CI/CD Hands-On: A Simple But Functional Continuous Deployment Workflow [Part 2]

Manual deployments are not error-prone. Moreover, they consist of a bunch of repetitive and complex tasks. The development teams are afraid of the complexity of deploying a new version of an application and the headaches it brings. Sometimes, deploying an application requires advanced platform skills. It is a tedious process to debug deployment issues. FluxCD helps you to reduce the effort dedicated to manual and repetitive tasks. It also minimizes the deployment errors and human interactions. It offers tools to track and update the state of your deployments using declarative files, making the deployment and debugging process easier for your development teams. This article explores the automation of your deployment processes to transform them into continuous deployment processes using FluxCD, Flagger, and Grafana. Check the first article to learn more about continuously delivering an application: CI/CD Hands-On: A Simple But Functional Continuous Integration Workflow [Part 1]. GitHub Example: https://github.com/j04n-f/continious-deployment-example Introduction Use KinD and Terraform to set up the Kubernetes cluster. First of all, create the cluster and export the Kubernetes configuration to set the Kubernetes provider: $ kind create cluster --name develop $ kind export kubeconfig --name develop --kubeconfig kubeconfig Create a new GitHub repository and a developer token with repository permissions, Terrafom requires it to setup FluxCD. Initialize Terraform and apply the changes: $ terraform init $ terraform apply -var="github_owner=owner_name" -var="github_repository=repo_name" # Introduce your GitHub token Once Terraform finishes the installation process, you should have FluxCD running in your KinD cluster and a new folder named cluster in your repository. Terraform Under the hood, Terraform installs MetalLB and configures the IP range. You can read more about the MetalLB configuration in the first part of the article: resource "helm_release" "metallb" { name = "metallb" repository = "https://metallb.github.io/metallb" chart = "metallb" } data "docker_network" "kind" { name = "kind" } resource "kubectl_manifest" "kind-address-pool" { yaml_body = yamlencode({ "apiVersion" : "metallb.io/v1beta1", "kind" : "IPAddressPool", "metadata" : { "name" : "kind-address-pool" }, "spec" : { "addresses" : [replace(tolist(data.docker_network.kind.ipam_config)[0].subnet, ".0.0/16", ".255.0/24")] } }) depends_on = [helm_release.metallb] } resource "kubectl_manifest" "kind-advertisement" { yaml_body = <<YAML apiVersion: metallb.io/v1beta1 kind: L2Advertisement metadata: name: kind-advertisement YAML depends_on = [helm_release.metallb] } Then, it installs FLuxCD Helm Chart and configures the GitHub repository to use FluxCD: resource "helm_release" "flux" { repository = "https://fluxcd-community.github.io/helm-charts" chart = "flux2" name = "flux2" namespace = "flux-system" create_namespace = true version = "2.9.2" } resource "tls_private_key" "flux" { depends_on = [helm_release.flux] algorithm = "ECDSA" ecdsa_curve = "P256" } resource "github_repository_deploy_key" "flux" { depends_on = [tls_private_key.flux] title = "Flux" repository = var.github_repository key = tls_private_key.flux.public_key_openssh read_only = "false" } resource "flux_bootstrap_git" "this" { depends_on = [github_repository_deploy_key.flux] path = "clusters/develop" } Pre-commit Hook Suggestions: Terraform (https://github.com/antonbabenko/pre-commit-terraform): TFSec: Static analysis for Terraform to spot potential misconfigurations TFLint: Static format checker for Terraform Detect Secrets (https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets): Preventing new secrets from entering the code base. FluxCD FluxCD is a GitOps tool to keep a Kubernetes cluster with the latest source control changes (like Git repositories). Flux automates the deployment of new code. Once Flux is running in the cluster, let’s see how it works. We will deploy ingress-nginx as an ingress provider. Flux does not enforce the project folder structure. You can configure it as you wish or follow your preferred standard. Create a folder named base inside a folder named infrastructure. The base folder has the basic infrastructure configuration for all your clusters. Next, create a folder named ingress-nginx. Use the namespace name as the folder name. --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: ingress-ngnix --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: ingress-nginx spec: interval: 2h url: https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: ingress-nginx spec: interval: 15m chart: spec: chart: ingress-nginx version: 4.7.1 sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: ingress-nginx