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Just Act is the evolution of a theatre company Epstein started in Philadelphia in 2003 called Gas and Electric Arts, which exclusively performed the work of living women playwrights, did Theatre of the Oppressed work with youth, and offered non-theatre anti-oppression training.

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**ZURICH, Switzerland, May 3rd, 2024/Chainwire/--**Galaxis is preparing for this month's token launch on Bybit, with the first phase commencing through the IDO. To further enhance this launch, Galaxis has announced a substantial $1,000,000 Community Creator and Community Member Grant Program. This initiative incentivizes both community creators and members for active engagement in the Galaxis ecosystem. Galaxis, known for its partnerships with Mike Tyson, Steve Aoki, and the NBA, promotes the Web3 creator movement by offering a platform for creators to benefit from their work. The platform's distinctive feature is its customizable membership cards. These cards do more than just act as digital tokens; they encourage community support by offering perks and access to physical and digital experiences. It's worth noting that Galaxis has seen significant success, with over 32,000 ETH traded in secondary markets and over $9 million USD secured through the Galaxis Engines. About Galaxis Community Creator Grants Galaxis has pledged an impressive $1,000,000 in Creator and Community Member Grants with support from CoinMarketCap. This commitment is split between the Creator Grant Program and the Community Member Grant Program, each of which will be awarded with $500,000 over the next 12 months in return for their community engagement. The initiative encourages active community engagement and supports creators by offering monthly rewards based on membership tiers. To kickstart this initiative, creators can launch their community membership cards for free on Galaxis, and community members can attain Full or VIP Member status by topping up their cards with GALAXIS tokens. The more a community grows and the higher the tier members choose, the more the creators earn. Both creators and community members can benefit from exclusive perks of their chosen membership tier. "We are truly excited about the $1,000,000 Creator and Community Grants. Our mission has always been to support and empower creators. This initiative stands as a testament to that commitment, providing both the support and the platform creators need to thrive,"Andras, CEO of Galaxis. For more detailed information about the grant programs and how they work, please refer to the official Galaxis website. Token Launch on Bybit Galaxis, a leading platform for creators, is preparing for an exciting dual launch - both its token and platform are set to be unveiled. The first phase of the token launch is an Initial DEX Offering (IDO) on Bybit, which is set to commence on the 3rd of May. This success lays a strong foundation for the upcoming launch and the continued growth of the Galaxis ecosystem, reinforcing Galaxis's position as a key player for creators. For further details about the token launch and how to engage, users can visit the official Bybit website. About Galaxis Galaxis is a groundbreaking platform designed to empower creators and brands in the ever-evolving Web3 ecosystem. Leveraging the latest in blockchain technology, Galaxis provides a suite of tools and services to create, manage, and sell dynamic NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) with utility. These advanced NFTs go beyond traditional digital collectibles by offering real-world benefits and interactive features, allowing creators to engage with their communities in meaningful ways. From customizable smart contracts to integrated marketplaces, Galaxis is at the forefront of the NFT revolution, offering a decentralized and secure environment for creators to unleash their potential and for collectors to discover unique digital assets. Contact Andras K. info@galaxis.xyz This story was distributed as a release by Cyberwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. **ZURICH, Switzerland, May 3rd, 2024/Chainwire/--**Galaxis is preparing for this month's token launch on Bybit, with the first phase commencing through the IDO. To further enhance this launch, Galaxis has announced a substantial $1,000,000 Community Creator and Community Member Grant Program. This initiative incentivizes both community creators and members for active engagement in the Galaxis ecosystem. Galaxis, known for its partnerships with Mike Tyson, Steve Aoki, and the NBA, promotes the Web3 creator movement by offering a platform for creators to benefit from their work. The platform's distinctive feature is its customizable membership cards. These cards do more than just act as digital tokens; they encourage community support by offering perks and access to physical and digital experiences. It's worth noting that Galaxis has seen significant success, with over 32,000 ETH traded in secondary markets and over $9 million USD secured through the Galaxis Engines. About Galaxis Community Creator Grants Galaxis has pledged an impressive $1,000,000 in Creator and Community Member Grants with support from CoinMarketCap. This commitment is split between the Creator Grant Program and the Community Member Grant Program, each of which will be awarded with $500,000 over the next 12 months in return for their community engagement. The initiative encourages active community engagement and supports creators by offering monthly rewards based on membership tiers. To kickstart this initiative, creators can launch their community membership cards for free on Galaxis, and community members can attain Full or VIP Member status by topping up their cards with GALAXIS tokens. The more a community grows and the higher the tier members choose, the more the creators earn. Both creators and community members can benefit from exclusive perks of their chosen membership tier. "We are truly excited about the $1,000,000 Creator and Community Grants. Our mission has always been to support and empower creators. This initiative stands as a testament to that commitment, providing both the support and the platform creators need to thrive,"Andras, CEO of Galaxis. For more detailed information about the grant programs and how they work, please refer to the official Galaxis website . Galaxis website Galaxis website Token Launch on Bybit Galaxis, a leading platform for creators, is preparing for an exciting dual launch - both its token and platform are set to be unveiled. The first phase of the token launch is an Initial DEX Offering (IDO) on Bybit , which is set to commence on the 3rd of May. on Bybit on Bybit This success lays a strong foundation for the upcoming launch and the continued growth of the Galaxis ecosystem, reinforcing Galaxis's position as a key player for creators. For further details about the token launch and how to engage, users can visit the official Bybit website . Bybit website Bybit website About Galaxis Galaxis is a groundbreaking platform designed to empower creators and brands in the ever-evolving Web3 ecosystem. Leveraging the latest in blockchain technology, Galaxis provides a suite of tools and services to create, manage, and sell dynamic NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) with utility. Galaxis Galaxis These advanced NFTs go beyond traditional digital collectibles by offering real-world benefits and interactive features, allowing creators to engage with their communities in meaningful ways. From customizable smart contracts to integrated marketplaces, Galaxis is at the forefront of the NFT revolution, offering a decentralized and secure environment for creators to unleash their potential and for collectors to discover unique digital assets. Contact Andras K. info@galaxis.xyz This story was distributed as a release by Cyberwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Cyberwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

Galaxis Announces $1,000,000 Creator And Community Member Grants And Bybit IDO

গ্যালাক্সিস $1,000,000 নির্মাতা এবং সম্প্রদায় সদস্য অনুদান এবং বাইবিট IDO ঘোষণা করেছে

Galaxis kündigt Zuschüsse in Höhe von 1.000.000 USD für Entwickler und Community-Mitglieder sowie Bybit IDO an

Galaxis anuncia subvenciones de 1.000.000 de dólares para creadores y miembros de la comunidad y Bybit IDO

Galaxis annonce des subventions de 1 000 000 $ aux créateurs et aux membres de la communauté et Bybit IDO

गैलेक्सिस ने $1,000,000 क्रिएटर और समुदाय सदस्य अनुदान और बायबिट IDO की घोषणा की

Galaxis、クリエイターとコミュニティメンバーへの100万ドルの助成金とBybit IDOを発表

Galaxis, $1,000,000의 창작자 및 커뮤니티 회원 보조금과 Bybit IDO 발표

Galaxis anuncia subsídios de US$ 1.000.000 para criadores e membros da comunidade e Bybit IDO

Galaxis объявляет о грантах для авторов и членов сообщества в размере 1 000 000 долларов США и IDO Bybit

Galaxis, 1.000.000 Dolarlık İçerik Oluşturucu ve Topluluk Üyesi Hibelerini ve Bybit IDO'yu Duyurdu

Galaxis công bố khoản tài trợ trị giá 1.000.000 USD cho người sáng tạo và thành viên cộng đồng cũng như Bybit IDO

Galaxis 宣布向创作者和社区成员提供 1,000,000 美元赠款以及 Bybit IDO

How We Built a Debit Card From Scratch in Only 4 Months

আমরা কীভাবে মাত্র 4 মাসে স্ক্র্যাচ থেকে একটি ডেবিট কার্ড তৈরি করেছি

Wie wir in nur 4 Monaten eine Debitkarte von Grund auf entwickelt haben

Cómo creamos una tarjeta de débito desde cero en solo 4 meses

Comment nous avons créé une carte de débit à partir de zéro en seulement 4 mois

हमने कैसे सिर्फ़ 4 महीनों में एक डेबिट कार्ड बनाया

わずか 4 か月でデビット カードをゼロから構築する方法

단 4개월 만에 직불카드를 처음부터 만드는 방법

Como construímos um cartão de débito do zero em apenas 4 meses

Как мы создали дебетовую карту с нуля всего за 4 месяца

Sadece 4 Ayda Sıfırdan Nasıl Banka Kartı Oluşturduk?

