Galactify empowers to visualize intuitively, map complexity and collaborate precisely

Galactify

As the 2023 season of NASA’s Space Apps Challenge is set to be held on 7-8 October 2023, we recall one of the most successful and innovative talents that surfaced in its 10-year milestone season two years ago. In a remarkable triumph of innovation and problem-solving, the 'App Ninjas' team from Arizona claimed the prestigious title of Local People's Choice Winner at the 2021 NASA , the world's largest annual global hackathon. Under the exceptional leadership of Aryyama Kumar Jana, this achievement underscored their outstanding dedication to addressing pressing global issues through technology. Space Apps Challenge Aryyama Kumar Jana is now a Software Development Engineer at Amazon. As a member of the Device Economics team at , he works on optimizing and automating decisions in the Devices business using science and technology, including machine learning. Amazon The 2021 NASA Space Apps Challenge marked a significant milestone as it celebrated its 10th year. The event, known as one of the most prestigious hackathons worldwide, attracted brilliant minds from around the globe. Recently, the event gained added significance through partnerships with nine renowned space agencies, expanding its reach and impact. Aryyama’s exemplary leadership and technical prowess distinguished him in a formidable field of participants. Their mission was to create a mobile application that could demystify NASA's extensive solar and meteorological data parameters, making them accessible to the general public. During Aryyama’s time at ASU, his startup idea was selected by ASU Venture Devils, the startup incubator for ASU. The 'App Ninjas' team excelled in this mission. Their mobile application is a masterpiece of user-centric design, offering easily understandable graphical representations of weekly average "available sunshine" or solar irradiance for the past year, tailored precisely to the user's location. This invaluable tool empowers homeowners to make informed decisions about solar panel purchases and simplifies the monitoring of existing systems. What set Aryyama and the 'App Ninjas' apart is their forward-thinking approach. The application's adaptability allowed users to customize parameters, including the ability to adjust temporal resolutions and time periods, providing highly specialized results. This innovation promises to revolutionize the way individuals engage with solar energy data. But the innovation doesn't stop there. Aryyama and the visionary 'App Ninjas' team have ambitious plans for the app's future. They envision adding user-defined buttons to display additional POWER parameters such as temperature, humidity, and wind, enhancing its versatility and value for renewable energy enthusiasts and sustainability advocates. In a groundbreaking move, the 'App Ninjas' has introduced the concept of integrating users' measurements, enabling comparisons and supplementations with NASA parameters. This transformative feature could democratize access to solar energy data and further advance global sustainability efforts. Aryyama’s recognition as a 'Galactic Problem Solver' underscored his exceptional contributions to the team's success. This prestigious award signifies his outstanding problem-solving abilities and visionary leadership, making him a true standout in the world of innovation. The 2021 NASA Space Apps Challenge in Arizona was an exhilarating journey where Aryyama and the 'App Ninjas' showcased their creativity and problem-solving skills. Winning the Local People's Choice award in such a competitive environment underscores their ingenuity and commitment to making a positive impact on the world. This victory cemented Aryyama’s and the 'App Ninjas' place as trailblazers in innovation, not only in Arizona but on a global stage. Their mobile application signifies a meaningful step towards a sustainable future, leaving an imprint of excellence in the renewable energy technology landscape.

“Galactic Problem Solver”— NASA’s Recognition for Aryyama Kumar Jana’s Solar Irradiance Tracking 

On November 15th, MetaAI and Papers with Code announced the release of Galactica, a game-changer, open-source large language model trained on scientific knowledge with 120 billion parameters. As one of my friends , the model can write whitepapers, reviews, Wikipedia pages, and code. It knows how to cite and how to write equations. It’s kind of a big deal for AI and science. shared on Twitter On November 17th, Galactica was shut down. Why? Because, as with all deep learning models, it didn’t understand the task at hand and was wrong in many cases. This shouldn’t be an issue, especially if we add a warning saying the model may be wrong and not to trust it blindly. Just like nobody trusted Wikipedia, we couldn’t put this as a reference in High School projects. The issue is that . Galactica was wrong or biased but sounded right and authoritative Still, the model is available to researchers, and I believe it is important to keep it open-sourced. As another one of my friend's shared, all the drama around the new model seems a bit excessive. Of course, the model isn’t perfect, just like all others that are currently available online. We need it online to test its limitations, work on it and improve it. We should see these kinds of publications as students and allow for mistakes and improvements without fear of being shut down or canceled. Anyways, we are not here to discuss that. Hopefully, . it will be back online soon We are here to see what Galactica is, or was, and how it could achieve writing papers, reviews, code, and more… Learn more in the video References ►Read the full article: ►Taylor et al., 2022: Galactica, ►My Newsletter (A new AI application explained weekly to your emails!): https://www.louisbouchard.ai/galactica/ https://galactica.org/ https://www.louisbouchard.ai/newsletter/ Video Transcript 0:00 on November 15th Metairie and papers 0:03 with code announced the release of 0:04 galatica a game changer open source 0:07 large language model trained on 0:09 scientific knowledge with 120 billion 0:12 parameters as one of my friends shared 0:14 on Twitter the model can write white 0:16 papers reviews Wikipedia pages and code 0:19 it knows how to cite and how to write 0:22 equations it really is kind of a big 0:24 deal for AI and science on November 17th 0:28 Galactica was shut down why because as 0:31 with all deep learning models it didn't 0:34 understand the task at hand and was 0:36 wrong in many cases this shouldn't be an 0:39 issue especially if we add a warning 0:41 saying the model may be wrong and not to 0:43 trust it blindly just like nobody 0:45 trusted Wikipedia we couldn't put it as 0:48 a reference in high school projects the 0:50 issue was that Galactica was wrong and 0:52 biased but sounded right and uteritative 0:55 still the model is available to 0:57 researchers and I believe it's important 0:59 to keep bit open sourced as another of 1:02 my friends shared all the drama around 1:04 this new model seems a bit excessive of 1:06 course the model isn't perfect just like 1:08 all others that are currently available 1:10 online we need it online to test its 1:13 limitations work on it and improve it we 1:16 should see these kinds of Fabrications 1:18 as students and allow for mistakes and 1:21 improvements without the fear of being 1:22 shut down or canceled anyways we are not 1:26 here to discuss that hopefully it will 1:28 be back online soon we are here to see 1:30 what Galactica is or was and how it 1:33 could achieve writing papers reviews 1:35 code math and more basically Galactica 1:39 is a large language model with a size 1:41 comparable to gpt3 but specialized on 1:44 scientific knowledge more precisely it 1:46 was trained on a large and curated 1:48 Corpus of scientific knowledge including 1:50 over 48 million papers textbooks and 1:54 lecture notes millions of compounds and 1:56 proteins scientific websites 1:58 encyclopedias and more as they highlight 2:00 data were of high quality and highly 2:03 curated which is one of the big 2:05 difference with gpt3 So in theory 2:08 Galactica contains pretty much all of 2:10 Humanity's scientific knowledge imagine 2:12 having an amazing memory and the time to 2:15 read millions of research remembering 2:18 most of it well this is Galactica it 2:21 seems like its memory isn't so good 2:23 after all and it mixes everything even 2:25 though we could assume most information 2:27 present in the training data set was 2:29 accurate even considering all devices 2:31 and failures Galactica stays pretty 2:34 powerful and outperforms pretty much all 2:36 other approaches for scientific related 2:39 tasks it's just not enough for a product 2:41 we can have confidence in still it's 2:44 worth understanding how it works 2:46 especially because it will come back 2:48 even more powerful pretty soon as we 2:51 mentioned Galactica is a large language 2:53 model similar to gpt3 or Bloom 2:55 specifically trained for as they say 2:58 organize science there's also a lot of 3:01 engineering going on in this model 3:03 allowing so much versatility in its 3:05 inputs and outputs like special 3:07 tokenization of citations or protein 3:09 sequences which you can learn more in 3:11 their paper linked below their 3:13 tokenization effort is by far the 3:15 biggest contribution of this work 3:17 tokensation basically means the way the 3:20 model will see the data instead of words 3:23 math or shapes that we understand I 3:26 actually share a video on embedding and 3:28 tokenization later this week so if that 3:30 sounds interesting stay tuned for that 3:33 and subscribe to not miss it so accept 3:35 this weird tokensation and 3:37 pre-processing steps what is Galactica 3:39 and what does it do after taking the 3:42 words or different scientific inputs and 3:44 preparing it for the model doing 3:46 tokenization no surprise Galactica is 3:50 yet another Transformer based 3:52 architecture like gpt3 with a couple of 3:55 variations including the tokenization 3:57 differences so I definitely invite you 3:59 to but one of the many videos I or some 4:02 of my friends made covering the 4:04 Transformer architectures as I won't get 4:06 into how they work once again the second 4:09 major difference between Galactica and 4:11 other large language models is what they 4:13 call the prompt pre-training this means 4:16 that they will include prompts extracted 4:18 from the training data set alongside the 4:21 data itself which has been shown to 4:23 maximize the generality of the model 4:25 while boosting performance on some tasks 4:28 of interest and that's pretty much it as 4:31 I said the architecture is very similar 4:33 to what you already know and mostly the 4:35 training and pre-processing schemes vary 4:37 which shows that the model isn't 4:39 everything but how we preach through the 4:41 data for it might actually matter even 4:43 more you can basically see the 4:45 difference between gpt3 and Galactica as 4:48 the same student with a bad science 4:49 teacher versus a good one it has the 4:52 same capabilities and resources the 4:55 teacher just made it more accessible and 4:57 understandable for him of course this 4:59 was just an overview of the paper and I 5:02 strongly recommend reading it there are 5:04 tons of details about the multiple 5:06 engineering tricks they've implemented 5:08 along with results analysis details on 5:11 all the tasks they tackle using the 5:13 model and how it understood the input 5:15 data and its predictions its limitations 5:18 biases and more I hope you've enjoyed 5:21 this video and I will see you next week 5:23 with another amazing paper and a special video covering what embeddings are

