and dull." "The intellect and feelings, not being provided with interests external to themselves, must either become inactive and weak, or work upon themselves and become diseased." Inactivity of intellect and of feeling "The most frequent victims of this kind of predisposition, are females of the middle and higher ranks, especially those of a nervous constitution and ; but who, from an ill-directed education, possess nothing more solid than mere accomplishments, and have no materials of thought," and no "occupation to excite interest or attention." "The liability of such persons to melancholy, hysteria, hypochondriasis, and other varieties of mental distress, really depends on a state of irritability of brain, induced by imperfect exercise." good natural abilities demand These remarks, of a medical man, illustrate the principles before indicated;—namely, that the demand of Christianity, that we live to promote the general happiness, and not merely for selfish indulgence, has for its aim, not only the general good, but the highest happiness, of the individual of whom it is required. A person possessed of wealth, who has nothing more noble to engage his attention, than seeking his own personal enjoyment, subjects his mental powers and moral feelings to a degree of inactivity, utterly at war with health of mind. And the greater the capacities, the greater are the sufferings which result from this cause. Any one, who has read the misanthropic wailings of Lord Byron, has seen the necessary result of great and noble powers bereft of their appropriate exercise, and, in consequence, becoming sources of the keenest suffering. It is this view of the subject, which has often awakened feelings of sorrow and anxiety in the mind of the writer, while aiding in the developement and education of superior female minds, in the wealthier circles. Not because there are not noble objects for interest and effort, abundant, and within reach of such minds; but because long-established custom has made it seem so Quixotic, to the majority, even of the professed followers of Christ, for a woman of wealth to practise any great self-denial, that few have independence of mind and Christian principle sufficient to overcome such an influence. The more a mind has its powers developed, the more does it aspire and pine after some object worthy of its energies and affections; and they are commonplace and phlegmatic characters, who are most free from such deep-seated wants. Many a young woman, of fine genius and elevated sentiment, finds a charm in Lord Byron's writings, because they present a glowing picture of what, to a certain extent, must be felt by every well-developed mind, which has no nobler object in life, than the pursuit of its own gratification. If young ladies of wealth could pursue their education, under the full conviction that the increase of their powers and advantages increased their obligations to use all for the good of society, and with some plan of benevolent enterprise in view, what new motives of interest would be added to their daily pursuits! And what blessed results would follow, to our beloved Country, if all well-educated females carried out the principles of Christianity, in the exercise of their developed powers! It is cheering to know, that there are women, among the most intelligent and wealthy, who can be presented as examples of what may be done, when there is a heart to do. A pupil of the writer is among this number, who, though a rich heiress, immediately, on the close of her school-life, commenced a course of self-denying benevolence, in the cause of education. She determined to secure a superior female institution, in her native place, which should extend the benefits of the best education to all in that vicinity, at a moderate charge. Finding no teacher on the ground, prepared to take the lead, and though herself a timid and retiring character, she began, with the aid of the governess in her mother's family, a daily school, superintending all, and teaching six hours a day. The liberal-minded and intelligent mother cooperated, and the result is a flourishing female seminary, with a large and beautiful and well-furnished building; the greater part of the means being supplied by the mother, and almost all by the members of that family connection. And both these ladies will testify, that no time or money, spent for any other object, has ever secured to them more real and abiding enjoyment, than witnessing the results of this successful and benevolent enterprise, which, for years to come, will pour forth blessings on society. Another lady could be pointed out, who, possessing some property, went into a new western village, built and furnished her schoolhouse, and established herself there, to aid in raising a community from ignorance and gross worldliness, to intelligence and virtue. And in repeated instances, among the friends and pupils of the writer, young ladies have left wealthy homes, and affectionate friends, to find nobler enjoyments, in benevolent and active exertions to extend intelligence and virtue, where such disinterested laborers were needed. In other cases, where it was not practicable to leave home, well-educated young ladies have interested themselves in common schools in the vicinity, aiding the teachers, by their sympathy, counsel, and personal assistance. Other ladies, of property and standing, having families to educate, and being well qualified for such duties, have relinquished a large portion of domestic labor and superintendence, which humbler minds could be hired to perform, devoted themselves to the education of their children, and received others, less fortunate, to share with their own these superior advantages. But, so long as the feeling widely exists, that the increase of God's bounties diminishes the obligations of self-denying service for the good of mankind, so long will well-educated women, in easy circumstances, shrink from such confinement and exertion. It is believed, however, that there are many benevolent and intelligent women, in this Country, who would gladly engage in such enterprises, were there any appropriate way within their reach. And it is a question, well deserving consideration, among those who guide the public mind in benevolent enterprises, whether some organization is not demanded, which shall bring the whole community to act systematically, in voluntary associations, to extend a proper education to every child in this Nation, and to bring into activity all the female enterprise and benevolence now lying dormant, for want of proper facilities to exercise them. There are hundreds of villages, which need teachers, and that would support them, if they were on the spot, but which never will send for them. And there are hundreds of females, now unemployed, who would teach, if a proper place, and home, and support, and escort, were provided for them. And there needs to be some enlarged and systematic plan, conducted by wise and efficient men, to secure these objects. Could such a plan, as the one suggested, be carried out, it is believed that many female minds, now suffering, from diseases occasioned by want of appropriate objects for their energies, would be relieved. The duties of a teacher exercise every intellectual faculty, to its full extent; while, in this benevolent service, all the social, moral, and benevolent, emotions, are kept in full play. The happiest persons the writer has ever known,—those who could say that they were as happy as they wished to be, in this world, (and she has seen such,)—were persons engaged in this employment. The indications of a diseased mind, owing to a want of the proper exercise of its powers, are, apathy, discontent, a restless longing for excitement, a craving for unattainable good, a diseased and morbid action of the imagination, dissatisfaction with the world, and factitious interest in trifles which the mind feels to be unworthy of its powers. Such minds sometimes seek alleviation in exciting amusements; others resort to the grosser enjoyments of sense. Oppressed with the extremes of languor, or over-excitement, or apathy, the body fails under the wearing process, and adds new causes of suffering to the mind. Such, the compassionate Saviour calls to his service, in these appropriate terms: "Come unto Me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take My yoke upon you, and learn of Me," "and ye shall find rest unto your souls." About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Catharine Esther Beecher (2007). A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21829/pg21829-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ON HEALTH OF MIND.

