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Biolytica

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Vianney Brouard, ENS de Lyon, UMPA, CNRS UMR 5669, 46 All´ee d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; E-mail: vianney.brouard@ens-lyon.f. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction and presentation of the model Main results and biological interpretation First-order asymptotics of the mutant sub-populations for an infinite mono-directional grap First-order asymptotics of the mutant sub-populations for a general finite trait space (Theorem 2.1) Convergence for the stochastic exponents (Theorem 2.2) Acknowledgements & References 2 Main results and biological interpretation In Subsection 2.1 the first-order asymptotics of the size of all the mutant sub-populations in the timescales (3) and (4) are given under the non-increasing growth rate condition (5). In Subsection 2.2 the asymptotic result on the stochastic exponent of all the mutant sub-populations are given without any assumption on the growth rate function λ. In each subsection, biological interpretations of the results are made. 2.1 First-order asymptotics of the mutant sub-population sizes under nonincreasing growth rate condition In this subsection assume that (V, E, L) satisfies the non-increasing growth rate graph condition of Equation (5). Heuristics: The next definitions, notations and results are first motivated using some heuristics for the simplest graph that one can think of, i.e. a wild-type and a mutant population where only mutations from wild-type to mutant cells are considered. More precisely (V, E, L) = ({0, 1}, {(0, 1)}, {ℓ(0, 1)}) as in Figure 1. Then two scenari are possible: Notations: Now the natural definitions issued from these heuristics are formally made before giving the results. (Deleterious and neutral vertices) Definition 2.1. A vertex v ∈ V satisfying λ(v) = λ(0), respectively λ(v) < λ(0), is called a neutral, respectively deleterious, vertex. Remark 2.1. In the previous definition the neutral or deleterious denomination of a mutation originates from the comparison of its inner growth rate to the growth rate of the wild-type population. But one could imagine a mutation from a vertex v to a vertex u satisfying λ(v) < λ(u) ≤ λ(0). This mutation should theoretically be called selective but in the previous definition it is actually called neutral or deleterious (depending on the value of λ(u) compared to λ(0)). This nomenclature emerges from the fact that under Assumption (5) any mutant population grows exponentially fast at rate λ(0), as seen in the previous heuristics. Hence it legitimates the previous definition. (Path on the graph) Definition 2.2. γ = (v(0), · · · , v(k)) is said to be the path on the graph (V, E) linking v(0) to v(k) by using the edges (v(i), v(i + 1)) if for all 0 ≤ i ≤ k, v(i) ∈ V and ∀0 ≤ i ≤ k − 1,(v(i), v(i + 1)) ∈ E. For a path γ = (v(0), v(1), · · · v(k)) on (V, E, L) define Definition 2.3. (Admissible paths) For all v ∈ V denote by P(v) the set of all paths γ on (V, E) linking the vertex 0 to the vertex v. Define also t(v) := min{t(γ), ∀γ ∈ P(v)}, θ(v) := max {θ(γ), ∀γ ∈ P(v), t(γ) = t(v)} , A(v) := {γ ∈ P(v) : t(γ) = t(v) and θ(γ) = θ(v)}. . Remark 2.3 In the previous definition A(v) is called the set of admissible paths because as seen in the heuristics, only paths belonging to A(v) are contributing to the growth dynamics of the mutant cells of trait v. This is made formal in Theorem 2.1. Definition 2.4. (Weight of a vertex) The weight of a vertex v ∈ V \{0} at time t is defined as Results: Now the more refined result under Assumption (5) can formally be stated. such that for all v ∈ V \{0} we obtain the following results for the different time-scales: Using the mathematical definition of the model given in Section 4, see (78) and (79), the above convergences are obtained in probability in the adequate L∞-spaces. For any other mathematical description, the convergences are at least in distribution in D ([0, T] × [−M, M]) for Equation (11) and in D ([T1, T2] × [−M, M]) for Equations (12), (13) and (14). The proof of Theorem 2.1 is based on a martingale approach using Doob’s and Maximal Inequalities. The first step involves the control of the growth of the lineage of wild-type cells issued from the initial cell both for the deterministic and random time-scales (4) and (3) (Lemma 3.1 and 3.2). Then for any vertex v ∈ V \{0}, potentially many mutational paths on the graph (V, E) can start from 0 and lead to v. The contribution on the first-order asymptotics of the mutant sub-population of trait v for any of these paths needs to be understood. The proof is then done in 2 steps. The first one consists in considering an infinite mono-directional graph under Assumption (5) and in obtaining the result for this particular graph, see Section 3. Doing the first step for an infinite graph allows in particular to deal with the cycles (backward mutations for instance) for a general finite graph. The second step consists in discriminating among all the paths from the initial vertex 0 to v the ones that do not contribute to the first-order asymptotics of the mutant sub-population of trait v, see Section 4. (ii) The random variable W is explicitly defined as the almost sure limit of the natural positive martingale associated to a specific birth and death branching process with rates α(0) and β(0), see (81). The martingale associated to the lineage of wild-type cells issued from the initial cell is shown to behave as the one associated to the latter birth and death branching process (Lemma 4.1). Thus W quantifies the randomness of this lineage over the long time. Due to the power law mutation rates regime mutations arise after a long time such that the stochasticity of this lineage is already given by W. Notice that under Assumption (5) the randomness in the first-order asymptotics of any mutant sub-population is summed up in W. Meaning that the stochasticity of these sub-populations are driven more by the stochasticity in the growth of the wild-type sub-population than by both the randomness in the mutational process and the randomness of any lineages of mutant cells. (iii) It seems more than natural not to obtain such a result when considering selective mutation (λ(v) > λ(0)). Indeed, a selective mutation would mean that any time advantage is an advantage into growth. Thus the stochasticity of the mutational process can not be ignored as well as the one of the lineages of mutant cells. Hence hoping to control the stochasticity of the mutant population controlling only the randomness of the wild-type population and not the randomness of the mutational process as well as the one of the lineages of the mutant cells is vain. Meaning that using a martingale approach to get the first-order asymptotics can not be successful for a selective mutation. Nevertheless looking at the stochastic exponent (6) the martingale approach allows to get convergence results given in Theorem 2.2. (iv) In view of Theorem 2.1, the mathematical definition of neutral mutation λ(v) = λ(0) is well understood instead of the more restrictive but biologically more meaningful condition α(v) = α(0) and β(v) = β(0). Indeed, taking the growth rate λ(v) equal to λ(0) when changing birth and death rates α(v) and β(v) modify the distribution of any lineage of mutant cells. Consequently one could naturally believe that it should impact the stochasticity of the size order of the mutant population. This is not the case, the randomness on the first asymptotic order is fully summed up by W. Hence it is fully consistent with getting for the neutral assumption only a condition on the growth rate function instead of on the birth and death rates. (v) Considering the time-scale t (n) t notice that the result slightly differs depending on whether the vertex is neutral or deleterious. Indeed, when looking at the asymptotic behavior for a deleterious vertex v our result is true strictly after time t(v), whereas in the case of a neutral vertex all the trajectory from the initial time can be dealt with. Mathematically, this difference originates from the supplementary multiplicative log(n) factor in the first asymptotic order when considering a neutral mutation. It allows to control the quadratic variation at time t(v) for the martingale associated to the mutant population. Then exactly three different regimes are obtained, see (10) and (11) : 2.2 Result for a general finite oriented labeled graph This subsection is free from the non-increasing growth rate condition of Equation (5). Without this condition, the martingale approach fails in order to get the first-order asymptotics off all the mutant sub-populations. But, the stochastic exponent, as defined in (6), off all the mutant sub-populations can be uniformly tracked over time. In particular, we show that the limits are positive deterministic non-decreasing piecewise linear continuous functions. Such limits are defined via a recursive algorithm tracking their slopes over time. More precisely, we show that the slopes can only increase and take values on the set of the growth rates. Two different kinds of updates can be made. The first one is when a non-already born trait becomes alive and take the slope which is the maximum between its inner growth rate and the slope of the sub-population that is giving birth to it. The second one is when an already born trait changes it slope to increase it because another born trait among its upcoming neighbors with a higher slope has reached the typical size allowing it to now drive the trait in question, and consequently giving it its slope. This heuristic is made formal in the following theorem. The complexity of such an algorithm comes from the trait structure which is a general finite trait space. On a mono-directional one, this algorithm would be much easier. In particular, at the same time, the two kinds of event can happen. Theorem 2.2. For all v ∈ V define 0 < T1 < T2, Then we have for all Initialisation: Set A0 = {0}, U0 = V \{0} and for all v ∈ V For any other mathematical description as the one given in Section 4, see (78) and (79), the convergences are at least in distribution in D ([T1, T2]). The proof of this theorem is given in Section 5. It is heavily based on the proofs of [13], where we exploit the stochastic construction of such a model, given in the beginning of Section 4, to adapt the proofs of the previous article to the situation of the present work. For that reason, we introduce lemmas and explain in the proofs how the adaptations from the proofs of [13] are made, without reproving them. This theorem is the counterpart of the study made in [8] in the case of branching sub-populations, instead of having competition between sub-populations. One difference is that the power law mutation rates regime is a bit more general in the present work, allowing each mutation probabilities to scale differently. But, the result in [8] can be adapted with this more general regime, as mentioned by the authors.

