We believe that applying science is the only way to solve the climate crisis\nScientific expertise is critical to both effective and efficient carbon management – yet it can be hard to access outside of the academic and public sectors

Carbon Direct

⅔ of all venture investments by Big Energy companies go into sustainability. These include CCUS, Renewables, Hydrogen, Chemicals recycling, Grid & Utility tech, E-transport, and Digital. As pressure mounts for corporations to reduce their environmental footprint, energy giants have ramped up investments into clean energy and partnered with other firms to diversify away from oil & gas, recently announcing a pledge to be net-zero by 2050. Strategies for decarbonization are usually two-pronged: make current oil & gas operations more efficient and less carbon intensive (“core” / conventional energy) explore new forms of renewable energy generation (“new” / “future” energy) Amid the record of US oil and gas corporations, let's take a look at real examples of what these companies are doing in terms of the green transition. historical profits Hydrogen Hydrogen is poised to be a away from fossil fuels. This has been recognized by oil & gas companies as well as the Much of the existing oil & gas infrastructure (pipelines, gas turbine generators, refueling stations, etc.) can be easily repurposed for hydrogen uses, making this tech more appealing to oil & gas companies. pivotal fuel in the energy transition US Department of Energy. For example, TotalEnergies has established a partnership with Sunfire. This company produces renewable hydrogen and syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, from renewable electricity, water steam and captured CO2. Also, in August 2021, Chevron invested in Raven SR, which transforms biomass, mixed municipal solid waste, bio-solids, sewage, medical waste, and natural or biogas into renewable fuels. As for the independent players, (who do not yet partner with global giants, but have the potential to compete with them through their innovative products) we can name Electric Hydrogen (EH2), which is working on supplying ‘green hydrogen’ — hydrogen produced using renewable energy — to industrial sectors. EH2 secured $198M from a group of top investors, Fifth Wall Climate Tech led the round, with participation by S2G Ventures, and lenders Silicon Valley Bank and Trinity Capital. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in mitigating the effects of climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. CCUS involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from various sources, utilizing it for various purposes, and safely storing it so that it does not escape into the atmosphere. The technology is critical in reducing the carbon footprint of industries such as power generation, oil refining, and cement manufacturing, and is seen as an essential component in achieving global carbon emissions reduction targets. With the increasing awareness of the need to tackle climate change, the CCUS industry is gaining traction, and investment in research and development is expected to increase in the coming years. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is a crucial field Under pressure from EU governments to reach its net-zero goal by 2050, European energy giant TotalEnergies introduces deep interest in carbon utilization. In early 2021, its venture arm invested in UK-based carbon recycling company Deep Branch. The company's technology generates clean, nutritious, and sustainable single-cell protein directly from carbon dioxide in industrial waste gas, enabling its clients in the feed industry to reduce their carbon footprint. In addition to these efforts, In 2020, Shell acquired Select Carbon, an Australia-based carbon recycling startup, which uses microbes to convert carbon dioxide from industrial emissions into usable products. A noteworthy independent company - NET Power - developed a power plant that burns natural gas without releasing emissions into the atmosphere. The company achieves this by storing and using CO2, instead of steam, as a way to generate electricity. , the company has raised a total of $150M investments, from Oxy Low Carbon Ventures, Exelon Corporations, the Shawn Group and 8 Rivers. According to Crunchbase Grid & utility tech The Grid & Utility tech area to the technologies and systems that make up the electrical grid and its supporting infrastructure. This includes power generation, transmission, and distribution networks, as well as energy storage solutions and demand response systems. The focus of this field is to improve the reliability, resilience, and sustainability of the grid while reducing its cost and carbon footprint. With the increasing adoption of renewable energy sources and the rise of electric vehicles, Grid & Utility tech has become an increasingly important area for investment and innovation. refers As renewable energy systems require a multi-pronged, digitized approach to ensure they stay online at all times, TotalEnergies has funded startup LevelTen Energy through its venture arm. Company’s platform connects corporate and industrial power buyers to the universe of power purchase agreements from utility-scale wind, solar, and storage projects. Beyond this, in August 2020 Shell, another industry giant, invested in Palmetto Clean Technologies - software that helps consumers understand their energy spend, while enabling and promoting the home-based use of clean energy solutions, such as solar. Chemical recycling The industry aims to convert waste plastic into valuable chemicals, hereby potentially reducing the release of harmful chemicals into the environment. Chemical recycling can also produce high-quality raw materials, thereby decreasing demand for fossil fuels and other natural resources. In contrast, the traditional method of recycling plastic, mechanical recycling, has its limitations and can only be applied to a limited number of plastic types and grades.  