Stability is the measurement of application health and user experience. It is usually calculated in two ways to provide the complete picture － as a percentage of application sessions that are crash-free or did not result in an unhandled exception as a percentage of daily active users who do not experience an error. and How Many Nines of Stability Do You Have? Providing an error-free experience to your customers is of utmost importance to drive conversion, engagement, and retention. Although stability is commonly a KPI owned by engineering organizations, it has a significant impact on overall business performance and growth. To help you understand how your application compares, Bugsnag has compiled data on the session-based stability of leading mobile and web applications from various market segments, including eCommerce, media and entertainment, financial services, logistics, gaming, and more. This data can also help you determine application stability SLAs and SLOs, which are similar to the “five nines” that infrastructure and operational teams use to measure uptime and availability. This metrics-driven approach can help development teams make decisions about when to build features vs. fix bugs based on the application’s current stability. This data can also help you determine application stability SLAs and SLOs, which are similar to the “five nines” that infrastructure and operational teams use to measure uptime and availability. This metrics-driven approach can help development teams make decisions about when to build features vs. fix bugs based on the application’s current stability. Mobile Applications A prime opportunity for mobile-first engineering organizations to measure and improve application stability The data includes applications from several mobile development platforms, including Android, iOS, , and Unity. React Native Stability scores are negatively impacted by session-ending events, which include things like crashes as well as (Application Not Responding) in Android, React Native, and Unity applications and (Out of Memory) in iOS applications. ANRs OOMs native applications tend to have a high median stability because there are very specialized developers working on these applications who have the expertise required to understand and address any stability issues effectively. Android and iOS applications tend to have a slightly lower median stability compared to applications because Android presents a much less constrained development environment. Android iOS Increased fragmentation of Android devices makes it more difficult to test applications whereas iOS development teams only need to provide a stable experience on a limited number of devices that Apple releases every year. More about Android fragmentation allows Engineering teams to develop for iOS and Android together, however, . Oftentimes, React Native is used to open up mobile development to for example JavaScript engineers, who may not be accustomed to the challenges it presents. React Native writing code once to deploy everywhere does present some trade-offs Expertise is also needed in Android and iOS to effectively investigate and fix bugs in the native layers of the code. This may explain the wider range and a slightly lower median stability. More about React Native Due to the sandboxed environment of applications, bugs that crash the entire application are much less likely to occur. Unity It is possible that errors within frames are disrupting the gaming experience, but they don’t result in a full on crash, which may be why Unity applications boast the highest median stability and the narrowest range. Web Applications Modern web development frameworks may provide more resources to manage errors. The data includes applications from several front end development platforms, including Angular, Backbone, Ember, React, and Vue. Causes of unhandled exceptions in web applications can include a bug which prevents the entire page from rendering, an event handler bug which causes the user interaction to fail, an unhandled promise rejection warning, and more. ‍ Web applications may have a lower median stability compared to mobile applications because monitoring and addressing client-side issues in JavaScript applications generally requires more effort than doing so in mobile applications. Mobile is a newer discipline and its development frameworks were built with a greater emphasis on the importance of managing errors from the get-go, whereas web is an older discipline that had to learn this over time. are modern, opinionated JavaScript frameworks that are built with consideration for error handling. Angular and React were created and sponsored by development teams at Google and Facebook. Engineering organizations working with these platforms have access to the resources and documentation they need to investigate and fix errors that may affect application stability. Angular, Ember, React, and Vue is an older and less opinionated web development framework. Development teams don’t have access to the same coding guidelines, best practices, and considerations for error handling that the other more recent development frameworks offer, which may explain the lower median stability and wider range for Backbone applications. Backbone The stability of each application is monitored across , meaning customers experiencing errors in Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and other browsers are included in the overall application stability score. Errors caused by are also included; however, most engineering organizations don’t spend resources to investigate and fix these errors since their code is not the culprit. browsers browser extensions Engineering Team Sizes Technical debt can make it more challenging for larger engineering organizations to maintain a higher stability In order to understand if the size of an engineering team has an impact on application stability, we looked at the stability of applications supported by a few different engineering team sizes. The size of an engineering team tends to be linear to the age of the organization. Younger organizations prioritize and need to release new features quickly. Maintaining a high application stability is less important than capturing market share and increasing competitive advantage. This may explain why the smaller the engineering team, the lower the median stability. product-market fit Larger engineering teams are usually working on more mature applications but standardizing on stability can become increasingly challenging. are just a few of the hurdles that can make maintaining a higher stability more difficult. This may explain why engineering organizations with more than 100 engineers have a lower median stability and a wider range. Legacy code, compounding technical debt, and complexity of team structure Previously published here.

Application Stability Index: How Healthy Are Your Applications? 

