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From earliest times the beacon-fire has sent forth messages

Section I.—Stationary Engines

Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 1 by Havelock Ellis is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE EVOLUTION OF MODESTY IV THE EVOLUTION OF MODESTY IV Summary of the Factors of Modesty—The Future of Modesty—Modesty an Essential Element of Love. We have seen that the factors of modesty are numerous. To attempt to explain modesty by dismissing it as merely an example of psychic paralysis, of Stauung, is to elude the problem by the statement of what is little more than a truism. Modesty is a complexus of emotions with their concomitant ideas which we must unravel to comprehend. We have found among the factors of modesty: (1) the primitive animal gesture of sexual refusal on the part of the female when she is not at that moment of her generative life at which she desires the male's advances; (2) the fear of arousing disgust, a fear primarily due to the close proximity of the sexual centre to the points of exit of those excretions which are useless and unpleasant, even in many cases to animals; (3) the fear of the magic influence of sexual phenomena, and the ceremonial and ritual practices primarily based on this fear, and ultimately passing into simple rules of decorum which are signs and guardians of modesty; (4) the development of ornament and clothing, concomitantly fostering alike the modesty which represses male sexual desire and the coquetry which seeks to allure it; (5) the conception of women as property, imparting a new and powerful sanction to an emotion already based on more natural and primitive facts. It must always be remembered that these factors do not usually occur separately. Very often they are all of them implied in a single impulse of modesty. We unravel the cord in order to investigate its construction, but in real life the strands are more or less indistinguishably twisted together. It may still be asked finally whether, on the whole, modesty really becomes a more prominent emotion as civilization advances. I do not think this position can be maintained. It is a great mistake, as we have seen, to suppose that in becoming extended modesty also becomes intensified. On the contrary, this very extension is a sign of weakness. Among savages, modesty is far more radical and invincible than among the civilized. Of the Araucanian women of Chile, Treutler has remarked that they are distinctly more modest than the Christian white population, and such observations might be indefinitely extended. It is, as we have already noted, in a new and crude civilization, eager to mark its separation from a barbarism it has yet scarcely escaped, that we find an extravagant and fantastic anxiety to extend the limits of modesty in life, and art, and literature. In older and more mature civilizations—in classical antiquity, in old Japan, in France—modesty, while still a very real influence, becomes a much less predominant and all-pervading influence. In life it becomes subservient to human use, in art to beauty, in literature to expression. Among ourselves we may note that modesty is a much more invincible motive among the lower social classes than among the more cultivated classes. This is so even when we should expect the influence of occupation to induce familiarity. Thus I have been told of a ballet-girl who thinks it immodest to bathe in the fashion customary at the seaside, and cannot make up her mind to do so, but she appears on the stage every night in tights as a matter of course; while Fanny Kemble, in her Reminiscences, tells of an actress, accustomed to appear in tights, who died a martyr to modesty rather than allow a surgeon to see her inflamed knee. Modesty is, indeed, a part of self-respect, but in the fully-developed human being self-respect itself holds in check any excessive modesty. [72] We must remember, moreover, that there are more definite grounds for the subordination of modesty with the development of civilization. We have seen that the factors of modesty are many, and that most of them are based on emotions which make little urgent appeal save to races in a savage or barbarous condition. Thus, disgust, as Richet has truly pointed out, necessarily decreases as knowledge increases. As we analyze and understand our experiences better, so they cause us less disgust. A rotten egg is disgusting, but the chemist feels no disgust toward sulphuretted hydrogen; while a solution of propylamin does not produce the disgusting impression of that human physical uncleanliness of which it is an odorous constituent. As disgust becomes analyzed, and as self-respect tends to increased physical purity, so the factor of disgust in modesty is minimized. The factor of ceremonial uncleanness, again, which plays so urgent a part in modesty at certain stages of culture, is to-day without influence except in so far as it survives in etiquette. In the same way the social-economic factor of modesty, based on the conception of women as property, belongs to a stage of human development which is wholly alien to an advanced civilization. Even the most fundamental impulse of all, the gesture of sexual refusal, is normally only imperative among animals and savages. Thus civilization tends to subordinate, if not to minimize, modesty, to render it a grace of life rather than a fundamental social law of life. But an essential grace of life it still remains, and whatever