Carbon6is in the E-Commerce Enablers Industry

Carbon6

We all know corporate life can be uncertain; smaller fish are swallowed by larger fish from time to time, and that is just the nature of Capitalism. However, it does not diminish the painful consequences mergers and acquisitions tend to leave behind on employees. That is, in fact, the nature of the beast. Greedy giant corporations couldn’t care less about the impact their ambition has on the lives of many of their employees, and in Broadcom’s case, the disfavorable impact on smaller customers as well. Speaking of Carbon Black’s customers, many knew of Broadcom’s reputation, and saw the writing on the wall, as such, they decided to part ways as soon as they heard of the possibility of Broadcom taking over VMWare Carbon Black. Possibly, to ease their concerns, announced  a couple of months ago his intent to divest Carbon Black. Management was thrilled and “Carbon Black” was “back”. Shortly thereafter, CB found out that Hock had not to sell (or was it all intentional from the start?). Symantec would absorb Carbon Black, and layoffs ensued. The bloodbath resembled the famous Red Wedding scene from Game of Thrones. Hock Tan claimed decided My Advice to Employees This sucks; it sucks big time, but all changes can lead to new opportunities, besides… ask yourself, would you want to work for a company that is devoid of a soul, has zero scruples, and questionable ethics, but mostly, does not care about the well-being of their acquired employees? Particularly when they have poured their life into the product and while Hock Tan himself has made on the deal? millions Do yourself a favor, and seek out companies that do value your hard work, allow for a work-life balance, and don’t see you as a mere expenditure. What Does This Mean for You, as a Current Carbon Black Customer? Although the CB support had already been affected by Broadcom’s hire freeze, as Broadcom continues to reduce headcount and employees realize their future is dim, Broadcom may potentially dismantle Carbon Black and absorb their intellectual property. Even if Carbon Black as a company survives, all we have to do is look back at Broadcom’s approach and realize they will focus on the large, premium tier accounts and direct their smaller customers to partners. It’s been rumored Hock Tan stated, referring to smaller accounts: “ ” Why would I give a shit about your account when all you give me is $25 a year? Hok’s religion is the almightly dollar, anything and everything is measured in profits. This is what to expect: The security efficacy of the product will continue to decline. Carbon Black won’t be able to prevent new threats as their teams are extremely shorthanded. Support will also be affected, resolution will be slow, and as their more experienced engineers leave the company (voluntarily or otherwise), the quality of support will continue to be adversely impacted. For Tier 1/Platinum level customers spending $250,000 or more, Broadcom may eventually force them to switch over to Symantec, despite the fact Symantec is a dinosaur in the grand scheme of cybersecurity products. If you care about the security posture of your enterprise or organization, public or private, I would consider other options. In closing, former Carbon Black employees, do not despair; even a massive corporation as huge as Broadcom can’t crush your spirit.

Carbon Red, Bloodshed Red

Carbon Aware Computing: Next Green Breakthrough or New Greenwashing?

কার্বন সচেতন কম্পিউটিং: পরবর্তী গ্রিন ব্রেকথ্রু বা নতুন গ্রিনওয়াশিং?

CO2-bewusstes Computing: Nächster grüner Durchbruch oder neues Greenwashing?

Computación consciente del carbono: ¿próximo avance ecológico o nuevo lavado verde?

Informatique respectueuse du carbone : prochaine percée verte ou nouveau greenwashing ?

कार्बन अवेयर कंप्यूटिंग: अगला ग्रीन ब्रेकथ्रू या नया ग्रीनवाशिंग?

カーボン アウェア コンピューティング: 次のグリーン ブレークスルーか、それとも新たなグリーンウォッシングか?

탄소 인식 컴퓨팅: 차세대 친환경 혁신인가 아니면 새로운 Greenwashing인가?

Computação Consciente do Carbono: Próximo Avanço Verde ou Nova Lavagem Verde?

Вычисления с учетом выбросов углерода: следующий «зеленый прорыв» или новое «зеленое отмывание»?