Cách chúng tôi xây dựng thẻ ghi nợ từ đầu chỉ trong 4 tháng

我们如何仅用 4 个月时间从零开始打造借记卡

Designing a serverless system can be complex, and without knowing the internal workings of the services, you could easily lose the data. A steep learning curve is the main drawback of building serverless applications on . AWS could do a better job of making an ideal developer experience. We’ve seen some small improvements, but the ideal platform is still far away. Not only that, the development experience could be better. There are many cases where the actual behavior goes against the initial developer expectation, and you can easily lose data or get unexpected results without a deep understanding of . A good platform should abstract the details from the developer. But that is not the case with AWS. AWS AWS services Let’s start with common ground. In more traditional, non-event-driven systems, you write data directly to the database, and losing data means that there is an issue with the database. But serverless systems are, in a large portion, event-driven systems, and data is eventually consistent. Putting data/events into such a system does not necessarily mean that it is immediately written to the database. It can be passed between several event busses, pub-sub, and event streaming systems … and, in most cases, ends up in a database, like DynamoDB, which is by its nature eventually consistent. If you put data/event into such a system and it does not eventually end up at the destination or you do not get it when retrieving from the database, you have a problem. The data could also be lost, duplicated, you get older records than expected, etc. NoSQL This article’s title mentions losing data, but we will actually cover all these cases. Content Overview - Nine Ways to Lose Data Using Serverless without Even Knowing It Duplicate and Unordered Events Bulk Operations Eventually Consistent DynamoDB Filter Dead Letter Queue Messages are Lost After the Retention Period A Poison Pill Message Can Also Cause the Following Messages to be Lost Lagging Behind When Processing Data Throttling Missing/Misconfigured DLQ and Maximum Retry Exceeded 1. Duplicate and Unordered Events This is the most common way for your data to be deformed. Most services do not guarantee order and exactly-once delivery. SQS FIFO and SNS FIFO provide that, and stream-based systems like DynamoDB Streams and Kinesis Streams provide order guarantees. SQS FIFO and SNS FIFO are less scalable and more expensive than their regular counterparts, and you should only use them if you have solid reasons to. In most cases, you should expect the events to be triggered unordered, and they can be duplicated. Handling unordered messages means that you should not override the new record with the older record received afterward. Handling duplicated events means that the system should be . For example, if you receive a charge on your bank account, you should check that the same transaction was not already processed. idempotent Most AWS services do not guarantee order and exactly once delivery. You should ensure your system is idempotent. Although most developers know this, it goes against basic intuition, and we quite easily forget that Lambda subscribed to SQS, SNS, and EventBridge can be triggered multiple times with the same payload. But there is the same case with other, less-used services. If you save data to , the same problem can occur. Kinesis Firehose can duplicate records. Athena behaves like an SQL database, but that does not mean that it has all the constraints that SQL databases have. Records with the same ID can quite easily be duplicated, and queries that do not anticipate that would return wrong results. S3 via Kinesis Firehose and queried by Athena Athena behaves like an SQL database but does not have constraints. Records with the same ID can be duplicated. 2. Bulk Operations This is probably the most dangerous thing that developers often forget because it goes against basic intuition. What would you expect if one or more records failed when bulk inserting into SQS, SNS, EventBridge, DynamoDB, or Kinesis? Well, if you expected the SDK to throw an error, so the problem is logged, and maybe the whole process can be retried or dropped to some Deal Letter Queue (DLQ) ... you would be wrong. You will not know if you have lost the data if you do not check that list. The problems go further with read operations. If you do a bulk get operation on DynamoDB and do not receive some records, you would expect that the records do not exist. Wrong again. The SDK returns records that it managed to get and also the records that it failed to process (field ), SDK does not throw an error. It just returns the list of failed records. UnprocessedKeys but that does not mean that the records are not in the database. Failed bulk operations using AWS SDK do not throw an error. You might been losing data. The funny thing is that SDK for EventBridge does not even have a non-bulk operation. So even if you put one record in, you still use a bulk approach and may lose the data if you do not check the result ( field). FailedEntryCount Failure with bulk operations may happen more frequently than with regular operations because sending a lot of data could overload the system, which could fail/throttle on more records. You should customize the settings on how the SDK communicates with the service and how the retry and backoff mechanism works. where default settings are not optimal, especially when using Lambda. You can read more about that . You should do that for DynamoDB, here 3. Eventually Consistent As mentioned, with event-driven architecture and especially a NoSQL database (e.g., DynamoDB), which are, in essence, eventually consistent, you will, in most cases, not know if the database will return the latest data. That is by design in most distributed systems. But it goes against our intuition, especially when using the database. DynamoDB is eventually consistent, so you might not get the data you just saved. For the operations on the Primary Index or Local Second Index, you can force DynamoDB to provide consistent data, which is twice as expensive. But you cannot do that when you query the Global Second Index, which is more often used. The delay until the index is synchronized could be substantial if you insert a lot of data. The easiest solution is not to retrieve data immediately after inserting, but it might not be feasible. For example, in a synchronous process, the user expects the response immediately. If you decide to wait a while, you will not know how long the delay should be. You could insert and retrieve a record and get a previous record back. 4. DynamoDB Filter DynamoDB is one of the more dangerous services that can cause loss of data or receive unexpected results if you do not know how the database works in detail. I already mentioned the bulk operations and eventual consistency. Those are more generic problems. Issues regarding the DynamoDB filter are unique. DynamoDB has a filter operation, which, as the name implies, removes undesired items from the resultset. When you use the DynamoDB Filter, you might not get any data, although there are matching records in the database. 😱😱😱 Let's first refresh how DynamoDB works. DynamoDB returns 1MB of data or up to the number of records defined by the limit parameter. Then the filter is applied. Data is then sent to the consumer. If you set the limit to 10 records and set a filter, DynamoDB would retrieve 10 records and then apply the filter. If some or all of those records do not meet the filter criteria, they will not be returned. This means that you will receive less than 10 records or . You could check the to see if there are more records, but why would you if your intuition tells you that you received less than the requested 10 records? The same goes even if you do not use the limit. DynamoDB retrieves 1MB of data from the storage, applies the filter, and returns results that could again be empty, although there are matching records in the database. That is clearly stated in the , but if you are new to DynamoDB, that is quite unexpected. possibly zero, although there could be millions of matching records in the database LastEvaluatedKey documentation 5. Dead Letter Queue Messages are Lost After the Retention Period A Dead Letter Queue (DLQ) pattern in event-driven/asynchronous systems is used to drop messages that failed to process so they are not lost. Those messages should be either inspected manually or by an automatic system and returned ("redrived") to the system when the problem is resolved. But if you are building the automatic system, do not just retry all failed messages because you could cause an endless loop, which would be very expensive. If the SQS queue is used for DLQ, If you do not process them until the retention period is over, they are lost. the records in DLQ are not stored forever. Saving data to the Dead Letter Queue might not prevent data loss if you forget to act upon the alarm 🚨 message. The first thing that you should do when configuring a DLQ is to set it to a maximum retention period and configure an alarm so that you are notified if some messages are dropped there. You should also not forget to configure a subscription to the alarm, which can quite easily be overlooked. Finally, you should also respond to the alarm message, which could be the most problematic part because it involves human intervention. Failing to process the message should occur quite rarely, and once the issue occurs, the person notified may not respond because they may not know or remember what the message is about. There is also a common problem with alert fatigue because of too many messages, and people start ignoring them. This could also happen to experienced teams. 6. A Poison Pill Message Can Also Cause the Following Messages to be Lost This problem occurs when using FIFO SQS, FIFO SNS, DynamoDB Streams, and Kinesis Streams without configuring DLQ. What happens if you encounter a record, commonly known as a poison pill message, that you cannot process? If the default configuration is used, the record keeps on retrying indefinitely. Those services guarantee the order, so no other record in that FIFO group or Kinesis/DynamoDB Streams shard/partition will be processed. But all those services do not store the data indefinitely. SQS stores it by default for 4 days, extendable to 14 days, DynamoDB Streams for 1 day, extendable to 7 days, and Kinesis Streams for 1 day, extendable to 1 year. So, if the issue with the problematic message is not resolved by then, you will lose all the data older than that, not just that poison pill message. A Poison Pill Message 💊 can cause the loss of all old data in FIFO SQS, FIFO SNS, DynamoDB Streams, and Kinesis Streams. Knowing that, you should configure a DLQ where messages will go after several failed retries. But here is a second problem. Those services guarantee order, which is, of course, lost if some messages are skipped. 7. Lagging Behind When Processing Data Lambda attached to SQS, Kinesis Streams, and DynamoDB Streams is processing the data. What happens when the Lambda cannot keep up because: processing is too time-consuming downstream service cannot handle the load low reserved concurrency low maximum concurrency (SQS only) small batches the data is not sufficiently parallel processed due to hotkeys in DynamoDB not enough or unbalanced shards in Kinesis Streams? In that case, the data is coming faster than it is processing. (see the part about the Poison Pill). Then you start losing messages. Records in the system are becoming old and could be older than the retention period If you are slow with processing ⌛, you can lose the data in SQS, Kinesis Streams, and DynamoDB Streams if data exceeds the retention period. You should configure an alarm for metrics that indicate unprocessed messages are becoming old: for Lambda attaches to Kinesis Streams and DynamoDB Streams IteratorAge for Lambda attached to SQS ApproximateAgeOfOldestMessage for Lambdas executed asynchronously AsyncEventAge 8. Throttling When the load hits the predefined quotes/limits, the system starts to reject requests. All AWS services have a lot of predefined quotes. Some are soft, meaning that you can increase them by sending a request to AWS. In the asynchronous process, if you configure DLQ, Lambda Destination, or a similar mechanism that the system can use to store rejected messages, later, . But in the synchronous process, like HTTP requests hitting API Gateway and then directly database, those requests are lost because the client/user expects the response right away. First, for all the quotes that you are likely to hit. It is impossible to list them all, but the first one in your mind should be . In most accounts, the default limit is 1,000. This is easily hit with a high load. You should do load testing if you intend to build a service that expects a high load. you can still process them when you resolve the issue, or the load is lower you should configure alarms Lambda account concurrency limit You should do load testing if you intend to build a service that expects a high load. 9. Missing/Misconfigured DLQ and Maximum Retry Exceeded Without DLQ, when retries are exhausted, you will lose the message. Each service has different ways and different options to configure retries. Another story is configuring DLQ correctly, which is a challenge on its own, and it would be hard to find a better example of a bad developer experience. Let's go step by step. Mostly, it depends on the . invocation mode The challenge of the day. Try to correctly configure the Dead Letter Queue in AWS. 🫣 Asynchronous invocation: SNS, EventBridge, S3, and many other services invoke Lambda asynchronously. In that case, you need to configure two DLQs: For SNS and EventBridge, only the SQS queue can be configured as DLQ. In DLQ, messages are dropped if the service fails to send them to the target and not if the target fails to process them. If the target is Lambda, it tries to deliver to the internal asynchronous Lambda queue. They go here only if the target service is unable to process or permissions are insufficient. Apart from configuring DLQ, you also must pay attention to how the retry mechanism works. This is not the retry mechanism for how many times the target Lambda is retried! It is a configuration of how many times it retries to put a message to the internal Lambda queue, which succeeds almost every time. DLQ on the service side (SNS, EventBridge, …) You will not see many messages in this DLQ. In this DLQ, messages go when invoking a Lambda fails. This does not need to be the SQS queue. It can also be an SNS topic. Or it can be replaced or supplemented by newer Lambda Destination, which is a better solution, but the principle is the same. Lambda Destination can also send messages when Lambda succeeds, not just when it fails. Lambda Destination, in addition to SQS, supports sending messages to other destinations like Lambda function, SNS, or EventBridge. Additionally, it provides previously unavailable error details. DLQ on the Lambda side Lambda invoked asynchronously: Lambda Destination: When you execute Lambda functions asynchronously by yourself, you also need to configure DLQ/Lambda Destination, but only the one on the Lambda side because no service is invoking the Lambda. Lambda attached to SQS (Polling invocation): In this case, you should configure the DLQ on the SQS side only. DLQ or Lambda Destination on the Lambda side will not work because the Lambda is not executed asynchronously. Lambda synchronously polling batches of messages from SQS: Lambda attached to DynamoDB Streams or Kinesis Streams (Polling invocation): This configuration is, again, completely different. When configuring the trigger, you can configure DLQ, which can be an SQS queue or SNS topic. You must configure only one DLQ, not two, like on SNS or EventBridge. The DLQ does not receive a failed message nor any error details. You get a position of the message, which you can get from the stream (if it is not past the retention period). The configured DLQ in the AWS console is also visible as Lambda Destination, although this is not an asynchronous Lambda Destination mentioned above, but a stream Lambda Destination. The destination can only be SQS or SNS, but not Lambda or EventBridge. Talk about total confusion! Synchronous invocation No DLQ here because it is not an asynchronous operation. Read more about Implementing , , and . AWS Lambda error handling patterns retry mechanisms configuring DLQ Also published here.