delicate variations it may assume we can scarcely conceive of its disappearance. [73] In the art of love, however, it is more than a grace; it must always be fundamental. Modesty is not indeed the last word of love, but it is the necessary foundation for all love's most exquisite audacities, the foundation which alone gives worth and sweetness to what Sénancour calls its "delicious impudence." Without modesty we could not have, nor rightly value at its true worth, that bold and pure candor which is at once the final revelation of love and the seal of its sincerity. [74] Even Hohenemser—who argues that for the perfect man there could be no shame, because shame rests on an inner conflict in one's own personality, and "the perfect man knows no inner conflict"—believes that, since humanity is imperfect, modesty possesses a high and, indeed, symptomatic value, for "its presence shows that according to the measure of a man's ideal personality, his valuations are established." Dugas goes further, and asserts that the ideals of modesty develop with human development, and forever take on new and finer forms. "There is," he declares, "a very close relationship between naturalness, or sincerity, and modesty, for in love, naturalness is the ideal attained, and modesty is only the fear of coming short of that ideal. Naturalness is the sign and the test of perfect love. It is the sign of it, for, when love can show itself natural and true, one may conclude that it is purified of its unavowable imperfections or defects, of its alloy of wretched and petty passions, its grossness, its chimerical notions, that it has become strong and healthy and vigorous. It is the ordeal of it, for to show itself natural, to be always true, without shrinking, it must have all the lovable qualities, and have them without seeking, as a second nature. What we call 'natural,' is indeed really acquired; it is the gift of a physical and moral evolution which it is precisely the object of modesty to keep. Modesty is the feeling of the true, that is to say, of the healthy, in love; it long exists as a vision, not yet attained; vague, yet sufficiently clear for all that deviates from it to be repelled as offensive and painful. At first, a remote and seemingly inaccessible ideal, as it comes nearer it grows human and individual, and emerges from the region of dream, ceasing not to be loved as ideal, even when it is possessed as real. "At first sight, it seems paradoxical to define modesty as an aspiration towards truth in love; it seems, on the contrary, to be an altogether factitious feeling. But to simplify the problem, we have to suppose modesty reduced to its normal functions, disengaged from its superstitions, its variegated customs and prejudices, the true modesty of simple and healthy natures, as far removed from prudery as from immodesty. And what we term the natural, or the true in love, is the singular mingling of two forms of imaginations, wrongly supposed to be incompatible: ideal aspiration and the sense for the realities of life. Thus defined, modesty not only repudiates that cold and dissolving criticism which deprives love of all poetry, and prepares the way for a brutal realism; it also excludes that light and detached imagination which floats above love, the mere idealism of heroic sentiments, which cherishes poetic illusions, and passes, without seeing it, the love that is real and alive. True modesty implies a love not addressed to the heroes of vain romances, but to living people, with their feet on the earth. But on the other hand, modesty is the respect of love; if it is not shocked by its physical necessities, if it accepts physiological and psychological conditions, it also maintains the ideal of those moral proprieties outside of which, for all of us, love cannot be enjoyed. When love is really felt, and not vainly imagined, modesty is the requirement of an ideal of dignity, conceived as the very condition of that love. Separate modesty from love, that is, from love which is not floating in the air, but crystallized around a real person, and its psychological reality, its poignant and tragic character, disappears." (Dugas, "La Pudeur," Revue Philosophique, Nov., 1903.) So conceived, modesty becomes a virtue, almost identical with the Roman modestia. [72] Freud remarks that one may often hear, concerning elderly ladies, that in their youth in the country, they suffered, almost to collapse, from hæmorrhages from the genital passage, because they were too modest to seek medical advice and examination; he adds that it is extremely rare to find such an attitude among our young women to-day. (S. Freud, Zur Neurosenlehre, 1906, p. 182.) It would be easy to find evidence of the disappearance of misplaced signs of modesty formerly prevalent, although this mark of increasing civilization has not always penetrated to our laws and regulations. [73] "Disgust," he remarks, "is a sort of synthesis which attaches to the total form of objects, and which must diminish and disappear as scientific analysis separates into parts what, as a whole, is so repugnant." [74] Sénancour, De l'Amour, 1834, vol. i, p. 316. He remarks that a useless and false reserve is due to stupidity rather than to modesty. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Havelock Ellis (2004). Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 1. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13610/pg13610-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Modesty is a complexus of emotions