Galactica is an AI Model Trained on 120 Billion Parameters

Galactica es un modelo de IA entrenado en 120 mil millones de parámetros

Galactica est un modèle d'IA formé sur 120 milliards de paramètres

गैलेक्टिका एक एआई मॉडल है जिसे 120 बिलियन पैरामीटर्स पर प्रशिक्षित किया गया है

Galactica は 1200 億のパラメーターでトレーニングされた AI モデルです

Galactica é um modelo de IA treinado em 120 bilhões de parâmetros

Galactica là một Mô hình AI được đào tạo trên 120 tỷ tham số

Galactica 是一个经过 1200 亿个参数训练的 AI 模型

Learning how to code is one of the most difficult and rewarding tasks you can do. While this journey may be a tough and long one, our 2020 Noonie Nominee can help you out. Cal Evans from United States Cal has been nominated in the He is an experienced engineer that gives talks at conferences all over the world. Let's learn more about him below! Software Development category. 1.  Which 2020 Noonie have you been nominated for? Hacker Noon Contributor of the Year - LEARNING TO CODE 2. Tell us a bit about yourself. Many moons ago, at the tender age of 14, Cal touched his first computer. (We’re using the term “computer” loosely here, it was a TRS-80 Model 1) Since then his life has never been the same. He graduated from TRS-80s to Commodores and eventually to IBM PCs.For the past 15 years Cal has worked with PHP and MySQL on Linux, OSX, and Windows. He has built a variety of projects ranging in size from simple web pages to multi-million dollar web applications. When not banging his head on his monitor, attempting a blood sacrifice to get a particular piece of code working, he enjoys building and managing development teams using his widely imitated but never patented management style of “management by wandering around”. These days, when not working with PHP, Cal can be found working on a variety of projects like Day Camp 4 Developers. He gives motivational talks to developers around the world. If you happen to meet him at a conference, don’t be afraid to buy him a shot of Rum. Cal is based in West Palm Beach, FL, US where he is happily married to wife 1.36, the lovely and talented Kathy. Together they have 2 wonderful kids who were both smart enough not to pursue a job in IT. 3. Tell us about the things you make / write / manage / build. I train the next generation of developers. 4. What are you most excited about right now? Lando 5. What are you worried about right now? Not much 6. What's the most useful advice you've ever given somebody? Find a profession that you are good at and that makes you money. Follow your dreams as your hobby. 7. How has the pandemic changed your life and/or career? It kept me from Scuba Diving from March - May. 8. If we gave you $10 million to invest in one thing right now, where would you put it? Virgin Galactic, I think it's the next Tesla. 9. What's an opinion you have that most people don't agree with? MacDive (not MacDrive..MacDive) 10. Which apps can't you live without? MacDive (not MacDrive...MacDive) 11. What are you currently learning? Marketing Make somebody’s day and nominate them to be recognized in the internet’s most independent and community-driven awards: . NOONIES.TECH , don't forget to vote for Cal and help him become the: . Most importantly Hacker Noon Contributor of the Year - LEARNING TO CODE

"Virgin Galactic is the next Tesla" - Cal Evans, Noonie Nominee for Learning To Code