Internet of Things is transforming the daily lives of people through its applications in almost every race of life. The most common applications of IoT include smart cities, smart health, E-governance, and smart transportation just to name a few. predicts that IoT companies' economic impact will increase from $4 trillion today to $11 trillion by 2025.  In this era of pandemic and lockdown situation, the healthcare industry's adoption of IoT has shown rapid growth. This growth is fueled by the availability of high-speed internet, low-cost sensors, and the need for social distancing and remote healthcare. Mckinsey Yet to provide quality healthcare to patients, H-IoT must itself be ‘healthy’. The technological aspects of IoT enabled healthcare needs to be secure enough. The devices are consistently connected to the internet which provides an open door to cyber attacks. A can endanger a person’s life if the devices are not manufactured with cybersecurity in mind. FDA is working aggressively to reduce the FDA has also provided to the medical device manufacturers to design and maintain cybersecurity in their devices. zero-day exploit risk factors of IoT based medical devices. guidelines H-IoT Architecture IoT architecture contains heterogeneous devices and networking protocols. A presents the fundamental building blocks and simplifies the myriad bits that build a complete end-to-end IoT architecture. three-layered architecture The Perception Layer The perception layer includes the sensors and actuators that are responsible for collecting data of vital health parameters. The most popular sensors used in H-IoT systems are accelerometers which can be used to measure glucose levels. Another example is Gyroscope which is used for detecting tilt in the body and fall detection; there are also ECG sensors, temperature sensors, and heart rate sensors. These sensors are specially designed with wireless communication enabled antennas. The purpose of these sensors is to collect data from the human body and send it to the healthcare provider through gateway devices. The Network Layer The network represents the communication between the perception layer and gateway devices. Network layer devices include smartphones, PDA, and other handheld wireless communication enabled devices. Smartphones are powerful gadgets that possess powerful computational resources and have been used as a gateway device in many IoT applications. Communication technologies that have low range and power are generally utilized for perception to network layer communication. Near Field Communication (NFC) (13.56 MHz), Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) (2.4 GHz), Zigbee (2.4 GHz), and WiFi Direct (2.4 GHz) are some of the technologies that can be utilized for communication in this layer. UHF RFID has also been proposed as a potential candidate for implantable RFID tags whose communication range is between 0.1 to 0.5m. Conductive properties of the human body have also been explored to propose the human body as a . The latest standard at this level is the IEEE 802.15.6 that aims to provide reliable and low power communication within the surrounding area of a human body. communication channel Gateway devices act as relay devices to send the gathered sensory data to the cloud and medical server at the application layer for further processing. This includes all communications between gateway devices and the application layer. At this layer communication protocols are well defined and there a lot of options in which gateway devices can communicate with the Medical server. The gateway can get connected to the medical server via 3G/4G WiFi links or even through other communication protocols defined for wireless sensor networks, such as SigFox, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), and IEEE 802.16. The Application Layer With the advent of IoT enabled healthcare there is an increased amount of sensors generated data. This data is processed and archived in the cloud platforms. The application layer includes cloud services for data processing and provides a seamless interface between patient and healthcare provider. Remote healthcare provider examines online reports and sends prescriptions through online portals enabled through the application layer.  There are a number of IoT-enabled applications e-g glucose monitoring, cardiac monitoring, asthma monitoring, ambient assisted living, and sleep monitoring to mention a few. Cyber Attack Types In H-IoT Image source: Florence Health Although H-IoT provides many beneficial applications, yet the security and privacy in these devices are often looked at. H-IoT comprises heterogeneous devices and network protocols at each layer of it architecture. Not only security is required at each layer, but also end-to-end security primitives are needed to make these applications practical. This section presents security threats in gateway devices. Smartphones are usually used as gateway devices in healthcare applications of IoT. Thus, we have explored threats and attacks related to smartphone devices. Gateway devices and smartphones are used interchangeably referring to the same device. Malicious Smart Applications Hackers develop attractive mobile applications with malicious intent and upload them to the app stores so that consumers can download them for free. Once the application is downloaded on the handset, it steals the personal information of the mobile users such as contacts, account information, login passwords, and other files and sends them to hackers. Botnets Botnets are a set of malicious devices that work in a distributed manner to launch DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service), steal the owner's personal information, and allows an attacker to access the smart device and its connection without knowledge of the owner. Botnets are fatal for the healthcare applications of IoBNT in the scenario where the gateway device (smartphone) is hacked and altered sensory data is sent to the medical server which in response will send incorrect diagnosis and treatment to the in-body networks. Authentication and access control mechanisms must be implemented to secure devices from botnet attacks. Malware Malware is software that is designed to interfere with the normal operation of devices. Malware might be used for DoS attacks to risk the availability of gateway devices. Photo by Michael Geiger on Unsplash Spyware In this type of attack, malicious software is created and the hidden access point is created inside the user’s smartphone so that the hackers might listen to calls, view messages and e-mails, and even track the user’s location through GPRS. Spyware attack directly targets and sabotages the data privacy of patients. Firewalls and SPAM filters must be implemented to protect devices from Spyware. Bluetooth as an Attack Vector Most H-IoT devices use Bluetooth technology for communication between sensors and gateway devices. The Bluetooth technology itself host attacks if it is not configured properly. Unauthorized devices might broadcast their presence, allow uninvited connections and even start data transmission. Other types of Bluetooth attacks include Bluejacking, Bluespamming, Warchalking, Bluestumbling, Bluesnarfing, Bluebugging, Blue tracking, Bluesnipping, and Man in the middle attack. In situations where Bluetooth is used for data transmission, the devices must be properly configured with secure API prior to the transmission session. Location and GPS feature as an Attack Vector H-IoT supports patient’s mobility, however, the exact location must be reachable to the medical staff in case of an emergency. Generally, location-tracking systems are based on radio frequency, ultrasound, received signal strength indicator, or some other technology. Location and GPS features of smartphones can be exploited to use as a tool to locate the patient. The location privacy of individuals can be sabotaged by the attackers by various attempts on the GPS feature provided in the smart-phone. WiFi as an Attack Vector When gateway device uses WiFi as communication technology, diverse attacks are faced to the users as WiFi architecture lacks encryption to protect encrypted data. The attacker intercepts the transmission between the WiFi hotspot and the smartphone user. Moreover, hackers can also set up a fake WiFi hotspot that mimics a high-speed connection; as soon as the user connects to the hotspot, the hacker starts controlling the user’s traffic. Defense mechanisms for WiFi attacks include SPAM filters, Secure API, and Firewalls. Device Spoofing Gateway devices may be befooled by attackers to send collected data from illegitimate devices, whereas data is meant to be collected from the Bio cyber interface. Routing Attacks Routing attacks like selective forwarding, route spoofing, sinkhole, and wormhole attacks can be launched by attackers to interrupt the transmission. Lack Of Usability The usability issue can arise when the monitoring application complexity level is too high for patients. Usability should be kept in mind while designing mobile healthcare applications. Medjacking Medjacking attack is specific for the medical devices in IoT. Hackers can attack and manipulate the software of medical sensors to act maliciously. For example, the infusion pump of insulin may seem like an innocent, unhackable device, but the delivery pump can be hijacked to inject an abnormal dosage of insulin into the human body. This attack can pose serious and even life-threatening consequences. How To Check If H-IoT Is Safe and 'Healthy' Photo by Dan Nelson on Unsplash The security goals of any paradigm can be measured with the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability) triad. CIA must be ensured so that H-IoT remains secure. We have identified some additional security goals, 'Authenticity' and 'Data freshness', that must be ensured in the case of H-IoT. Confidentiality Confidentiality ensures that the attacker should not learn the content of the message and data must only be accessible to authorized personnel. Moreover, confidentiality must be ensured during the transmission session until the end.  