Today's fintech users expect multifunctionality and uncompromised convenience from their apps. These include payment processing, unprecedented security and fraud prevention, real-time stock updates, instant customer service, smart chatbots with advanced chat features, and social media features such as comments, activity feeds, and notification feeds. Instead of building these advanced features from scratch, developers should consider integrating fintech APIs into their products. In this article, we will talk about the benefits of financial APIs, their use cases, and the things you should consider before choosing an API. What is an API and How Can They Benefit Fintechs? APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are software components that interact with applications to facilitate access to information, transactions, and payments. Companies that provide financial services use APIs to facilitate integration, foster collaboration between financial partners and improve the customer experience. APIs facilitate the exchange of data between applications for consumers, third-party vendors, business partners, and company employees. APIs are also used to synchronize data across multiple applications. Some examples of fintech APIs include access to account information when logging into a banking app or the ability to make purchases through payment service providers like PayPal. API benefits for fintech include: Increased cost-efficiency. Generation Z and its successors set high standards for their online experiences. While it is beneficial for them to have multiple banking services, providing these services is costly for banks. For banking institutions, developing a multitude of new features requires a significant investment of time and money. Fortunately, there is a wide range of APIs that enable banks to provide users with multiple services through various app integrations. Regulatory compliance. European financial institutions face regulatory requirements under the European Banking Authority's Payment Services Directive (PSD2). It requires financial institutions and recipients of electronic payments to open up customer data to third-party providers. To comply, financial institutions must strike a balance between exposing customer data to the outside world while maintaining data security. Open APIs are the ideal solution here. Focus on the key features. APIs offer the opportunity to partner with software companies that focus their innovation on the financial sector. Allowing banks and fintech companies to develop new product lines that meet the needs of a much wider range of customers, APIs also enable businesses to open up new markets. Improved customer experience. Customers expect seamless integration between their phone, their computer, and their IoT devices. With APIs, fintech companies can create consistent experiences across multiple channels. Top FinTech APIs for Developing a Finance app APIs are beneficial for financial institutions in many ways. Let's take a look at some examples of the most common APIs: payment providers, banking information aggregators, and KYC providers. Payment Providers . Stripe is an online payments infrastructure that works with more than 135 currencies and payment methods in more than 35 countries, providing multi-functional, easy-to-use solutions for banking, insurance, loan management, and other fintech. Stripe has gained its popularity through secure transactions, user-friendly reporting features, consistent service, and democratic fees. Stripe . Marqeta's open API platform allows businesses to launch and manage their payment card programs working on their behalf with card networks and issuing banks to issue cards, authorize transactions, and communicate with clearinghouses. Marqeta helps companies develop new payment products, streamline payments to vendors and employees, accelerate time to market, and scale across the US, Europe, and Asia. Marqeta . MangoPay allows paying in multiple currencies and with various payment methods. All payment flows and commissions are automated with a single contract. MangoPay can be quickly integrated into a payment solution thanks to its open-source SDKs. MangoPay Bank Information Aggregators . Plaid offers several products, including a financial data aggregator for fintech and startups. It's primarily used by fintech and startups based in the US to connect banks and brokerage accounts. Plaid is valued for its efficient fraud prevention, simplified bank account authentication, comprehensive transaction history, user income validation, geological transaction tracking, and custom integrations. Plaid . Yodlee is one of the leading aggregators of financial data and is used primarily by banks and brokers. Yodlee's APIs are known for their broad coverage, as the company provides data from over 21,000 sources around the world, including banks, credit cards, investment accounts, etc. In addition to aggregating financial data, Yodlee's offerings also include account verification, data enrichment, and even a virtual financial assistant. Yodlee Financial Data Provider . Thomson Reuters is the world's leading source of news and information for professional markets. It delivers critical information to leading decision-makers in the legal, media, tax and accounting markets, backed by the world's most trusted news organization. Tax and accounting APIs include: • ONESOURCE - a tax technology that helps businesses stay compliant. • Checkpoint - an