Karbon Farkında Bilgi İşlem: Bir Sonraki Yeşil Atılım mı, Yeni Bir Yeşil Yıkama mı?

Máy tính nhận biết carbon: Đột phá xanh tiếp theo hay tẩy xanh mới?

碳感知计算：下一个绿色突破还是新的绿色清洗？

The Noonification: Reviewing Celo, The Carbon-Negative, Mobile-first Blockchain (12/22/2023)

*Note: a SWOT analysis is an evaluation of the fundamental, operational, technical, social, economic, and even to some degree administrative elements of a project. This is not a model to be used for trading purposes. (NFA, DYOR) Composed of four elements, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, a SWOT analysis framework provides excellent insight for establishing a high-level understanding of the state of a project’s well-being through the lens of a birds-eye view. It can help formulate decisions around which areas require more attention, set performance goals, and organize a foundational understanding of where a project is headed. Rarely (if ever) used in crypto, it is time to apply this timeless method of evaluation to the digital asset space. Today, Celo (CELO), the carbon-negative, mobile-first blockchain dedicated to “creating conditions of prosperity for all” through regenerative finance, will get a SWOT. 💪 Strengths (Internal) (Helpful) 1. REFI Positioning A combination of DEFI and social good, regenerative finance is a movement that taps into ecological benefits to society and/or the environment. No network has remotely as much of the intellectual mindshare around innovations happening in this space as Celo. Affiliating itself with social good from launch, Celo has become the host of today’s leading projects, including Toucan, Kolektivo, Flowcarbon, Gooddollar, Glo Dollar, Impact Market, and others. Considering how underserved and under explored REFI has been as a whole, there is no upper bound to model the potential returns this as a sector can attract during the seasonal capital shuffling. 2. On-Chain Metrics Blossoming After a painful bear market and drawn-out winter, the seasons have shifted, and the on-chain metrics have thawed. Celo has been showing strong, sustainable growth across the board. DAA (Daily Active Addresses) have been going parabolic since May 2023, rallying from 5k in December 2022 to around 200k exactly 1 year later, a clean 40x. Total addresses jumped from 1.5m to ~4m (a notable 2.67x). TVL has begun ticking up from ~$80m to ~$120m. Total amount of active, verified, smart contracts steadily rising beyond 33,000. Daily transactions have rebounded from their painful lows of around 100k per day earlier this year to around 400k now, and no signs of slowing down. 3. Focus on Stablecoin Payments Many people underestimate how still nascent and small crypto is relative to the enormous economic markets it is tackling. Remaining one of the largest financial sectors ripe for disruption, payments are tightly correlated with stablecoins, and stablecoins are tightly correlated with real commercial/retail adoption; therefore, the use case and value proposition that Celo is pursuing have universal appeal. Moreover, having a concrete vision and a clear market to innovate around does not receive enough recognition. The vast majority of alternative layer 1’s lack focus and try too hard to become the ultimate generalized solutions that can support every exotic use case under the degen sun. Celo can allocate its resources and efforts more efficiently and not waste time on things such as Memecoins. This is not to say memecoins are bad, just highlighting the nature of the project. 4. Network of Validators Home to 110 validator nodes, owned by 78 independent entities, including some of the most significant Web2 technology companies on the plant, such as Google Cloud, Deutsche Telekom, Telefonica, et al., as well as some of the most well-known crypto and Web3 entities such as Binance, Polychain Capital, Blockdaemon, and others; Celo has the material support from a set of validators many dream of. 5. One Block Finality A common area of concern in the context of public blockchain infrastructure, finality has become a definitive factor in the design preferences of financial institutions around the world. As it relates to retail finance, the quicker the finality, the more confidence the users have with their transactions, the more likely they are to return and use the product again. Celo has always had this at the front of mind in their operations. This “immediate” finality structure mitigates reorgs (something infinitely valuable at the enterprise level) and was possibly an important factor in Celo being able to build powerful relationships with legacy Web2 conglomerates. 6. Finite CELO Supply Inflation Launching with 60% (600m) of the total token supply circulating (depending on how it’s measured), Celo has an extremely smooth emission model to release the remaining 40% (400m) of tokens over the course of 30 years (ending in 2050). At the end of the emissions, the token supply model would, in fact, become slightly deflationary due to the transaction burns. Moreover, the emissions are primarily allocated to community building and validator/staking incentives, which means they would potentially foster economically resilient networks of aligned actors. This is, of course, in addition to the most sensitive benefit of balancing the impacts of dilution on existing/early participants. 7. Transaction Fee Payments While most major blockchains constantly deal with the friction of forcing participants to acquire native tokens in order to interact with the networks, Celo has introduced semi-agnostic network fee payments, allowing transactions to be paid for in any of the approved alternative assets. Opting for such a model seems counterintuitive as it would defeat the existential purpose of the gas token itself; however, it is not unlikely that this friendliness translates to a higher degree of adoption. By having multi-asset fee payments, the network can, in fact, help bolster asset velocity and become economically intertwined with other projects. 