Nine Data loss Pitfalls in Serverless Computing

The Problem of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE WORLD OF UNIVERSALS THE WORLD OF UNIVERSALS At the end of the preceding chapter we saw that such entities as relations appear to have a being which is in some way different from that of physical objects, and also different from that of minds and from that of sense-data. In the present chapter we have to consider what is the nature of this kind of being, and also what objects there are that have this kind of being. We will begin with the latter question. The problem with which we are now concerned is a very old one, since it was brought into philosophy by Plato. Plato's 'theory of ideas' is an attempt to solve this very problem, and in my opinion it is one of the most successful attempts hitherto made. The theory to be advocated in what follows is largely Plato's, with merely such modifications as time has shown to be necessary. The way the problem arose for Plato was more or less as follows. Let us consider, say, such a notion as justice. If we ask ourselves what justice is, it is natural to proceed by considering this, that, and the other just act, with a view to discovering what they have in common. They must all, in some sense, partake of a common nature, which will be found in whatever is just and in nothing else. This common nature, in virtue of which they are all just, will be justice itself, the pure essence the admixture of which with facts of ordinary life produces the multiplicity of just acts. Similarly with any other word which may be applicable to common facts, such as 'whiteness' for example. The word will be applicable to a number of particular things because they all participate in a common nature or essence. This pure essence is what Plato calls an 'idea' or 'form'. (It must not be supposed that 'ideas', in his sense, exist in minds, though they may be apprehended by minds.) The 'idea' justice is not identical with anything that is just: it is something other than particular things, which particular things partake of. Not being particular, it cannot itself exist in the world of sense. Moreover it is not fleeting or changeable like the things of sense: it is eternally itself, immutable and indestructible. Thus Plato is led to a supra-sensible world, more real than the common world of sense, the unchangeable world of ideas, which alone gives to the world of sense whatever pale reflection of reality may belong to it. The truly real world, for Plato, is the world of ideas; for whatever we may attempt to say about things in the world of sense, we can only succeed in saying that they participate in such and such ideas, which, therefore, constitute all their character. Hence it is easy to pass on into a mysticism. We may hope, in a mystic illumination, to see the ideas as we see objects of sense; and we may imagine that the ideas exist in heaven. These mystical developments are very natural, but the basis of the theory is in logic, and it is as based in logic that we have to consider it. The word 'idea' has acquired, in the course of time, many associations which are quite misleading when applied to Plato's 'ideas'. We shall therefore use the word 'universal' instead of the word 'idea', to describe what Plato meant. The essence of the sort of entity that Plato meant is that it is opposed to the particular things that are given in sensation. We speak of whatever is given in sensation, or is of the same nature as things given in sensation, as a particular; by opposition to this, a universal will be anything which may be shared by many particulars, and has those characteristics which, as we saw, distinguish justice and whiteness from just acts and white things. When we examine common words, we find that, broadly speaking, proper names stand for particulars, while other substantives, adjectives, prepositions, and verbs stand for universals. Pronouns stand for particulars, but are ambiguous: it is only by the context or the circumstances that we know what particulars they stand for. The word 'now' stands for a particular, namely the present moment; but like pronouns, it stands for an ambiguous particular, because the present is always changing. It will be seen that no sentence can be made up without at least one word which denotes a universal. The nearest approach would be some such statement as 'I like this'. But even here the word 'like' denotes a universal, for I may like other things, and other people may like things. Thus all truths involve universals, and all knowledge of truths involves acquaintance with universals. Seeing that nearly all the words to be found in the dictionary stand for universals, it is strange that hardly anybody except students of philosophy ever realizes that there are such entities as universals. We do not naturally dwell upon those words in a sentence which do not stand for particulars; and if we are forced to dwell upon a word which stands for a universal, we naturally think of it as standing for some one of the particulars that come under the universal. When, for example, we hear the sentence, 'Charles I's head was cut off', we may naturally enough think of Charles I, of Charles I's head, and of the operation of cutting off his head, which are all particulars; but we do not naturally dwell upon what is meant by the word 'head' or the word 'cut', which is a universal: We feel such words to be incomplete and insubstantial; they seem to demand a context before anything can be done with them. Hence we succeed in avoiding all notice of universals as such, until the study of philosophy forces them upon our attention. Even among philosophers, we may say, broadly, that only those universals which are named by adjectives or substantives have been much or often recognized, while those named by verbs and prepositions have been usually overlooked. This omission has had a very great effect upon philosophy; it is hardly too much to say that most metaphysics, since Spinoza, has been largely determined by it. The way this has occurred is, in outline, as follows: Speaking generally, adjectives and common nouns express qualities or properties of single things, whereas prepositions and verbs tend to express relations between two or more things. Thus the neglect of prepositions and verbs led to the belief that every proposition can be regarded as attributing a property to a single thing, rather than as expressing a relation between two or more things. Hence it was supposed that, ultimately, there can be no such entities as relations between things. Hence either there can be only one thing in the universe, or, if there are many things, they cannot possibly interact in any way, since any interaction would be a relation, and relations are impossible. The first of these views, advocated by Spinoza and held in our own day by Bradley and many other philosophers, is called monism; the second, advocated by Leibniz but not very common nowadays, is called monadism, because each of the isolated things is called a monad. Both these opposing philosophies, interesting as they are, result, in my opinion, from an undue attention to one sort of universals, namely the sort represented by adjectives and substantives rather than by verbs and prepositions. As a matter of fact, if any one were anxious to deny altogether that there are such things as universals, we should find that we cannot strictly prove that there are such entities as qualities, i.e. the universals represented by adjectives and substantives, whereas we can prove that there must be relations, i.e. the sort of universals generally represented by verbs and prepositions. Let us take in illustration the universal whiteness. If we believe that there is such a universal, we shall say that things are white because they have the quality of whiteness. This view, however, was strenuously denied by Berkeley and Hume, who have been followed in this by later empiricists. The form which their denial took was to deny that there are such things as 'abstract ideas '. When we want to think of whiteness, they said, we form an image of some particular white thing, and reason concerning this particular, taking care not to deduce anything concerning it which we cannot see to be equally true of any other white thing. As an account of our actual mental processes, this is no doubt largely true. In geometry, for example, when we wish to prove something about all triangles, we draw a particular triangle and reason about it, taking care not to use any characteristic which it does not share with other triangles. The beginner, in order to avoid error, often finds it useful to draw several triangles, as unlike each other as possible, in order to make sure that his reasoning is equally applicable to all of them. But a difficulty emerges as soon as we ask ourselves how we know that a thing is white or a triangle. If we wish to avoid the universals whiteness and triangularity, we shall choose some particular patch of white or some particular triangle, and say that anything is white or a triangle if it has the right sort of resemblance to our chosen particular. But then the resemblance required will have to be a universal. Since there are many white things, the resemblance must hold between many pairs of particular white things; and this is the characteristic of a universal. It will be useless to say that there is a different resemblance for each pair, for then we shall have to say that these resemblances resemble each other, and thus at last we shall be forced to admit resemblance as a universal. The relation of resemblance, therefore, must be a true universal. And having been forced to admit this universal, we find that it is no longer worth while to invent difficult and unplausible theories to avoid the admission of such universals as whiteness and triangularity. Berkeley and Hume failed to perceive this refutation of their rejection of 'abstract ideas', because, like their adversaries, they only thought of qualities, and altogether ignored relations as universals. We have therefore here another respect in which the rationalists appear to have been in the right as against the empiricists, although, owing to the neglect or denial of relations, the deductions made by rationalists were, if anything, more apt to be mistaken than those made by empiricists. Having now seen that there must be such entities as universals, the next point to be proved is that their being is not merely mental. By this is meant that whatever being belongs to them is independent of their being thought of or in any way apprehended by minds. We have already touched on this subject at the end of the preceding chapter, but we must now consider more fully what sort of being it is that belongs to universals. Consider such a proposition as 'Edinburgh is north of London'. Here we have a relation between two places, and it seems plain that the relation subsists independently of our knowledge of it. When we come to know that Edinburgh is north of London, we come to know something which has to do only with Edinburgh and London: we do not cause the truth of the proposition by coming to know it, on the contrary we merely apprehend a fact which was there before we knew it. The part of the earth's surface where Edinburgh stands would be north of the part where London stands, even if there were no human being to know about north and south, and even if there were no minds at all in the universe. This is, of course, denied by many philosophers, either for Berkeley's reasons or for Kant's. But we have already considered these reasons, and decided that they are inadequate. We may therefore now assume it to be true that nothing mental is presupposed in the fact that Edinburgh is north of London. But this fact involves the relation 'north of', which is a universal; and it would be impossible for the whole fact to involve nothing mental if the relation 'north of', which is a constituent part of the fact, did involve anything mental. Hence we must admit that the relation, like the terms it relates, is not dependent upon thought, but belongs to the independent world which thought apprehends but does not create. This conclusion, however, is met by the difficulty that the relation 'north of' does not seem to exist in the same sense in which Edinburgh and London exist. If we ask 'Where and when does this relation exist?' the answer must be 'Nowhere and nowhen'. There is no place or time where we can find the relation 'north of'. It does not exist in Edinburgh any more than in London, for it relates the two and is neutral as between them. Nor can we say that it exists at any particular time. Now everything that can be apprehended by the senses or by introspection exists at some particular time. Hence the relation 'north of' is radically different from such things. It is neither in space nor in time, neither material nor mental; yet it is something. It is largely the very peculiar kind of being that belongs to universals which has led many people to suppose that they are really mental. We can think of a universal, and our thinking then exists in a perfectly ordinary sense, like any other mental act. Suppose, for example, that we are thinking of whiteness. Then in one sense it may be said that whiteness is 'in our mind'. We have here the same ambiguity as we noted in discussing Berkeley in Chapter IV. In the strict sense, it is not whiteness that is in our mind, but the act of thinking of whiteness. The connected ambiguity in the word 'idea', which we noted at the same time, also causes confusion here. In one sense of this word, namely the sense in which it denotes the object of an act of thought, whiteness is an 'idea'. Hence, if the ambiguity is not guarded against, we may come to think that whiteness is an 'idea' in the other sense, i.e. an act of thought; and thus we come to think that whiteness is mental. But in so thinking, we rob it of its essential quality of universality. One man's act of thought is necessarily a different thing from another man's; one man's act of thought at one time is necessarily a different thing from the same man's act of thought at another time. Hence, if whiteness were the thought as opposed to its object, no two different men could think of it, and no one man could think of it twice. That which many different thoughts of whiteness have in common is their object, and this object is different from all of them. Thus universals are not thoughts, though when known they are the objects of thoughts. We shall find it convenient only to speak of things existing when they are in time, that is to say, when we can point to some time at which they exist (not excluding the possibility of their existing at all times). Thus thoughts and feelings, minds and physical objects exist. But universals do not exist in this sense; we shall say that they subsist or have being, where 'being' is opposed to 'existence' as being timeless. The world of universals, therefore, may also be described as the world of being. The world of being is unchangeable, rigid, exact, delightful to the mathematician, the logician, the builder of metaphysical systems, and all who love perfection more than life. The world of existence is fleeting, vague, without sharp boundaries, without any clear plan or arrangement, but it contains all thoughts and feelings, all the data of sense, and all physical objects, everything that can do either good or harm, everything that makes any difference to the value of life and the world. According to our temperaments, we shall prefer the contemplation of the one or of the other. The one we do not prefer will probably seem to us a pale shadow of the one we prefer, and hardly worthy to be regarded as in any sense real. But the truth is that both have the same claim on our impartial attention, both are real, and both are important to the metaphysician. Indeed no sooner have we distinguished the two worlds than it becomes necessary to consider their relations. But first of all we must examine our knowledge of universals. This consideration will occupy us in the following chapter, where we shall find that it solves the problem of a priori knowledge, from which we were first led to consider universals. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Bertrand Russell (2009). THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5827/5827-h/5827-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