Main Results and Biological Interpretation

God The Invisible King by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . MODERN IDEAS OF SIN AND DAMNATION MODERN IDEAS OF SIN AND DAMNATION 1. THE BIOLOGICAL EQUIVALENT OF SIN If the reader who is unfamiliar with scientific things will obtain and read Metchnikoff’s “Nature of Man,” he will find there an interesting summary of the biological facts that bear upon and destroy the delusion that there is such a thing as individual perfection, that there is even ideal perfection for humanity. With an abundance of convincing instances Professor Metchnikoff demonstrates that life is a system of “disharmonies,” capable of no perfect way, that there is no “perfect” dieting, no “perfect” sexual life, no “perfect” happiness, no “perfect” conduct. He releases one from the arbitrary but all too easy assumption that there is even an ideal “perfection” in organic life. He sweeps out of the mind with all the confidence and conviction of a physiological specialist, any idea that there is a perfect man or a conceivable perfect man. It is in the nature of every man to fall short at every point from perfection. From the biological point of view we are as individuals a series of involuntary “tries” on the part of an imperfect species towards an unknown end. Our spiritual nature follows our bodily as a glove follows a hand. We are disharmonious beings and salvation no more makes an end to the defects of our souls than it makes an end to the decay of our teeth or to those vestigial structures of our body that endanger our physical welfare. Salvation leaves us still disharmonious, and adds not an inch to our spiritual and moral stature. 2. WHAT IS DAMNATION? Let us now take up the question of what is Sin? and what we mean by the term “damnation,” in the light of this view of human reality. Most of the great world religions are as clear as Professor Metchnikoff that life in the world is a tangle of disharmonies, and in most cases they supply a more or less myth-like explanation, they declare that evil is one side of the conflict between Ahriman and Ormazd, or that it is the punishment of an act of disobedience, of the fall of man and world alike from a state of harmony. Their case, like his, is that THIS world is damned. We do not find the belief that superposed upon the miseries of this world there are the still bitterer miseries of punishments after death, so nearly universal. The endless punishments of hell appear to be an exploit of theory; they have a superadded appearance even in the Christian system; the same common tendency to superlatives and absolutes that makes men ashamed to admit that God is finite, makes them seek to enhance the merits of their Saviour by the device of everlasting fire. Conquest over the sorrow of life and the fear of death do not seem to them sufficient for Christ’s glory. Now the turning round of the modern mind from a conception of the universe as something derived deductively from the past to a conception of it as something gathering itself adventurously towards the future, involves a release from the supposed necessity to tell a story and explain why. Instead comes the inquiry, “To what end?” We can say without mental discomfort, these disharmonies are here, this damnation is here—inexplicably. We can, without any distressful inquiry into ultimate origins, bring our minds to the conception of a spontaneous and developing God arising out of those stresses in our hearts and in the universe, and arising to overcome them. Salvation for the individual is escape from the individual distress at disharmony and the individual defeat by death, into the Kingdom of God. And damnation can be nothing more and nothing less than the failure or inability or disinclination to make that escape. Something of that idea of damnation as a lack of the will for salvation has crept at a number of points into contemporary religious thought. It was the fine fancy of Swedenborg that the damned go to their own hells of their own accord. It underlies a queer poem, “Simpson,” by that interesting essayist upon modern Christianity, Mr. Clutton Brock, which I have recently read. Simpson dies and goes to hell—it is rather like the Cromwell Road—and approves of it very highly, and then and then only is he completely damned. Not to realise that one can be damned is certainly to be damned; such is Mr. Brock’s idea. It is his definition of damnation. Satisfaction with existing things is damnation. It is surrender to limitation; it is acquiescence in “disharmony”; it is making peace with that enemy against whom God fights for ever. (But whether there are indeed Simpsons who acquiesce always and for ever remains for me, as I have already confessed in the previous chapter, a quite open question. My Arminian temperament turns me from the Calvinistic conclusion of Mr. Brock’s satire.) 3. SIN IS NOT DAMNATION Now the question of sin will hardly concern those damned and lost by nature, if such there be. Sin is not the same thing as damnation, as we have just defined damnation. Damnation is a state, but sin is an incident. One is an essential and the other an incidental separation from God. It is possible to sin without being damned; and to be damned is to be in a state when sin scarcely matters, like ink upon a blackamoor. You cannot have questions of more or less among absolute things. It is the amazing and distressful discovery of every believer so soon as the first exaltation of belief is past, that one does not remain always in touch with God. At first it seems incredible that one should ever have any motive again that is not also God’s motive. Then one finds oneself caught unawares by a base impulse. We discover that discontinuousness of our apparently homogeneous selves, the unincorporated and warring elements that seemed at first altogether absent from the synthesis of conversion. We are tripped up by forgetfulness, by distraction, by old habits, by tricks of appearance. There come dull patches of existence; those mysterious obliterations of one’s finer sense that are due at times to the little minor poisons one eats or drinks, to phases of fatigue, ill-health and bodily disorder, or one is betrayed by some unanticipated storm of emotion, brewed deep in the animal being and released by any trifling accident, such as personal jealousy or lust, or one is relaxed by contentment into vanity. All these rebel forces of our ill-coordinated selves, all these “disharmonies,” of the inner being, snatch us away from our devotion to God’s service, carry us off to follies, offences, unkindness, waste, and leave us compromised, involved, and regretful, perplexed by a hundred difficulties we have put in our own way back to God. This is the personal problem of Sin. Here prayer avails; here God can help us. From God comes the strength to repent and make such reparation as we can, to begin the battle again further back and lower down. From God comes the power to anticipate the struggle with one’s rebel self, and to resist and prevail over it. 4. THE SINS OF THE INSANE An extreme case is very serviceable in such a discussion as this. It happens that the author carries