😞 Weaknesses (Internal) (Harmful) 1. Gingerbread Identity Crises Celo used to distinguish itself in the marketplace by playing the role of an independent, EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain network focused on mobile clients and payments (aka stablecoins). Recently, however, the project has embarked on a technical restructuring (known as the “Gingerbread” hard fork) to transition into an extension of the Ethereum ecosystem by becoming an OP-stack-based Layer 2. Even though this action was enforced by the community itself through a governance proposal, such a fundamental pivot can result in organizational chaos, which, if untamed, can result in the collapse of interest. If the project built its community on a specific set of fundamental beliefs and those beliefs change, it runs the risk of alienating previous members. 2. Low Network Earning vs MCAP Validator earnings is a theme that plagues all low-fee, high-throughput layer 1 networks. Earnings are established based on how much validators accrue from transaction fees. Considering that most transactions on Celo are below <$0.001 and only a small portion of them are paid to validators, it comes as no surprise that the CELO network posted annual earnings around sub <$50,000 USD. When weighed against its floating capitalization of $324,577,949, we arrive at a ratio of 6,500:1. To be totally fair, as an individual metric to gauge a cryptocurrency’s “fair value,” this is incomplete, but can certainly be used as a component in building a more complete picture. 🧐 Opportunities (External) (Helpful) 1. Low DEFI Diversity Currently sitting at just three (3) with Mento, Curve, and Uniswap controlling over 90% of Celo’s total DEFI TVL, the decentralized financial scene on Celo is craving development. Of natively built Celo solutions, only Mento has any material relevance with its some odd 60 million collateralized stablecoins minted; otherwise, the leading DEX is non-native, lending markets are effectively non-existent, and no derivatives/perps built on it. Young projects looking to gain center stage in an ecosystem and old-timers looking to expand to new horizons would find Celo a pleasant opportunity due to its lack of competition and EVM compatibility. It is almost certain that over the course of the next 12–24 months, this balance will change; the projects that rise to capture market share will bring abundance to the Celo social sphere. 2. Gingerbread Hard Fork Activated at the End of Q3 as the initiation of Celo’s techno-economic restructuring, Gingerbread is a 2-phase process that will transform the network from an independent EVM-compatible Layer 1 to an ETH-aligned Layer 2. Introducing a multitude of changes, including the principle of “Ultragreen Money,” which will adjust the transaction mechanism to burn 80% of fees and funnel 20% towards a Carbon offset Fund. Supercharging finality guarantees with a second layer of security derived from the Ethereum epochs (so finality within Celo itself and the finality of its Data on Ethereum). Leveraging the OP-stack for its execution and EigenDA for posting its activity engenders Celo to both of those ecosystems, which could translate into powerful network effects. The existing validators will have their roles shift into sequencers, which would make Celo the first L2 to have a truly decentralized sequencer set. 3. Support from Ethereum Ecosystem By aligning itself with Ethereum, it seems more likely than not that many reputable protocols will extend operations over to Celo, especially when considering the extremely high level of compatibility that will be present. Already getting public praise from prominent members Vitalik and Joseph Lubin for their innovations, lending protocol AAVE has announced that it will be coming to Celo, bringing with it the mature infrastructure and stakeholder set already prevalent across many EVM-compatible networks. 😳 Threats (External) (Harmful) 1. DEFI Centralization With just 3 protocols controlling over 90% of the TVL on Celo, the ecosystem is at risk of over-concentrated protocols that disincentivize new competitors. Liquidity is highly reflexive; where there is liquidity, more shall flow; where there is little, it shall dry over time. Certainly, the argument can be made that centralization counteracts fragmentation and increases market efficiencies, but having a high degree of reliance on a small group of actors introduces unwanted risks for Celo itself. Without stimulating competition, new ideas will not make their way to Celo and instead be attracted to more conducive environments. 2. Weak Social Presence CELO does not have the ravaging maniacal die-hard community members or social presence common to most L1s. Even though this quaintness might seem understandable from the perspective of enterprise participants, those raw savage human emotions that drive market hype cycles through peek euphoria and keep it alive in the depths of winter are the foundation of markets. By not cultivating this kind of culture, it is only a matter of time until the projects that do capture all the creative imaginations and attract more users. Meme’s matter. Takeaway: Laying closer to the centralized side of Web3, Celo is a polished environment that emphasizes cooperation, coordination, and goodwill without degen tribalism. Carbon neutrality, prosperity, cooperation, and a smorgasbord of other ESG-conscious, purpose-driven material is woven throughout all of its branding and content. While generally tucked away from the average retail participant, Celo has received a lot of support and recognition from renowned industry insiders, including Vitalik Buterin, Sreeram Kannan, Joseph Lubin, et al., for its technical decisions, as well as operational integrations with global megacorps such as Kickstarter and Google Cloud. Conclusion: Fostering environmental well-being, supercharging capitalism with the narrative to become a tool for social good, and delicately balancing financial innovation, Celo is an intellectually stimulating project that has put considerable effort into distinguishing itself from others and defining its product market fit. In the unique position of abandoning its original architecture in hopes of reinvigorating market interest with technology, Celo has become an interesting project to watch, if not for price, then as a case study on the merits of such fundamental structural changes. One simply cannot fade the long-term potential of Celo. Thank you so much for reading, I hope this serves you well on your journey. Live long and prosper 🥂 Also published . here