The World of Universals 

Were you wondering what else you haven't done regarding your site's on-page SEO? You have consumed lots of blog posts, infographics, videos, and articles about the topic. You have implemented and executed the information too and now that you have dedicated such an effort, you are wondering whether there's something you missed. Given the nature of SEO and the fact that there are so many little bits to consider, it's easy to miss an aspect or two. ‘Is it okay to say it's done now?’, You wonder. Can I rest assured that I've ticked all the boxes in the on-page SEO world? Well…, worry no more. Here's a complete on-page SEO checklist that enables you to confidently lay down the mouse, close the computer and stretch your body - rest sure that there's nothing else to do; apart from routine audits - and soon enough, you'll be reaping results from your on-page SEO efforts. This is a pretty straight-to-the-point, no fluff list, so you can quickly tick the boxes and reward yourself with a cup of hot chocolate. Let's get into it. The Complete On-Page SEO checklist - to tap maximally into organic traffic Put a practicable content marketing strategy in place You surely aren't just picking random topics and curating content around them right? Thank goodness. A solid content strategy is the backbone of any successful content marketing campaign and no tangible and sustainable results will be obtained from blindly picking keywords and topics around subject matters you 'think' will interest your audience and writing about them. None at all. That's such a black-hat technique that's bound to leave a sour taste in your mouth when you realize you aren't getting any sustainable results with it - in terms of long-term passive traffic from Google. How about short-term traffic? Well, if you are lucky enough to have chosen a non-competitive keyword and your content is really good, maybe for a short while. But long-term, continuous inflow of sustainable organic traffic? - absolutely not achievable without a solid content strategy. So, do you have a practicable content marketing strategy set up? One that you actually intend to follow? ‘ Set up an analytics tool To analyze the traffic-into your website, activities of that traffic on your website, and traffic-out of your website - on a granular level -, you should set up an analytics tool. Google Analytics is a great one - an SEO experts' cult-favorite. It is a web analytics tool that helps to track the performance of your website pages. On Google Analytics, you can track traffic sources, analyze people's behavior on your site(through metrics like bounce rate, dwell time, average session duration, top pages analytics e.t.c) and measure and track conversions - and also monitor Google ad performance, if your business uses paid advertisement. You can also integrate Google analytics seamlessly with other Google tools and services so this is an added advantage if you are a fan of Google services. Other alternatives to Google Analytics are keyword research software tools;- , and . Though they are primarily used to dig up lucrative keywords to optimize content for and analyze keywords one's competitors are ranking for, they also offer options to track web traffic and analyze web visitors' behaviors. Ahrefs Semrush, Moz If you are a SaaS brand, you will find them even more useful as the bulk of your content and inbound marketing strategies lies in SEO and keyword optimization for Google searches. Perform keyword research To ensure you aren't fighting a lost cause, perform keyword research to analyze keywords that are feasible for you to rank for. Depending on factors like your domain authority, industry and topic competitiveness, keyword relevancy, and search volume, it might be easier for you to rank for some keywords than others. If you are a start-up, it's advisable to choose BOFU(bottom-of-the-funnel) keywords that although have low search volume, have high conversions and offer you a higher chance of ranking. You should also focus more on long-tail keywords as they are easier to rank for. To know more about keyword competition and how to identify the best keywords to optimize for, Ahrefs Academy has great resources. Create content that meets the 3 pillars of quality content Which are… Relevance Visual appeal & Relatability Since content is big to on-page SEO, you want to be sure you are creating content that is relevant, visually appealing, and relatable. So, ask yourself these questions; Will my prospect find this content useful? Will it provide information for her to solve a burning problem? Is this content easy to read? Appropriately spaced? Are there multimedia inserted? Is it easy to scan through? Can my prospect relate to the subject matter/topic easily? Is this content contextual for her? Create content that favors your ranking Certain content types are better suited for specific conditions, industries, and topics than others. You should know when a long-form blog post is necessary to get a message across, different from when a listicle is the best way a point can be communicated. This is called matching the search intent - i.e providing the browser with the content type he really intends to consume when he makes the search. But how does one know the search intent? Simply search for the keyword in Google. Or search for your content title or an LSI fashion of the keyword if the keyword is a short tail one, too broad, or polysemic. Take for instance, when I searched for the term 'keyword research', I was presented with in-depth articles about the topic. If you are looking to rank for this keyword, you should produce a similar content piece because this search result shows that people who browse this topic - keyword research - want a well-detailed piece about it. So, run a quick search for the search intent behind the keyword you are optimizing for and make sure your content piece offers just that. Include your keyword in your URL The uniform resource locator(URL) is the address given to a given resource on the internet - in this case, the content page you are trying to optimize. The URL is a great place to insert your keyword because it enhances your ranking efforts by helping Google understand your content better. Even though it's not a primary ranking factor, it does contribute to some of the traffic influx. And with SEO, every little bit matters. Is your keyword inserted in your URL? Make your URL short and clear Still on URLs, it's optimal to insert your keyword but not random word combinations, numbers, and jargon. Keep it simple, and short and make it clearly describe what your content piece is about. If your URL necessitates the highest form of AI to understand it(literally speaking), it's too complex. A simple and clear URL enables Google bots to understand the content of your page quicker and better. A great example is… https://brokeblogger.com/blog/blogging tips-article From this URL, you can easily decipher the fact that the resource is an article about blogging tips from brokeblogger's blog. Make your title tag memorable & insert your keyword in it Write title tags that make browsers go 'seriously? I wanna read this'. I mean, compelling titles that hook browsers and inspire clicks. The type that builds curiosity and 'I Can't wait to see what the jist is' feelings in your prospects. Those kinds, yeah. While the title tag being compelling is not a direct ranking factor, it does drive up click-through rate and increase search traffic. And what's more? These landing prospects - haven been captured by your title hook - are more likely to click around your site for a longer while - as long as the content delivers - and engage with your brand further. What more could be better? So, analyze your title of choice again. Is it enough for the reader to stop scrolling and click on your article in milliseconds? Since title tags are important to give browsers a quick attention-catching idea of what your content is about - and whether it's for them or not(i.e worth clicking on or not) - it's important to clearly state - in the title - what your piece is about, who it is for and what your reader will benefit from consuming your content. Doing this makes your title tag descriptive - a quality Google desires in title tags. According to Google's guidelines, writing a descriptive and concise title tag is important. Title links are critical to giving users a quick insight into the content of a result and why it's relevant to their query. It's often the primary piece of information people use to decide which result to click on, so it's important to use high-quality title text on your web pages. Google Here are some tools to create better title headings… I won't 100% rely on these though. Writing better headings is more of a conscious amalgamation of content value, target audience persona, content audit data, and industry jargon than the whirl of an AI tool. Hubspot's Blog Ideas Generator The HOTH's Blog Topic Headline Title Generator Content Row's headline generator