As technology develops, chemical recycling could promote domestic businesses and employment, creating a market for plastic waste and a new way to reuse some plastics. chemical recycling TotalEnergies has built partnerships with Citeo, chemical recycler Recycling Technologies, Nestlé, and Mars to examine the technical and economic feasibility of recycling complex plastic waste, such as small, flexible and multilayered food-grade packaging. Like other oil & gas players, In September 2021, Chevron also invested in gr3n startup. Company supplies a reliable chemical recycling solution that closes the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) lifecycle, offers polymer grade material, treats waste, lowers carbon footprints, and provides cost savings for players throughout the value chain. Renewable Energy Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and bioenergy, are becoming increasingly cost-competitive with traditional fossil fuels and are expected to play a major role in meeting the world's growing energy needs in the future. , Renewables the largest source of global electricity generation by early 2025, surpassing coal. In addition, renewable energy technologies are making great strides in terms of cost-effectiveness and efficiency, with continued innovation expected to drive even greater progress in the years to come. According to the Renewables 2022 report will become Chevron’s renewable energy investment strategy has been broad, ranging from offshore wind and solar to nuclear fusion and geothermal. So, in August 2020, the industry witnessed investment from CTV to Zap Energy. It is a Seattle-based start-up company that develops and commercializes fusion energy technology using the sheared-flow stabilized (SFS) Z-pinch. As part of this, in November 2020, Shell built a partnership with Renewi and Nordsol. They will construct a bio-LNG plant in Amsterdam, where Renewi will collect organic waste, Nordsol will process it into bio-LNG, and Shell will make it available at its gas stations. ExxonMobil recently acquired a minority interest in Norway-based biofuels company Biojet, which converts forestry and wood-based construction waste into biofuels and biofuel components E-transport The transportation sector is one of the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately 15% of total emissions. The adoption of EVs, which emit far less greenhouse gases than internal combustion engines, can help reduce the carbon footprint of the transportation sector and contribute to the fight against climate change. In addition to reducing emissions, EVs also offer numerous other benefits, such as improved energy efficiency, lower operating costs, and a reduced dependence on oil. The electrification of the transportation industry has also spurred innovation in battery technology and charging infrastructure, which will be crucial to making EVs a practical and convenient option for consumers. Powering cars with electricity is a growing priority for Shell. It has established partnerships with Porsche, Hyundai, and Singapore-based Energy Market Authority to develop EV tech in 2021. They will implement Southeast Asia’ first cross-border high performance charging network with 12 charge points at 6 Shell stations strategically located along Malaysia’s North-South highway. It will offer the possibility of convenient travel between Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, and Penang in the future. Similarly, TotalEnergies backed Chargetrip in 2020. The company’s platform and proprietary algorithms use multiple variables and predictive models to calculate the range of any electric vehicle, compute the best route to a destination, including the optimal charge stations in between, optimize for total travel time and travel costs. On top of that, in 2019, Chevron teamed up with EVgo. This company owns and operates a public direct current fast charging network in the U.S. Digital The digital industry has emerged as a powerful tool in promoting sustainable development, by leveraging technology to address social, economic and environmental challenges. In recent years, businesses have increasingly adopted digital solutions to enhance their operations and reduce their carbon footprint, while also improving access to information, goods and services for communities worldwide. As the digital sector continues to grow and evolve, it presents exciting opportunities for companies to develop innovative solutions and play a vital role in shaping a sustainable future. In this focus area, TotalEnergies has started partnership with supply chain and CO2 traceability startup Circulor and Recycling Technologies. Project TRACKCYCLE will embed blockchain technology into the advanced recycling value chain, with the aim of providing a fully traceable and accurately labeled record of recycled materials. In February 2022, Shell acquired Powershop, an operator of an online power company aimed to incentivize consumers in the Australian market to change their energy usage habits.It is also worth looking into an independent company WellAware. This company's technology offers end-to-end data to capture, monitor, and analyze datasets for oilfield intelligence from data collection to decision analytics. Raised $75M from investors like Activant Capital, Carlos Slim, and Dick Cheney. In conclusion, we can say that, despite some active participation from BigEnergy companies in recent years in funding the green transition (at least with venture money), we understand that still of CO2 in the world is produced from the use of fossil fuels. Therefore, we can expect even more proactive actions from those companies, especially given the recent . 92% new rules of the Net Zero Asset Owner Alliance