In the domain of IoT confidentiality must be ensured at each layer e-g through encryption techniques such as  AES and RSA. Integrity Integrity ensures that an attacker should not modify the data. Moreover, the source of the message is verifiable and the receiver must be able to distinguish if the message is modified. Integrity checks must be applied at each layer of IoT. Integrity checks such as cryptographic hash functions or MAC (Message Authentication Code) can be applied. Integrity guarantees that the received information is correct. Availability Availability ensures that the attacker must not disrupt the communication or affect it negatively during transmission. Availability assures that information is available at every time. Considering the healthcare applications of IoT availability is a very critical security objective as violating this objective can be fatal. Adaptive self-organizing solutions are needed to cope with this challenge. Authentication Photo by NeONBRAND on Unsplash Authentication ensures that the data is coming from the authorized source and that unauthorized users cannot access or modify the data. Authentication needs to be done on the users as well as the message. The modified message can be disastrous as it may contain false dosage values in the case of a drug delivery system. Authentication is applicable to all the users of the system even after they have been authorized from the regular login process. Authentication can be ensured by implementing finely grained access control mechanisms that describe the resources list an authorized user has right to access and which resource cannot be accessed by a user even he/she is authorized. For example, a nurse is a legitimate user of the healthcare system and is authorized to use the system. But he/she does not have the right to access the drug delivery operation, which must be accessed by primary only. Data Freshness In healthcare applications of IoT, data freshness is a primary security goal due to the sensitive application nature. The attacks on data freshness through message replay are unaffordable, where treatment is prescribed upon recent physiological parameters of the patient’s body. There are two kinds of freshness: , which gives partial message ordering but does not carry time-delay information; and gives a total order on a request-response pair and allows for delay estimation. weak freshness strong freshness Confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity solutions are available for classic communication networks in the form of authentication, encryption, or integrity protection and cryptographic mechanisms such as symmetric and asymmetric ciphers or cryptographic hash functions. Human factor in cyber security of H-IoT The weakest link in cyber security happens to be the human user of the system. Training and education sessions must be delivered to the end users of the system so that they do not get into hacker's trap. "IoT without security = Internet of Threats" - Stephen Nappo Remember H-IoT must itself be healthy before it takes care of someonelse's health.

Essential Cybersecurity Measures for Healthcare IoT

never releases a product into market before its competitors. If you didn’t know any better, you would think this is a deliberate strategy. And you’d be correct. Because it is. And it’s not a new one. It’s borrowed from and based on the understanding that consumers are always looking for familiarity in any product or service. Consumers do not like ‘ ’ and even in some cases, downright scared of technological advancements that make them feel dumb, stupid or . So Apple releases products into a market after everyone else has. Everytime. Apple Raymond Loewy new optimal newness disfluent The grand release of most Apple products always follows the that some other company has tested before the ‘ ’. innovation jury of customers We all know the i . The iPod had the 10x advantage of iTunes but it benefited from the fact that other companies had you and me with the concept of portable electronic devices that played music. Pod was not the first MP3 player inside familiarized , Touch, ten solid years before the iPad. But Apple, with the ecosystem and brand promise we’d come to expect, released the iPad and we all felt we’d never seen anything like it before. Except we had. We’d been conditioned ten years earlier to believe in the possibility of a handheld touchscreen only computer. Bill Gates actually released the first tablet The same was true for the Apple Watch. And will be true for the soon-to-be-released Apple Homepod which will be the 5th or 6th voice controlled home device in the market. So how does Apple enter a market late, by our standards, and still captures a good chunk of the market? It’s based on the philosophy of . MAYA ‘Most Advanced Yet Acceptable’ put forward by an industrial designer called Raymond Loewy Most Advanced Yet Acceptable (MAYA) and Loewy Based on what is now known as the ‘ ’, developed a grand theory of product design suggesting that consumers gain comfort from new products that have elements the consumer is already familiar with. He called this theory . Raymond Loewy realized that, even in our need to experience new and original things we want those things to be derivative of things we already know. He believed, , mere exposure effect Raymond Loewy MAYA, Most Advanced Yet Acceptable according to Derek Thompson in ‘Hitmakers’ “that all consumers are affected by the conflicting forces of . neophilia (a curiosity about new things) and neophobia (a fear of anything too new) Based on this understanding, as broad-ranging as tractors, locomotives, , Pepsodent toothpaste, ocean liners and he even had a hand in the design of . Loewy affected the American consumer more than most in his time. And he did this not by creating totally new products but by . Sounds a lot like Apple’s approach doesn’t it? Raymond Loewy went on to successfully design products toasters, automobiles, Greyhound buses Saturn-Apollo NASA space project making the familiar surprising Why Apple Will Never Go First While Apple benefits from creating hit products that are familiar but surprising, there are two conditions that need to be met before a company can adopt the MAYA strategy; : Even though the still applies , where the #1 company in a market captures most of the returns, the MAYA strategy works better in markets where many can exist. The power law does not necessarily mean you have to enter the market first, you just have to enter the market best. It is not a winner-take-all market Power Law winners : Apple’s DNA isn’t just design, it is anthropology. This enables Apple to come to market second based on an understanding of what the customers truly desire beyond the basic need the product serves. Most of the initial products in a market only serve the first and most basic need. To enter the market second and win, you must ladder up to the emotional needs that the customers have. Quickly. The beauty of going second quickly, in a market that isn’t winner take all, is that you can still charge the premiums the market of early adopters can bear. You can stick with this premium price by making that your brand promise. So when your competitors start the race to the bottom, your product stays above the fray and you maintain a healthy margin even as the cost of the underlying components (e.g sensors, mapping on phones) continues to drop. You must get in quickly with a far superior product technology These two conditions need to be met otherwise you’ll be late to the party and your will wallow in the graveyard of me-too competitors. superior product MAYA Anyone? So what’s next for Apple? . What we do know is that Apple’s next thing will be a product that someone else has familiarized or at least conditioned you and me to believe is possible. We know Apple eschews . . We don’t know. But we have some ideas optimal newness And we know it will be centered around our homes The important questions for you, as laid out by (where the idea for this blog post came from) are Derek Thompson in his excellent book ‘Hitmakers’ ?’ What is the familiar but surprising product you are building that will help you capture market share? How do you make something new, if most people just like what they know If your industry meets the two criterion above, what is the product you’re building? Most Advanced Yet Acceptable Please share, like, and tweet. Write your own blog posts using our custom tool, and sign up for the Polymathic Monthly Newsletter — if you’ve read this far, I’m betting you’ll love both. Oh, you can buy Antifragile Grid on Amazon .