Tweak your Biz's title generator Coschedule's headline analyzer In addition, include your keyword in your title tag to further fuel your SEO efforts. You should also try to keep the keyword as close to the front as possible. That way, when Google crawls your title, it indexes the keyword first - in milliseconds - and gets a faster sense of what the content is about. Keep your title tag length within 60-65 characters You must have come across some truncated titles. This happens when the title length exceeds Google's title character limit which is between 60 and 65 characters. This is more reason to keep your keyword as close to the front of your title as possible. That way, if your keyword were to exceed the character limit, your keyword is still out there visible to the eyeballs of Google users. However, ideally, try to keep your title length within the ideal character limit so that your title can wholly serve its purpose of compelling browsers to click through to your site. Use keywords in your header tags Your subheadings deserve some keyword-love too -  insert your keywords into them too! In addition to helping to organize your writing, header tags can offer great ranking opportunities. An example is featured snippets which Google drags from sections of articles. Optimizing your header tags for search by using keyword-rich subheadings increases your chances of ranking for featured snippets. Include your keyword in the body of your article and also add its synonyms and LSI forms As you progress with discussing point after point in your writing - and writing sections after sections - you'll naturally be able to include your exact keyword multiple times. But where this is not feasible without outrightly keyword stuffing, borrow some words from the synonyms and LSI forms of your main keyword. You should do this, especially in your subheadings where it might not be natural to include the keyword word for word, letter for letter. You can freely make use of LSI versions and closely related synonyms of your keyword as Google uses RankBrain, an AI semantic tool that can understand these variants of your primary keyword. Switch up your keyword order Your keyword order - the sequence of words in a string of keywords - can determine how well you rank for close variants of your primary keyword, especially in a very competitive niche. So, play around with the keyword order. For example, if you are trying to optimize for 'latest CRM tools in 2021', you can also try using - in your content - keywords like… 2021 latest CRM tools CRM tools latest in 2021 latest tools for CRM in 2021 Use keyword once in the first 100-150 words Lots of marketers make the mistake of not being upfront with the keyword they are optimizing for in an article. Don't let this happen to you. Include your keyword within the first 100-150 words to enable Google to get a quicker sense of what your content speaks of while indexing it. Perform image SEO Image SEO - the act of optimizing images to rank on the image section of Google SERPs - is also part of on-page SEO. Add keywords to your image filenames, ALT tag description, and image titles. Use 5-8 external links External links build credibility and trust for your website. To support the opinions, points of view, and statistics in your content piece, link to… Top industry blogs Research sources - for the stats you use Expert quotes Thought leadership content Use internal links To distribute traffic across your website, link to 2-5 pages on your website. That's just an average though. More is absolutely merrier as long as it's done sensibly such that your content doesn't turn into a rainbow of hyperlinks. Don't forget to use descriptive anchor texts to ensure your reader gets a gist of the page you are sending her to. Write an arresting introduction & conclusion Also called the lede and the kicker in traditional journalism, the introduction and conclusion are key aspects of any great writing. Write an introduction that draws your reader into the story and end with a conclusion that takes her by surprise and makes her want to stay forever. Check for content or title duplication Do you think you might have another piece of content speaking about/optimizing for the primary keyword you have at hand? Or another article with a title very similar to the one for the current content? You should check…, and confirm. Keyword cannibalization - the situation whereby Google is confused about which of your content pieces to rank for a keyword or combination of keywords because there's quite a number of them, scattered all around your website - is not a pretty scenario to be in. You risk having Google decide to rank a content piece of lower priority instead of the best content piece for that subject matter because…., well, Google doesn't know they are different on your priority level. So, check through the content assets on your website. If there's another content piece or a number of them saying pretty much the same thing, you should consider combining them to produce a more detailed guide. Or you can otherwise choose the best and get rid of the remainder. Don't forget to give opportunities for distribution - add links to social media 61% of the world's population use social media and 93% of internet users are on social media sites, especially the more popular ones like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. So, your reader is most probably using them as well. Give her an opportunity to share your content with other prospects by adding social media links to your content. That way, you can drive more traffic to your blog while also gaining some social proof that your business produces valuable content. After all, no one shares poop content. Check for mobile-friendliness Is your website visibility top-notch on mobile? Can your website be navigated seamlessly on a mobile device? Top B2C industries like beauty, personal finance, travel, and food get most of their traffic from mobile. If you write for any of these niches or their significant others, you are killing your chances before having them if your site is not mobile optimized. But even if you are B2B, you shouldn't ignore mobile optimization just because mobile users account for just a minimal portion of your conversions. You might be getting most of your conversions and leads from tech-savvy, industry-jargon-proficient desktop users but you can't deny the fact that a good number of those individuals start their journey to your customer bucket from their mobile. In a fast advancing, technology-spearheaded world, where it's easier to swipe open your phone than it is to open your mouth - and I mean that literally - don't be surprised if Elon Musk joins your company's customer community page from an Android 10 device - sorry, make that an iPhone 13 Pro. Check for crawlability Google needs to crawl your content - and your entire website too - before it can index it for display in search results. If your content can't be crawled because of one issue or the other, you won't be shown on any search result page - not even the one at the deep bottom - because Google doesn't know that your content/website exists. Common issues that might prevent your website from being crawled include… Having a no-index tag on your site Improperly configured robots.txt file Broken redirects Lack of site map on website Use this AI tool from Ettvi to check your site's crawlability in minutes. Check for page load speed The average tolerable page load speed according to SEO experts is 1-3 seconds. If your speed loads slower than this, then…, well, lots of people will click off. A titanic 53% of people will leave your site if it doesn't load in 3 seconds. Our attention span as humans is unbelievably short… and our tolerability - especially of a search engine result that an alternative to is just a back button away - is even shorter. So, to avoid sending your dear dinner guests - prospects that you dedicatedly attracted with your title and meta descriptions - scrambling for the nearest fast food joint - your competitor's content most likely - since your promised delicacy took forever to arrive, you should always be keen on improving your page load speed. To take it directly from the horse's mouth, use Google's page speed insights tool to analyze your website's load speed on Google. The tool also offers suggestions to improve your page load speed after displaying your page load speed results. There is also an option to check for both mobile and desktop users. Final Thoughts On-Page SEO is a principal, non-negotiable part of any successful SEO campaign. If you are overwhelmed with the many tidbits surrounding On-Page SEO and want to ensure you are getting it right with every piece of the on-page SEO pie, the information you have just consumed ensures just that. In short, hit publish with confidence with this checklist…, checklisted. Now that you have the ultimate checklist for on-page SEO, here's to less stress(and less fretting) over SEO-optimizing your content pieces.