As Pressure Mounts, Energy Companies Turn to 7 Key Technologies to Tackle Emissions

Earth is reaching a limit to how much carbon emissions it can cope with before it becomes unsafe for human life. One non-profit foundation plans to use blockchain to help us avoid climate catastrophe. Climate Change: Hitting a Wall The science is clear that climate change is real and the world must act to mitigate its impact. Human activity is changing the composition of our atmosphere by releasing higher quantities of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. We do this through our energy and transportation systems, agriculture, and waste systems, among other activities. Climate change is already causing extreme global events, such as fires, migrating diseases, flooding, ocean acidification, and mass migration. Climate change impacts have the U.S. economy at least $240 billion a year over the past ten years, and in the next decade, that figure could increase to $360 billion. cost In short, the world is reaching a limit regarding how much carbon emissions it can cope with. Carbon Neutrality To avoid environmental disaster humanity must go carbon neutral. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) based at the World Health Organization has that reaching and sustaining net-zero global carbon emissions would “halt anthropogenic global warming.” determined The creation of carbon credit markets is one way to achieve carbon neutrality. Carbon credits can offset pollution resulting from running a business or purchasing a product. A carbon credit is what you get when an emissions reductions project avoids the release of one metric ton of carbon dioxide into the Earth’s atmosphere. A product is “climate positive” when at least 100% of the carbon emissions used to produce it are offset using carbon credits. For example, a banana’s carbon footprint is 80 grams, which includes farm production, transport, and ripening. To make a banana “carbon neutral” those 80 grams must be offset by buying 80 grams of carbon credits. Thus, carbon credit markets internalize the invisible environmental costs of everyday business and consumer choices. Current Carbon Credit Markets New government regulations mean some individuals are already paying for carbon emissions for some aspects of their lifestyle. For example, the European Union has an emissions trading system that puts a price on energy use. As it is legally enforced, this is a non-voluntary carbon market. There is also a voluntary market for carbon credits. Individuals can buy them through websites that approximately calculate their carbon footprint for a given amount of time (e.g. a year) or a single event (holiday, air flight). Individuals can then buy carbon credits to address those emissions. One problem with existing voluntary markets is they aren’t a mainstream solution. There are only so many people who will choose to visit a website. Also, measuring emissions in crude aggregate amounts (e.g. tons) and offsetting them as a one-off purchase makes it hard directly connect the expenditure of carbon credits to everyday activities. Poseidon’s Blockchain Solution is a non-profit foundation that has developed a carbon credit platform to turn the negative environmental impact of goods and services into positive climate action. This is possible through the direct integration of carbon credit purchasing with the retail sector. Poseidon While there are many types of carbon credits, Poseidon is only using ones that are land-based. Examples of land-based credits include “blue carbon,” which support the conservation of coastal areas, and forest conservation credits. In general, land-based carbon credits are powerful because they provide many extra benefits beyond the emissions they offset. For instance, conserving forests protects biodiversity and local communities. Integration with Retail Sector Poseidon’s initial focus is on retail integration. It’s building an end-to-end platform that lets retailers offer carbon credits with every product and service. A mobile app for consumers displays product details, its carbon footprint, and the number of carbon credits required to offset it. Using blockchain technology, the Poseidon platform will process micro-donations in almost real-time. The service Poseidon is suggesting is unique and represents the first carbon credit market to connect climate action directly to consumer purchases. Stellar blockchain Poseidon chose Stellar as a blockchain partner as it is the only platform that offers scalability in line with Poseidon’s environmental values. Stellar’s architecture is much less energy-intensive than other blockchains. A Stellar transaction uses less electricity than both and , and only a fraction of the electricity of a transaction. This minimal environmental impact fits well with Poseidon’s overall purpose. Besides the Stellar blockchain, Poseidon will use proprietary software solutions to form the backend of its platform. Bitcoin Ethereum VISA Partnership Poseidon has partnered with to ensure any projects added to its blockchain platform are monitored to the highest global standards. Ecosphere+ provides full impact reporting of carbon credits to ensure they meet strict environmental, social, and governance standards. This quality control is an essential part of the Poseidon platform. Ecosphere+ Conclusion The global climate crisis is imminent. To avert disaster humanity must make a substantial change to how we produce and consume. Yet, the task of becoming carbon neutral as a species is daunting. We need forward-thinking projects like Poseidon that are not profit-driven but based on a desire to improve our collective future. Subscribe to my Medium and Twitter channels if you want to learn about blockchain and cryptocurrency projects. Frauswif. If you have any questions about this article, please comment in the section below. frauswif. Thank you!

Can Blockchain Help Us Become Carbon Neutral?

Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON SILICON. here ON SILICON. It is known that platinum heated in a forge fire, in contact with carbon, becomes fusible. Boussingault has shown that this is due to the formation of a silicide of platinum by means of the reduction of the silica of the carbon by the metal. MM. P. Schützenberger and A. Colson have produced the same phenomenon by heating to white heat a slip of platinum in the center of a thick layer of lampblack free from silica. The increase in weight of the metal and the augmentation of its fusibility were found to be due, in this case also, to a combination with silicon. As the silicon could not come directly from the carbon which surrounded the platinum, MM. Schützenberger and Colson have endeavored to discover under what form it could pass from the walls of the crucible through a layer of lampblack several centimeters in thickness, in spite of a volatility amounting to almost nothing under the conditions of the experiment. They describe the following experiments as serving to throw some light upon the question: A thin slip of platinum rolled in a spiral is placed in a small crucible of retort carbon closed by a turned cover of the same material. This is placed in a second larger crucible of refractory clay, and the intervening space filled with lampblack tightly packed. The whole is then heated to white heat for an hour and a half in a good wind furnace. After cooling, the platinum is generally found to have been fused into a button, with a marked increase in weight due to taking up silicon, which has penetrated in the form of vapor through the walls of the interior crucible. If, in the preceding experiment, the lampblack be replaced by a mixture of lampblack and rutile in fine powder, the slip of platinum remains absolutely intact, and does not change in weight. Thus the titaniferous packing recommended by Sainte-Claire Deville for preventing the access of nitrogen in experiments at high temperatures also prevents the passage of silicon. A mixture of carbon and finely divided iron is, on the contrary, ineffectual. These facts seem to indicate that nitrogen plays a part in the transportation of the silicon, as this is only prevented by the same means made use of in order to prevent the passage of nitrogen. The volatility of free silicon at a high temperature is too slight to account for the alteration of the platinum at a distance. This can be shown by placing several decigrammes of crystallized silicon on the bottom of a small crucible of retort carbon, covering the silicon with a small flat disk of retort carbon upon which is placed the slip of platinum. The crucible, closed by its turned cover, is then enveloped in a titaniferous packing and kept at a brilliant white heat for an hour and a half. The metal is found to have only very slightly increased in weight, and its properties remain unaltered. This experiment was repeated several times with the same result. If, however, the crystallized silicon be replaced by powdered calcined silica, the platinum, placed upon the carbon disk, fuses and increases in weight, while the silica loses weight. The theory of these curious phenomena is very difficult to establish on account of the high temperatures which are necessary for their manifestation, but it may be concluded, at present, that nitrogen and probably oxygen also play some part in the transportation of the silicon across the intervening space, and that the carbosilicious compounds recently described by MM. Schützenberger and Colson also take part in the phenomenon.—Comptes Rendus, xciv., 1,710.—Amer. Chem. Journal. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18763/pg18763-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ON SILICON