Reviewing Celo, The Carbon-Negative, Mobile-first Blockchain

সেলো, কার্বন-নেতিবাচক, মোবাইল-প্রথম ব্লকচেইন পর্যালোচনা করা হচ্ছে

Überprüfung von Celo, der CO2-negativen, Mobile-First-Blockchain

Revisión de Celo, la cadena de bloques móvil y con emisiones negativas de carbono

Examen de Celo, la blockchain à carbone négatif et axée sur le mobile

सेलो, कार्बन-नेगेटिव, मोबाइल-फर्स्ट ब्लॉकचेन की समीक्षा

Celo のレビュー、カーボンネガティブ、モバイルファーストのブロックチェーン

탄소 배출 제로, 모바일 우선 블록체인 Celo 검토

Revendo Celo, o blockchain móvel com carbono negativo e primeiro

Обзор Celo, углеродно-отрицательного блокчейна, ориентированного на мобильные устройства

Karbon Negatif, Mobil Öncelikli Blockchain Celo'yu İncelemek

Đánh giá Celo, Blockchain tiêu cực, ưu tiên thiết bị di động

回顾 Celo，碳负、移动优先的区块链

The rapidly increasing popularity of cryptocurrency has sparked discussions not only about its potential but also about its environmental impact. While the promise of decentralized currencies and blockchain technology is enticing, rising concerns regarding the carbon footprint of cryptocurrency have surfaced as a significant point of contention. The Impact of Crypto on the Planet While many point to cryptocurrency as the future, the concerns regarding its impact on our planet are more than warranted. The carbon footprint of cryptocurrency mining is substantial. A Cambridge University study estimated that Bitcoin mining alone consumes more electricity than entire countries like Argentina or the Netherlands. This energy-intensive process primarily relies on fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and exacerbating climate change concerns. In another study out of Cambridge University, it was discovered that since its inception, cryptocurrency has accounted for over 200 million tons of Carbon Dioxide pollution, with 92% of those emissions coming in the past five years. Cryptocurrency mining, the process by which new coins are created and transactions are verified, predominantly relies on energy-intensive computational power. The most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum utilize a consensus mechanism known as Proof of Work (PoW). PoW requires miners to solve complex mathematical problems, consuming substantial amounts of electricity in the process. This energy consumption has led to mounting worries about the environmental sustainability of these digital currencies. Addressing the environmental challenges posed by cryptocurrency requires multifaceted solutions. One avenue involves transitioning toward alternative consensus mechanisms. How to Address the Environmental Challenges Proof of Stake (PoS), utilized by some cryptocurrencies like Cardano and Ethereum 2.0 (in the process of transitioning), requires far less energy by allowing validators to create new blocks based on the number of coins they hold, rather than computational power. This shift can significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with mining. Furthermore, the utilization of renewable energy sources presents a viable solution. Initiatives to power mining operations with renewable energy, such as hydroelectric, solar, or wind power, have gained traction within the crypto community. Some mining farms have already made commitments to operate entirely on renewable energy, aiming to mitigate the environmental impact of their operations, with roughly 52% of crypto farms turning to the environmentally sound practice. This number is only expected to grow in the further years along with other practices being introduced to the crypto space. The most popular renewable energy source for mining cryptocurrency has been hydropower which powers roughly a quarter of all cryptomining operations. This was pioneered by HydroCryp, a Canadian-based company that utilizes water from the Parana River to generate hydroelectric energy for their power plants. This practice has helped HydroCryp achieve one of the lowest Kw/hr prices globally at just 0.045 Kw/hr. In addition to hydropower being used to help mitigate the environmental effects of cryptocurrency mining, companies have utilized wind power via turbines to account for roughly 15% of mining operations, with solar and nuclear-powered farms accounting for a similar percentage. In a recent study done by Cornell University in the United States, it was found that in periods of excess power generation, the revenue made from these mining operations could be substantial, allowing profits to be reinvested into other eco-friendly mining practices. Texas is currently leading the way in eco-friendly mining practices with 32 projects currently planned that are projected to make roughly 50 million dollars combined, providing an economic rise for both the State of Texas and crypto as a whole. Moreover, encouraging and incentivizing eco-friendly practices within the crypto sphere, such as carbon offset programs have become increasingly popular in recent years. These programs aim to counteract carbon emissions produced by various activities, including cryptocurrency operations, by investing in projects that reduce or offset an equivalent amount of carbon elsewhere. Participants calculate their carbon footprint and then invest in verified projects such as reforestation or renewable energy to mitigate their environmental impact. These programs promote environmental responsibility by supporting initiatives that reduce greenhouse gases which in turn contributes to a more sustainable future. Additionally, improving the efficiency of mining hardware and exploring innovative cooling mechanisms can contribute to reducing energy consumption in cryptocurrency mining. Advancements in technology might offer more energy-efficient solutions, making mining operations greener and more sustainable. In conclusion, acknowledging and addressing the carbon footprint of cryptocurrency mining is crucial for the long-term viability and acceptance of digital currencies. Embracing alternative consensus mechanisms, integrating renewable energy sources, and fostering eco-conscious practices within the crypto ecosystem are pivotal steps toward minimizing the environmental impact of this transformative technology. Balancing innovation with sustainability will be instrumental in shaping a more environmentally responsible future for cryptocurrencies.