Why Apple Always Wins By Copying aka MAYA.

A successful community relies on the efforts of the community manager at every stage: During the challenging initial phase, the community manager overcomes the difficulty of acquiring customers, ensuring a stable customer base for the community. In the growth phase, the community manager addresses member activation issues, converting community members into product users and improving conversion rates. With stable customer acquisition and high conversion rates, the community enters a mature stage. However, three new challenges await the community manager: RRR. The 3R Challenges The concept of 3R originates from the AARRR model. In the initial and growth stages, community managers accomplish the first two tasks: Acquisition and Activation. The subsequent challenge is the 3R hurdles. Retention:Encouraging users to continue using the product or service and maintaining their loyalty.Revenue:Generating income through user behavior.Referral: Encouraging existing users to recommend the product or service to others, thereby achieving secondary propagation. As the community matures, some users may lose interest in the community or product, leading to a decrease in engagement. Additionally, as the community scales and complexity increases, conflicts may arise between new and existing members. These factors can all contribute to a decline in community user retention rates. This article will focus on the first key issue among these three challenges: community retention rates, aiming to provide insights for community managers. The Quantity and Duration of Consensus The quantity of consensus affects how many high-retention users a community can have, while the duration of consensus impacts how long users stay in the community. The formation of consensus relies on user expectations, which can be related to product features or pricing. For projects that have already issued tokens, user expectations, and outcomes typically manifest in asset prices. When users anticipate that project development will increase the value of their assets, they are more likely to confidently hold or trade these assets, thereby increasing the circulation and holding volume of the project, creating a positive cycle. For projects that have not yet issued tokens, user expectations are usually sustained through Token Generation Events (TGEs). Users anticipate future airdrops or token distributions, thus choosing to stay in the community to await future rewards. How to Trigger User Expectations? Any dynamic can serve as an influencing factor. Collaboration information, product updates, and the status of proposals, among others, all contribute. When user expectations are continuously met, consensus gradually forms, thereby strengthening user retention and engagement. Many community managers regularly post tweets within the community, encouraging community users to retweet and like for this reason. It's important to maximize the weight of information and increase its dissemination to subtly instill new expectations in users. This is a mechanical operational behavior, and many community managers use bots to reduce repetitive work: bots can automatically forward project information to the community. However, bots have a downside: they cannot stimulate user-sharing behavior. Why not turn this information into personalized tasks? This approach can not only expand the reach of information but also promote community interaction. TaskOn's Smart Task feature can automatically fetch updates from the project's official account and turn them into various tasks, expanding the dissemination of information and fostering expectations among more users. Continuous Interaction: Frequency Forms Habits Habits are formed based on frequency rather than duration. There's a very common phrase: "It takes 21 days to form a habit." However, it's actually the repeated behavior every day for 21 days that form the habit. To improve user retention rates, the question facing community managers becomes: How many interactions do users need to develop a habit? Successful projects in the past have focused on encouraging users to use their products every day: Centralized exchanges host continuous trading competitions.


L1/L2 projects consistently support projects within their ecosystems, integrate more dApps, and encourage users to explore their ecosystems.