The LIBS Spectrometer LIS-01 uses the LIBS method. is an analytical technique for determining the chemical composition of materials using a high-focused laser. LIBS has been around for a long time and is largely used in laboratory equipment. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) With recent technological advancements, the approach has been transformed into a portable handheld analyzer capable of analyzing elements in the field, including carbon, for material identification. LIBS is a critical technology in the oil and gas sector for of pipelines, pressure vessels, valves, pumps, and final welds, as well as for grading unknown materials to reclaim traceability. Positive Material Identification (PMI) The qualities of steel, such as tensile strength, hardness, weldability, ductility, and corrosion resistance, can be altered by altering the amount of carbon in these goods. There are many LIBS-based spectrometers on the market, but they all use argon gas for chemical composition identification. Only one new LIS-01 differs from the others in that it works without argon gas and detects lighter elements such as C, Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mg, Al, V, Cu, Zn, Sn, Mo, Ti, W, Nb, Pd, Ag, Cd, Pt, Au in 0.1 second inside. The is affordable and comes with a variety of features and technological specifications. LIBS Spectrometer LIS-01 Features of The LIBS Spectrometer Carbon analysis: Without the need of argon, the LIBS Spectrometer analyses carbon concentration in steels directly in the air. High-speed analysis produces a result in under a second. Accuracy: 0.01 nm resolution across the whole measurement range is unsurpassed.
Dimensions and weight are comparable to that of a handheld metal spectrometer.
It is dependable since it has an unlimited working life. Built-in grade library: Based on the analysis results, the steel or alloy grade is presented on the screen. Equivalent Value (CEV) is a method of calculating carbon equivalent values. The analysis location is captured with the use of a high-resolution camera. Equipment failures caused by faulty or counterfeit metal building components or piping made from material that does not meet specifications often result in fatal accidents and injuries, as well as leaks, premature pipe replacements, property loss, and unplanned outages at refineries, chemical plants, and gas processing facilities. Prior to welding, a LIBS study is required to calculate carbon equivalency and assess heat impacted zone hardenability. The LIBS Spectrometer analysis process The employs a high-focused laser that interacts with a substance's surface and creates a plasma in which the material is broken down into single components. The analyzer generates a laser pulse that is directed towards the sample surface. The surface is ablated, and the plasma enters. LIBS Spectrometer The samples are atomized by the plasma, and as the excited atoms return to their ground state, they emit light. The emitted light is sent to the spectrometer through fibre optics and a slit. The light is split into separate wavelengths/colors when it encounters with a diffraction grating. Single wavelengths/colors strike the detector, resulting in spectral data. Also published on: https://bookmarksmywebs.com/story/what-is-a-libs-spectrometer-and-how-does-it-work-as-a-pmi-machine/

LIBS Spectrometers: Everything You Need to Know

Our mission at is to help you to take back control of your inboxes by getting rid of unwanted spam. We bring calm and control back into your digital life and give you more time for the things you love. Leave Me Alone When we heard about the we immediately started researching what we could do to help. We have tried to build a product that helps people, but we wanted to see if we could help our planet too! world’s first hackathon to help fix the climate We immediately discovered that emails have a significant carbon footprint. In fact, 246 billion emails dump 986,000 tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere . [1] every day Leave Me Alone users are already reducing their carbon footprint by unsubscribing from unwanted emails. So we decided to build a new feature to highlight the impact of this on the planet and help people see how much they could reduce their carbon footprint by from unsubscribing. Read on to learn more about how emails can contribute to carbon emissions or jump straight in and ! check out how to save the planet by unsubscribing How do emails contribute to carbon emissions? A regular email produces 4 grams of CO₂ on average [2]. Long messages and emails with attachments produce up to 12 times more. Sound like a lot? Well lets explore how this is calculated. The carbon impact of all things digital is generally attributed to the daily operations of the gigantic data centers that store almost everything on the internet. These data centers consume huge amounts of electricity storing, transferring, processing, and analyzing all this data. Plus to keep everything cool and running efficiently requires a lot of water. Even to send a single email there exist thousands of data-centers around the world for every step of the journey from the sender’s inbox to yours. And don't forget the the greenhouse gases and carbon emissions that were produces when the data center equipment was manufactured! How can unsubscribing help? Unsubscribing is not just good for the soul, it is good for the planet too! 75% of emails are never even opened [3] and sending and receiving them contributes to carbon emissions. By opting out of mailing lists you don’t want you can stop the email from being sent unnecessarily. This helps to reduce your carbon footprint, and also the carbon footprint of the person or company sending the email. From our anonymous usage data of nearly 10,000,000 analyzed emails [4] we know that around 8% of our users' inboxes are subscriptions and 36% of those are unwanted. That means up to of carbon is emitted the atmosphere every single day for emails people do not want and do not read. That is the same as producing nearly 3 billion plastic bags [5] or almost 1 million people taking flights from London to Paris! [6] 28,397 tonnes Here are the raw numbers based on worldwide usage: 246.5 billion emails sent every day19.72 billion are subscriptions (8% of 246.5B)7.1 billion are unwanted (36% of 19.72B)28,397 tonnes of carbon produced daily (7.1b x 4g for 1 email)2,839,680,000 plastic bags (28,397 tonnes / 10g for 1 plastic bag)946,560 people flying from London-Paris (28,397 tonnes / 0.03 tonnes for 1 person flying) Unsubscribing also helps the sender improve their mailing list reputation by no longer sending emails to people who are not interested, which in turn helps other Leave Me Alone users! Estimate the carbon footprint of your inbox You can use our to see how much you can reduce your carbon footprint by. 4 grams of carbon per email doesn’t sound like a lot, so we included the environmental impact of other activities like using plastic bags, drinking coffee, and driving a car for comparison. carbon footprint estimator Donate at the checkout to plant a tree Unsubscribing is a fantastic way to clean out your inbox and reduce your carbon footprint but we wanted to do even more. When purchasing credits to unsubscribe you can now add a $1 donation to plant a tree! 🌳 Trees are incredibly important in our fight against carbon emissions and climate change. Trees help clean the air we breathe, filter the water we drink, and absorb harmful carbon from the atmosphere. One tree can filter up to 16kg of carbon out of the atmosphere by in just a single year [7]. We have partnered with who plant trees all over the world. We chose One Tree Planted because they have a super simple pricing model; one dollar plants one tree. We wanted our customers donations to be easily measurable - no matter the size of your inbox you know your donation is equal to one tree being planted in the world. One Tree Planted We started our climate change campaign off by planting one tree, and we will plant an additional one for every 10 our customers do! We have already had several donations which makes us super happy. You can see how many trees we have planted, and how much carbon has been saved by unsubscribing on . our open page Every little helps and we are really excited to see how much carbon we can save by helping our customers unsubscribe! Thank you for reading. If you want to know more or just want to chat you can find us on or send us an email . Twitter hello@leavemealone.app [1] Email Statistics Report, 2015-2019: 246.5 Total Worldwide Emails Sent/Received Per Day (B) [2] Report on the carbon footprint of spam in couriers: A legitimate email emits on average 4g of CO₂ [3] 2019 email marketing statistics compilation: 24.8% average email open rate across all industries in 2018 [4] https://leavemealone.app/open [5] The environmental impact of some common activities [6] Flight carbon footprint calculator: Economy class direct one way flight from LON to PAR per person is 0.03 tonnes (30kg) of CO₂ [7] Trees for the Future Carbon Calculator: A tree in a Forest Garden sequesters a rate of 34.6 pounds (15.694kg) of carbon per tree Header image by . Unsplash Originally published at blog.leavemealone.app on Aug 26, 2019