After an April full of exciting game releases like The Crew Motorfest, Stellar Blade, and No Rest for the Wicked, May isn’t staying even a bit behind. In this story, we are going to check out the 10 best games to be released this month. Personally, I can’t wait to play them, and you shouldn’t miss out too. Endless Ocean Luminous - May 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKXjoA_Gai4&embedable=true Release Date: May 2
Platforms: Switch
Publisher: Arika Following the steps of his predecessors, Endless Ocean Luminous puts you in control of a scuba diver to explore the fictional Velled Sea, with over 500 species for you to discover. Team up with folks all over the world, because now, the matches allow groups of up to 30 people to explore sunk temples and shipwrecks. Crow Country - May 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy1cICMVSTk&embedable=true Release Date: May 9
Platforms: PC, PS5
Studio: SFB Games With a retro style, Cow Country tries to bring to life the golden era of horror games; using a tank camera, its art style and mechanics resemble a lot of the classic Resident Evil games in all its glory. In this game, you’re gonna explore an abandoned park to understand why Edward has closed it while solving many puzzles and mysteries. A demo for Crow Country is available here. Little Kitty, Big City - May 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWUdu2q88K4&embedable=true Release Date: May 9
Platforms: PC, Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Studio: Double Dagger Studio With a cutesy art style, Little Kitty, Big City lets you take control of a cat who is trying to go back home; you can mainly focus on finding your way back, or explore as a true cat would. Climb on people’s furniture, break their glasses, steal their objects, find collectibles, and interact with other animals before going home. Homeworld 3 - May 13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVCUI70kF7o&embedable=true Release Date: May 13
Platforms: PC
Studio: Blackbird Interactive Homeworld 3 is a galactic real-time strategy game where you can play solo, PvP, and Coop. It continues the award-winning story of Homeworld 2, with massive battles among the stars and nebulas. Now, the game also includes a coop mode for up to 3 players, in a battle on the molds of roguelike. Team up with your friends in random fleet battles while obtaining artifacts to improve your ships. The Rogue Prince of Persia - May 14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZzOxEK7hXo&embedable=true Release Date: May 14
Platforms: PC
Studio: Evil Empire The Rogue Prince of Persia is a new take on the franchise. This time, in the hands of Evil Empire, the creators of Dead Cells, this new entry will get a different art style from its predecessor and will have a roguelike gameplay, which the team at Evil Empire are professionals doing. The game will also feature a procedurally generated map, set place around the city of Ctesiphon. You will battle the Hun army that was sent to destroy the city, and it is your job to prevent it. Ghost of Tsushima: Directors Cut - May 16 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzWBNwhb870&embedable=true Release Date: May 16
Platforms: PC
Studio: Sucker Punch Productions The once-Playstation exclusive is making its way to PC this month. This version includes everything from the original version and some extra functionalities due to the power of the PC. Enjoy the Tsushima island with unlocked FPS and multiple graphic customizations, support to super ultra-wide monitors, increase the performance using the functionalities of your GPU, like DLSS, FSR, and XeSS, and enjoy high-quality sync with Japanese, due to real-time cutscene rendering. Senua’s Saga: Hellblade 2 - May 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VYGOkMnGCE&embedable=true Release Date: May 21
Platforms: PC, Xbox Series X/S
Studio: Ninja Theory In the sequel Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice, we follow again the story of Senua while she battles for survival on the Viking Island. There, you will fight to save the victims of the tyranny while dealing with her own darkness. System Shock: Remake - May 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNDdQ6_pYgk&embedable=true Release Date: May 21
Platforms: PS4, PS5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Studio: Nightdive Studio The complete remake of the 1994 cult System Shock that was released for PC in 2023 is now making its way to consoles. In this game, you live in Cidadela Station, but everything gets out of hand when the most advanced AI takes control of everything, turning its people into cyborgs and mutants looking for blood. Fight for survival and destroy SHODAN before it destroys you. Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door - May 23 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCV-uTRULn8&embedable=true Release Date: May 23
Platforms: Switch
Studio: Intelligent Systems Initially released for the GameCube in 2004, Super Paper Mario The Thousand-Year Door is an RPG praised by critics and won the RPG of the Year award in 2005. In this entry, you will take the role of Mario, while he tries to save Princess Peach from the hands of Grodus, collecting all the Crystal Stars and making new friends along the way. F1 24 - May 31 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnyCWsA6KSI&embedable=true Release Date: May 31
Platforms: PC, PS4, PS5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S
Studio: Codemasters That is the newest entry in the F1 yearly franchise; it includes more refined graphics, a revamped campaign, a new physics system that impacts the performance of your car, crossplay, and a VR mode. Those were the games I’m keeping an eye on this month; let me know what games you are interested in this month or if I missed an important game in the comments below. After an April full of exciting game releases like The Crew Motorfest, Stellar Blade, and No Rest for the Wicked, May isn’t staying even a bit behind. In this story, we are going to check out the 10 best games to be released this month. Personally, I can’t wait to play them, and you shouldn’t miss out too. Endless Ocean Luminous - May 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKXjoA_Gai4&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKXjoA_Gai4&embedable=true Release Date: May 2 Platforms: Switch Publisher: Arika Release Date: May 2 Release Date: Platforms: Switch Platforms: Publisher: Arika Publisher: Following the steps of his predecessors, Endless Ocean Luminous puts you in control of a scuba diver to explore the fictional Velled Sea, with over 500 species for you to discover. Team up with folks all over the world, because now, the matches allow groups of up to 30 people to explore sunk temples and shipwrecks. Crow Country - May 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy1cICMVSTk&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy1cICMVSTk&embedable=true Release Date: May 9 Platforms: PC, PS5 Studio: SFB Games Release Date: May 9 Release Date: Platforms: PC, PS5 Platforms: Studio: SFB Games Studio: With a retro style, Cow Country tries to bring to life the golden era of horror games; using a tank camera, its art style and mechanics resemble a lot of the classic Resident Evil games in all its glory. In this game, you’re gonna explore an abandoned park to understand why Edward has closed it while solving many puzzles and mysteries. A demo for Crow Country is available here . here Little Kitty, Big City - May 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWUdu2q88K4&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWUdu2q88K4&embedable=true Release Date: May 9 Platforms: PC, Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Studio: Double Dagger Studio Release Date: May 9 Release Date: Platforms: PC, Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Platforms: Studio: Double Dagger Studio Studio: With a cutesy art style, Little Kitty, Big City lets you take control of a cat who is trying to go back home; you can mainly focus on finding your way back, or explore as a true cat would. Climb on people’s furniture, break their glasses, steal their objects, find collectibles, and interact with other animals before going home. Homeworld 3 - May 13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVCUI70kF7o&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVCUI70kF7o&embedable=true Release Date: May 13 Platforms: PC Studio: Blackbird Interactive Release Date: May 13 Release Date: Platforms: PC Platforms: Studio: Blackbird Interactive Studio: Homeworld 3 is a galactic real-time strategy game where you can play solo, PvP, and Coop. It continues the award-winning story of Homeworld 2, with massive battles among the stars and nebulas. Now, the game also includes a coop mode for up to 3 players, in a battle on the molds of roguelike. Team up with your friends in random fleet battles while obtaining artifacts to improve your ships. The Rogue Prince of Persia - May 14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZzOxEK7hXo&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZzOxEK7hXo&embedable=true Release Date: May 14 Platforms: PC Studio: Evil Empire Release Date: May 14 Release Date: Platforms: PC Platforms: Studio: Evil Empire Studio: The Rogue Prince of Persia is a new take on the franchise. This time, in the hands of Evil Empire, the creators of Dead Cells, this new entry will get a different art style from its predecessor and will have a roguelike gameplay, which the team at Evil Empire are professionals doing. The game will also feature a procedurally generated map, set place around the city of Ctesiphon. You will battle the Hun army that was sent to destroy the city, and it is your job to prevent it. Ghost of Tsushima: Directors Cut - May 16 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzWBNwhb870&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzWBNwhb870&embedable=true Release Date: May 16 Platforms: PC Studio: Sucker Punch Productions Release Date: May 16 Release Date: Platforms: PC Platforms: Studio: Sucker Punch Productions Studio: The once-Playstation exclusive is making its way to PC this month. This version includes everything from the original version and some extra functionalities due to the power of the PC. Enjoy the Tsushima island with unlocked FPS and multiple graphic customizations, support to super ultra-wide monitors, increase the performance using the functionalities of your GPU, like DLSS, FSR, and XeSS, and enjoy high-quality sync with Japanese, due to real-time cutscene rendering. Senua’s Saga: Hellblade 2 - May 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VYGOkMnGCE&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VYGOkMnGCE&embedable=true Release Date: May 21 Platforms: PC, Xbox Series X/S Studio: Ninja Theory Release Date: May 21 Release Date: Platforms: PC, Xbox Series X/S Platforms: Studio: Ninja Theory Studio: In the sequel Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice, we follow again the story of Senua while she battles for survival on the Viking Island. There, you will fight to save the victims of the tyranny while dealing with her own darkness. System Shock: Remake - May 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNDdQ6_pYgk&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNDdQ6_pYgk&embedable=true Release Date: May 21 Platforms: PS4, PS5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Studio: Nightdive Studio Release Date: May 21 Release Date: Platforms: PS4, PS5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Platforms: Studio: Nightdive Studio Studio: The complete remake of the 1994 cult System Shock that was released for PC in 2023 is now making its way to consoles. In this game, you live in Cidadela Station, but everything gets out of hand when the most advanced AI takes control of everything, turning its people into cyborgs and mutants looking for blood. Fight for survival and destroy SHODAN before it destroys you. Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door - May 23 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCV-uTRULn8&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCV-uTRULn8&embedable=true Release Date: May 23 Platforms: Switch Studio: Intelligent Systems Release Date: May 23 Release Date: Platforms: Switch Platforms: Studio: Intelligent Systems Studio: Initially released for the GameCube in 2004, Super Paper Mario The Thousand-Year Door is an RPG praised by critics and won the RPG of the Year award in 2005. In this entry, you will take the role of Mario, while he tries to save Princess Peach from the hands of Grodus, collecting all the Crystal Stars and making new friends along the way. F1 24 - May 31 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnyCWsA6KSI&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnyCWsA6KSI&embedable=true Release Date: May 31 Platforms: PC, PS4, PS5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S Studio: Codemasters Release Date: May 31 Release Date: Platforms: PC, PS4, PS5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S Platforms: Studio: Codemasters Studio: That is the newest entry in the F1 yearly franchise; it includes more refined graphics, a revamped campaign, a new physics system that impacts the performance of your car, crossplay, and a VR mode. Those were the games I’m keeping an eye on this month; let me know what games you are interested in this month or if I missed an important game in the comments below.

