Hyperspecis in the Autonomous Vehicles Industry

Hyperspec

Authors: (1) Dong Jiang, School of Internet, Anhui University, National Engineering Research Center of Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University & jiangd@nju.edu.cn; (2) Zhen Yuan, School of Internet, Anhui University; (3) Wen-xin Li, School of Internet, Anhui University; (4) Liang-liang Lu, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing & lianglianglu@nju.edu.cn. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Strategy Description Encryption Speed Evaluation Statistical Evaluation Security Analysis Parameter Setup Comparison To Previous Works Conclusions Acknowledgments & References Acknowledgments This work is financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0303 704), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12274233, 62273001), the Major Scientific Research Project of Anhui Province (KJ2021ZD0005), the Compiled Scientific Research Plan Project of Anhui Province (2022AH040020), the Outstanding Research and Innovation Team Project of Anhui Province (2022AH010005), the University Collaborative Innovation Project of Anhui Province (GXXT-2021-091). References [1] Pareek NK, Patidar V, Sud KK. Image encryption using chaotic logistic map. Image Vision Comput 2006; 24:926-934. [2] Fang P, Liu H, Wu C, Liu M. A survey of image encryption algorithms based on chaotic systesm. Visual Comput 2022; 2022: 1-29. [3] Zhang Y, Wang B. Optical encryption based on interference. Opt Lett 2008; 33: 2443-2445. [4] Zhang Y, Wang X. A symmetric image encryption algorithm based on mixed linear–nonlinear coupled map lattice. Inform Sciences 2014; 273: 329-351. [5] Tedmori S, AI-Najdawi N. Image cryptographic algorithm based on the Haar wavelet transform. Inform Sci 2014; 269: 21-34. [6] Chai x, Gan Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y. A visually secure image encryption scheme based on compressive sensing. Signal Process 2017; 134:35-51. [7] Luo Y, Zhou R, Liu J, Cao Y, Ding X. A parallel image encryption algorithm based on the piecewise linear chaotic map and hyper-chaotic map. Nonlinear Dynam 2018; 93:1165-1181. [8] Zia U, McCartney M, Scotney B, Martinez J, AbuTair M, Memon J. Survey on image encryption techniques using chaotic maps in spatial, transform and spatiotemporal domains. Int J Inf Secur 2022; 21:917-935. [9] Chen J, Zhu Z, Fu C, Yu H. A fast image encryption scheme with a novel pixel swapping-based confusion approach. Nonlinear Dynam 2014; 77:1191-1207. [10] Wong K, Kwok B, Yuen C. An efficient diffusion approach for chaosbased image encryption. Chaos Soliton Fract 2009; 41:2652-2663. [11] Matthews R. On the derivation of a “chaotic” encryption algorithm. Cryptologia 1989; 13:29-42. [12] Massoudi A, Lefebvre F, De Vleeschouwer C, Macq B, Quisquater JJ. Overview on selective encryption of image and video: challenges and perspectives. Eurasip J Inf Secur 2008; 2008:179290. [13] Liu F, Koenig H. A survey of video encryption algorithms. Comput Secur 2010; 29: 3-15. [14] Chiaraluce F, Ciccarelli L, Gambi E, Pierleoni P, Reginelli M. A new chaotic algorithm for video encryption. IEEE T Consum Electr 2002; 48:838-844. [15] Lian S, Sun J, Wang J, Wang Z. A chaotic stream cipher and the usage in video protection. Chaos Soliton Fract 2007; 34:851-859. [16] Yang S, Sun S. A video encryption method based on chaotic maps in DCT domain. Prog Nat Sci 2008; 18:1299-1304. [17] Valli D, Ganesan K. Chaos based video encryption using maps and Ikeda time delay system. Eur Phys J Plus 2017; 132:1-18. [18] Kumar RR, Ganeshkumar D, Suresh A, Manigandan K. A new one round video encryption scheme based on 1D chaotic maps. in: 2019 5th Int Conf Adv Comput Commun Syst; 2019:439-444. [19] Li x, Yu H, Zhang H, Jin X, Sun H, Liu J. Video encryption based on hyperchaotic system. Multimed Tools Appl 2020; 79:23995-24011. [20] Yasser I, Mohamed A, Samra AS, Khalifa F. A chaotic-based encryption/decryption framework for secure multimedia communications. Entropy 2020; 