on a correspondence with several lunatics in asylums. There is a considerable freedom of notepaper in these institutions; the outgoing letters are no doubt censored or selected in some way, but a proportion at any rate are allowed to go out to their addresses. As a journalist who signs his articles and as the author of various books of fiction, as a frequent NAME, that is, to any one much forced back upon reading, the writer is particularly accessible to this type of correspondent. The letters come, some manifesting a hopeless disorder that permits of no reply, but some being the expression of minds overlaid not at all offensively by a web of fantasy, and some (and these are the more touching ones and the ones that most concern us now) as sanely conceived and expressed as any letters could be. They are written by people living lives very like the lives of us who are called “sane,” except that they lift to a higher excitement and fall to a lower depression, and that these extremer phases of mania or melancholia slip the leash of mental consistency altogether and take abnormal forms. They tap deep founts of impulse, such as we of the safer ways of mediocrity do but glimpse under the influence of drugs, or in dreams and rare moments of controllable extravagance. Then the insane become “glorious,” or they become murderous, or they become suicidal. All these letter-writers in confinement have convinced their fellow-creatures by some extravagance that they are a danger to themselves or others. The letters that come from such types written during their sane intervals, are entirely sane. Some, who are probably unaware—I think they should know—of the offences or possibilities that justify their incarceration, write with a certain resentment at their position; others are entirely acquiescent, but one or two complain of the neglect of friends and relations. But all are as manifestly capable of religion and of the religious life as any other intelligent persons during the lucid interludes that make up nine-tenths perhaps of their lives. . . . Suppose now one of these cases, and suppose that the infirmity takes the form of some cruel, disgusting, or destructive disposition that may become at times overwhelming, and you have our universal trouble with sinful tendency, as it were magnified for examination. It is clear that the mania which defines his position must be the primary if not the cardinal business in the life of a lunatic, but his problem with that is different not in kind but merely in degree from the problem of lusts, vanities, and weaknesses in what we call normal lives. It is an unconquered tract, a great rebel province in his being, which refuses to serve God and tries to prevent him serving God, and succeeds at times in wresting his capital out of his control. But his relationship to that is the same relationship as ours to the backward and insubordinate parishes, criminal slums, and disorderly houses in our own private texture. It is clear that the believer who is a lunatic is, as it were, only the better part of himself. He serves God with this unconquered disposition in him, like a man who, whatever else he is and does, is obliged to be the keeper of an untrustworthy and wicked animal. His beast gets loose. His only resort is to warn those about him when he feels that jangling or excitement of the nerves which precedes its escapes, to limit its range, to place weapons beyond its reach. And there are plenty of human beings very much in his case, whose beasts have never got loose or have got caught back before their essential insanity was apparent. And there are those uncertifiable lunatics we call men and women of “impulse” and “strong passions.” If perhaps they have more self-control than the really mad, yet it happens oftener with them that the whole intelligent being falls under the dominion of evil. The passion scarcely less than the obsession may darken the whole moral sky. Repentance and atonement; nothing less will avail them after the storm has passed, and the sedulous preparation of defences and palliatives against the return of the storm. This discussion of the lunatic’s case gives us indeed, usefully coarse and large, the lines for the treatment of every human weakness by the servants of God. A “weakness,” just like the lunatic’s mania, becomes a particular charge under God, a special duty for the person it affects. He has to minimise it, to isolate it, to keep it out of mischief. If he can he must adopt preventive measures. . . . These passions and weaknesses that get control of us hamper our usefulness to God, they are an incessant anxiety and distress to us, they wound our self-respect and make us incomprehensible to many who would trust us, they discredit the faith we profess. If they break through and break through again it is natural and proper that men and women should cease to believe in our faith, cease to work with us or to meet us frankly. . . . Our sins do everything evil to us and through us except separate us from God. Yet let there be no mistake about one thing. Here prayer is a power. Here God can indeed work miracles. A man with the light of God in his heart can defeat vicious habits, rise again combative and undaunted after a hundred falls, escape from the grip of lusts and revenges, make head against despair, thrust back the very onset of madness. He is still the same man he was before he came to God, still with his libidinous, vindictive, boastful, or indolent vein; but now his will to prevail over those qualities can refer to an exterior standard and an external interest, he can draw upon a strength, almost boundless, beyond his own. 5. BELIEVE, AND YOU ARE SAVED But be a sin great or small, it cannot damn a man once he has found God. You may kill and hang for it, you may rob or rape; the moment you truly repent and set yourself to such atonement and reparation as is possible there remains no barrier between you and God. Directly you cease to hide or deny or escape, and turn manfully towards the consequences and the setting of things right, you take hold again of the hand of God. Though you sin seventy times seven times, God will still forgive the poor rest of you. Nothing but utter blindness of the spirit can shut a man off from God. There is nothing one can suffer, no situation so unfortunate, that it can shut off one who has the thought of God, from God. If you but lift up your head for a moment out of a stormy chaos of madness and cry to him, God is there, God will not fail you. A convicted criminal, frankly penitent, and neither obdurate nor abject, whatever the evil of his yesterdays, may still die well and bravely on the gallows to the glory of God. He may step straight from that death into the immortal being of God. This persuasion is the very essence of the religion of the true God. There is no sin, no state that, being regretted and repented of, can stand between God and man. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2016). God The Invisible King. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1046/1046-h/1046-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

What is the Biological Equivalent of Sin?