May 2024's Must-Play List: The Top 10 Game Releases You Can't Miss

"To be governed is to be watched, inspected, spied upon, directed, law-driven, numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at, controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censured, commanded, by creatures who have neither the right nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so. To be governed is to be at every operation, at every transaction noted, registered, counted, taxed, stamped, measured, numbered, assessed, licensed, authorized, admonished, prevented, forbidden, reformed, corrected, punished. It is, under pretext of public utility, and in the name of the general interest, to be placed under contribution, drilled, fleeced, exploited, monopolized, extorted from, squeezed, hoaxed, robbed; then, at the slightest resistance, the first word of complaint, to be repressed, fined, vilified, harassed, hunted down, abused, clubbed, disarmed, bound, choked, imprisoned, judged, condemned, shot, deported, sacrificed, sold, betrayed; and to crown all, mocked, ridiculed, derided, outraged, dishonored. That is government; that is its justice; that is its morality." - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, The General Idea of the Revolution In vivid words, Proudhon describes the core of state authority as brutal subjugation: Surveillance, control, regulation, restriction, exploitation, and even blunt violence. Contemplating Guantanamo Bay, national debt, Snowden, inflation, and Julian Assange, even the most staunch believers of our liberal democracies have to either catch the scent of truth in it or engage in vertiginous feats of mental acrobatics. The liberation? Autonomy. The purest and most radical following and implementation of this principle in the history of mankind is arguably the . From the mining of the first 50 , to the EVM, to Parachains and Danksharding, every step in this space of maximum decentralization is underlined by the moral imperative that increasing the autonomy of individuals is desirable. Web3 space BTC However, as important as it is to achieve autonomy from all claims to power, the question remains about what we should do with this Autonomy. In our desire to create a better world, is autonomy the value we should try to maximize? If the only aim of spelling out freedom is to create as much space as possible for undisturbed self-expression, then this freedom is threatened to remain empty, dead, and meaningless. Although, as the absence of obstacles and undesired influences, a purely negative conception of freedom is not enough to give our lives meaning and orientation. Therefore, autonomy must not be misunderstood as an end in itself. Instead, we must understand it as the foundation and enabling condition for resonant world relations. I would like to argue that the pure value of autonomy requires a supplement to unfold its utopian potential: social freedom. Autonomy Uncontested The value of autonomy enjoys an almost unchallenged status in our society. In all political spectrums ("My body, my choice" / "Taxes are theft" / "Better dead than red"), in culture (glorification of world traveling influencers, the explosion of interest into self-improvement, the rise of non-traditional relationships, etc. ), art (tropes about oppression/emancipation), everywhere the unquestioned virtue of autonomy shines through. This development has reached its climax in the decentralized space. Here, autonomy is not just one value among many but the central ethical guiding principle from which everything else is derived. The vision of a world where individuals can interact directly with each other without intermediaries or higher authorities is the utopian core of the web3 landscape. Indeed, the decentralized space has an emancipatory potential that can not be underestimated. Many of our institutions are, in the best case, unsuitable for the problems of the 21st century and, in the worst case, rotten to the core. By creating structures that enable individuals to govern their data, finances, identities, and contracts themselves, decentralized technologies have the potential to shift power away from gatekeepers to society. But what is autonomy? Autonomy, negative and social freedom The term autonomy is derived from the ancient Greek "autonomía," which means something like "self-legislation" or "self-determination." Autonomy is often understood as the ability to emancipate oneself from external influences and constraints. Proudhons quote and my examples reference that understanding of autonomy. This notion of autonomy thus shows a great affinity to the concept of negative liberty, as prominently defined by Isaiah Berlin and is famously represented by Thomas Hobbes's quote "A free man is he that in those things which by his strength and wit he is able to do is not hindered to do what he hath the will to do" Negative liberty denotes a state of absence of external obstacles and limitations. It realizes itself in a protected space of individual decision and action freedom to be exposed to as few interventions as possible. It is precisely this ideal that many advocates of decentralized systems also invoke: The substitution of hierarchical structures by autonomous actors is supposed to enable more negative freedom by removing boundaries and obstacles. The gold standard of a decentralized system is its robustness to censorship and, therefore its ability to maintain boundaries and degree of freedom against external forces. However, is the protection and expansion of negative freedom sufficient to enable people to lead a truly self-determined and fulfilled life? The philosopher Axel Honneth has convincingly argued that this is not the case. For him, individual freedom only becomes possible where it can relate to an "objective reality", i.e. to given social conditions and institutions. True self-determination, therefore, always presupposes a social context in which the individual can realize his or her life plans. Honneth calls the form of freedom that arises from this "social freedom", which he derived from Hegel. According to Honneth, it is not enough for a free individual to be devoid of obstacles. Instead, it necessitates a state in which individuals support each other in realizing their respective goals, enabling each other to lead a self-determined life. That is all quite abstract, so Let's visualize the difference between the two concepts of freedom in the following picture: Imagine you are in front of a river that you want to cross. The river looks quite dangerous; you could be swept across or drown in a whirlpool. Hobbes is sitting next to you on a stone and tells you that you have every freedom to cross this river. After all, there are no dangerous animals in the water. (There are also no border guards with machine guns, and no wall has been erected). However, you are completely on your own. It's just your subjective experience, and you can't hope to make it, should you try. However, it could also be that a tree has accidentally fallen, and you can get across quite easily. For Hobbes, though, it makes no difference to your freedom whether you live in a world in which this tree has fallen or not. At that moment, Hegel arrives with a good wine in his hand and a wheelbarrow full of planks and nails. He offers to build a bridge together because he wants to cross it himself. For Hegel, only now have you gained your freedom, because in reality, the conditions have been created through which you can hope to actually cross the river. Before, it was pure chance whether this hope could be rationally justified. It was only through Hegel that you actively received the support from your environment that can give you rational hope of reaching your goal (the other shore). This applies to societies. It is, as supporters of Hegel's idea would argue in societies without social freedom pure chance whether you grow up in circumstances that enable you to achieve your goals and in which everyone can hope to achieve their goals. In societies with social freedom, however, this hope is justified because the objectives of the other subjects are such that they enable and complement the achievement of one's own goals and complement them. Social freedom thus has a cooperative core: it is based on the insight that the freedom of the individual is dependent on the freedom of others. Only in a community in which people grant and support each other in the development of self-determination can the individual also experience himself as genuinely free. The values of the decentralized space have to be ultimately also committed to such an understanding of social freedom, even if this is not always explicitly reflected. Behind the efforts to create decentralized, self-organized structures has to be the vision of a world in which individuals can freely associate to collectively shape their living conditions with each other for the better. Even the much-cited "trustless trust" and allegedly increase of freedom that blockchain technologies are supposed to enable is ultimately grounded in the individual’s faculty to understand the system. It makes a huge difference if 99,9999& of crypto projects are scams, or if it’s only 80, 70, or 60. However, the fixation on code-based incentive and coordination mechanisms threatens to lose sight of this fact. You could easily imagine a future in which every aspect of societal organization is managed by smart contracts, but in which more people are scammed; more people lack connections and meaning and fewer people can make sense of this world. Conclusion The vision of autonomy that inspires so many in the blockchain space is a noble and important one. Establishing robust individual freedoms and consent is crucial to human flourishing. But to unlock the full transformative potential of decentralized technologies, we must pair the pursuit of autonomy with the cultivation of social freedom. This means aspiring not just for freedom from interference but also to enable the creation of resonance - meaningful, mutually empowering relationships - at both the individual and the institutional level. It means recognizing that our identities are not atomic, but fundamentally intersubjective - our agency is enhanced, not undermined, by positive embeddedness in the social fabric. And it means harnessing the power of decentralized coordination not just to maximize individual gain, but to create emergent realities that are greater than the sum of their parts. By synthesizing the principles of individual sovereignty and collective intelligence, the marriage of autonomy and resonance paves the way for a future that brings out the best in both individuals and the whole. A future where people are free to author their own lives, while also synergizing with others to make the pie massively bigger for everyone. Getting there won't be easy, requiring technical and cultural innovation. But if we can pull it off, the prize is immense - nothing short of the difference between a failed species and a thriving galactic civilization. So let us not settle for autonomy alone but strive for resonant autonomy—the foundation for a world alive with connection, meaning, and potentially infinite upside. We have the rare privilege of living at a time when our actions can shape the entire trajectory of the future. The blockchain renaissance has already expanded our sense of what's possible. Now it's on us to channel that newfound freedom towards a more beautiful and true reality.