Every Day Unwanted emails dump 28,397 tonnes of CO₂ into the Atmosphere

Information About Climate Coin Ever since the signing of the Kyoto protocol in 1997, countries have started limiting the amount of greenhouse gases they produce each year. One way they have done that has been through the establishment of Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS) around the world where industries in certain regions are required to participate. This sets a price per metric ton that it costs to produce greenhouse gases (GHG) beyond a predetermined cap, as participants are forced to buy offsets. It has also led to a voluntary market where individuals and companies can buy carbon offsets to limit their own carbon footprint. The money used to buy offsets goes to projects that reduce GHG emissions in one way or another. The Kyoto protocol established the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which validates and measures projects to ensure they produce authentic benefits. Qualified projects are certified CDM Gold Standard. There are many types of carbon credits that are CDM Gold Standard certified, including Voluntary Emissions Reductions (VER), Renewable Energy Certificates (REC), Certified Emissions Reductions (CER), United Nations Program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD) and, with the implementation of the Paris agreement, the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). So far this market has been fractured and regional, but Climatecoin are proposing to change that by making carbon credits tradable in a uniform denomination. They will do this by building a Trading Portal for tokenized carbon credits. Corporations and individuals will be able to buy tokens with different types of carbon credits “stapled” to the token through a smart contract. This will create a central for both individuals and corporations to be able to buy the carbon credits they desire to reduce their own carbon footprint, using the new coin CO2 launched by Climatecoin. Climatecoin have also announced a strategic agreement with the Carbon Trade Exchange (CTX) whereby CO2 is the only crypto currency accepted on the CTX Global Exchange, the world’s first global electronic exchange for carbon credits. Climatecoin (CO2) Coin Name : 500 Million Total Supply : 210 CO2 = 1 ETH Ico Price : Investing in qualified sustainable projects Any project that meets the CDM Gold Standard will be able to create their own tokens, with their carbon credit attached. These tokens will be issued within a eToken1 smart contract, linking it to the Ethereum blockchain. The tokens are also EIP20 compatible to ensure smooth integration to exchanges. This way the producers of carbon credits can sell them directly to interested buyers, using CO2. 65% of the proceeds from the ICO of CO2 will go to building the Trading Portal and investing in CDM Gold Standard certified projects and help them launch tokens on the platform. A further 15% will be held in reserve for future investments and market support. Outside auditors will provide the due diligence of projects before any investment occurs, with remaining funds held in cold storage with Bitcoin Suisse. Any profits made by Climatecoin throught issuing CO2 will go to funding more qualified projects, thus ensuring more liquidity for the platform. By providing the multitude of EMTs globally a central platform to issue tokens on, denominated in a crypto currency which also gives the holder access to the CTX, will allow corporation to quickly and efficiently fulfill their obligations under their own carbon reduction programs. It also gives individuals the ability to trade in and out of carbon credit positions, providing liquidity to the market. The aim is for this to emerge as a central platform where capital is efficiently distributed from those needing to buy carbon offsets, to worthy projects looking for funding. If it does, the demand for CO2 will be strong. Social Media Facebook URL : — https://www.facebook.com/climatecoinofficial/ Likes : and 271 likes 292 followers Twitter URL : https://twitter.com/infoclimatecoin Followers : 3,560 followers Telegram URL : — https://t.me/joinchat/Fy8RMAvg7dTdD0ZhOu1a1w Users : 206 members Discussion Slack URL : — https://climatecoinofficial.slack.com/ Reddit URL : — https://www.reddit.com/user/CLIMATECOIN/ Readers : — readers Youtube URL : — https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa5Q35bRxMZDBcEAEgfisKA Subscribers : 109 subscribers Medium URL : — https://medium.com/@Climatecoin Followers : -138 followers LinkedIn URL : — https://www.linkedin.com/company/11229823/ Followers : 318 followers GitHub URL : — https://github.com/climatecoinio/ Staff / Team Info : Name : JAMES HAFT Title : CEO Bio : — Entrepreneur and Merchant Banker with broad experience in all aspects of forming, managing, advising, fund raising, and biz dev for entrepreneur-powered businesses, including, business strategy and M&A. Advisor or co-founder of global ICOs and Token offerings. LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/jameshaft/ Name : Juan Boluda Soler Title : CLIMATECOIN COO & CFO LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/juanbautistaboluda/ Name : David Ortega Title : CLIMATECOIN CTO & Etherum Developer LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/dortega/ Name : Ana Karen ZS Title : CLIMATECOIN CMO LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/ana-karen-zs-67ba7697/ Name : Antonio Liu Yang Title : CLIMATECOIN CCO LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/antonioliuyang/ Name : Borja Herrero Title : Web Developer LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/borjaherrero/ Name : Emmanuel Lagarrigue Title : Chief Strategy Officer at Schneider Electric LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/lagarrigue/ Name : Gonzalo de la Peña Cifuentes Title : Founder and COO at Openfinance LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/gonzalodelapena/ Name : Antonio Benedito Serrano Title : Ex-Repsol Gas (SOLGAS) CEO and Ecuador Repsol Gas CEO | Industrial Engineer — IESE MBA LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/antonio-benedito-67ab1935/ Name : Marcos Martín Larrañaga Title : Co-founder & GP at Torret Road Capital | Co-founder at Menorca Millenials | Torret Road Capital — MDT Executive Program LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/marcosmartin07 Name : Andreu Rodríguez i Donaire Title : Blockchain | Innovation | Entrepreneurship LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/andreurodriguezdonaire/ Name : Amparo Sanchís Title : Associate Partner KPMG Spain LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/amparo-sanchis-85031810/ Name : Pedro J. García Title : Vice-President SOLMED ALLIANCE | Estema University Valencia | University of California — Berkeley PDD Name : José Lindo Title : Impact investor | UN-REDD | B-Corporation | Climatecoin | AR VR for Good LinkedIn : — https://www.linkedin.com/in/joselindosolis/?ppe=1 Company Address : Chile