The Carbon Footprint of Cryptocurrency: Challenges and Solutions

Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX. No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . The Edison Carbon Telephone and Hughes' Microphone. here The Edison Carbon Telephone and Hughes' Microphone. To the Editor of the Scientific American: Mr. Edison finds a resemblance between his carbon telephone and my microphone. I can find none whatever; the microphone in its numerous forms that I have already made, and varied by many others since, is simply the embodiment of a discovery I have made, in which I consider the microphone as the first step to new and perhaps more wonderful applications. I have proved that all bodies, solid, liquid, and gaseous, are in a state of molecular agitation when under the influence of sonorous vibrations; no matter if it is a piece of board, walls of a house, street, fields or woods, sea or air, all are in this constant state of vibration, which simply becomes more evident as the sonorous vibrations are more powerful. This I have proved by the discovery that when two or more electrical conducting bodies are placed in contact under very slight constant pressure, resting on any body whatever, they will of themselves transform a constant electrical current into an undulatory current, representing in its exact form the vibrations of the matter on which it reposes; it requires no complicated arrangement and no special material, and to most experimenters the three simple iron nails that I have described form the best and most sensitive microphone. But these contact points would soon oxidize, so naturally I prefer some conducting material which will not oxidize. Mr. Edison's carbon telephone represents the principle of the varying pressure of a diaphragm or its equivalent on a button of carbon varying the amount of electricity in accordance with this change of pressure; it represents no field of discovery, and its uses are restricted to telephony. The three nails I have spoken of will not only do all, and that far better than Edison's carbon telephone in telephony, but has the power of taking up sounds inaudible to human ears, and rendering them audible, in fact a true microphone; besides it has the merit of demonstrating the molecular action which is constantly occurring in all matter under the influence of sonorous vibrations. Here we have certainly no resemblance in form, materials, or principles to Mr. Edison's telephone. The carbon telephone represents a special material in a special way to a special purpose. The microphone demonstrates and represents the whole field of nature; the whole world of matter is suitable to act upon, and the whole of the electrical conducting materials are suitable to its demonstrations. The one represents a patentable improvement; the other a discovery too great and of too wide bearing for any one to be justified in holding it by patent, and claiming as his own that which belongs to the world's domain. London, July 2, 1878. D. E. HUGHES. New Industrial Enterprises. The increasing wealth of a nation, as well as the profitable and steady employment of its capital and people, depends upon a continual increase of the producing power. Whenever there are latent resources undeveloped or opportunities for establishing the first foundation of an industry, leading as it will to the originating of hundreds of auxiliary ones, an unusual effort should be made to bring it into existence. If in the power of individuals to accomplish, so much the better; if needing an association with State or national influence, then this association should be formed. It is incumbent upon individuals that they possess a sufficient pride in the prosperity of the country to give every possible attention and assistance to a careful practical demonstration of the feasibility of all the new industrial enterprises which may be presented with reasonable assurance of final success. Not in a great expenditure of money: influence is better than money, and a potential interest in a new enterprise is often better than capital. The industrial resources of the United States are by no means worked to their full capacity. The people by no means make all they consume. The finer articles of use, and requiring much labor and often the highest skill, are imported from foreign nations. A premium of $10,000 offered for an improved method in any known present process of production or manufacture would be almost sure to be called for. While America exports $175,000,000 worth of raw cotton annually to be worked up by other people, is it not possible to so increase the manufacture in America as to keep the greater part of that raw material and to export the cloth instead? Is it not practicable to establish great numbers more of sugar