online research suite with source material, tools and news. • Onvio - cloud-based software that provides real-time access to documents, invoices, projects and more. Thomson Reuters KYC Providers . ShuftyPro is an AI-based identity verification solution designed to eliminate the risks of financial crime, cyber fraud and identity theft. Its key benefits are a fast and accurate verification process, global coverage, and two-fold technology that combines HI and AI to ensure the highest level of accuracy. Shufti Pro . Alloy is a platform for automating identity-related decisions in fintechs, including KYC, AML and fraud prevention. The service makes it easy for financial services companies to onboard and manage more customers securely and quickly by automating the vast majority of decisions, mitigating fraud and costly financial risks, and reducing back-office burden and manual review queues. Alloy Brokers . Interactive Brokers offers clients around the world the ability to invest in stocks, options, futures, currencies, bonds and funds through a single integrated account. The company's technology helps its clients optimize their trading speed and efficiency and perform sophisticated portfolio analysis. The platform offers free trading tools, more than 100 order types and comprehensive reporting. Interactive Brokers . Apex offers a robust suite of APIs (with an enhanced developer portal) to facilitate the entire trading and investing lifecycle - from account opening to regulatory support and everything in between. Apex APIs allow executing orders across all major asset classes, including support for partial orders, book-keeping, and equity allocations. Apex Communication Services . Twilio connects businesses to their customers. Fintechs can use the Twilio SendGrid Email API to send, receive and manage emails or the Twilio API for WhatsApp. Twilio SendGrid Email API provides fast integration via API or SMTP, real-time data and analytics, and multiple tools to optimize deliverability. Twilio API for WhatsApp provides a developer sandbox for application testing, a managed WhatsApp container infrastructure, and API-powered text and template messaging. Twilio . Plivo is ranked № 1 for customer satisfaction in G2's Cloud Communications category. Over 98% of customers rate Plivo with 4.5 or 5 stars. Plivo offers an SMS API platform that allows to send and receive text messages in over 190 countries worldwide; a Voice API platform that allows customers to programmatically integrate voice calling functionality into their apps; and the MMS API platform allows customers to send and receive images and videos in the US and Canada. Plivo The Most Interesting Fintech Startups That Use APIs - . A France-based crowdfunding platform that uses the MangoPay API to transfer payments. KissKissBankBank has already helped 25,000 high-impact projects get funded and brought together over 2.3 million engaged citizens who believe that funding projects together helps make the world a better place. KissKissBankBank - . A savings and investing app that provides users with tools, inspiration and support they need to become better investors. Betterment uses the Plaid API to aggregate account information. Since its foundation in 2010, the project has united 350 Bettermenters across the country and helped over 700,000 customers turn their everyday investments into their dreams. Betterment - . This money transfer service allows customers to send money abroad or get paid in other currencies and spend abroad with their Wise debit card. Transferwise uses Twilio API to communicate with customers. The service facilitates money transfers and helps save a lot of money as the fees are very low and the amount customers pay is transparent at the time of transaction or conversion. Transferwise Which APIs Are Right for Your Fintech Solution? When choosing the best APIs for your solution, you should consider several factors, including use cases, customer requirements, and your business strategy. And when it comes to fintechs, meeting government regulations and compliance requirements is also critical to the success of the project. So, find out whether the shortlisted APIs ensure regulatory compliance. Overarching features such as performance and ease of use are also important. Currently, the leading style for web services development is REST (Representational State Transfer) APIs. Unlike more rigid API styles such as SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), REST APIs provide optimal flexibility and ease of use for building Web services and applications. Such APIs meet the following architectural criteria: They have a unified interface for resources within the system that is available to external API consumers. They are client-server based (the client application and the server application operate without interdependence). They are designed for stateless operations, where the server does not store anything associated with client requests - each request is treated as a new request. They involve RESTful resource caching and enable the use of layered system architecture. To Sum Up Fintech APIs are reshaping the industry, helping to mainstream the process without compromising the quality of the end product, leading to an explosion of new apps, services and business models. The challenge is to find the right integration to enrich your app with new features and deliver value to end users. financial app development

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