On-Page SEO checklist to get your SaaS SEO Right from Day 1

Web3 is about to disrupt a bunch of industries that mostly have no clue what’s about to happen… but it’s no guarantee that it will be as decentralized as advertised. So far blockchain technology has had a mixed record of decentralization. All old-school hodlers can look at the ability of besieged Ukrainians to raise funds from around the world and rightfully pat themselves on the back. And the Russian freelance coders who've been dodging taxes by getting paid in crypto for the past five years now seem suddenly prescient as the Ruble collapses in value overnight. But the quiet and rapid adoption of blockchain to decrease currency exchange & money transfer costs and streamline supply chains has largely been implemented by banks and mainstream companies, who have not passed the savings on to customers. As any company with a fiduciary responsibility to shareholders would do, they’ve used the technology to reduce their expenses while billing customers the same amounts as they did before. You can expect more of this as__ __ and banks experiment further with crypto. If you have any doubt about where this is going, just look at the management of Goldman Sachs-backed Circle and it’s clear that centralized traditional finance is already fully on board with crypto. clearinghouses team and board members But what about DeFi? That’s decentralized… Certainly, Web3 optimists can look at the boom in DeFi over the past few years and point to the obvious increase in the  adoption of peer-to-peer lending and borrowing outside of traditional banks as a key achievement. This is from an awareness and adoption standpoint – and even from a technological and UX advancement standpoint; but are these staked crypto loans being used by people in your neighborhood to open a new pizza joint? Or pay for a kid’s college education? No. They are mainly used by crypto daytraders to increase their leverage on speculative trades with other crypto daytraders. The infrastructure has been built for wider, decentralized adoption, but the actual users of the system are the same crypto insiders, technophiles, decentralization idealists and speculators that were there before. If your mom still doesn’t get it, it’s not mainstream and any crypto idealist needs to be realistic about this. We’ve been here before That is not to say that Web3 can’t or won’t be decentralized. It’s merely a modest warning that it will require the purposeful adoption of some technologies over others to guide the eventual adoption of blockchain technology by mainstream audiences. For those old enough to remember, Web1 and Web2 were both envisioned to be utopian knowledge-sharing revolutions that would free people from the constraints of large corporations, media and governments as well. Craigslist and Wikipedia are the surviving species from these early idealist eras… and sites like Github are probably their Web2 descendants. But we all know what happened. In a space with no regulation, the deep-seated caveman instincts of humans were freed of constraining Enlightenment ideas such as – and even ancient religious constraints such as Monopolies thrived, throttling smaller companies. Bullies shouted down disagreeing viewpoints, stalking and threatening dissenters. “human equality” “treat others how you want to be treated.” Racists and pedophiles created forums to amplify their obsessions. The desperate and the dishonest were empowered to extort any person or company they could outwit with almost no repercussion and a low likelihood of being caught or stopped.  And a sociopath who founded his company by stealing it from the people who hired him to do the coding became the owner of the most powerful publishing and communications platform that has ever existed… with predictable results. What’s at stake All I’m saying is this. Facebook has changed its name to Meta – which, aside from being a lame rebranding tactic after years of bad press, is also a clear indication of Zuckerberg’s intent to own the metaverse like a real-world James Halliday. And how does one monetize the metaverse? Digital products and NFTs are already growing exponentially within gaming. If NFTs are the future medium of exchange within immersive or virtual worlds, it is very clear that Big Tech has no intention of sitting on the sidelines while decentralized versions of marketplaces, virtual worlds and content licensing platforms form organically. Even now, the biggest NFT marketplace in the world, OpenSea is a private company, not a DAO. The NFT creators who have driven its exponential growth – widely marketed as proof of the coming Web3 wave – have as much power over its governance as the musicians on Spotify have. And if there were any doubt left, according to Uphold’s Unboxed newsletter, “Meta's total fee for sales made through the Meta Quest Store… [is a] whopping 47.5% all-in, after including hardware platform fees and partner Horizon Worlds' sizable taste.” Compare that to OpenSea’s 2.5% take – or even Apple’s App Store 30% cut and you can see Zuck is not playing around here. And why should anyone expect Spotify or YouTube or Getty Images or any other content licensing & monetization platform to do nothing while a decentralized version of its marketplace forms and drains away their customers and artists? Just as video game makers are realizing that they can make their own interoperable NFT products that can be ported between games without needing ImmutableX or anyone else, we should expect that other platforms ripe for NFT disruption will likewise discover that they can get all the benefits of the NFT economy without decentralizing anything. like Sega Consciously building decentralization into Web3 Okay, enough of the dark side. Believe it or not, I’m not at all pessimistic about decentralization, but the time to impact how this ecosystem develops is now. For a short time, the technology is still too insular to have been adopted yet, which means there is time for the Web3 idealists, visionaries, technologists and yes, even the hustler-speculators to shape how it develops. There are some key nascent technologies in the space that deserve your attention… not just for their potential speculative value, but for the type of Web3 that could exist if we decide we want it to. Projects are built to be decentralized and to truly shift platform ownership, profit-sharing and governance to the users and value-creators of the platform. This is not at all anywhere close to a comprehensive list. I have a day job and kids so I can’t spend all day researching this stuff, but you should – and add anything you think is worth checking out as well. The point is that non-crypto dollars and people will flock to existing marketplaces and products with followings. So it’s important to support projects that are decentralized before the gates fly open and everyone just ends up in Facebook3 because that’s where everyone else seemed to be. Octopus Network Yes, I am submitting this article to the Octopus Network writing contest – which is why I first heard about this project (point for you Octopus marketing team!). BUT, it’s a great project – very much like Polkadot or ImmutableX in that it aims for making interoperability a normal part of the crypto sphere since I think we can all agree non-crypto people are not that interested in what token does what and just want applications that are simple to use. What makes it particularly interesting is that it is built to be something like an incubator for Web3 startups. Everything they’ve built is about reducing the startup capital required to bootstrap a new company – making it possible to rent instead of build all of the expensive proof-of-stake/work security that makes the blockchain valuable and scale it as needed. Contrast this to the current method of spending millions of dollars to build, launch and gain enough adoption of a new token for it to have any real security or liquidity and you can see that this throws the doors wide open to a LOT more scrappy entrepreneurs with crazy and/or visionary ideas. My one tip is to skip the website, which I found baffling and jargon-packed (I’m not an engineer, just a crypto marketer & UX person), and . It spells out in plain English what the vision is and why they built it. (Sorry - point taken back from the Octopus marketing team). read the white paper (built in the Octopus Network - Near protocol) DEIP The NFT space is awash in hyperbole about the creator economy… but so far most of what I’ve seen are really expensive animated gifs. Clearly, I’m not the target audience. This is why I find DEIP so interesting. It is aimed squarely at disrupting the IP, licensing, and rights management industry by creating a drag-and-drop marketplace for copyrights, trademarks as well as other non-tangible assets with real-world value (ie: actual copyrights, not an animated gif of a cat). This could not only disrupt the massive rent-seeking industry of IP attorneys, licensing agents, talent managers, and creative artist agents as well as Web2 content marketplaces but make the barrier to entry for unknown talents extremely low as well. This could drive an explosive creative marketplace of talented nobodies getting royalties and licensing deals. You could imagine whole product licensing, stock video, image and sound marketplaces and even decentralized streaming networks being built on top of something like this (someday). has a good explainer. This medium post (on Ethereum) Immutable X A competitor to Octopus that has built a Layer 2 onto Ethereum to address the high gas fees and other technical issues that are barriers to entry for new businesses. To be clear, while there are some voting rights with their token, this is not the fully decentralized web3 idealist