estates in the same tropical climate? Is it not practicable to lay the foundation of half a dozen beet sugar mills in the country? To begin the weaving of linen goods, and to teach our farmers that they may produce all the flax fiber as fast as required? To start a ramie industry in a small way and teach the process to those who will engage in it? Will not our silk men put a velvet industry into operation as a germ from which a future industry may grow? And we might name a hundred other lesser enterprises which have hardly name in this country, but every one of which is needed and will add to the wealth of the people. Replanting and Transplanting Teeth. Dr. G. R. Thomas, of Detroit, in the current number of the , states that this operation of "replanting" has become so common with him, and the results so uniformly satisfactory, that he does not hesitate to perform it on any tooth in the mouth, if the case demands it; and he finds the cases that demand it, and the number that he operates upon, continually multiplying. Dental Cosmos He makes it a point to examine the end of the roots of nearly all his cases of abscessed teeth; and a record of more than 150 cases, with but one loss (and that in the mouth of a man so timid that he utterly refused to bear the pain which nearly always follows for a few minutes, therefore necessitating re-extraction), convinces him that the operation is not only practical, but decidedly beneficial to both patient and operator. For one sitting is all that he has ever really found necessary to the full and complete restoration of the case. In the present article, however, Dr. Thomas states that it is his object not so much to speak of replanting as of transplanting, which he has reason to believe is just as practical, so far as the mere re-attachment is concerned, as is replanting. He details, in illustration, a case in which he successfully performed the operation; inserting in the mouth of a gentleman, who had lost a right superior cuspidate, a solid and healthy tooth that he had removed from a lady's mouth four weeks previously. He opened into canal and pulp chamber of the tooth, from the apex of the root only; cut the end off one eighth of an inch (it being that much too long), reduced the size somewhat in the center of the root (it being a trifle larger than the root extracted), filled and placed it in position. He states that the occlusion, shape, and color were perfect, so much so that several dentists who saw the case were not able to distinguish the transplanted tooth from the others. The two features in the case that he calls particular attention to are: first, that although the tooth had been in his office four weeks, there is to-day no perceptible change in color; and second, that the re-attachment is as perfect as though it had been transplanted or replanted the same day of extraction. The operation was performed about three months ago. Dr. Thomas knows of but two obstacles in the way of the perfect practicability of "transplanting:" first, the difficulty of obtaining the proper teeth at the proper time; and second, the possibility of inoculation. The latter is the more formidable of the two, and, to escape the ills that might follow, the greatest caution is necessary. The first difficulty is more easily gotten over, for it is not necessary that the tooth transplanted should correspond exactly in shape and size to the one extracted; if it is too large, it may be carefully reduced; or if too small, new osseous deposit will supply the deficiency. Neither is it necessary, as we have seen, that the transplanted tooth should be a freshly extracted one. As a demonstration of what modern dental surgery is capable of performing Dr. Thomas' statements are very interesting; it is doubtful, however, whether popular prejudice will allow this practice of "transplanting" to become of much use. American Institute Exhibition. For forty-seven years the American Institute of New York has opened its doors and invited American inventors and manufacturers to exhibit their productions; and again this year it renews its invitation to all. To such as wish to reach the capitalist and consumer, they must admit that New York is the place. For details apply to the General Superintendent by mail or otherwise. On the 22d of June, cloud bursts occurred in the mountains northeast of San Buenaventura, Cal., causing the Ventura river to pour down such a volume of muddy water that the ocean was discolored for a distance of six miles. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2013). Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX. No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19406/pg19406-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The Edison Carbon Telephone and Hughes' Microphone

Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . REDUCTION OF OXIDIZED IRON BY CARBONIC OXIDE. here REDUCTION OF OXIDIZED IRON BY CARBONIC OXIDE. IT is well known that when the heat is sufficient, carbonic oxide reduces the oxide of iron to metal with the production of carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). On the other hand, at lower temperatures carbon dioxide oxidizes metallic iron, forming carbonic oxide. J. Lowthian Bell's celebrated researches (see SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, p. 199, March 31, 1883) established the point of equilibrium where in the presence of both monoxide and dioxide the reducing action of the one just counterbalances the oxidizing action of the other. At the suggestion of Prof. R. Akermann, of Stockholm, C.G. Särnstrom has conducted a similar series of forty-five experiments, the expense being borne by the Jernkontor. About 1 gramme of oxide of iron was placed in a porcelain boat, and slid in a porcelain tube 18 millimeters (¾ inch) in diameter and 635 millimeters long (25 inches). This was exposed to the action of a current of mixed carbon dioxide and monoxide made by heating oxalic acid and concentrated sulphuric acid. It was mixed with carbon dioxide as required, then analyzed, and preserved in gasometers holding 66 liters. Before using, it is passed over phosphorus and chloride of calcium, and through sulphuric acid. The porcelain tube and boat were heated to from 300° to 600° C. (572° to 1,652° Fahr.) while the gases were passing, and then the state of oxidation determined. It was found that the larger the quantity of dioxide the higher the degree of oxidation, and the larger the proportion of monoxide the lower the degree of oxidation. The details of the experiment indicate that a saving of fuel in the blast furnace could best be accomplished by the use of a very hot blast, introducing some carbon monoxide into the blast, provided, of course, that this gas can be made outside of the blast furnace more cheaply than inside of it. Nevertheless, 643 lb. of carbon must be burned to every 1,000 lb. of iron reduced, if carbonic oxide is exclusively employed.-- . Stahl und Eisen About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2005). Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8742/pg8742-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