dApps constantly expand the reach of their projects. TaskOn, a community solution platform, recognizes the importance of frequency. In the community task template, there's an important task-setting option: Recurrence. When setting community tasks, community managers can specify the frequency at which community members should complete the tasks. Currently, there are options for Once/Daily/Weekly/Monthly. Once set, the tasks automatically refresh, saving community managers from repetitive operations. To improve retention rates, community managers need to string together enough user actions until these behaviors are firmly embedded in users' minds. Perfecting the Incentive System There's a potential disconnect between timely rewards and delayed rewards that needs attention. For projects that haven't issued tokens yet, a Token Generation Event (TGE) can be seen as a form of delayed reward. During the wait for rewards, some users may feel that their actions lack meaning due to the lack of timely feedback, leading them to give up on continued participation. One way to address this issue is to provide some immediate, visible incentives or feedback to encourage ongoing participation. For example, project teams can incentivize continued participation before the TGE by setting milestone rewards or periodic incentives. These rewards can take the form of virtual rewards, badges of honor, or elevation in community status to make users feel that their contributions are recognized and give them motivation to continue participating. Currently, there's a trend in the market: the introduction of a points system as an immediate incentive, where users' contributions are measured in points. I once wrote an article on points systems, detailing the benefits and how to quickly set up such a system. You can refer to it for more information. (How Points System Affects Web3 Community Development & Engagement) Healthy Growth Some rely on advertising for growth, others on third-party growth platforms, and some on Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) for growth. While pouring a lot of money into advertising and marketing can quickly expand a community in the short term, once the investment stops, the number of community users can decrease rapidly. For mature communities, increasing user retention is crucial for healthy growth. Integrating the product into users' daily lives and making product usage a habit is key. A successful community relies on the efforts of the community manager at every stage: During the challenging initial phase, the community manager overcomes the difficulty of acquiring customers, ensuring a stable customer base for the community. In the growth phase, the community manager addresses member activation issues, converting community members into product users and improving conversion rates. With stable customer acquisition and high conversion rates, the community enters a mature stage. However, three new challenges await the community manager: RRR. The 3R Challenges The concept of 3R originates from the AARRR model. In the initial and growth stages, community managers accomplish the first two tasks: Acquisition and Activation. The subsequent challenge is the 3R hurdles. Retention: Encouraging users to continue using the product or service and maintaining their loyalty. Revenue: Generating income through user behavior. Referral: Encouraging existing users to recommend the product or service to others, thereby achieving secondary propagation. Retention: Revenue: Referral: As the community matures, some users may lose interest in the community or product, leading to a decrease in engagement. Additionally, as the community scales and complexity increases, conflicts may arise between new and existing members. These factors can all contribute to a decline in community user retention rates. This article will focus on the first key issue among these three challenges: community retention rates, aiming to provide insights for community managers. The Quantity and Duration of Consensus The quantity of consensus affects how many high-retention users a community can have, while the duration of consensus impacts how long users stay in the community. The formation of consensus relies on user expectations, which can be related to product features or pricing. For projects that have already issued tokens, user expectations, and outcomes typically manifest in asset prices. When users anticipate that project development will increase the value of their assets, they are more likely to confidently hold or trade these assets, thereby increasing the circulation and holding volume of the project, creating a positive cycle. For projects that have not yet issued tokens, user expectations are usually sustained through Token Generation Events (TGEs). Users anticipate future airdrops or token distributions, thus choosing to stay in the community to await future rewards. How to Trigger User Expectations? How to Trigger User Expectations? Any dynamic can serve as an influencing factor. Collaboration information, product updates, and the status of proposals, among others, all contribute. When user expectations are continuously met, consensus gradually forms, thereby strengthening user retention and engagement. Many community managers regularly post tweets within the community, encouraging community users to retweet and like for this reason. It's important to maximize the weight of information and increase its dissemination to subtly instill new expectations in users. This is a mechanical operational behavior, and many community managers use bots to reduce repetitive work: bots can automatically forward project information to the community. However, bots have a downside: they cannot stimulate user-sharing behavior. Why not turn this information into personalized tasks? This approach can not only expand the reach of information but also promote community interaction. TaskOn's Smart Task feature can automatically fetch updates from the project's official account and turn them into various tasks, expanding the dissemination of information and fostering expectations among more users. Continuous Interaction: Frequency Forms Habits Habits are formed based on frequency rather than duration. There's a very common phrase: "It takes 21 days to form a habit." However, it's actually the repeated behavior every day for 21 days that form the habit. To improve user retention rates, the question facing community managers becomes: How many interactions do users need to develop a habit? Successful projects in the past have focused on encouraging users to use their products every day: Centralized exchanges host continuous trading competitions. L1/L2 projects consistently support projects within their ecosystems, integrate more dApps, and encourage users to explore their ecosystems. dApps constantly expand the reach of their projects. Centralized exchanges host continuous trading competitions. Centralized exchanges host continuous trading competitions. L1/L2 projects consistently support projects within their ecosystems, integrate more dApps, and encourage users to explore their ecosystems. L1/L2 projects consistently support projects within their ecosystems, integrate more dApps, and encourage users to explore their ecosystems. dApps constantly expand the reach of their projects. dApps constantly expand the reach of their projects. TaskOn, a community solution platform, recognizes the importance of frequency. In the community task template, there's an important task-setting option: Recurrence. When setting community tasks, community managers can specify the frequency at which community members should complete the tasks. Currently, there are options for Once/Daily/Weekly/Monthly. Once set, the tasks automatically refresh, saving community managers from repetitive operations. To improve retention rates, community managers need to string together enough user actions until these behaviors are firmly embedded in users' minds. Perfecting the Incentive System There's a potential disconnect between timely rewards and delayed rewards that needs attention. For projects that haven't issued tokens yet, a Token Generation Event (TGE) can be seen as a form of delayed reward. During the wait for rewards, some users may feel that their actions lack meaning due to the lack of timely feedback, leading them to give up on continued participation. One way to address this issue is to provide some immediate, visible incentives or feedback to encourage ongoing participation. For example, project teams can incentivize continued participation before the TGE by setting milestone rewards or periodic incentives. These rewards can take the form of virtual rewards, badges of honor, or elevation in community status to make users feel that their contributions are recognized and give them motivation to continue participating. Currently, there's a trend in the market: the introduction of a points system as an immediate incentive, where users' contributions are measured in points. I once wrote an article on points systems, detailing the benefits and how to quickly set up such a system. You can refer to it for more information. (How Points System Affects Web3 Community Development & Engagement) I once wrote an article on points systems, detailing the benefits and how to quickly set up such a system. You can refer to it for more information. ( How Points System Affects Web3 Community Development & Engagement ) How Points System Affects Web3 Community Development & Engagement How Points System Affects Web3 Community Development & Engagement ) Healthy Growth Some rely on advertising for growth, others on third-party growth platforms, and some on Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) for growth. While pouring a lot of money into advertising and marketing can quickly expand a community in the short term, once the investment stops, the number of community users can decrease rapidly. For mature communities, increasing user retention is crucial for healthy growth. Integrating the product into users' daily lives and making product usage a habit is key.