The Path to Resonant Autonomy: Navigating Autonomy and Social Freedom in Web3

Space travel remains the dream of many people, and Intuitive Machines' has brought us one step closer. Although it “tripped” while landing on the Moon, Odysseus has managed to communicate with its control team on Earth, beaming back information and images. Odysseus is the first private spacecraft ever to land successfully on the moon — and the first American vehicle to do so since the final Apollo mission in 1972. Odysseus lander Of course, the Moon is probably only meant to serve as a practice pad and “truck stop” in the future for more ambitious missions that will take humans to Mars and elsewhere. The Moon will hopefully be used for scientific experiments, training purposes, and as a way station for future astronauts who will spend lengthy periods of time in space. While the Odysseus was unmanned, NASA has plans to send astronauts back to the Moon through its Artemis program. Billionaire and SpaceX founder Elon Musk he believes that humans could already be making their way to the red planet in just a few years. said last year Musk an ambitious plan to establish a human colony on Mars and that he aims to transport one million people to the Red Planet, stating that “civilization only passes the single-planet Great Filter when Mars can survive even if Earth supply ships stop coming.” In the past, Musk has said he plans to have a million people on and that “a on the red planet could sustain our species if all humanity is extinguished on Earth.” recently revealed Mars by 2050 permanent colony Musk has long voiced his intent to make humanity multi-planetary, often pointing to human settlement on Mars as an insurance policy for civilization in case Earth is struck by any number of calamities. With the space race in full gear, the question of who gets what contract has become a matter of serious competition. Companies like Intuitive Machines, Musk’s SpaceX, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin, or Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic are all competing for the eventual ability to ferry Earth’s inhabitants back and forth between our planet and whatever way station or permanent habitat we build elsewhere, whether on the Moon or Mars. SpaceX's first priority is "establishing a cargo route to Mars," in the past. Musk has said Musk is relying on the much-touted Starship to advance his plans. His early plans involved sending unmanned ships to the surface of Mars and then sending people after that once the flights were proven safe. The first missions would work to convert water and CO2 found on the Mars surface into the liquid oxygen and methane fuel that powers the Starship. By doing so, SpaceX would guarantee a long-lasting fuel source. Once refueled, the Starships would be able to make the journey back to Earth. Following the initial flights, Musk wants to bring large groups of people to Mars to build colonies and factories to make the planet self-sustaining. One of the main priorities would be to build a factory for rocket fuel, essentially turning Mars into an outpost for ever-expanding space travel. In Musk’s vision, people could go from Mars to the asteroid belts, the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, and the Kuiper belt. While in the beginning stages, people on Mars would have to live inside large protected air-tight structures on the surface or even underground, eventually, though, Musk said he envisions having the ability to warm the planet to make it habitable and allow humans to live outside without the need for supplemental oxygen. But this is where some scientists begin to see problems with Musk’s grand plan. According to experts, there just on Mars that you can mobilize and create a long-lasting atmosphere the way Musk believes he can. The other problem, even if this was possible, is keeping the CO2 contained in the atmosphere. isn't enough CO2 Musk has said he understands this issue and realizes it would take a long time. He acknowledged that this is a project that would span several generations, and even if we cannot create an atmosphere now, we could at least build the first colony on Mars, preparing the way for future generations. One of the greatest advantages of space exploration in today’s day and age is that we now have new technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), to expand our capabilities more than was possible when space travel first became possible. For instance, AI is to help scientists analyze data more quickly and accurately and automate operations on spacecraft. The continuous development of other planets and moons in ways never before possible. currently being used in the space industry AI is helping rovers and landers explore “SpaceX has been improving and refining how rockets operate. The company uses AI to monitor and analyze data from the rocket’s sensors and telemetry systems, allowing for better decision-making and more precise control of the rocket’s trajectory and speed. SpaceX also uses AI to automate certain aspects of the rocket landing procedure.” NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory has also recently developed an that can autonomously plan a spacecraft mission based on given parameters and constraints. Machine learning algorithms are being used to identify potential water sources or mineral deposits on the planet’s surface. AI-based mission planning system Clearly, AI is essential to the future of space exploration and will increasingly be implemented across various future missions in space—from Mars colonization efforts to interplanetary travel to supporting astronaut health. We are getting closer to this vision of becoming an interplanetary species. As long as it does not hallucinate or generate false information, as some AI technologies currently do, AI will help us achieve this unique and incredible vision.