REDUCTION OF OXIDIZED IRON BY CARBONIC OXIDE 

Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE PRESERVATION OF MEAT BY CARBONIC ACID. here THE PRESERVATION OF MEAT BY CARBONIC ACID. Since 1874, when Professor Kolbe, of Leipsic, first published his results on the antiseptic action of salicylic acid, he has made many efforts to apply this acid to the preservation of meat, but he has invariably found that after the lapse of a few days an unpleasant flavor has been developed, which is not that of putridity. If putrid changes be noticed, it is a sign that salicylic acid is in insufficient quantity, for where it has turned putrid the meat is found to be no longer acid, but alkaline. This leads to the assumption that meat is protected from change by acids, even by gases of that kind; and in fact it was noticed that beef--from 2 to 5 kilos. being taken--when placed in an earthen vessel and loosely covered with a wooden cover, was long preserved from putridity if the bottom of the vessel contained some hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or aqueous sulphurous acid. The meat, however, no longer had the taste of fresh meat, but of such as had long lain in ice. Experiments were therefore made with carbonic acid, and these proved highly successful. The meat was placed in a cylinder of metal plate, and suspended from a rod which crossed the upper part and the lower part. A small tube serves to admit a current of carbonic acid from a Kipp's apparatus. The lid, which rested in a circular trough of glycerine, was traversed by a similar tube in its center, and both tubes could be closed with India-rubber tubing and screw taps as soon as sufficient carbonic acid gas had traversed the apparatus. At the end of seven, fourteen, and twenty-one days it was found that the meat was still quite good, and the soup prepared from it was in every respect excellent. At the end of the fourth or fifth week the meat thus preserved in the gas was still quite free from all putridity; but the broth prepared from it no longer tasted so well as fresh bouillon. The experiments were not extended over a longer time. Carbonic acid is thus shown to be an excellent means of preserving beef from putridity and of causing it to retain its good taste for several weeks. Mutton does not preserve so well. In eight days it had become putrid; and veal is by no means so well preserved as beef. The comportment of beef in an atmosphere of carbonic acid, to which carbonic oxide has been added, is curious. A number of cylinders were filled in the usual way with such a mixture and opened at the end of two or three weeks; in each case the flesh had the smell and taste of good, pure meat, but it was not of the gray color which meat preserved in carbonic acid gas gradually takes, but appeared in the interior, as well as on the outside, of a bright flesh-red color, and on the surface here and there, there were white round masses of fungoid growth of the size of a 20-pfenning piece, which were removed with the slightest rubbing. The flesh lying just below these was found to have the same bright red color as that already described. Meat which had been for three weeks in such a gas mixture gave a broth which, in good taste and freshness, could hardly be distinguished from freshly-made bouillon; and the boiled meats could not be distinguished either in appearance or taste. The property of carbonic acid to preserve meat suggests a use for the large supplies of this gas evolved from the earth in many localities. And it is as interesting to determine in how far the gas could be of service as an antiseptic during surgical operations. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2005). Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8742/pg8742-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE PRESERVATION OF MEAT BY CARBONIC ACID

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