Building a Successful Web3 Community: Healthy Growth

Hi All! Here is my weekly wrap-up email. If you love this content (please share it), but also… Check out my and connect with me on / . , Podcast YouTube Twitter If you love this kind of content, please subscribe to my or newsletter. weekly daily What’s in today’s newsletter? Locus of Control Idea: 10 Seconds Question: Your Story Quote: Podcast: Chad Braverman - President & Chief Operating Officer at Doc Johnson Marisol Nichols - Anti-Trafficking Activist & Actress Dr. Mark Goulston - Dying Expert, International Keynote Speaker & Author Will Ahmed - Founder and CEO of WHOOP Michael Loeb - President and CEO of Loeb NYC Latticework Thinking, The Law of Triviality & Paralysis Triggers Habits That Break You Article: Idea: Locus of Control Quick quiz: if you miss a promotion, who do you blame? The boss who didn't pick you? The system that holds people back? Bad luck or lousy timing? If you said yes to any of those, you likely lean external on the locus scale. And that orientation may secretly sabotage your success. There's a psychological concept known as locus of control. Some people view themselves as controlling life events — internal locus. Others see outside forces directing their destiny — external locus. Corporate culture and education breed external thinkers. We absorb ideas like... The company limits advancement. I'll never get ahead here. The economy tanks my savings no matter what I do. I lost my job because of ageism/sexism/racism/cronyism/nepotism. The system is rigged against people like me. An external locus is learned helplessness on steroids. It assumes you lack agency over your outcomes. The keys to the kingdom reside outside the castle walls. You cannot breach them. Meanwhile, internals interpret setbacks differently: I haven't demonstrated I'm promotion-worthy yet. I should diversify my investments more to hedge against risk. My skills aren't competitive anymore. Time to update them. The system may be biased, but I can still influence my own experience. See the difference? Internals believe they largely control what happens TO them, while externals see things happening AT them. This orientation predicts success and well-being. Internals end up healthier, wealthier, and more satisfied. They resist victim narratives, take responsibility for career growth, and persist despite obstacles. What others call luck they call the inevitable output of preparation meeting opportunity. Internals rise faster. They handle setbacks with resilience rather than resentment or resignation. Hungry to keep bettering their best. They own their destinations even when the journey depends partly on outside forces. They influence context through quality connections. Master timing and tribes. This lifeline forever pulls them forward, fate and fortune ultimately submitting to internal gravity. The external looks at the internal's progress with confusion. "How does she keep advancing despite the headwinds?" They don't recognize the mindset gap that keeps blowing doors open for one while barricading them for the other. So the internal lands the promotions. Lands the wealthy spouse. Lands more job offers and speaking gigs. Hits the targets the external calls impossible. The formula is simple: Internals bet on themselves. While externals wait for the world to give them a fair chance, internals get obsessed with self-growth. They level up skills, expand networks, and speak up when overlooked. In contrast, externals atrophy in bitterness and disbelief. Blame becomes the balm that temporarily soothes their powerlessness to control context. Occasionally, the internal orientation goes too far — the hubris of refusing to acknowledge any constraints beyond your control. But the sweet spot lives much closer to that extreme than the other. So if you catch yourself externalizing, course correct quickly. Trade in excuses for ownership. Set audacious goals immune to outside forces. Maybe the winds won't cooperate, but your mindset still controls the sails. Stop leaving your fate and fortune resting in foreign hands. Seize your locus and shift it internally. Orient yourself to play power, not the victim. You’ll be amazed at how quickly the game changes when you do. Question: 10 Seconds Will you let 10 seconds ruin your life? What if I trip walking up on stage? What if I mess up my words? What if they don't like what I have to say? We all have those voices in our heads filling us with doubt before we try something new. I call them the First Ten Seconds. They are the initial moments of discomfort, uncertainty, and fear we feel when facing a risk or challenge. And here is the key insight: Most people let those First Ten Seconds stop them from ever even trying. They talk themselves out of raising their hand for a promotion, starting a podcast, asking someone on a date, you name it. The First Ten Seconds lock them in place. But growth lives outside your comfort zone. It waits on the other side of those First Ten Seconds. So how do you push past the doubts and disbelief when you know something could significantly change your life if you just went for it? Here are three unconventional ideas: First, reframe what those First Ten Seconds mean. Recognize them as a sign you are headed in the right direction. Let those butterflies in your stomach be confirmation that whatever you are about to do matters. Next, don't think. Just start without overanalyzing. As Mark Twain once wrote, “You can't wait for inspiration. You have to go after it with a club.” Stop reviewing worst-case scenarios and talking yourself out of it. Shut off your brain and start moving forward. Surprise yourself. Finally, fall in love with failure. Understand that failure is not really failing at all. It is learning, adjusting, and wisdom for whatever comes next. The most successful people fail more because they try more. So fall in love with failure, and you remove its power over you. The truth is those First Ten Seconds never totally go away. Even after years of public speaking, I still feel them. But now, I smile. I let them energize me rather than paralyze me. I hope these unconventional ideas help you push past your next First Ten Seconds to create the change and growth you have been putting off. Stop letting a few seconds of discomfort alter the trajectory of your life. The time is now. Quote: Your Story “There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you.” - Maya Angelou What vision, message, art, or creation lives inside you desperate to get out? What bold dream or unconventional idea fills your journal pages and therapy sessions and conversations with close friends? For too many people, the answer is still: I don’t know. The story they were born to share remains untold. Hidden away in the recesses of their imagination, lacking the oxygen to come alive. And this Great Resignation era proves even the best paycheck loses its shine when your work feels detached from self-expression. From purpose and meaning. We want to matter. To create an impact only our distinct talents and perspectives allow. But we hold ourselves back. Those First Ten Seconds of doubt barrage us again. What if no one cares what I have