AI Will Help Mankind Colonize Mars

The open-source developer community is full of volunteers, so, it was to be expected that their creations were also made for fun. That’s how we can enjoy a lot of free and ad-free games on mobile and desktop, all of them designed with passion. The teams behind these titles cover all potential expenses (domains, hardware, distribution, etc.) by themselves —and that’s why they’d appreciate a tip if you had a nice time with their software. Developers on GitHub usually share their PayPal or Patreon accounts, but these platforms always charge high fees, aren’t available for everyone, and aren’t censorship-resistant. If you want to donate to an open-source project available on GitHub, This Obyte-based application only asks for the GitHub profile to send some cryptocurrencies, even if the recipient doesn’t have a wallet yet. you can use as a decentralized, globally available, unstoppable, as well as faster and cheaper option. Kivach Besides, Kivach has a unique feature: recipients can distribute their received funds automatically among other repositories, considering their contribution to their projects —creating ‘cascading donations.’ This way, you could be helping several projects with just one donation. In this episode, we’ll explore five interesting games that you can try for free and, maybe, donate some coins via Kivach. Let’s go! SuperTux If you enjoyed the classic Super Mario Bros., you could enjoy SuperTux as well. This is a 2D jump'n'run sidescroller game inspired by that series, created and released by Bill Kendrick in 2004. Players control Tux, the Linux penguin, as he navigates through various levels, overcoming obstacles and enemies to rescue his kidnapped friend, Penny. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wcqat_b8ft8&embedable=true Key features include colorful and engaging graphics, diverse levels, power-ups, and boss battles. SuperTux is currently developed by a community of contributors worldwide, who are improving the software and adding new features and levels continually. Besides the main story, there are community-contributed levels available as add-ons or in the forums, and an integrated level editor for further contributions. Funding for the project primarily comes . They help to pay for domains, servers, and salaries. In exchange, donors can enjoy exclusive content. The team accepts funds via PayPal and cryptocurrencies via Coinbase. In addition, you can send them coins via Kivach, where they appear as . from donations supertux/supertux OpenTTD Not an adventurer but a businessman? OpenTTD, based on the original Transport Tycoon Deluxe, allows players to build and manage transportation networks. It was initially released in 2004 by Ludvig Strigeus --also the creator of uTorrent. The game has been praised for the improvements applied to the original version, including multiplayer support, modding capabilities, and a customizable interface. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tF73VBVSNQ&embedable=true They must efficiently transport passengers and cargo, navigate complex terrain, and compete with AI or other players in a sandbox environment. With its deep simulation and strategic challenges, the game offers an immersive and rewarding experience. In OpenTTD, players build railways, roads, airports, and waterways to connect cities and industries. The current team behind this software willingly offers their free time to keep it running, but additional costs like server infrastructure and hosting come from donations. They accept bank transfers, LiberaPay, PayPal, and cheque. However, all these methods have their own (often high) fees. You could send them some coins via Kivach for much less, just by clicking on “Donate” here. FreeOrion Inspired by the commercial series Masters of Orion, this is a space empire and galactic conquest game set in a vast universe filled with diverse alien species, ancient ruins, and strategic opportunities. It was initially in 2003 by a team led by Zach Laine. Players control their own customizable empire, managing resources, researching technologies, and engaging in diplomacy and warfare with rival factions. released https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gF3_RFsXeU8&embedable=true It has an engaging gameplay, procedurally generated galaxies, customizable ship designs, and a rich lore-driven universe. Players have a multitude of options and opportunities at their disposal. They can design and customize their ships to fit specific roles and strategies, engage in epic space battles against AI-controlled factions or other players in multiplayer mode, explore the galaxy to discover ancient relics and artifacts that provide unique bonuses, and terraform planets to make them more habitable for their population. The development team is formed by volunteers, but they accept donations to cover costs derived from hosting, servers, hardware, artists, and others. They shared their PayPal and Flattr accounts for this purpose, but we have to note that the last one closed its operations in late 2023. You can still send them crypto via Kivach, where they’re available as . freeorion/freeorion Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead (CDDA) This one could be a great option for fans of the post-apocalyptic genre. with a unique set of traits and dedicate to anything to survive or help others to do so: craft objects like clothes, weapons, or chemicals, build houses or shelters, farm the land and grow food, or directly fight against a plethora of creatures. In a world devastated by zombies, robots, and interdimensional creatures, players can create their own avatar https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_bt7-ZxfYM&embedable=true The game features a procedurally generated world filled with diverse locations, including towns, forests, and underground bunkers, each offering unique challenges and opportunities. There's no specific goal to win the game, instead, what matters is the experience, and to survive one more day. The software features ASCII graphics, creating a retro aesthetic reminiscent of classic roguelike games, with detailed environmental descriptions enhancing immersion and gameplay depth. CDDA was originally launched by “Whales” in 2010 and subsequently forked by the community in early 2013. They accept donations via Patreon, or you can sponsor an individual developer via GitHub Sponsors. Of course, it’s also possible to send them funds via Kivach, where they appear as . cleverraven/cataclysm-dda Enigma We have something simpler but equally challenging on this list as well: Enigma. This is a game inspired by Oxyd (Atari, 1990), Players control marbles through landscapes, overcoming obstacles, navigating hazards, and aiming for quick completion to beat personal and world records. which offers over 1,000 diverse levels blending logic puzzles with dexterity challenges. Released in 2002 by Daniel Heck and its team to keep the spirit of Oxyd alive after its publisher's departure, Enigma features Lua-generated landscapes, a level editor, and music by Andrew 'Necros' Sega (from Iris). Praised as a faithful Oxyd clone, it reached a stable version in 2007 and boasts high-resolution 2-D graphics, realistic physics, 500 in-game objects, and availability across multiple platforms. While free to play, Enigma welcomes donations to support ongoing development, ensuring its longevity and continued improvement. As they mention on the : “Just donating a fraction of the amount you would be willing to spend for a commercial 'Enigma' in a store would help us to improve Enigma.” The project is available on Kivach as . official website Enigma-Game/Enigma Contribute to more projects! There are all kinds of open-source software available on GitHub for you to explore and use for free. Most developers there aren’t paid for their work though, and a lot of projects are orphaned and often lose their functionality. Every software requires maintenance, after all. If you want your favorite projects to keep running, please consider donating! And don’t forget to check our previous chapters to discover more awesome tools. Kivach Donations: 5 GitHub projects it has helped so far How You Can Support Key Open-Source Initiatives With Kivach 5 Open-source Projects You Can Support With Kivach — and Cryptocurrencies 5 Open-source Projects You Can Support with Kivach and Cryptos, Episode III 5 Open-Source Projects You Can Donate to via Kivach, Episode IV: Privacy Tools 5 Open-source Blogging and Writing Tools to Donate to via Kivach (Ep V) 5 Open-Source Tools You Can Donate to via Kivach, Episode VI: Decentralized Services Featured Vector Image by pikisuperstar / Freepik

5 Open-Source Projects To Donate via Kivach, Episode VII: Games To Play for Free!

কিভাচের মাধ্যমে দান করার জন্য 5টি ওপেন-সোর্স প্রকল্প, পর্ব VII: বিনামূল্যে খেলার জন্য গেম!