22:1253. [21] Hosny KM, Zaki MA, Lashin NA, Hamza HM. Fast colored video encryption using block scrambling and multi-key generation. Visual Comput 2022; 2022:1-32. [22] Dua M, Makhija D, Manasa PYL, Mishra P. 3D chaotic map-cosine transformation based approach to video encryption and decryption. Open Comput Sci 2022; 12:37-56. [23] Hamidouche W, Farajallah M, Sidaty N, Assad S, Deforges O. Real-time selective video encryption based on the chaos system in scalable HEVC extension. Signal Process: Image Commun 2017; 58:73-86. [24] Chen H, Tanougast C, liu Z, Blondel W, Hao B. Optical hyperspectral image encryption based on improved Chirikov mapping and gyrator transform. Opt Laser Eng 2018; 107:62-70. [25] Fu C, Chen J, Zou H, Meng W, Zhan Y, Yu Y. A chaos-based digital image encryption scheme with an improved diffusion strategy. Opt Express 2012; 20:2363-2378. [26] Zhong J, Jiang D, Huang Q, Cao Y. A self-updating digital chaotic stream cipher. Int J Mod Phys 2018; 29:1850074. [27] Hua Z, Zhou Y. Image encryption using 2D Logistic-adjusted-Sine map. Inform Sci 2016; 339:237-253. [28] Li c, Lin D, Feng B, Lv J, Hao F. Cryptanalysis of a chaotic image encryption algorithm based on information entropy. IEEE Access 2018; 6: 75834-75842. [29] Man Z, Li J, Di X, Sheng Y, Liu Z. Double image encryption algorithm based on neural network and chaos. Chaos Soliton Fract 2021; 152:111318. [30] Kwok HS, Tang WKS. A fast image encryption system based on chaotic maps with finite precision representation. Chaos Soliton Fract 2007; 32:1518-1529. [31] Zhang X, Zhao Z, Wang J. Chaotic image encryption based on circular substitution box and key stream buffer. Singal Process 2014; 29:902-913. [32] Ye G, Wong KW. An efficient chaotic image encryption algorithm based on a generalized Arnold map. Nonlinear Dynam 2012; 69:2079-2087. [33] Rhouma R, Meherzi S, Belghith S. OCML-based colour image encryption. Chaos Soliton Fract 2009; 40:309-318. [34] Belazi A, Khan M, El-Latif AAA, Belghith S. Efficient cryptosystem approaches: S-boxes and permutation-substitution-based encryption. Nonlinear Dynam 2018; 87:337-361. [35] Wu Y, Zhou Y, Saveriades G, Agaian S, Noonan JP, Natarajan P. Local Shannon entropy measure with statistical tests for image randomness. Inform Sci 2013; 222:323-342. [36] Artiles JAP, Chaves DPB, Pimentel C. Image encryption using block cipher and chaotic sequences. Signal Process 2019; 79:24-31. [37] Xian Y, Wang X. Fractal sorting matrix and its application on chaotic image encryption. Infrom Sci 2021; 547:1154-1169. [38] Rukhin A,et al. A statistical test suite for random and pseudorandom number generators for cryptographic applications. NIST Special Publication 800-22, Revision 1.a 2010. [39] Wang X, Teng L, Qin X. A novel colour image encryption algorithm based on chaos. Signal Process 2012; 92:1101-1108. [40] Alvarez G, Li S. Some basic cryptographic requirements for chaos-based cryptosystems. Int J Bifurcat Chaos 2006; 16:2129-2151. [41] Khan M, Massod F. A novel chaotic image encryption technique based on multiple discrete dynamical maps. Multimed Tools Appl 2019; 78:26203- 26222. [42] Luo Y, Yu J, Lai W, Liu L. A novel chaotic image encryption algorithm based on improved baker map and logistic map. Multimed Tools Appl 2019; 78: 22023-22043. [43] Mansouri A, Wang X. A novel one-dimensional sine powered chaotic map and its application in a new image encryption scheme. Inform Sci 2020; 520:46-62. [44] Talhaoui MZ, Wang X. A new fractional one dimensional chaotic map and its application in high-speed image encryption. Infrom Sci 2021; 550:13- 26. [45] Chen H, Bai E, Jiang X, Wu Y. A Fast Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Improved 6-D Hyper-Chaotic System. IEEE Access 2022; 10:116031- 116044. [46] Azzeh J, Zahran B, Alqadi Z. Salt and pepper noise: Effects and removal. JOIV: Int J Inform Visual 2018; 2:252-256. [47] Gan Z, Chai X, Han D, Chen Y. A chaotic image encryption algorithm based on 3-D bit-plane permutation. Neural Comput Appl 2019; 31:7111- 7130.