to say? What if they judge me? Laugh at me? Ignore me? And in avoiding those potential pains we create a greater one—the agony Maya Angelou described of bottling our genius, stifling our voices, and wasting our potential gifts because of fear. I know brilliant thinkers, mesmerizing storytellers, visionary leaders, gifted creators, and daring entrepreneurs who remain anonymous. They toil away at jobs misaligned with their innate talents. Hiding in bureaucracy. Craving environments where they can shine. It’s time to break from confining roles to lead and live as your fullest self at work. You have rare skills and ideas to offer if given the chance. The marketplace needs your distinct talents and innovative solutions right now. Treat your concepts as promising opportunities for growth. Test and develop the ones aligned with your passions. Then set them free to reach receptive audiences. Some initial business ideas may flop. Others are ignored by traditional executives. But ventures connected to your deeper interests will attract great partners. Bold thinkers drive progress by challenging the status quo. Take smart risks to set yourself apart rather than blindly conform. Today’s landscape allows you to directly distribute your work rather than ask gatekeepers for approval first. Seek customers excited about what you uniquely provide. Create the intrinsic reward of problem-solving and self-expression, not just extrinsic incentives. Awaken energized, with no regrets about holding yourself back. That’s how leaders evolve—by contributing fully as themselves, without compromise to fit outdated molds. The right opportunities want exactly what you bring. Go make your mark by being 100% you. Podcast: 1. Chad Braverman - President & Chief Operating Officer at Doc Johnson | | YouTube Spotify Apple Chad Braverman is a dynamic second-generation leader, steering the company with an innovative vision and robust business acumen. Taking the reins of a legacy initiated by his father, Ron Braverman, who transformed a small rubber goods firm into the esteemed Doc Johnson in 1976, Chad has been instrumental in elevating the family business to new heights. Since joining in 2004, equipped with a business degree from the University of Miami, he has masterfully blended traditional business strategies with modern creativity, significantly contributing to Doc Johnson's impressive $135.8 million revenue as of 2021. 2. Marisol Nichols - Anti-Trafficking Activist & Actress | | YouTube Spotify Apple Marisol Nichols is a renowned American actress known for her roles in TV series like "24" and "Riverdale." In addition to her acting career, Nichols is committed to philanthropy and activism. Inspired by her own life-changing experience of sexual assault at age eleven, she founded the non-profit "Foundation for a Slavery Free World" to combat sex trafficking. Actively involved with law enforcement, she collaborates with organizations like Operation Underground Railroad to address child exploitation. 3. Dr. Mark Goulston - Dying Expert, International Keynote Speaker & Author | | YouTube Spotify Apple Dr. Goulston has a unique background that combines psychiatry, neuroscience, and business. He was a professor of psychiatry at UCLA, where he taught and trained medical students and residents for over 25 years. He also served as a hostage negotiation trainer for the FBI, where he learned how to defuse high-stakes situations and influence people in crisis. He is the author of several best-selling books, including “Just Listen”, which has been translated into 28 languages and is widely regarded as the ultimate guide to effective communication. He is also the creator of Surgical Empathy, a breakthrough technique that he used to prevent hundreds of suicides during his psychiatric career. 4. Will Ahmed - Founder and CEO of WHOOP | | YouTube Spotify Apple Will Ahmed is the Founder and CEO of WHOOP, which has developed next-generation wearable technology for optimizing human performance and health. WHOOP has raised more than $400 million from investors and is currently valued at $3.6 billion, making it the most valuable standalone wearables company in the world. Will has recruited an active advisory board that consists of some of the world’s most notable cardiologists, technologists, marketers, and designers, and he is a member of the Board of Fellows of Harvard Medical School, where he provides counsel to the Dean and faculty on topics related to the strength and health of the institution. Will was named to the 2021 Sports Business Journal 40 Under 40 list as well as the 2020 Fortune 40 Under 40 Healthcare list and previously named to Forbes 30 Under 30 and Boston Business Journal’s 40 Under 40. 5. Michael Loeb - President and CEO of Loeb NYC | | YouTube Spotify Apple Michael Loeb is a serial entrepreneur and the founder and CEO of Loeb.nyc, a startup investment platform that pairs strategic and executional talent with passionate founders. Michael has a long and successful track record of building and scaling consumer marketing businesses, from magazines to online travel to pharmacy discounts. Michael started his career at Time, Inc., where he met his longtime business partner Rich Vogel. Together, they co-founded the Synapse Group, which revolutionized the magazine subscription industry with its patented Continuous Service Model. Synapse Group also incubated Priceline.com, one of the most successful online travel companies in the world. In 2006, Michael and Rich sold Synapse Group to Time Warner for over $500M. 6. Latticework Thinking, The Law of Triviality & Paralysis Triggers | | YouTube Spotify Apple In this Lessons episode, we delve into understanding everyday cognitive biases, self-imposed barriers, and the art of connecting knowledge. Article: Habits That Break You Decades of awkwardness compelled Alex Mathers (the author) to learn and understand what connects us to one another and what pushes us apart. People make judgments extremely quickly about the kind of person we are. This means there are subtle changes we all can make that impact how others see us. Here’s some of the items discussed. How do we navigate social interactions more effectively? What guides our smallest habits and behaviors? What do we invest our mental energy and attention in during conversations? How do we decide what communication patterns to change or get rid of? Read it here. Sponsors (Most Have Special Offers) Hubspot - https://hubspot.com/ Collective https://collective.com/success Kajabi - (Code: success) https://kajabi.com/success ButcherBox - (Code: success) https://butcherbox.com/success Justin Wine - / (Code: success) https://justinwine.com Green Light - https://greenlight.com/success Indeed - https://indeed.com/clary Nudge Podcast - https://www.nudgepodcast.com/podcast/ NetSuite — https://netsuite.com/scottclary/ Factor — (Code: successpod50) https://factormeals.com/successpod50 HelloFresh — (Code: 50succespod) https://hellofresh.com/50successpod ZBiotics — (Code: success) https://zbiotics.com/success My Links Success Story (Top 10 Business Podcast) Newsletter (310k Subs) Social Media Also published here

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