SEE WHY YOU NEED ARCBLOCK Several projects are being executed and implemented everyday with different integration of blockchain technology. I will be discussing a project which you must have probably heard of. This project is based on building decentralized blockchain apps. The name of the project is Arcblock. Luckily, this project happens to be the first Blockchain ecosystem to build and deploy decentralized application. What is Arcblock? ArcBlock is a stage and biological community for building and executing decentralized blockchain applications. The stage goes past giving the essential parts expected to utilize blockchain to fortify complex business rules. This project aims to expel a boundary that has moderated the selection of blockchain among the overall population. This platform just simply give life to decentralized blockchain applications. However, it doesn’t just offer the foundational components needed for the blockchain applications. In addition, ArcBlock has got the ability to power up complex business rules as well. It has the ability to get connected with the existing blockchain networks, which can automate most of the business processes. It interfaces existing frameworks with blockchain systems, empowering you to robotize business forms utilizing information and characters related with existing frameworks. Why Arcblock? I believe the reason for the conceptualization of this project is still being understated. The following are the prevailing problem as related to the blockchain which arcblock’s concept has the solution to this. ⦁ Shortcomings in the blockchain as related to performance — This can be considered as the most common problem associated with Blockchain technology. If you take a look at the Blockchain used by Bitcoin, you will realize that it has the ability to handle 7 transactions per second. However, the demands of customers in today’s world have become complex and it has become essential for the Blockchain technology to handle millions of transactions per second. ⦁ Not user friendly — UX plays a major role behind the lives of people who live out there in the world. However, the existing Blockchain technology is not user friendly. This can give life to a variety of issues when people are using the Blockchain technology for their needs in day to day life. ⦁Cost — The cost associated with Blockchain technology has also become a major difficulty. People will have to spend a considerable amount of money in order to adapt to the Blockchain technology and experience the benefits that come along with it in the long run. ⦁ Lack of features — The existing Blockchain technology lacks a lot of features needed by people to get started with. On the other hand, the expectations of people are increasing on a daily basis. Therefore, it has become important for the Blockchain technology to adopt the required changes needed and introduce the new features desired by people. ⦁Platform lock-in — Platform lock-in can also be considered as another disadvantage associated with ArcBlock. Developers who live out there in the world don’t prefer to be restricted to a specific technology. They are looking forward to achieve freedom to evaluate all available options and go for the best one out of them. ArcBlock has got the ability to provide solutions to all issues mentioned above. The revolutionary new design of ArcBlock platform is responsible for delivering such impressive results to the public. ArcBlock can be defined as a platform service. The solutions will be explained as we go on. Someone might want to note the fundamental difference between ArcBlock and Ethereum. ArcBlock is a computational platform for developing and deploying blockchain applications, while Ethereum is the embodiment of blockchain technology. They are related to each other, but, nevertheless, very different. ArcBlock is designed in terms of creating and running software. Despite the fact that ArcBlock is not an open source project, it is based on open standards. Developers plan to actively participate in various communities associated with the blockchain technology. ArcBlock is, in fact, a computing platform for creating and deploying blockchain applications for many other blockchain technologies. The ArcBlock itself is equipped with built-in blockchain technology. With ArcBlock, developers will also be able to create their own tokens, having all the functions of the ABT token. ARCBLOCK PLATFORM 3.0 AND HOW IT WORKS ArcBlock is a motivating force based market for administrations, parts, and even reusable applications. “Excavators” on ArcBlock stages not just bring processing assets, more than that helps fabricate stages together by giving reusable parts, new administrations, and even prepared to convey applications. Individuals who give assets or administrations will be remunerated with tokens to frame a developing, positive and self-managing stage that keeps on developing without anyone else’s input. ArcBlock stage benefit isn’t our own particular creation. It’s produced by the ArcBlock people group we’ve recently begun another blockchain transformation. The ArcBlock Introduction to Open Chain Access Protocol permits open network through numerous blockchain conventions. Engineers now have the flexibility to assess the blockchain convention, and even switch forward and backward between the two. Open Chain Access Protocol encourages the execution of new blockchains as innovation creates. This takes out key stage issues and gives applications a chance to keep running on a few kinds of square textures, enormously enhancing the engineer and client encounter. Blocklet is another progressive part that uses the most recent microservice designs and computational innovations without servers. Blocklet is an abnormal state application convention that can be executed with any stage or dialect. It uses the full limit of the first stage and offers a similar level of execution, as opposed to running on low-performing virtual machines. Blocklets are simply blockchains get to. It interfaces with existing information sources, and performs on-chain and off-chain figuring. Our one of a kind outline plans to give a high performing, easy to use, financially savvy, and convention symptomatic stage. We trust that ArcBlock is a noteworthy mechanical headway that will convey 3.0 age of blockchain applications. FINAL NOTE: This is just a short review on this project. I will be posting several other reviews on this particular project elaborating more on cogent information. LINKS TO THIS PROJECT: Website: [ANN] thread: Twitter Instgram Facebook Telegram LinkedIn Reddit Medium https://arcblock.io/ http://bit.ly/ABTANN https://twitter.com/ArcBlock_io https://www.instagram.com/arcblock/ https://www.facebook.com/arcblock.io/ https://t.me/ArcBlock https://www.linkedin.com/company/18355951/ https://www.reddit.com/r/arcblock/ https://medium.com/arcblock My Bitcointalk Profile link: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=1048662 My Youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoKb8l6T6TN3dk9_9CvTnvw