Climatecoin: Making Carbon Credit Trading Accessible On The Blockchain

How it Works by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE TELEPHONE. here Chapter VIII. THE TELEPHONE. The Bell telephone—The Edison transmitter—The granular carbon transmitter—General arrangement of a telephone circuit—Double-line circuits—Telephone exchanges—Submarine telephony. FOR the purposes of everyday life the telephone is even more useful than the telegraph. Telephones now connect one room of a building with another, house with house, town with town, country with country. An infinitely greater number of words pass over the telephonic circuits of the world in a year than are transmitted by telegraph operators. The telephone has become an important adjunct to the transaction of business of all sorts. Its wires penetrate everywhere. Without moving from his desk, the London citizen may hold easy converse with a Parisian, a New Yorker with a dweller in Chicago. Wonderful as the transmission of signals over great distances is, the transmission of human speech so clearly that individual voices may be distinguished hundreds of miles away is even more so. Yet the instrument which works the miracle is essentially simple in its principles. THE BELL TELEPHONE. The first telephone that came into general use was that of Bell, shown in Fig. 62. In a central hole of an ebonite casing is fixed a permanent magnet, m. The casing expands at one end to accommodate a coil of insulated wire wound about one extremity of a magnet. The coil ends are attached to wires passing through small channels to terminals at the rear. A circular diaphragm, d, of very thin iron plate, clamped between the concave mouthpiece and the casing, almost touches the end of the magnet. We will suppose that two Bell telephones, A and B, are connected up by wires, so that the wires and the coils form a complete circuit. Words are spoken into A. The air vibrations, passing through the central hole in the cover, make the diaphragm vibrate towards and away from the magnet. The distances through which the diaphragm moves have been measured, and found not to exceed in some cases more than 1⁄10,000,000 of an inch! Its movements distort the shape of the "lines of force" emanating from the magnet, and these, cutting through the turns of the coil, induce a current in the line circuit. As the diaphragm approaches the magnet a circuit is sent in one direction; as it leaves it, in the other. Consequently speech produces rapidly alternating currents in the circuit, their duration and intensity depending on the nature of the sound. Now consider telephone B. The currents passing through its coil increase or diminish the magnetism of the magnet, and cause it to attract its diaphragm with varying force. The vibration of the diaphragm disturbs the air in exact accordance with the vibrations of A's diaphragm, and speech is reproduced. THE EDISON TRANSMITTER. The Bell telephone may be used both as a transmitter and a receiver, and the permanent magnetism of the cores renders it independent of an electric battery. But currents generated by it are so minute that they cannot overcome the resistance of a long circuit; therefore a battery is now always used, and with it a special device as transmitter. If in a circuit containing a telephone and a battery there be a loose contact, and this be shaken, the varying resistance of the contact will cause electrical currents of varying force to pass through the circuit. Edison introduced the first successful transmitter, in which a small platinum disc connected to the diaphragm pressed with varying force against a disc of carbon, each disc forming part of the circuit. Vibrations of the diaphragm caused current to flow in a series of rapid pulsations. microphone THE GRANULAR CARBON TRANSMITTER. In Fig. 63 we have a section of a microphone transmitter now very widely used. It was invented, in its original form, by an English clergyman named Hunnings. Resting in a central cavity of an ebonite seating is a carbon block, c, with a face moulded into a number of pyramidal projections, p p. The space between c and a carbon diaphragm, d, is packed with carbon granules, g g. c has direct contact with line terminal t, which screws into it; d with t1 through the brass casing, screw s, and a small plate at the back of the transmitter. Voice vibrations compress g g, and allow current to pass more freely from d to c. This form of microphone is very delicate, and unequalled for long-distance transmission. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF A TELEPHONE CIRCUIT. In many forms of subscriber's instruments both receiver and transmitter are mounted on a single handle in such a way as to be conveniently placed for ear and mouth. For the sake of clearness the diagrammatic sketch of a complete installation (Fig. 64) shows them separated. The transmitters, it will be noticed, are located in battery circuits, including the primary windings p p2 of induction coils. The transmitters are in the line circuit, which includes the secondary windings s s2 of the coils. We will assume that the transmitters are, in the first instance, both hung on the hooks of the metallic switches, which their weight depresses to the position indicated by the dotted lines. The handle of the magneto-generator at the left-end station is turned, and current passes through the closed circuit:—Line a, e b2, contact 10, the switch 9; line b, 4, the other switch, contact 5, and e b. Both bells ring. Both parties now lift their receivers from the switch hooks. The switches rise against contacts 1, 2, 3 and 6, 7, 8 respectively. Both primary and both secondary circuits are now completed, while the bells are disconnected from the line wires. The pulsations set up by transmitter t in primary coil p are magnified by secondary coil s for transmission through the line circuit, and affect both receivers. The same thing happens when t2 is used. At the end of the conversation the receivers are hung on their hooks again, and the bell circuit is remade, ready for the next call. DOUBLE-LINE CIRCUITS. The currents used in telephones pulsate very rapidly, but are very feeble. Electric disturbances caused by the proximity of telegraph or tram wires would much interfere with them if the earth were used for the return circuit. It has been found that a complete metallic circuit (two wires) is practically free from interference, though where a number of wires are hung on the same poles, speech-sounds may be faintly induced in one circuit from another. This defect is, however, minimized by crossing the wires about among themselves, so that any one line does not pass round the corresponding insulator on every pole. TELEPHONE EXCHANGES. In a district where a number of telephones are used the subscribers are put into connection with one another through an "exchange," to which all the wires lead. One wire of each subscriber runs to a common "earth;" the other terminates at a switchboard presided over by an operator. In an exchange used by many subscribers the terminals are distributed over a number of switchboards, each containing 80 to 100 terminals, and attended to by an operator, usually a girl. When a subscriber wishes to be connected to another subscriber, he either turns the handle of a magneto generator, which causes a shutter to fall and expose his number at the exchange, or simply depresses a key which works a relay at the exchange and lights a tiny electric lamp. The operator, seeing the signal, connects her telephone with the subscriber's circuit and asks the number wanted. This given, she rings up the other subscriber, and connects the two circuits by means of an insulated wire cord having a spike at each end to fit the "jack" sockets of the switchboard terminals. The two subscribers are now in communication. If a number on switchboard A calls for a number on switchboard C, the operator at A connects her subscriber by a jack cord to a trunk line running to C, where the operator similarly connects the trunk line with the number asked for, after ringing up the subscriber. The central exchange of one town is connected with that of another by one or more trunk lines, so that a subscriber may speak through an indefinite number of exchanges. So perfect is the modern telephone that the writer remembers on one occasion hearing the door-bell ring in a house more than a hundred miles away, with which he was at the moment in telephonic connection, though three exchanges were in the circuit. SUBMARINE TELEPHONY. Though telegraphic messages are transmitted easily through thousands of miles of cable, submarine telephony is at present restricted to comparatively short distances. When a current passes through a cable, electricity of opposite polarity induced on the outside of the cable damps the vibration in the conductor. In the Atlantic cable, strong currents of electricity are poured periodically into one end, and though much enfeebled when they reach the other they are sufficiently strong to work a very delicate "mirror galvanometer" (invented by Lord Kelvin), which moves a reflected ray up and down a screen, the direction of the movements indicating a dot or a dash. Reversible currents are used in transmarine telegraphy. The galvanometer is affected like the coils and small magnet in Wheatstone's needle instrument. Telephonic currents are too feeble to penetrate many miles of cable. There is telephonic communication between England and France, and England and Ireland. But transatlantic telephony is still a thing of the future. It is hoped, however, that by inserting induction coils at intervals along the cables the currents may be "stepped up" from point to point, and so get across. Turning to Fig. 64, we may suppose s to be on shore at the English end, and s2 to be the winding of an induction coil a hundred miles away in the sea, which magnifies the enfeebled vibrations for a journey to s3, where they are again revived; and so on, till the New World is reached. The difficulty is to devise induction coils of great power though of small size. Yet science advances nowadays so fast that we may live to hear words spoken at the Antipodes. primary About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2009). How it Works. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/28553/pg28553-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE TELEPHONE.