Acknowledgments and References 

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I want to direct your attention to a subject of great importance, from my point of view, but often ignored: the recycling of photovoltaic panels. Have you ever reflected on the fate of solar panels at the end of their life span? The subject is not often addressed, but it deserves to be explored in depth. Therefore, I invite you to find out what the challenges of recycling photovoltaic panels are and what solutions have been discovered so far. The Current Panorama of Photovoltaic Panels Information shows us that in 2023, the photovoltaic systems market is in full expansion and innovation. Among the most recent developments are advanced photovoltaic solutions, which include high-performance materials, thermo-photovoltaic technologies, and sustainable variants. These trends are supported by decreasing costs and local production. In the USA, for example, the solar industry added 6.1 gigawatts of capacity in the first quarter of 2023, registering an increase of 47% compared to the previous year. ( ) Globally, the market was valued at 157.75 billion dollars in 2022, with a forecast of annual growth of 7.8% until 2030. ( ) source source This seems to be a positive aspect, however, we must consider a major consequence, namely the ecological impact and recycling difficulties of photovoltaic panels. Due to the high costs of recycling and limited infrastructure, you can clearly understand that many panels end up in landfills, representing a major ecological problem. However, besides protecting the environment, reusing components from used solar panels can reduce the need for raw materials, while also providing employment opportunities. Consider that in 2022, the global installed solar capacity was 268 gigawatts, an increase from 183 gigawatts in 2021, with an estimate of 315 gigawatts in 2023. ( ) What does this indicate? Of course, a future huge quantity of used photovoltaic panels. In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that solar panel waste will reach 1 million tonnes by 2050, and in Australia, they represent the fastest-growing stream of electronic waste, with over 100,000 tonnes of waste by 2035. ( ) And, as I mentioned above, the costs of recycling are often higher than those of disposal, requiring financial incentives and an adequate regulatory framework. However, Europe holds a leading role, having regulations that impose the collection and recycling of photovoltaic panels. source source Challenges and Solutions in the Recycling of Photovoltaic Panels You can easily see that the lack of an efficient system for photovoltaic panels has a major impact on the environment. Even though these panels generate clean energy, the manufacturing process and their waste at the end of the life cycle include toxic materials, which can affect the environment. Okay, then what's to be done? The most feasible and effective solutions must be found. Recycling is essential to prevent the environmental problems associated with the disposal of these panels. recycling A concrete example of recycling photovoltaic panels, or rather reconditioning, that I can offer you, is the process applied to silicon-based panels. This includes disassembling the panels into components, melting broken wafers, manufacturing new silicon cells, and final assembly, resulting in an 85% recycling rate. However, the high cost of this recycling process makes the option of landfill disposal more attractive to many decision-makers. Another process is the physical recycling process, the mechanical and most used one. In the first stage, all the materials contained in a panel are separated. These components are then ground, tested to determine the amount of toxins, and then reused. A panel can consist of various materials including silicon, glass, aluminum, copper, and silver. As for chemical recycling, which represents one of the newest solutions discovered, this is usually done after thermal treatment. It includes separating the materials of the panel through chemical processes, but this process also involves the release of dangerous gases, which represents a major issue in the recycling of photovoltaic panels. A positive thing is the possibility of reusing these substances several times in these recycling processes. To give you examples, there are two main technologies for recycling silicon-based photovoltaic panels: delamination and material separation. These technologies include dissolution in thinner, dissolution in nitric acid, thermal treatment, and ultrasonic irradiation, each with its specific advantages and disadvantages. For thin-film panels, recycling technologies include delamination, material separation, and material purification, with processes such as hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, each also having its own advantages and disadvantages. ( ) source The integration of (AI) in recycling systems, including in the recycling of photovoltaic panels, represents a promising and