project that Octopus, Solana or Cardano are. However, its technology and service offerings, much like Octopus’ are built around helping Web3 companies launch. The main upside here is that it’s built on Ethereum which has a much larger audience built-in than other protocols…. I guess the whole point of interoperable systems is that they can exchange tokens easily so it’s unclear if this advantage will turn out to matter that much to future mainstream users. If you flip a light switch in the US or one in France you don’t really care whether it’s running on AC or DC power; you just care that somehow it works. The opportunities for digital product makers could be huge within the gaming space with this platform as part of its technology makes adding royalties to NFTs simple and it’s already got its own well-known NFT games. – and Audius Solana Audius, the Web3 competitor to Apple Music, Spotify, and other Web2 music streaming services is growing rapidly. It’s also truly decentralized, which has made it bump up against technical scaling issues within Ethereum, to the ultra-fast and very inexpensive Solana system. so it’s announced a move This is a great case study of how nascent Web3 companies that start within accelerator-like platforms can scale to compete with Web2 user experience as they grow. Solana may turn out to be the enterprise-grade version of Web3 infrastructure needed to compete at scale with the no-lag UX that users have come to expect from their apps. Avalanche One of the most exciting – and hyped – players in the space, AVA Labs, just raised to keep the Avalanche ecosystem growing rapidly. Another Ethereum competitor, Avalanche has attracted attention in the crypto developer space because it claims to be the fastest smart contract platform, that’s both eco-friendly and adaptable to the transaction volumes and speed common in current securities trading. a lot of money Its token model is fully non-custodial and is built to avoid winner-take-all fees as Bitcoin has and gas-per-transaction costs like Ethereum have. Although it currently doesn’t seem to have the supportive incubator-like system that both Octopus and Immutable have, for sophisticated and funded teams of pros this platform could truly replace incumbent financial systems if it lives up to the hype. and Cardano SingularityNET If you want to freak out about how fast things could get out of control, (and actually pretty much anything from Singularity) about their move to Cardano is a great place to start. Cardano positions itself as the most academically-accredited Ethereum competitor with verifiable security and environmental cred. They don’t talk about NFTs or games. They talk about the future of humanity… and how important it is to marry blockchain and AI before AI, which is currently controlled by a handful of people, runs the world (or at least the entire financial system). this post by SingularityNET Critical to this will be AI’s inevitable role in content moderation in the future. It’s clear what’s happening now is not working, and also clear that the stakes of getting content moderation wrong can foment , and . In this context, I think we’d all prefer decentralized AI content moderation governed by users to the centralized ones we have now. insurrections wars ethnic cleansing This enterprise-grade focus on decentralized technology is a critical part of any realistic plan to maintain anything more than a cosmetic version of democracy for the future and deserves support. Spectrum.AI While not a crypto company, independent AI companies like Spectrum Labs can act as a critical stepping stone to decentralized content moderation (see the bullet above for why this matters if you skimmed it). No one really trusts the current Web2 social media platforms to moderate content properly when their financial model is still built around driving engagement for ad views. They can hire as many ombudsmen and make as many Ted Talk speeches as they want, but until their revenue models are no longer built on keeping people scrolling as long as possible, you can count on algorithms that continue to promote content that makes people angry, self-righteous and outraged because it keeps them on the page longer than cute kitten posts do. By using tools, community platforms can begin to separate themselves from the conflict of interest inherent in policing their own platforms until a fully decentralized system emerges. Given the importance of this, and its immediate impact on daily headlines, there’s no time to wait for a perfect solution and companies like this can buy some time. science-driven third-party AI content moderation Rarify I just learned about this company that has just closed a to build a system of APIs to make it simple for non-crypto businesses to easily integrate NFTs (and potentially other blockchain products) into their existing businesses. If it works as advertised, this throws open the doors for Web2 companies to add NFT digital products into their existing eCommerce stores, games, marketplaces, etc without having to hire blockchain engineers. round of funding from Pantera An advancement like this could lead to the very rapid adoption of NFTs since Rarify figures out all of the crypto mechanics in the background so end users can just use their normal fiat-based credit cards as they’ve always done and not have to figure out how to buy crypto or research what a wallet is and how to set it up separately. There are (probably) thousands more great companies doing interesting things that, if adopted broadly, could help the transition to Web3 live up to its potential. These are just a few I’ve read about recently, but the point is not to start day trading these specific tokens but to build on, invest in or grow applications that reflect the values you want to see in the world 5 or 10 years from now. The current crypto community is, for better or worse, the early-adopter base whose attention and investment will help define which platforms get outside capital and mainstream user adoption in the next few years. If you don’t want to live in the Zuckerverse, please consider carefully which companies you invest your money in, provide your talent and expertise to and trade your sweat equity to build. We’ll all have to live with it until Web4 comes along. Disclaimer - The only token I own mentioned in this story is ETH at the time of writing. This story is part of the Web3 Writing Contest hosted by The Octopus Network in collaboration with HackerNoon. Use this template to share your story today! You can use the lead image of your choice.

Now Is the Time to Make Sure Web3 Doesn’t Just Become Web2 with NFTS

Bitcoin’s price went 6% higher in November 2021 than it did in April 2021. Its lowest price in January 2022 was 15% higher than its lowest price in June 2021. By crypto logic, that means our next all-time high will come at $73,000 in June 2022, 6% higher than our November 2021 high. After that, our next low will come at $38,000 in August 2022, 15% higher than our January 2022 low. Like so: How did I come to that conclusion? Cycles, fractals, maths, and squiggles. I looked at one event and one outcome, then projected that into the future. The last time bitcoin did this, we got the same result, therefore it has to happen the same way again, right? Good enough for social media While that kind of thinking can open your eyes to realistic outcomes, it can also create a false sense of hope, despair, or certainty. You might psyche yourself into believing something that probably isn’t true. You might convince yourself of something that probably won’t happen. Great for your next YouTube video or a high-engagement tweet. Not so great for anybody trying to manage their portfolio or their expectations. Dismiss the past at your own peril. When you project trends into the future, you sometimes see potential outcomes you would have never expected. You might want to leave a little room for other possibilities. In the October 2021 issue of , I asked you what you’d do if bitcoin’s price dropped from $65,000 to $42,000 and took four months to recover. You probably thought I was joking. Crypto is Easy Maybe you thought I was crazy in November when I told you bitcoin’s price could go from $65,000 to $100,000 by the end of the year. “Mark, those outcomes are the literal opposites of each other.” Yes. That’s the point. Today, any price between $20,000 and $150,000 fits within bitcoin’s normal range of volatility. We’ve seen this market make similar moves in similar circumstances before—to the upside and the downside. Just when you think it has to go higher, it tanks. Just when you think it has to go lower, it zooms. Nothing fundamentally changes, just the price. All for naught Maybe think less about price, more about opportunity. Less about trading charts, more about human behaviors. Less about downsides, more about risks. Take everything into account, not just the bits that pop up on your feed or get circulated in your chat group. Then plan accordingly. When you spend some time looking at the market from different angles, you might be surprised how much perspective you can get about what’s realistic and what’s not. Assume no prediction will come true and accept that this asset moves violently and to extremes that seem crazy to think about—until they actually happen. That way, you don’t have to get wrapped up in the hype that comes with every bullish target or the fear that grips you when you see a bearish forecast. You’ll just act when the situation demands it and let time and markets do the rest of the work for you. Mark Helfman publishes the newsletter. He is also the author of three books and a top bitcoin writer on and . Learn more about him in his . Crypto is Easy Medium Hacker Noon bio Originally posted in Cryptowriter .