interval: 15m --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: ingress-ngnix resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml Use multiple files to define your objects: helmrelease.yaml, helmrepository.yaml, namespace.yaml, kustomization.yaml, etc. The Kustomization reads and processes the resources to apply them. Last but not least, you need to create a Kustomization object to synchronize your cluster configuration. Create a YAML file named infrastructure.yaml inside the cluster/cluster_name folder: --- apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1 kind: Kustomization metadata: name: infra-base namespace: flux-system spec: interval: 1h retryInterval: 1m timeout: 5m sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system path: ./infrastructure/base prune: true wait: true After committing and pushing your changes to your repository, Flux will reconcile the cluster status to install the ingress-nginx Helm Chart. Flagger Flagger is a Kubernetes operator that delivers progressively your application using blue/green deployments, canary release, or A/B testing. You can use the base folder to install your stack into all your clusters or use a different one to customize your installation depending on the cluster. For example, we want to install Flagger only into the development cluster. Create a new folder using your cluster name inside the infrastructure folder. Then, create a file named infrastructure.yaml into your cluster/cluster_name: --- apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1 kind: Kustomization metadata: name: infra-cluster-name namespace: flux-system spec: dependsOn: - name: infra-base interval: 1h retryInterval: 1m timeout: 5m sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system path: ./infrastructure/cluster_name prune: true FluxCD will synchronize the cluster status after applying the infra-base Kustomization. Install Flagger, creating the following YAML file inside the infrastructure/cluster_name/flagger-system folder: --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: flagger-system --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: flagger spec: interval: 1h url: https://flagger.app --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: flagger spec: interval: 1h install: crds: CreateReplace upgrade: crds: CreateReplace chart: spec: chart: flagger version: 1.x.x interval: 6h sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: flagger --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: flagger-loadtester spec: interval: 1h chart: spec: chart: loadtester version: 0.x.x interval: 6h sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: flagger --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: flagger-system resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml Continuous Deployment To build the Podinfo application continuous deployment pipeline, create the installation YAML file into the apps/cluster_name/podinfo*:* --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: podinfo --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: podinfo spec: interval: 5m url: https://stefanprodan.github.io/podinfo --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: podinfo spec: releaseName: podinfo chart: spec: chart: podinfo version: 6.5.0 sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: podinfo interval: 50m install: remediation: retries: 3 values: ingress: enabled: true className: nginx hpa: enabled: true --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml You can use the update hosts Python script to update your local environment hosts, as explained in the first part of the article. Then, create the Kustomization file into the cluster/cluster_name folder to synchronize your apps: --- apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1 kind: Kustomization metadata: name: apps namespace: flux-system spec: interval: 10m0s dependsOn: - name: infra-cluster-name sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system path: ./apps/cluster_name prune: true wait: true timeout: 5m0s Next, we can configure FluxCD to auto-update the Podinfo image Helm Chart version. To configure the image auto-update, we need to create an image repository to scan for new image tags, an image update policy to define the version pattern to update, and an image auto-update to configure the repository to push the change. --- apiVersion: image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: ImageRepository metadata: name: podinfo-chart spec: image: ghcr.io/stefanprodan/charts/podinfo interval: 5m --- apiVersion: image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: ImagePolicy metadata: name: podinfo-chart spec: imageRepositoryRef: name: podinfo-chart policy: semver: range: 6.x.x --- apiVersion: image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: ImageUpdateAutomation metadata: name: podinfo-chart spec: interval: 30m sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system namespace: flux-system git: checkout: ref: branch: main commit: author: email: fluxcdbot@users.noreply.github.com name: fluxcdbot messageTemplate: 'chore(develop): update podinfo chart to {{range .Updated.Images}}{{println .