THE BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY FOR BUILDING DECENTRALIZED BLOCKCHIAN APPLICATION

In general, the biologically inspired innovation process is to identify a particular need or design problem, for example, ‘how can we create an effective non-toxic adhesive?’ and then to identify a biological analogy to learn from and be inspired by — to follow the example: a species that manages to stick itself to a surface in an effective way. The common or blue mussel ( ) manages to ‘glue’ itself to rocks in the intertidal zone where it is exposed to strong wave and current forces. Mytilus edulis Once we have identified a promising biological model, we study it in detail and explore what patterns, principles or processes can be emulated and abstracted to inform possible ideas on how to apply what we have learnt to our design challenge. The biological model can inspire innovation at different levels: either at the level of chemistry, form and function, process and pattern, or systemic integrations and synergies. At each of these levels we can find a series of biologically inspired design solutions. These are then applied to our prototype designs, tested, evaluated, and (if necessary) redesigned and optimized, until we reach a design solution that we are satisfied with. PureBond formaldehyde free plywood panels by Columbia Forest Products ( ) Image Source In our mussel example, Dr. Kaichang Li, from Oregon State University’s College of Forestry, found that the blue mussel’s ‘byssal threads’ are made of a special protein that acts as a very strong and at the same time flexible glue. Funded by Columbia Forest Products, Li applied biomimicry thinking and eventually managed to create a new kind of adhesive resin by modifying soy proteins to function in a similar way to the byssal threads of mussels. The biomimetic invention led to a way to create urea formaldehyde-free plywood panels, which in turn help to reduce the build-up of toxins in indoor environments where these products are used (Columbia Forest Products, 2014). Globally, we are at the cusp of a biologically inspired transformation of how we do business and innovate. In , serial entrepreneur and inventor Jay Harman (2013) shows how bio-inspired design is already transforming industry. The book offers hope for anyone still doubting that we are capable of co-creating regenerative cultures. The Shark’s Paintbrush — Biomimicry and how nature is inspiring innovation Jay Harman and are the inventors of the Lily Impeller and many other technological innovations inspired by biological form and flow in nature ( ) Pax Scientific Image Source Jay, the founder of Pax Scientific, has built-up, worked with and studied a number of different biomimetic businesses. He suggests that some of their defining characteristics are that they are built on transdisciplinary collaboration involving biologists, engineers and designers as well as entrepreneurs. He stresses that this creates a certain need for translation between the languages and perspectives of these different disciplines. “Bio-inspired solutions usually represent not just an incremental change to an existing technology but also a total rethink of how to solve a problem.” — Jay Harman, 2013: 219 Culture change takes time. Ground-breaking new technologies usually take at least 15 years to break into markets and replace established ways of doing things, but the transition towards bio-inspired technologies is already gaining speed. The numbers of registered innovations, publications on biomimicry and the amount of investment in biomimetic technologies have been growing rapidly over the last ten years (p.22). “Bio-inspired products already have generated billions of dollars in sales” (p.20). A 2010 predicted that, by 2025, biomimicry-based technologies and businesses could turnover a trillion US dollars (San Diego Zoo, 2010: 33). Many ethical investors are keen to invest in this growing sector (Katherine Collins, 2014). This shift in investment flows away from degenerative and towards regenerative investments actively contributes to the transition towards the “solar age” (Henderson, 2014) and the spread of regenerative culture. Ethical Biomimicry Finance offers support to such investors. study Major foundations in the USA and elsewhere are moving their investments out of fossil fuel sectors and into renewable energy, resilience building and innovation in biomimicry and green chemistry. When the heirs of an oil tycoon like John D. Rockefeller move their $870 million fund out of oil and gas investments, the writing is on the wall. Tim Dickinson reported in a article that “as climate-change activists pressure public institutions to dump their fossil-fuel investments, it’s becoming increasingly clear that the right thing to do is also the smart thing to do” (Dickinson, 2015). We are learning! Biomimetic innovation stands to benefit from this. Rolling Stone Biomimetic innovators aiming to bring transformative innovations and designs to existing markets will often hit the wall of . H1 management is concerned with keeping the existing business going and biomimetic innovation tends to be disruptive innovation. first horizon management It is also important to recognize that not all biomimetic innovation is necessarily sustainable. There is a lot of bio-inspired design advancing weapons and military technology. This is a clear example of disruptive innovation being captured by Horizon 1. Yet, by and large, biomimetic innovations have the inherent potential to be helping us build a bridge towards cultural transformation and systemic biomimicry, towards . H2+ innovations the third horizon of a regenerative culture “Biomimicry lays the groundwork for future profitability and by providing solutions that don’t create new problems; it offers something that short-term, cost saving solutions can’t.” — Jay Harman, 2013: 231 Jay Harman knows from his own experience that “bio-inspired business needs to be prepared for the long haul” (p.233), yet it has an important advantage. “Biomimicry offers the ultimate in performance — which industry is increasingly recognizing.” — Jay Harman (p.247) The team at Biomimicry 3.8 describes three levels of biomimicry: learning from nature’s patterns; learning from nature’s processes; and learning from nature at the level of ecosystems. Each of these different levels can be applied to different scales of biologically inspired design. As I already mentioned, one of the great transitions of the 21st century will be the shift towards a solar chemistry inspired by the way that life creates effective chemical compounds based on renewable energy and material resources. ‘Green chemistry’ and biologically inspired material science are important foundations of design for regenerative cultures. Other scales of design to which we can apply biomimicry thinking are: product design, architecture, community design, industrial ecology, urban planning, and bioregionally centred circular economies. Figure 10 illustrates the different scales of design and how different design approaches reach across these scales in an attempt to connect them in a scale-linking manner. Let’s explore some examples at these different scales of design in more detail. Firgure 10: The scales of regenerative design and innovation (From ‘ ’ by Dr. Daniel Christian Wahl) Designing Regenerative Cultures … [This is an excerpt of a subchapter from , published by Triarchy Press, 2016.] Designing Regenerative Cultures Zygote Quarterly is a publication focused on biologically inspired design and innovation. Here is and interview with Daniel Christian Wahl from ZQ17, 2016 Daniel Christian Wahl works internationally as a consultant and educator in regenerative development, whole systems design, and transformative innovation. He holds degrees in biology (Univ. of Edinburgh / Univ. of California) and Holistic Science (Schumacher College) and his 2006 doctoral thesis (Univ. of Dundee) was on Design for Human and Planetary Health. He was director of Findhorn College between 2007 and 2010, and is a member of the International Futures Forum, a fellow of the RSA, a Findhorn Foundation Fellow and on the advisory council of the Ojai Foundation and the Ecosystem Restoration Camps Foundation. Daniel’s clients have included UNITAR (with CIFAL Scotland), UK Foresight (with Decision Integrity Ltd), Ecover (with Forum for the Future), Bioneers (with the Progressio Foundation, and with the Findhorn Foundation), the Dubai Futures Foundation (with Tellart), The Commonwealth Secretariat (with Cloudburst Foundation), Gaia Education, the Global Ecovillage Network, the State of the World Forum, Balears.t, Camper, LUSH and many educational NGOs, universities, and design schools. He is co-founder of Biomimicry Iberia (2012), and has been collaborating with ‘SmartUIB’ at the University of the Balearic Islands since 2014, and works part-time as Gaia Education’s ‘Head of Design & Innovation’ since 2015. His recent book Designing Regenerative Cultures , published by Triarchy Press in the UK in May 2016, has already gained international acclaim, and his blog on Medium has a large international readership.