innovative direction in waste management. If you wonder how exactly, here's the answer. A relevant example is the development, in the USA, of an intelligent waste management system, which uses smart sensors, visual cameras, and hyperspectral cameras in combination with an automatic waste sorting machine. These technologies allow capturing images of objects as they move on a conveyor belt, and sensors help monitor and control the waste management process. artificial intelligence Moreover, this technology uses machine learning models to improve the recognition and classification of non-recyclable waste. The collected information and images are uploaded to a cloud database to train and test these models, which can analyze data to identify patterns, make decisions, and continuously improve. These models will analyze the images and descriptions of waste, as well as information about the physical, chemical, and biological properties of these, to determine contaminants, energy density, and organic content. In the future, researchers plan to assess the technical feasibility and ecological performance of their system on a pilot scale. They also intend to develop a web platform that will allow them to share data sets and other information with interested parties. ( ) source Opportunities and Perspectives in the Recycling of Photovoltaic Panels Considering the complexity and costs of recycling processes, it is essential to develop more efficient and sustainable methods. Do you agree? This could include financial incentives and an adequate legislative framework, as well as research into discovering new innovative technologies in the waste recycling sector. However, this segment represents a very good business opportunity. You should know that the global market for recycling photovoltaic panels presents enormous potential, estimated to grow from 0.36 billion dollars in 2023 to 1.72 billion dollars by 2028. ( ) This opens the way for new industries focused on recycling used photovoltaic panels, and this growth is supported by numerous companies worldwide (United States, Australia, Germany, United Kingdom, Switzerland, China, Canada, Spain, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Poland, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Israel, Ireland, France, and Brazil), which deal with the recycling of photovoltaic panels. source Also, various governments around the world provide funding and support for the recycling of photovoltaic panels. I'll give you a few significant examples: United States: The U.S. Department of Energy, through the Office of Solar Energy Technologies (SETO), announced the funding opportunity "Materials, Operation, and Recycling of Photovoltaics (MORE PV)" for fiscal year 2023. This will provide up to 20 million dollars over three years for research and development projects. These projects aim to create innovative and practical approaches to increase the reuse and recycling of solar technologies, thus consolidating the circular economy for in the United States. ( ) photovoltaic systems source European Union: Through EIT RawMaterials, the European Union funds a project under the supervision of Veolia Germany, with a total of 4.8 million euros. This project aims to develop an efficient and unique technology for recycling photovoltaic modules that have reached the end of their useful life. ( ) source Japan: PV CYCLE aisbl and the Akita Prefectural Resource Technology Development Organization (Akita PRTDO) announced the creation of PV CYCLE Japan for the collective management of decommissioned photovoltaic panels. The initial activity of PV CYCLE JAPAN was to serve as a point of contact for a feasibility study on the collection of decommissioned photovoltaic panels for the Ministry of the Environment of Japan, the main goal being to promote the reuse and recycling of decommissioned photovoltaic panels. ( ) source China: The Chinese government, through the National Development and Reform Commission, has announced a plan to establish a recycling system for decommissioned photovoltaic panels. By 2025, China aims to build a mechanism for disposing of decommissioned equipment from photovoltaic power plants. Also, by 2030, the Chinese government intends to mature the complete recycling system for photovoltaic power plants, while also supporting third-party recycling companies to carry out recycling activities for decommissioned photovoltaic equipment. ( ) source These initiatives reflect a significant global commitment to promoting the recycling of photovoltaic panels and to supporting the development of a circular economy in the solar energy field. I conclude that recycling photovoltaic panels is not just an ecological necessity, but also an extraordinary business opportunity. With emerging technologies and an expanding market, this field offers fertile ground for innovation and sustainable development. We face challenges, but recycling photovoltaic panels can become a path to a greener and more prosperous future. How do you see this subject?