}}{{end}}' push: branch: main update: path: ./apps/cluster_name/podinfo strategy: Setters --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: [...] - imagepolicy.yaml - imagerepository.yaml - imageautoupdate.yaml Finally, apply the image update policy to the image or tag you want to update: apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: podinfo spec: releaseName: podinfo chart: spec: chart: podinfo version: 6.5.0 # {"$imagepolicy": "podinfo:podinfo-chart:tag"} sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: podinfo interval: 50m install: remediation: retries: 3 Whenever Podinfo Chart has a new version in the range of 6.x.x, FluxCD will push a commit to the repository, updating the current version with the newer one. Canary Release Release a new application version to a small subset of users to ensure that the application functionality, performance, and security are the expected ones. FluxCD automatically updates the Chart version and makes it available to the users. In case of a failure, FluxCD automatically rollbacks the image version to the previous one. Flagger progressively delivers the new application version to a subset of users and monitors the application status. It creates a new deployment for the new application versions and progressively redirects the incoming traffic to the new deployment. It will promote the canary deployment after a successful analysis of the metrics. In case of a failure, Flagger deletes the new deployment and reestablishs the traffic flow to the old deployment. This process pretends to detect defects, issues, and errors before delivering the application to all its users. First, create a metric template to let Flagger know which is the application status. We use Prometheus to measure the request success rate: --- apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1 kind: MetricTemplate metadata: name: podinfo-request-success-rate spec: provider: type: prometheus address: http://loki-stack-prometheus-server.loki-stack:80 query: | 100 - sum( rate( http_requests_total{ app_kubernetes_io_name="podinfo", namespace="{{ namespace }}", status!~"5.*" }[{{ interval }}] ) ) / sum( rate( http_requests_total{ app_kubernetes_io_name="podinfo", namespace="{{ namespace }}", }[{{ interval }}] ) ) * 100 --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: [...] - metrictemplate.yaml Then, define the canary release process. We use nginx as the provider to shape the incoming traffic. Flagger offers multiple ways and tools to configure your releases. --- apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1 kind: Canary metadata: name: podinfo spec: provider: nginx targetRef: apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment name: podinfo ingressRef: apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1 kind: Ingress name: podinfo autoscalerRef: apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2 kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler name: podinfo progressDeadlineSeconds: 60 service: port: 9898 targetPort: 9898 analysis: interval: 10s threshold: 10 maxWeight: 50 stepWeight: 5 metrics: - name: podinfo-request-success-rate thresholdRange: min: 99 interval: 1m webhooks: - name: acceptance-test type: pre-rollout url: http://flagger-loadtester.flagger-system/ timeout: 30s metadata: type: bash cmd: curl -sd 'test' http://podinfo-canary.podinfo:9898/token | grep token - name: load-test url: http://flagger-loadtester.flagger-system/ timeout: 5s metadata: cmd: hey -z 1m -q 10 -c 2 http://podinfo-canary.podinfo:9898/healthz --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: [...] - canary.yaml Flagger requires the references to your deployment, ingress, and pod auto-escaler. Whenever Flagger detects a new version, it will scale up the deployment, create a primary and secondary service, and configure nginx to send the incoming traffic to the corresponding service. Use the maxWeight and stepWeight properties to configure the maximum traffic redirection percentage and incremental step percentage. Load-test your application using Flagger hooks. It has multiple hooks. The acceptance hooks check the canary deployment readiness, and the load test hook generates constant incoming traffic. Flagger will monitor the canary release status using the pre-defined success rate metric to decide the canary deployment promotion case. Flagger expects a 99% request success rate to promote the