Biologically inspired innovation

Starting at the scale of material science with new textiles, coatings and paints, the examples of biomimetic product design include improved medical tools, fans, propulsion mechanisms, vehicles, trains, boats, planes, renewable energy systems, smart meters, desalination technologies, carpets, windows and packaging systems; to name just a few of the breathtaking varieties of biologically inspired products on the market today. Let us explore a few of these innovations. What can butterflies teach us about colours without pigments and dye? Butterflies in the genus can be recognized by their iridescent blue-toned colour which is not based on pigments but on how the surface structure of their wings diffracts and scatters light. The diverse species in this genus deploy colour to attract attention. Donna Sgro, an Australian fashion designer has created three dresses from a fabric called Morphotex, a pigment-free and dye-free textile developed by Tejin Fibres Limited in Japan. This iridescent blue material draws its colour from optical interference (Vanderbilt, 2012) based on the way fibres of different thickness and structure are inter-woven (Ask Nature, 2015a). Morpho There are many examples of how nature has evolved functional surfaces based on their structure at the nano-scale. The micro-topography of the lotus leaf makes it extremely hydrophobic and therefore water repellent. This creates self-cleaning properties resulting in dirt-free surfaces. The leaf of the lotus ( ) forces water into droplets rather than letting it stick to it. These droplets then roll off, collecting dirt particles in the process (Ask Nature, 2015b). In 1982 Wilhelm Barthlott applied this biomimetic insight to the creation of a self-cleaning paint which is sold under the brand name Lotusan and is now used on hundreds of thousands of buildings. Nelumbo nucifera What can we learn from sharkskin in the design of functional surfaces? Sharks are the fastest swimming marine organisms. This is due not only to their effective streamlined shapes, but also to their special skin that is covered in small teeth ( ) instead of scales. These denticles are aligned to produce vortices, spiral-shaped eddies that flow along the body of the shark, reducing friction (drag) as the animal glides through the water. Innovators at applied this principle to the design of a revolutionary new swim suit which caused a stir at the 2000 Olympics when 80% of the medals were won by swimmers wearing this shark-skin inspired material. The Fastskin suits gave swimmers the advantage of a 3% increase in swimming speed (Waller, 2012). The suit has since been banned for competitions. dermal denticles Speedo Aqualab California-based Sharklet Technologies, has create a thin-film covered in microscopic diamond-shaped plates, which mimic the surface structure of shark-skin and effectively stop potentially dangerous microorganisms from establishing themselves on surfaces covered with this film. This method does not attack or kill the bacteria, but simply makes it so difficult to stay attached to these surfaces that they cannot form colonies and spread. As a result, this approach unlike the use of antibiotics will not create resistant microbes (Cooper, 2009). This is important as the spread of so called ‘super-bugs’ like MRSA and other potentially fatal strains of and is one of the growing concerns of the World Health Organization. Sharklet Technologies is collaborating with the US Navy to create an alternative to copper-based paints now in use as marine anti- fouling agents (Sharklet Technologies, 2015). Replacing such paints would not only drastically reduce a major source of marine pollution, but also keep ships’ hulls free of attached barnacles and algae which reduce their fuel consumption by preventing drag. — — Staphylococcus Escherichia coli Biomimetic design can be inspired by biological materials and by the surface structures and body shape or form of certain species. In 2004, a team of engineers at the Mercedes-Benz Technology Centre and at Daimler Chrysler Research decided to develop a bionic concept vehicle, looking for ways to optimize the mono-volume approach with aerodynamic performance and strength. The biological model from which they drew their design inspiration and lessons was the boxfish ( ). Surprisingly the cube-shaped body of this tropical fish is extremely streamlined. Models of the fish tested in a wind-tunnel achieved wind drag coefficients of just 0.06, an aerodynamic ideal. The resulting full-scale concept car was among the most aerodynamic vehicles in this size category ever developed. According to Daimler, fuel consumption was reduced by 20%. Ostracion cubicus In addition to taking inspiration from the boxfish’s aerodynamic shape, the team also studied the strength-to-weight ratio of the skeletal structure of the fish that gives it optimal strength with minimal material (weight) use. Again according to Daimler, transferring the optimized skeletal design of the boxfish to the concept car allowed the engineers to increase the rigidity of the external door panelling by 40% compared to conventional designs and led to a reduction of one third in the overall weight without diminishing strength or crash safety (Daimler Chrysler AG, 2004). Can whales teach us to build more effective windmills? The inventor Frank Fish studied the humps on the front edge of the fins of humpback whales ( ). He discovered that these so-called tubercles compress the fluid flowing past the fins, giving the whales extra lift and propulsion to engage in their breathtaking ‘breaching’ when these animals (weighing up to 36 tonnes) propel themselves out of the water. Megaptera novaeangliae The Whalepower Corporation is now applying this insight to the design of new fans with improved efficiency and wind-generator blades that increase the power output at a given wind regime. The technology can also be retrofitted on existing turbine blades. The application of this tubercle technology to the aircraft industry might result in more efficient planes with more lift. Maybe humpback whales will inspire the next step in aircraft efficiency? There are already many biomimetic designs in the airline industry. Swans inspired the Concorde’s distinctive nose, for example, and the up-turned wing tips now common on most aeroplanes are turbulence-reducing measures inspired by birds of prey. One of the most famous examples of biomimicry-based innovation is the Shinkansen 500- series bullet train that was made faster, more energy efficient, and quieter by using design principles copied from the beak of a Kingfisher ( ) (Ask Nature, 2015c). Many fast and efficient train designs have since been based on the aerodynamic shapes of other birds like the Spanish AVE 102 series with a locomotive that was shaped like a duck’s bill. Alcedo atthis Learning from natural processes does not have to be limited to mimicking specific species, but can also be based on the general patterns and processes we can observe in nature. Jay Harman spent time as a designer of boats. His love for the ocean and obsession with the way water flows inspired him to study the ‘streamlining principle’ behind the formation of whirlpools. Learning from the geometries formed by flowing and whirling water, Harman created PAX Scientific to bring the exceptional efficiencies of natural flow to fluid-handling technology like mixers, pumps, turbines, heat exchangers, ducts and propellers. One of the company’s products, the Lilly Impeller, is a highly efficient water-mixing device based on these principles. Other examples include more efficient fans for cooling applications, ship propulsion systems and a new kind of desalination system. — The Lily Impeller ( ) PaxWater Technologies Source The list of biologically inspired product design innovations is almost inexhaustible. These examples simply illustrate the diversity of applications of biomimicry at the product scale. There are many more. [This is an excerpt of a subchapter from ,published by Triarchy Press, 2016.] Designing Regenerative Cultures