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Lately, there has been a lot of talk about how Central and Eastern European countries are attracting the attention of investors. According to , CEE is one of the fastest-growing regions for VC funding in Europe, growing 7.6x since 2017. Dealroom And despite the from US-based investors for European in 2023, particularly those emerging from ecosystems in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), which only make up venture capital investment, there are still initiatives aimed at securing investments for innovative startups in the region. decrease in funding startups 3.6% of the EU’s total is one of those, an event that is playing a vital role in helping the startup ecosystems of Central and Eastern Europe to flourish. This meeting point of reference for CEE entrepreneurship is serving as a platform where innovation converges with business opportunities, capital, and knowledge. Podim All roads go east The event brings together renowned international investors, established corporations, startups, and scaleups from the Alps-Adriatic and Western Balkans regions to connect and engage in efficient networking and deal-making. Recently the Podim Pitching Competition, Podim’s startup competition, announced the ten semifinalists for this year’s event. These startups come from a wide range of industries, covering everything from empowering kids and adults with hands-on experiences to creating mind-winning ads and simplifying the path to psychotherapy through video calls. STEM The ten semifinalists are CircuitMess (Croatia), Midnightdeal (Austria), Behavio and Hedepy (Czech), Radical Storage and Sensoworks (Italy), Qubinets (Croatia), NUTEK AT GmbH (Austria), Remea | EV Charging Platform (Slovenia), and eevie from (Austria). These are working on a diverse range of projects, including developing a no-code big data infrastructure platform, hyperspectral medical imaging technology, an EV charging platform, and solutions to accelerate climate action. startups Big day coming The semifinals will take place during the Podim Investors Meetup, which will be held on Monday, 15 May 2023, from 17:00 to 19:00 (local time) at the Maribox conference center in Maribor, Slovenia. The event is being held in cooperation with AWS, Credo Ventures, and South Central Ventures. During the Investors Meetup, investors, speakers, and key partners will come together to discuss the most interesting startups and entrepreneurs in the region. “At Podim, we believe that innovation is the key to unlocking the potential of the CEE region’s startup and tech ecosystem. We are proud to provide a platform that enables startups, investors, and business executives to connect, learn, and do deals efficiently. Whether you’re looking to pitch your startup, find your next business partner, or simply experience the excitement of the latest trends in technology, Podim is the place to be.”, says Urban Lapajne, Program Manager at Podim. According to their organizers, the Podim Pitching Competition provides a great opportunity for startups to showcase their ideas and receive feedback from investors and industry experts. The competition has a proven track record of helping startups grow and succeed. Past winners of the competition include companies such as Bellabeat, Celtra, and CargoX, all of which have gone on to achieve significant success in their respective industries. In addition to the pitching competition, the Podim Investors Meetup will feature a range of talks and panels on topics such as entrepreneurship, innovation, and investment. The event is a great opportunity for entrepreneurs to learn from experienced industry leaders and to network with potential investors and partners such as IDEO, ENEL, Techstars, Miro, Adidas, UiPath, Google, Infobip, and MIT Media Lab. The event will also feature 70 speakers across 14 program blocks, with highlights including discussions on defining realistic product strategy, workplace culture, and the chatbot revolution for AI startups. In addition, attendees can network with over 200 startups from the CEE and Balkan Region in the Podim Deal Room. This event promises to offer attendees the latest insights, best practices, and valuable networking opportunities. This article was originally published on . 150sec