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This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Prajwal Niraula, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; (2) Julien de Wit, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; (3) Benjamin V. Rackham, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; (4) Elsa Ducrot, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege; (5) Artem Burdanov, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; (6) Ian J. M. Crossfield, Kansas University Department of Physics and Astronomy; (7) Valerie Van Grootel´, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, University of Li`ege; (8) Catriona Murray, 5Cavendish Laboratory; (9) Lionel J. Garcia, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege; (10) Roi Alonso, Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Canarias & Dpto. de Astrof´ısica, Universidad de La Laguna; (11) Corey Beard, Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of California; (12) Yilen Gomez Maqueo Chew, Instituto de Astronom´ıa, Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico, Ciudad Universitaria; (13) Laetitia Delrez, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, University of Li`ege & 0Observatoire de lUniversit´e de Gen`eve; (14) Brice-Olivier Demory, University of Bern, Center for Space and Habitability; (15) Benjamin J. Fulton, NASA Exoplanet Science Institute/Caltech-IPAC; (16) Michael Gillon, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege; (17) Maximilian N. Gunther, Department of Physics, and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; (18) Andrew W. Howard, California Institute of Technology; (19) Howard Issacson, Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley; (20) Emmanuel Jehin, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, University of Li`ege; (21) Peter P. Pedersen, Cavendish Laboratory; (22) Francisco J. Pozuelos, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege & Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, University of Li`ege; (23) Didier Queloz, Cavendish Laboratory; (24) Rafael Rebolo-Lopez, Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Canarias & Dpto. de Astrof´ısica, Universidad de La Laguna'; (25) Sairam Lalitha, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham; (26) Daniel Sebastian, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege (27) Samantha Thompson, Cavendish Laboratory; (28) Amaury H.M.J. Triaud, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Observation Analysis and Validation Future Prospects & References 3. ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION 3.1. Stellar Host Characterization 3.1.1. Semi-empirical Stellar Parameters We constructed the spectral energy distribution (SED) of EPIC 249631677 using photometric magnitudes from Gaia (GBP and GRP ; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018) and the AllWISE source catalog (J, H, Ks, W1, W2, and W3; Cutri et al. 2013). The corresponding fluxes for these magnitudes are tabulated on VizieR (Ochsenbein et al. 2000) and shown in Figure 5 and Table 1. The parallax of EPIC 249631677 is π = 17.61 ± 0.09 mas, which yields a distance of 56.8 ± 0.3 pc (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Stassun & Torres 2018). We then derived the stellar luminosity L∗ by integrating over the SED, which yielded L∗ = 0.0041 ± 0.0001L . Two independent methods were applied to obtain stellar mass. First, we used the empirical M∗−MKs relation (applying the metallicity obtained in Section 3.1.2) from Mann et al. (2019) to obtain M∗ = 0.1721 ± 0.0044M . We also applied stellar evolution modeling, using the models presented in Fernandes et al. (2019), using as a constraint the luminosity inferred above and the metallicity derived in Sect. 3.1.2). We considered the stellar age to be >1 Gyr in the absence of signs of youth, such as presence of prominent flares (Ilin et al. 2019, see Section 3.1.3). We obtained with this method M∗ = 0.176 ± 0.004 M . This uncertainty reflects the error propagation on the stellar luminosity and metallicity, but also the uncertainty associated with the input physics of the stellar models. We combined these two mass estimates as in Van Grootel et al. (2018) to obtain M∗ = 0.174±0.004M as our best estimate for the stellar mass of EPIC 249631677. Given its proximity, we expect minimal extinction (Av) for the target; the SED fitting analysis described in Section 3.2.1 similarly constrains it to be 0.02 at 3σ confidence and we adopt that upper limit here. Finally, we note that given its luminosity, mass, and Gaia colors this star is likely to be fully convective (Jao et al. 2018; Rabus et al. 2019). Due to the absence of a strong constraint on the stellar density from the transits, we further obtained stellar radius, surface gravity, effective temperature and density from our evolutionary models. Table 1 summarizes the results from this analysis, along with other properties of the star. Our values are consistent with those listed in the TESS Input Catalog (Stassun et al. 2019), and we adopt them for the remainder of this analysis. 3.1.2. Reconaissance Spectroscopy To confirm EPIC 249631677’s stellar properties and better characterize the system, we acquired an optical spectrum using Keck/HIRES (Vogt et al. 1994) on UT 30 May 2020. The observation took place in 0.6 00 effective seeing and using the C2 decker without the HIRES iodine gas cell, giving an effective resolution of λ/∆λ ≈ 55, 000 from 3600 ˚A to 7990 ˚A. We exposed for 1800 s and obtained SNR of roughly 23 per pixel. Data reduction followed the standard approach of the California Planet Search consortium (Howard et al. 2010). We used our Keck/HIRES radial velocity and Gaia DR2 data to estimate the 3D galactic (UV W) space velocity using the online kinematics calculator[2] of Rodriguez (2016). Following Chubak et al. (2012), our Keck/HIRES spectrum gives a barycentric radial velocity of 6.25±0.17 km s−1 . With the Gaia-derived coordinates, proper motion, and distance listed in Table 1, we find (U, V, W) values of (−17.02, −9.06, +33.66) km s−1 , indicating a likely membership in the Milky Way’s thin disk (Bensby et al. 2014). Using the SpecMatch-Empirical algorithm (Yee et al. 2017), we derive from our HIRES spectrum stellar parameters of Teff = 3195 ± 70 K, R∗ = 0.23 ± 0.10R , and [Fe/H]= −0.24 ± 0.09, consistent with the values tabulated in Table 1. The three best-matching stars in the SpecMatch-Empirical template library are GJ 15B, GJ 447, and GJ 725B, which have spectral types of M3.5V, M4V, and M3.5V, respectively. Given the close match between the spectra of these stars and our target (see Fig. 4), we therefore classify EPIC 249631677 as an M dwarf with subclass 3.5±0.5. We see no evidence of emission line cores at Hα, consistent with our determination that our target is not a young star. We see no evidence of spectral broadening compared to these three stars (which all have v sin i < 2.5 km s−1 ; Reiners et al. 2012), so we set an upper limit on EPIC 249631677’s projected rotational velocity of < 5 km s−1 , comparable to the spectral resolution of HIRES. 