Forget About Bitcoin's Price Predictions. Do This Instead

In my last article ' ', I elaborated that cross-domain collaboration is the fundamental layer to backbone value creation.The future of blockchain depends on how to build up the governance and business implementation framework for cross-domain collaboration, other than putting all the fortunes into the uncontrollable decentralized financial applications. And DAC, which is a cluster for cross-domain collaborations, is the key to the whole framework. Finance is not the future of blockchain, cross-domain collaboration is When we focus on the study and architecture of the DAC, the methodology for launching various DApps becomes clear. When you are going to incorporate a traditional style company, you will have to register with a government office, and a set of legal and financial policies will be issued to protect the interests of all the shareholders. A DAC should have a similar kind of governance structure for decentralized registration and for regulating the relationship among various distributed collaborators. Just as a traditional company has the KPI management, project management, and other management systems to manage the business, a DAC also should have a similar framework to manage the business implementation, or it will become a total mess when distributed collaborators just act based on their own understanding and timeline. Since the actual business operation is a complicated procedure, voting function, which most DAOs have used, is far more than enough. When the governance and business implementation framework for a DAC is well-established, you will find it pretty simple to establish a DAC and to collaborate within the DAC. Since DAC lives on the internet and blockchain, all the collaboration activities are programmable, recordable, and traceable, which provides the convenience for governance and management. A DAC is set to accomplish some business goals, so it is the same concept as a DApp, and the incentives mechanism will flow naturally as the results of collaborations. Why connect the DAC with the Optimistic Rollup? You can find the detailed introduction of the Optimistic Rollup (OR) , which is a Layer 2 scaling construction on Ethereum. here Just as the name of Optimistic Rollup, 'Optimistic' is used because aggregators publish only the bare minimum information needed with no proofs, assuming the aggregators run without committing frauds, and only providing proofs in case of fraud. 'Rollup' is used because transactions are submitted to the main chain in bundles (that is, they are rolled-up). We found it a super match to combine the OR concept with the DAC (cross-domain collaborations) governance and business implementation. First, the establishment of a collaboration relationship among distributed collaborators should be as simple as possible. Most distributed collaborators may span in different time zones and have no trust foundation from the beginning, if the collaboration relationship is hard to buildup and confirm, the collaboration will be impossible to implement, and the DAC couldn’t be established either. Inspired by the Optimistic feature of the OR, we can design an Optimistic mechanism to enroll these distributed collaborators without any threshold, simply by assuming that each collaborator is honest and will act coordinately as his promise. However, if some collaborators committed fraud, an arbitration and punishment system should be activated to protect the interests of the ‘good’ collaborators. Second, OR moves transactions off-chain onto a layer 2 sidechain, which is secured by the main chain. Since the sidechain provides the scalability, improves the privacy, and lowers the transaction cost, it gives us a clue that actually collaboration(transaction) practices (might happen anytime, anywhere, in an irregular frequency) can be placed onto the sidechain, while not the main chain. Enough lessons have been learned if you rely too much on smart contracts for on-chain management, such as the MakerDAO liquidation crisis and other hacked DeFi projects. In practice, it is reasonable to conclude that you don’t have to put all the transaction onto the chain, because the transaction details only need to be confirmed among those distributed collaborators, such as what these collaborators want to execute and what results they hope to achieve. There is no need to obtain a global consensus, which is time-consuming, costly, and without any privacy. When we place the transaction on the sidechain and leave the freedom to those distributed collaborators to discuss and determine the details, Rollup mechanism will synchronize the state of every transaction on the main chain, to act as the witness to avoid potential default risks and to initiate the incentives or punishment. For example, if both the collaborators have reached the consensus on the sidechain, the state will be upload onto the main chain, but if some collaborators didn't admit the transaction results afterward, the state of the disagreement would be compared with the previous state of the consensus. Punishment will be executed to those who default. Of course, there should be some tools on the sidechain to record the transaction details, to implement specific activities, and to do the management. How to leverage the OR mechanism? Since the OR is still under development, we can refer to the concept of OR and optimize it to work for the DAC. Let’s discuss how to leverage OR in two layers. The DAC governance layer The governance layer is specially designed for the establishment and maintenance of a collaboration relationship. Since most distributed collaborators are not familiar with each other, how to set up a simple but protectable mechanism for all these distributed collaborators would be crucial. First, we could decompose the complex collaborations among many distributed parties into multiple peer-to-peer collaborations, which is called Meta Collaboration. Meta Collaboration is the smallest unit in a DAC. Then, integrating the Staking Economy, the algorithm of Optimistic Rollup, Game Theory, Smart Contract, etc., we could define a contract to regulate Meta Collaboration, let’s call it Meta Staking Contract (MSC). MSC leverages the staking deposit as the guarantee for each Meta Collaborator to act as their promise. When both Meta Collaborators have staked deposit into the escrow account of the Meta Staking Contract, the Meta Collaboration is established. Super easy! But how does Meta Staking Contract protect the benefits for all the collaborators? In the collaboration process, by default, both Meta Collaborators are deemed to act coordinately and as their promise. So, when the Meta Collaboration is finished, the status of the staked deposits will be changed to to-be-allocated, and these deposits will be automatically returned after 2 weeks of Challenging Period. However, if any collaborator (aka "Bad Party") broke its promise, the other collaborator (Good Party) can apply for Arbitration service right away, the to-be-allocated deposits will be revoked, the Meta Staking Contract will be suspended. According to the arbitration result, the Bad Party will be punished. The revoking and Arbitration mechanism of the Meta Staking Contract enables every distributed collaborator to build up a DAC to establish and maintain a collaborative relationship with another collaborator quickly, protectively, and without any permission. With Meta Staking Contract, it is very convenient to govern the distributed collaboration and highly efficient to scale. The DAC business implementation layer Managing the business implementation of distributed collaborations is the hardest part. Referring to the OR mechanism, we can place each Meta Collaboration onto a sidechain so that Meta Collaborators can discuss, negotiate and confirm the collaboration details off the chain by themselves, which helps to reduce the pressure for the main chain. However, this is far more than enough for these collaborators to manage the detailed business implementation. A systematic framework should be provided for them to facilitate the collaborations, which includes two complementary components, Transactions Statement Contract (TSC) and Microservice Tools Pool (MTP). So, how does this framework help with collaboration management? Transactions Statement Contract will be deployed on the sidechain, and it converts the milestones information of a transaction that both Meta Collaborators agreed into a standard contract template, which includes seven factors, Context, Boundaries, Goals, Measurable Results, Input, Activities, and Output. The template enables all the Meta Collaborators to coordinate on the same page, which is very easy to record, validate, and propagate. In Meta Collaboration, all the Input and Output are data-lized, so Microservice Tools Pool should be set to provide microservice tools/APIs for implementing specific Activities to accomplish the conversion between data and value. Based on the consensus defined in the Transactions Statement Contract, microservice tools/APIs are leveraged to execute various Activities to achieve Measurable Results. The Output of the microservice tools will be recorded on Wiki, and the Wiki linkages will be recorded onto the side chain. The deliverables will be audited off the chain by the related party and uploaded on the main chain regularly. If the result complies with the requirements, the framework will call Meta Staking Contract to do the incentive allocation. If there are any disputes in the collaboration process, the framework will call Meta Staking Contract to do the governance job. Values and Use Scenarios Collaboration is the most basic layer for value creation. With the framework and practice I described in this article, you will find it very easy to build up a DAC, to govern the collaboration relationship with other collaborators, and to manage the whole business implementation. The framework is highly scalable with support from sidechain, and we could add more microservice tools, such as communication, payment, knowledge management, events, etc., to support more use scenarios. The framework will also disrupt the traditional way to launch DApps. Developers can refer to the Meta Staking Contract, the management framework, and the microservice tools pool to launch a DApp very quickly. If a developer calls the Meta Staking Contract, the management framework, and the Wiki microservice, a distributed Wikipedia or Quora style application will be created. If another developer adds the chatroom microservice, a distributed and private community application will emerge. This framework and practice will have considerable value and applications in the sharing economy, gig economy, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, social community economy, volunteers, etc. Last but not least, cross-domain collaboration is an excellent match for Optimistic Rollup. The practice I introduced above will become one of the cornerstones to support the development of Web 3.0. Contributed by Kevin Liu and Steven Guo.

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