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The skincare technology business describes itself as "the most cutting-edge skincare system in the world." A team of scientists and skincare specialists launched the company with the goal of delivering genuinely customized skin care right to your doorstep using a combination of cutting-edge technology and AI. And it actually works in a fairly cool way. In this Slogging thread, our community discussed the possibilities of AI determining your best skincare routine. This Slogging thread by Valentine Enedah, Manas Goel and Mónica Freitas occurred in slogging's official #technology channel, and has been edited for readability. Revea Valentine Enedah Oct 22, 2022, 10:54 PM Revea uses hyperspectral imaging technology (HSI) to look deep into your skin. https://mashable.com/review/revea-ai-skincare First, Revea thoroughly analyzed your skin using hyperspectral imaging technology (HSI). The company then studies your skin to "map" the unique biology of your skin and create a treatment plan that is specifically designed for you. Cool, huh? That is true, after all. Instead of relying on assumptions or oversimplified skin types like dry, normal, oily, or combination, Revea uses AI to connect the dots between your skin's data and the ideal skincare routine for you. As a result, you get a truly personalized skincare recommendation. Even if they were to build more facilities, the technology employed at San Francisco lab is pricey and not available to everyone in the world. In order to analyze your skin and receive tailored recommendations without ever leaving your home, the company decided to create a cutting-edge mobile app that enables you to scan your skin with your smartphone. The app uses artificial intelligence to link the dots between the camera on your phone and the hyperspectral imaging data. Valentine Enedah Oct 22, 2022, 10:56 PM How Revea predicts the best skincare routine? Revea's Valentine Enedah Oct 22, 2022, 11:07 PM This is so cool! ☺ What do y'all think? I don't know about you but with this, It's pretty boy season for me! Manas Goel Oct 25, 2022, 10:29 AM The AI-Driven skincare routine is a revolutionary technology indeed! Valentine Enedah. I heard about "Revea" for the first time and found it quite similar to CureSkin, an Indian startup that recently scored 5M$+ in Series A funding! I believe these technologies will attract the entertainment and the movie industry first as their use case perfectly fits the app! Also, the movie and the entertainment industry have quite a provoking influence on the youth, which again would provide a boon for such an app! However, the only fallout I believe is present here is that as this technology grows, acceptance of people to their natural aging might become a problem! , which might also bridge a gap between the rich and the poor as the rich would always look better! 💚 1 Valentine Enedah Oct 26, 2022, 7:05 AM Manas Goel Actually, we might get to that point soon that no one will want to age. But I definitely think you can't stop it. I mean your skin might look so nice but you can't stop your internal organs from aging. I hope we don't actually get to the point that we start manipulating natural processes. Mónica Freitas Oct 26, 2022, 11:46 AM Valentine Enedah once that becomes affordable, I'm there :man-running: remove my spots AI 💚 2 :rolling_on_the_floor_laughing: 2 Manas Goel Oct 26, 2022, 11:49 AM Valentine Enedah Technologies like DNA modifications have been introduced and are growing at a fast pace too! Surely with this, there'll be a point when people will stop aging! 💚 1 Valentine Enedah Oct 26, 2022, 1:51 PM Mónica Freitas 😂 Big brands like Fenty might love to collaborate with them. Valentine Enedah Oct 26, 2022, 1:56 PM Manas Goel I think there are still restrictions on DNA Modifications. It should be illegal. I actually read about a rumour that China might be using this approach to build super soldiers(hitmen). 💚 1 Manas Goel Oct 26, 2022, 1:59 PM Valentine Enedah Yes I read about the restrictions too! I'm sure it's true! China really goes out of the box, like the artificial sun!. All these inventions are really cool but scare me out so much at the same time Valentine Enedah Oct 26, 2022, 2:04 PM Manas Goel It's just mind-blowing or rather disturbing. It has good use cases but I feel the bad use cases outmatch the good ones. Being able to change the way a child would look is something. It defies all odds of nature. Feels like a simulation game. 💚 1 Mónica Freitas Oct 27, 2022, 10:25 AM Now that Rihanna is picking up her singing career again, not sure how Fenty will develop 😂 But if they can get this tech across the world to a well-known brand for a good price, that could be the way to go 💚 1 Valentine Enedah Oct 27, 2022, 12:36 PM Mónica Freitas Great point! To contribute, I think she can use her music to market Fenty products. By the way, have you seen Elon's new fragrance " Burnt Hair"? Currently sold at $100 for a piece. Mónica Freitas Oct 31, 2022, 3:44 PM Valentine Enedah she probably will in the Superbowl halftime show 😂 Is Musk hinting he's going bald? That name is suspicious hahaha Also, Musk could sell a whole world of products but perfumes won't be it Valentine Enedah Oct 31, 2022, 5:43 PM Manas Goel Actually, Elon has sold a million dollars plus worth of this perfume already. But the name though, 'burnt hair'😂 In the long run, Customers would be able to engage with and trust the metrics-based analysis of skin provided by AI face mapping technology. With the use of this skin care technology, businesses may match client needs with suggested items while letting consumers test the products' efficacy for themselves.