Biologically inspired product design

A time is coming when your thoughts will be the only activity you need to get things done. Have you ever been so caught up with work, you don't want to move a muscle? You are not willing to use your voice because you feel the ideas will escape once you do. So, what do you do when you suddenly wish your favorite songs were playing at that moment, but you feel too lazy to pick up your phone or call Siri's attention to turn on your playlist? If only your thoughts could make the orders, right? Here, you are thinking, "Siri, play me 'Easy on Me' by Adele" and seconds later the sound fills your workspace. Then you think, "Nope, too low. Siri, increase the volume to 10", and the volume gets adjusted to suit what’s on your mind perfectly. Your brain alone processes commands without any effort from your mouth. I guess that can be seen as a grand breakthrough in the history of neuroscience—or probably not! Let's find out what this means for the world collectively. What Exactly is Neurocomputing? Neurocomputing is a branch of neuroscience that deals with the examination of brain patterns and activities. It is a subfield of cognitive neuroscience that scientifically studies the biological mechanisms and reactions of the brain to different experiences. The term applies to the process of reading, analyzing, and interpreting brain activities by utilizing brain sensors and an imaging framework to examine how our brain reacts in response to different emotions. This is usually through the use of a Brain-Computer Interface Device. The framework, in this case, is called the "triad,” a 3-step process of emotion-valuation, sensory-motor, and meaning-knowledge evaluation. With the introduction of Al, neuroscientists hit a new milestone with brain activity studies. The Rise of Neurocomputing Would you have ever imagined that one day, the content of your thoughts could be read by devices? Science fiction? Sure! Why not? We see a lot of that. But reality? That's almost impossible (or so we thought). Lie detectors were the most mind readers, but they can never detect what your thoughts are word by word. However, technology always seems to awe us as time progresses because the technology we once thought only existed in movies is right here! The use of brainwave-controlled devices to read minds began with the invention of Electro Encephalogram (EEG) in the 1900s. History has it that the German psychiatrist, Hans Berger, created the in neurosurgery. first EEG brain recording These devices, fitted with sensors, were used mostly to monitor and record a patient's brain activity. When placed on your scalp, the sensors pick up electrical signals produced by the brain, which can be interpreted. Around 2008, consumer-focused EEG became commercialized for public use. and —both tech companies—were among the early players in this scene as they released EEG headsets with the promise to create mind-controlled video games. NeuroSky Emotive Furthermore, it began being tested in other areas besides video games, like how it could be used to control your phone or other activities by companies like and . iBrain Muse Relief from Brain-Computer Interfaces Technology Innovations and advanced companies like Meta and Neuralink notched it up with their research into Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) - a technology that can pick thoughts directly from brain neurons and translate them into words. This technology uses AI algorithms to read brain activity and decode emotions into words. Between 2017 and 2019, Meta began funding . As of March 2022, the funded Nature Neuroscience, UCSF researchers achieved brain-to-text decoding with an average error rate as low as 3% when it was tested with vocabularies of up to 300 words—a huge advancement from previous studies. this technology research into At the same time, Elon Musk's Neuralink is already making a good deal of progress with its flexible ultra-thin threads that can be implanted directly into the brain, enabling the carrier to control their gadgets/devices with their thoughts. This is already being tested on paraplegics. The technology has been very much welcomed by paralytic patients who need to gain a good level of control over their lives again. Neuralink has already begun testing the brain threads on paraplegics. Case Study of Neurocomputing Although this technological concept sounds somewhat new, neurocomputing has been in the research and development stage for years, and test-flight gadgets are already being produced. The possibilities of mind reading and brainwave-controlled gadgets are endless. Scientists continue to look into ways to integrate them into our lives, experimenting across various sectors with the possible use of non-invasive EEG devices and BCIs. Many of these experiments are often procedures aimed at helping the physically and mentally disabled to communicate their needs and gain some control over their lives. The world is not new to cases of patients who can not speak due to sicknesses, paralysis, stroke, or just being born that way. So when, for the first time in history, researchers at the GrapheneX-UTS Human-centric Artificial Intelligence Centre, University of Technology Sydney, invented a portable non-invasive device that could translate thoughts into words, it was seen as a breakthrough in neurocomputing. Breakthrough at the GrapheneX-UTS Human-centric Artificial Intelligence Centre: At the time, though, the accuracy was questionable, but with the initial goal achieved, it would only take more years of developing it to increase its accuracy rating. We already find Meta and Neuralink taking up this task with BCIs and electron threads. Evolving neurocomputing also makes smooth communication possible between humans and machines, be it our gadgets, robots, or prosthetic arms. The history of neurocomputing and brain-controlled devices left a remarkable mark in the FIFA 2014 World Cup when, for the first time, the symbolic kick-off event for the tournament was led and completed by a paraplegic man using an advanced assisted mobility technology—a brain-controlled exoskeleton. The FIFA 2014 World Cup Kick-Off Event: This technology, by , a collaborative invention of over 100 scientists from around the world, made use of a set of non-invasive electrodes to read the brain signals from the paraplegic and transmit them to the lightweight exoskeleton triggering movements that helped the man complete the kick-off successfully. The Walk Again Project In the same year of the FIFA World Cup kick-off event, the director of the Center for Neuromodulation, Ohio State University, Dr. Ali Rezai, performed a on 26-year-old quadriplegic Ian Burkhart. Paralyzed Ian Burkhart Regained Mobility: life-changing surgery The surgery involved implanting a tiny 4 x 4 mm microchip into Burkhart's motor cortex, used alongside an electrical sleeve and purpose-made algorithms. This allowed the sensors to trigger his thoughts to control his hands and fingers while bypassing his damaged spinal cord. It was a success. This is not the only successful brain implant in the history of neurocomputing; a man paralyzed from the shoulders down has also been able to regain control of his paralyzed muscles by bypassing the injured spinal cord with the into his motor cortex. implantation of two aspirin-sized 96-channel electrode arrays EEG devices and BCIs are greatly contributing to improved quality of life for disabled people. Other Notable Strides: But we can't say that brain-controlled and mind-reading devices are only for the sick and disabled. These devices could also be used to carry out other tasks/activities for the good of everyone: BBC and This Place teamed up to create a mind-reading headset to enable its user to control the with their thoughts—goodbye to remote controls. BBC iPlayer A team led by an Associate Professor at the KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, . Suk-Won Hwang, developed E-Glasses This prototype eyeglass is made up of flexible electrode sensors located between the ears and eyes of the wearer. First, the electrodes consist of an EEG to monitor the brain's electrical activity and an ElectroOculogram (EOG) to track eye movements and transmit both from the glasses to a device