I think about this conversation I had with Paul a lot. It kicked off what has now been over three years of imaginative, grueling, wonderful, painful, mind-blowing, and confounding work-- all of which took place alongside the minds of amazing co-founders, teammates, and advisors. But-- and this is hard to admit sometimes-- I was dead wrong. I wasn’t wrong about what I said there, at least not about what was written. The idea is simple, and building something like that was straightforward. In fact, we’ve done just that. At the end of 2018 we launched a marketplace using our first carbon sequestration methodology (U.S. agricultural soil-based carbon sequestration), listed the 10,000 tonnes of soil carbon, and watched as buyers made their first purchases of a next generation commodity. first supplier’s Rather, what I was wrong about was that you could keep it that simple and expect it to scale without having to roll up your sleeves and dig a bit deeper. And so, for those of us who enjoy the adventure of embarking upon novel and complex problems, I come bearing great news-- a list of the hardest and most immediate unsolved engineering problems for carbon markets today! Problem #1: Quantification In order for us to accurately model annual soil carbon fluctuations we need a lot of data-- twenty years of data to be precise. To break down that requirement, for us to run , we need ten years of historical land-use data and ten years of current and future land-use data. preferred carbon quantification models But, this data is oftentimes extremely difficult to gather. If we really want to scale the supply side of a market, we need to get creative about how we provide quantification to suppliers. Or, in lieu of that, we need a way to get farmers excited enough about enrollment such that this grueling data collection effort doesn’t prevent them from wanting to enroll. Problem #2: Scaling Enrollment Even in the most optimistic case where you have such meticulous records and you get farmers past the enrollment barrier, you will almost never have farmer records in the format or precision needed to run . credible quantification models So, what do you do? You standardize the data and do the best you can to build transformers to take in data from different sources. But, how can you expect this to scale? Well, you simply can’t. Instead, we need a different approach. One that uses every tool we have available to find, set, and predict land-use records to reasonable defaults. At Nori, we’ve begun novel work on this front. We call it , but it has a long road ahead of it. “Smart Defaults” Problem #3: Data standardization Agricultural and crop management data exists in many different forms and in many different places-- from publicly available datasets to crop management software used by farmers to manage their practices today. The problem, however, is that this data almost never exists in a way that is consistent across data sources. For instance, one farmer might know a fertilizer by one name, whilst another knows the same composition by a different name. There is to create open-source translation tables, but we’re still a long ways away from having something that works universally. some work being done already Problem #4: Permanence How do you deal with changes in land use year over year? What about changes in model inputs like the substitution of real-world weather events for projected ones? How about changes in intended land use plans? Or, if you solve all of those, what do you do when land ownership changes? Right now, the best bet is to issue to farmers on an annual basis so that you minimize over-issuance and make adjustments on an annual basis when given more concrete estimates. In the case that the soil carbon does not achieve permanence, penalties can be applied to balance out the variance. There’s so much more work to be done in this problem space. Getting it right could unlock additional funding mechanisms for sustainable agricultural projects. Getting it wrong could nullify the value of your entire marketplace. Problem #5: Verification Independent verification of carbon removal is paramount to establishing a credible marketplace. That said, verifying 20+ years of crop management practices is no small feat. For now, the best approach is to require an independent third party to submit an for the project. attestation To make this attestation more credible and scalable, future approaches to verification might include incorporating things like satellite imagery, soil sampling, or even integrations with agricultural data platforms in an effort to create verifiable trails of data. Problem #6: True Price Discovery This problem has roots in so many areas, including those as simple as transparency and accounting or as complex as modern-day economics using token models. There’s a lot of work to be done in this space still to get this right. But, I believe can get us all the way there. modern-day tools Check out for more information on Nori’s approach. this post ( : ) Disclaimer The author is a co-Founder at Nori Problem #7: Additional Carbon Sequestration Methodologies There are so many different ways to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The majority of this post however talks solely about soil carbon sequestration. For carbon removal markets to truly have an impact on climate change, we’re going to need to solve these problems using everything we have in our arsenal. This means taking on climate change using things like direct air capture, afforestation, blue carbon, and everything in between. Furthermore, for each approach, we’re going to need to re-engineer solutions for every problem defined in this post. Problem #8: Scaling Demand Now, imagine it’s the future and you’ve solved all of the problems to scale the supply side of next-generation carbon markets. Fantastic! But what about the demand side? I believe that the only way for a marketplace to have a significant impact on climate change requires a solution on the demand side that is seamless and universal. But how do you do that when the marketplace goods are disconnected from resource consumption, corporate operations, and everyday consumer purchases? You can’t. But, you can achieve success if you come up with a way to bridge the gap using an approach that integrates directly into the background of everyday things. Imagine taking a Lyft and getting a prompt that notifies you that your ride has been offset on behalf of your favorite brand. Or, imagine you're making a purchase on Amazon and you can check a box that flags that you want to offset the carbon impact of the item you’re buying.  The solution space for this problem is vast and ripe for innovation. A Call to Action Do any of these problems excite you? that will allow us to hire additional engineers, designers, and supply account managers to assist us in our fight against climate change. Nori recently closed a round of funding Check out the job postings today! ( : ) Disclaimer The author is a co-Founder at Nori

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