Can AI Determine Your Best Skincare Routine?

As nearly a thousand Earth observation satellites currently orbit the planet, terabytes of remote sensing data and satellite imagery of land, vegetation, water bodies, glaciers, urban landscapes, and other geographic features become available for end users across multiple industries. Modern GIS systems allow the collection of all such geospatial data in one place for a comprehensive analysis of the area under study. The arrival of Big Data set the stage for more advanced processing of EO datasets and garner additional insights through machine learning, predictive modeling, and other cutting-edge applications. What Is Behind the Booming GIS and Big Data Applications? Big Data technology enables users to manage and process vast amounts of versatile data (for example, satellite pictures of Earth), which is getting bigger by the day. The convergence of GIS and Big Data was a matter of time and tech progress, as their union opens up immense opportunities for businesses and individuals alike. Many organizations are gaining value with geospatial big data analytics to tackle existing issues and improve decision-making and future planning. Ten years ago, the high price of hardware computing resources was the main barrier that kept many from using Big Data. Today we see more affordable hardware costs and have access to scalable cloud products, which altogether makes this technology available to anyone, from large governmental institutions to tiny private businesses. The present challenge is about talents; not everyone has the expertise required to leverage big chunks of data to the benefit of their companies. The Many Applications of Earth Observation Imagery Satellite images of Earth have proved their unrivaled value in multiple domains, including agriculture, forestry, environment, disaster relief, intelligence, defense, and urban planning among dozens of others. Here’s looking at some less-known industries that are leveraging the ability of remote sensing to reveal what the human eye can’t see. Investigative Journalism Over the past years, satellite images of Earth have become frequent in the news media providing a deeper context for the tragedies occurring on the ground. With the help of remote sensing satellite data, not only can we see the consequences of destructive natural or manmade disasters and pinpoint where illegal forest clearing or fishery is made, but also get clues about what or who is responsible for the damage done in war conflicts, and even find better solutions for mitigating the impacts. Bellingcat is one good example of how a group of journalists can make some eye-opening discoveries about international conflicts based on freely available geospatial data. Through the mediation of Earth observation specialists, journalists can access one more source of relevant and up-to-date information for their stories, which is satellite imagery. Air Pollution Geospatial data has been widely used to monitor various environmental issues, such as deforestation, melting glaciers, water bodies polluted by oil spills, and so on. No wonder there are known applications in air pollution studies as well. As we know, agriculture accounts for the largest portion of harmful NH3 (ammonia) emissions, which are only expected to rise with more ammonia plants set for opening across Asian and Middle East countries by 2030. The slurry that is stored in tanks until it’s ready for application as fertilizer is the main source of ammonia. One of the recent use cases is the collaboration of the Danish government and a satellite data provider to estimate the country’s total NH3 emissions. The combination of machine learning and the most up-to-date satellite images of farms helped to detect 26,000 slurry tanks in Denmark within hours. With internal data on each farm and its production type at hand, they were able to produce a countrywide estimate of ammonia emissions coming from slurry tanks. Mining Satellite pictures of Earth captured by multispectral and hyperspectral sensors can benefit exploration geologists and scientists too. At the very least, geologists can gather reflection data and absorption properties of various soil types, rocks, and vegetation cover to differentiate between the Earth’s surface features. On a more advanced level, certain spectral bands can be used at several stages of . Mining companies that rely on spectral analysis of satellite data save time and costs as it helps narrow down the search and map the potential areas with mineral deposits. mineral mapping and exploration The current amount of GIS data in our hands is overwhelming. It takes the form of remote sensing imagery, real-time satellite view feeds, topographic maps, LiDAR and inSAR data, and others, providing a myriad of opportunities for use. Knowing one’s way around huge datasets and being able to extract value for each particular industry with existing solutions presents one of the main challenges for modern GIS specialists.

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