3.1.3. Stellar Variability The long-term variations apparent in the everest light curve (Figure 1) are not evident in light curves from other reduction pipelines (e.g., K2SFF). These variations likely arise from systematics and are not reliable for estimating the stellar rotation period (Esselstein et al. 2018). Similarly, no flares are apparent either in the K2 or SPECULOOS data. Flare rates peak for ∼M3.5 stars in TESS data (G¨unther et al. 2020). However, given the long integration time of 29.4 minutes as well as a need for data processing which corrects for the saw-tooth pattern, flare signals, unless very prominent, are expected to be difficult to detect in K2 long cadence data. 3.2. Vetting In order to produce a transit depth on the level of 0.2% in the light curve of the primary target, a background eclipsing binary producing eclipses with depths of 25% to 50% would have to be 5.25 to 6.0 mag fainter than the target, respectively. Qualitatively, the odds of EPIC 249631677 hosting a planet are higher than the odds of such magnitude contrast eclipsing binary being present within the SPECULOOS aperture, given occurrence rates of M-dwarf planets (Dressing & Charbonneau 2013; Mulders et al. 2015; Hardegree-Ullman et al. 2019). A stringent quantitative constraint can be placed using the ingress/egress duration (T12/T34) compared to the total transit duration (T14) (Seager & Mall´enOrnelas 2003, Equation 21). Such a test yields an upper limit on the relative radius of the transiting body. By assuming equal effective surface temperatures, the lower magnitude limit ∆m (corresponding to a flux difference ∆F) for a blended binary mimicking a signal of depth δ is given by: Using the posterior for the transit fit (See Section 3.3), we find for EPIC 249631677 that such a background object can be fainter at most by 1.73 mag at the 3σ level. Fortunately, EPIC 249631677 has a significant proper motion, ∼140 mas yr−1 , which allows us to investigate the presence of background sources at its current sky position. We looked at archival imaging of EPIC 246331677 going back to 1953[3] . A POSS I plate from 1953 is the publicly available oldest image of EPIC 249631677, and it does not show any background source at the current position of the target as shown in Figure 6. The plate is sensitive to objects at least 3.5 magnitudes fainter than the target. Similarly, the Hubble Guide Star Catalogue (GSC), with a limiting magnitude of 20 (Lasker et al. 1990), does not show any background source. While POSS II would go the deepest in terms of limiting magnitude (20.8, Reid et al. 1991), the star has moved appreciably closer to its current location, precluding a definitive measurement from this image. Overall, using archival images we can rule out the possibility of the transit signal originating from background star at a high level of confidence. 3.2.1. Binarity of the Host Star Despite the lack of background sources, the host star could produce a false-positive transit signal if it were a grazing eclipsing binary or a hierarchical eclipsing binary. We investigated the evidence for host star binarity using the isochrones software package (Morton 2015), which performs isochrone fitting in the context of the MESA (Paxton et al. 2011, 2013, 2015) Isochrones and Stellar Tracks database (Dotter 2016; Choi et al. 2016). Single-star and binary evolutionary models are available within isochrones, and the inference is performed via the nested sampling algorithm MULTINEST (Feroz et al. 2009) (as implemented in the PyMultiNest software package (Buchner et al. 2014)), which allows for direct comparisons of the Bayesian evidence ln Z. We tested both single-star and binary models using the priors on photometric magnitudes and stellar distance described in Section 3.1.1. The inferred properties from the single-star model fit are consistent with those given in Table 1 at the 2σ level. The ln Z for the single-star model is −213.86±0.04, whereas the ln Z for the binary model is −229.6 ± 0.2. According to Kass & Raftery (1995), the corresponding Bayes factor of 16 indicates “decisive” evidence in favor of the single-star model. We also examined our Keck/HIRES spectrum for secondary lines that would indicate the presence of another star following the approach of Kolbl et al. (2015). We found no evidence of additional lines down to the method’s standard sensitivity limit of ∆V = 5 mag for ∆v > 10 km s−1 , consistent with EPIC 249631677 being a single, isolated star. We therefore conclude that the available data strongly support EPIC 246331677 being a single star. 3.2.2. Photometric Tests We performed a series of tests on the photometric data to rule out false-positive scenarios. First, we performed an even-odd test on the target using K2 photometry. The even and odd transits are consistent with one another in transit depth to within 1σ. We also looked for secondary eclipses in the phase-folded light curve and found none to be present. Note that since we observe consistent signals in both the K2 and SPECULOOS data sets, we can rule out the signal originating from systematics. The transit depth in SPECULOOS observations with I+z filter, which is redder than Kepler bandpass, are consistent to K2 transit depths within 1σ level, keeping up with the expectation of the achromatic nature of planetary transit. Furthermore, a massive companion, such as a faint white dwarf, can be ruled out using the ellipsoidal variation, which puts a 3σ upper limit on the mass of any companions at the given orbital period of the transit signal as ∼100 MJup (Morris 1985; Niraula et al. 2018). From the transit fit, we can rule out a grazing eclipse originating from a larger transiting object (i.e. ≥ 2R⊕) at >3σ confidence. Together, these tests rule out the object at 3.14 days being a massive companion. 3.3. Transit Fitting We used the refined estimates of the host properties together with a joint analysis of the K2 and SPECULOOS light curves to derive the planetary properties. In order to calculate the transit model, we used batman (Kreidberg 2015). We simultaneously model both the K2 observation as well as the ground-based observations with 21 parameters in a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) framework using the emcee package (ForemanMackey et al. 2013). We use a Gaussian prior on the scaled semi-major axis of the orbit a/R∗ of N (25.72, 0.27), derived using Eq. 30 from Winn (2010) along with the stellar density of 32.6 ± 1.0 g cm−3 (see Section 3.1.1) and orbital period of 3.1443 days from the TLS search. As for the limb darkening, we use the non-informative q1, q2 parameterization of the quadratic limb-darkening law as suggested by Kipping (2013). We fixed the eccentricity to 0, given that the expected time of circularization is 50 Myr (assuming a quality factor Qp ∼ 500, Goldreich & Soter 1966; Patra et al. 2017), which is at least an order of magnitude smaller than the estimated age of the system. For K2 data, we supersample the transits by a factor of 15 in batman to take into account the effect of non-negligible integration time. As for the ground-based data, we use second-order polynomials to detrend against the observables airmass and FWHM. We ran the MCMC for 50,000 steps with 150 walkers performing a combined fit of K2 and SPECULOOS — (1) This work. (2) Huber et al. (2016). (3) Stassun et al. (2019). (4) Cutri et al. (2003). (5) Gaia Collaboration et al. (2018). (6) Cutri et al. (2013). (7) This work, evolutionary model analysis. (8) This work, Keck/HIRES analysis. (9) This work, SED analysis. References data, and use the last half of the run to build the parameter posteriors. We assessed the convergence of walkers using the suggested autocorrelation test for emcee. The resulting median values from the fit with 1σ deviation are reported in Table 2, while the best-fit transit models are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. [2] http://kinematics.bdnyc.org/query [3] http://stdatu.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/dss form

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