for processing and interpretation. This glass can be used to monitor the mental health of the wearer, help them control games with their eyes, and turn on and off the sunglasses mode when the wearer needs it. Nissan and NASA are working together to build a self-driving robot car technology called that can read, monitor, and measure a driver's brain activity to know if he/she is alert to drive or not. Mind Sense In an exciting twist of things, in 2013, NASA came up with the crazy idea of using . Together with scientists from the University of Essex, they launched a project to control a virtual spaceship with the mind. BCIs to control planetary rovers A competition was held in 2016 by neuroscientists at the University of Florida, a competition that had pilot flying their drones to the finish line by using their minds. Brain Drone Race And the list goes on and on. But like every other technology and thing that exists, there will always be pros and cons to consider. The Ethical Considerations of Neurocomputing Neurocomputing is a technology that is already transforming lives, especially for paraplegics, who, in many cases, have been able to get robotic body parts that can be controlled with their minds or bypass spinal cord injuries to stimulate their bodies into motion through brain neuron implants. People who couldn't talk can now communicate their feelings and what they want/need and interact through mind-reading gadgets. For everyone else abled people, organizations, and companies that wish to apply these gadgets in their daily lives or their various sectors, it is very much achievable. It can bring "ease" into certain activities and, perhaps, create a more quiet world. However, the implantation of invasive BCIs into the brain involves a surgical procedure that is almost too risky to be considered. The brain is a fragile organ; damage to it can lead to mental abnormalities or even brain death. As such, the risk of brain implants makes this technology far-fetched for fully functional humans. Paraplegics, on the other hand, can wager these procedures because of the quest to have a better quality of life. A delicate situation, but if that is what it takes for them not to be stuck in a static world at the mercy of others, it is worth the risky shot. This is why BCIs by companies like Neuralink and Meta, although envisioned to cater to all and sundry, are more appealing to the paralytic section of the world at the moment. Because of these concerns, scientists are looking back into non-invasive methods of mind reading. Last year, researchers at the , University of Technology Sydney, invented a portable, non-invasive cap-like device that could translate thoughts into words when placed on the head. GrapheneX-UTS Human-centric Artificial Intelligence Centre Additionally, scientists from the University of Texas, Austin, developed to translate the thoughts in one's brain into actual speech by monitoring the brain's activity involving the use of fMRI and Al language models. a non-invasive technique The accuracy of these techniques was average. However, with the intended goal achieved, it would only take more years of development to increase its accuracy. Still, no one wants to walk around carrying a headpiece with cords sticking out, and neither can they carry fMRI machines all day. Hence, there is a need for less obvious, non-intrusive devices or less risky invasive BCIs. While the world can be swamped by Brainwave-controlled devices that read our minds, it poses serious concerns. One day, like every other day, we'll be carrying out activities with silent thoughts all in our heads, but this is the sad part: organizations would be able to read, monitor, store, access, and use these thoughts when needed. As tragic as this sounds, it is already in progress. The thoughts in our brain are currently our only inaccessible assets, our privacy safe, our most intimate thoughts, and our personal identity—no one should be able to access our minds. Data Privacy: But with the recent discoveries and technologies in neuroscience, this intrinsic privacy may be breached sooner than we know, leaving us truly vulnerable to Big Tech companies and organizations. If we lose control of our minds, if any company can spy into our thoughts, what else do we have left of ourselves? Just like we have on the internet, companies would be able to buy and access our brain data for targeted marketing. The first appeal for every product starts with the brain. You may not be able to say it, but you can think it accurately. Imagine advertisers having that exact information just as we feel it; then, they will be able to market their products in a practically irresistible way. Neurocomputing and mind-reading devices would make brain data available on a massive scale, and this is also very detrimental to us. Think about it; aside from compelling advertising, how safe are you? The brain is where all your secrets lie: your passwords, location, investments, amount of money you own, where you saved your assets, etc. A brain data hack would mean a loss too great to bear. The argument of some neuroscientists that the potential for misuse of neurocomputing and mind reading is so great that there needs to be a revamp of the human rights laws to protect us all is valid. Because this technology has what it takes to interfere with our most basic rights, the current laws are not fully equipped to salvage the situation; we need a new "jurisprudence of the mind" for our protection. So, in all, our biggest challenge is privacy and safety! What's the future? A quiet world. Maybe what we need? Or maybe not. Elon Musk and his company, Neuralink, have been at the forefront, pushing the concept of neurocomputing beyond the idea of it being the help for paraplegics only. For Musk, it would take conceptual interactions to a whole new level where words and conversations don't have to be verbalized, just thought. He calls it "consensual telepathy,” a realm where your speech becomes completely unnecessary. You can walk into a room with people conversing but not conversing because their thoughts are flying invisibly between them. Reading that now, it does sound uncanny. What becomes of our speech? Oh! I know what you are thinking, "there would never be a day when our speech isn't needed,” and of course, that's somewhat true. But come to think of it, before the advent of mobile phones, would there have been a day we thought we'd be so glued to these gadgets we'd rarely appreciate physical communication and rather be embedded in virtual conversations? I don't think so. When all you need is your thoughts to perform the most basic activities like ordering a coffee from a cafe, asking your friend to pass you the popcorn at a movie, communicating a proposal to your boss, conversing verbally on a date, etc., you may slowly lose touch of actual words. Almost the same way, we are slowly losing touch with writing on paper because we'd rather type into our computers, tablets, or phones. Well, there's no denying the fact that it sounds pretty interesting, too. You'd never have to say you don't know how to express yourself because your mind will do all the expressing for you where words would have escaped you. The concept of your feelings will flow just as you feel them, and no matter how disgruntled they are, your receiver will get the exact message with the fear, excitement, contempt, and all the fleeting emotions - conveyed just as it is. Also, the advancement of this technology would eliminate the language barrier. Whatever we think can be communicated directly to the recipient in whatever language desired. What neurocomputing proposes for the future is both unsettling and intriguing, but we really can't stop technology from evolving, and neither can we stop the future. We only hope that measures are instituted to mitigate the cons while we hope for the best.

From Science Fiction to Reality: The Promise of Neurocomputing and Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs)

কল্পবিজ্ঞান থেকে বাস্তবে: নিউরোকম্পিউটিং এবং ব্রেন-কম্পিউটার ইন্টারফেসের প্রতিশ্রুতি (BCIs)

Von der Science-Fiction zur Realität: Das Versprechen von Neurocomputing und Brain-Computer-Interfaces (BCIs)

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