canary deployment. Use the threshold property to configure a maximum number of failed metric checks before rollback. Monitoring Use Loki stack to monitor the status of the cluster resources using Grafana + Loki + Prometheus. Install the Loki stack by creating the following YAML file inside the infrastructure/cluster_name/loki-stack folder: --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: loki-stack --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: grafana spec: interval: 2h url: https://grafana.github.io/helm-charts --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: loki-stack spec: interval: 1h chart: spec: chart: loki-stack version: v2.9.11 sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: grafana interval: 1h values: grafana: enabled: true ingress: enabled: true annotations: kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx hosts: - grafana.local prometheus: enabled: true nodeExporter: enabled: true --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: loki-stack resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml The Loki stack installation enables the Grafana Ingress to access Grafana, Prometheus to gather your environment metrics, and Node Exporter to export your node metrics. You can use the update hosts Python script to update your local environment hosts, as explained in the first part of the article Log into Grafana using the admin username and password. You can define the admin password using the installation values. By default, the Chart creates a Kubernetes secret to store a random password. Describe the secret to get the base64 password value and decode it. You can import your favorite dashboard using their ID or copying the raw JSON: K8s: https://github.com/dotdc/grafana-dashboards-kubernetes FluxCD: https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/16714-flux2/ Conclusion The first article explored how to deliver a well-tested application. This article explores how to continuously deploy a deliverable and monitor the status of the deployment. FluxCD and Flagger offer multiple features to continuously test, deploy, and monitor your application status. This article uses some of them, but we did not see the webhooks and notifications features. Use the notifications features to know when a deployment failed or the web-hooks feature to promote the deployment to a new environment or launch your tests against new versions. Integrate FluxCD alongside other tools to enrich your deployment pipeline. Avoid manual deployments. They are complex and not error-prone. Encourage the development teams to maintain their applications, making easier the deployment process. Automatic deployments reduce the lead time, feedback loop, and overall costs. Developers can focus on what really matters. Manual deployments are not error-prone. Moreover, they consist of a bunch of repetitive and complex tasks. The development teams are afraid of the complexity of deploying a new version of an application and the headaches it brings. Sometimes, deploying an application requires advanced platform skills. It is a tedious process to debug deployment issues. FluxCD helps you to reduce the effort dedicated to manual and repetitive tasks. It also minimizes the deployment errors and human interactions. It offers tools to track and update the state of your deployments using declarative files, making the deployment and debugging process easier for your development teams. FluxCD This article explores the automation of your deployment processes to transform them into continuous deployment processes using FluxCD , Flagger , and Grafana . FluxCD Flagger Grafana Check the first article to learn more about continuously delivering an application: CI/CD Hands-On: A Simple But Functional Continuous Integration Workflow [Part 1] . CI/CD Hands-On: A Simple But Functional Continuous Integration Workflow [Part 1] GitHub Example: https://github.com/j04n-f/continious-deployment-example GitHub Example: https://github.com/j04n-f/continious-deployment-example https://github.com/j04n-f/continious-deployment-example Introduction Use KinD and Terraform to set up the Kubernetes cluster. First of all, create the cluster and export the Kubernetes configuration to set the Kubernetes provider: KinD Terraform $ kind create cluster --name develop $ kind export kubeconfig --name develop --kubeconfig kubeconfig $ kind create cluster --name develop $ kind export kubeconfig --name develop --kubeconfig kubeconfig Create a new GitHub repository and a developer token with repository permissions, Terrafom requires it to setup FluxCD. Initialize Terraform and apply the changes: $ terraform init $ terraform apply -var="github_owner=owner_name" -var="github_repository=repo_name" # Introduce your GitHub token $ terraform init $ terraform apply -var="github_owner=owner_name" -var="github_repository=repo_name" # Introduce your GitHub token Once Terraform finishes the installation process, you should have FluxCD running in your KinD cluster and a new folder named cluster in your repository. cluster Terraform Under the hood, Terraform installs MetalLB and configures the IP range. You can read more about the MetalLB configuration in the first part of the article : MetalLB the first part of the article resource "helm_release" "metallb" { name = "metallb" repository = "https://metallb.github.io/metallb" chart = "metallb" } data "docker_network" "kind" { name = "kind" } resource "kubectl_manifest" "kind-address-pool" { yaml_body = yamlencode({ "apiVersion" : "metallb.io/v1beta1", "kind" : "IPAddressPool", "metadata" : { "name" : "kind-address-pool" }, "spec" : { "addresses" : [replace(tolist(data.docker_network.kind.ipam_config)[0].subnet, ".0.0/16", ".255.0/24")] } }) depends_on = [helm_release.metallb] } resource "kubectl_manifest" "kind-advertisement" { yaml_body = <<YAML apiVersion: metallb.io/v1beta1 kind: L2Advertisement metadata: name: kind-advertisement YAML depends_on = [helm_release.metallb] } resource "helm_release" "metallb" { name = "metallb" repository = "https://metallb.github.io/metallb" chart = "metallb" } data "docker_network" "kind" { name = "kind" } resource "kubectl_manifest" "kind-address-pool" { yaml_body = yamlencode({ "apiVersion" : "metallb.io/v1beta1", "kind" : "IPAddressPool", "metadata" : { "name" : "kind-address-pool" }, "spec" : { "addresses" : [replace(tolist(data.docker_network.kind.ipam_config)[0].subnet, ".0.0/16", ".255.0/24")] } }) depends_on = [helm_release.metallb] } resource "kubectl_manifest" "kind-advertisement" { yaml_body = <<YAML apiVersion: metallb.io/v1beta1 kind: L2Advertisement metadata: name: kind-advertisement YAML depends_on = [helm_release.metallb] } Then, it installs FLuxCD Helm Chart and configures the GitHub repository to use FluxCD: resource "helm_release" "flux" { repository = "https://fluxcd-community.github.io/helm-charts" chart = "flux2" name = "flux2" namespace = "flux-system" create_namespace = true version = "2.9.2" } resource "tls_private_key" "flux" { depends_on = [helm_release.flux] algorithm = "ECDSA" ecdsa_curve = "P256" } resource "github_repository_deploy_key" "flux" { depends_on = [tls_private_key.flux] title = "Flux" repository = var.github_repository key = tls_private_key.flux.public_key_openssh read_only = "false" } resource "flux_bootstrap_git" "this" { depends_on = [github_repository_deploy_key.flux] path = "clusters/develop" } resource "helm_release" "flux" { repository = "https://fluxcd-community.github.io/helm-charts" chart = "flux2" name = "flux2" namespace = "flux-system" create_namespace = true version = "2.9.2" } resource "tls_private_key" "flux" { depends_on = [helm_release.flux] algorithm = "ECDSA" ecdsa_curve = "P256" } resource "github_repository_deploy_key" "flux" { depends_on = [tls_private_key.flux] title = "Flux" repository = var.github_repository key = tls_private_key.flux.public_key_openssh read_only = "false" } resource "flux_bootstrap_git" "this" { depends_on = [github_repository_deploy_key.flux] path = "clusters/develop" } Pre-commit Hook Suggestions: Terraform (https://github.com/antonbabenko/pre-commit-terraform): TFSec: Static analysis for Terraform to spot potential misconfigurations TFLint: Static format checker for Terraform Detect Secrets (https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets): Preventing new secrets from entering the code base. Pre-commit Hook Suggestions: Terraform (https://github.com/antonbabenko/pre-commit-terraform): TFSec: Static analysis for Terraform to spot potential misconfigurations TFLint: Static format checker for Terraform Detect Secrets (https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets): Preventing new secrets from entering the code base. Terraform ( https://github.com/antonbabenko/pre-commit-terraform ): TFSec: Static analysis for Terraform to spot potential misconfigurations TFLint: Static format checker for Terraform Terraform https://github.com/antonbabenko/pre-commit-terraform TFSec: Static analysis for Terraform to spot potential misconfigurations TFLint: Static format checker for Terraform TFSec: Static analysis for Terraform to spot potential misconfigurations TFLint: Static format checker for Terraform Detect Secrets ( https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets ): Preventing new secrets from entering the code base. Detect Secrets https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets FluxCD FluxCD is a GitOps tool to keep a Kubernetes cluster with the latest source control changes (like Git repositories). Flux automates the deployment of new code. FluxCD Once Flux is running in the cluster, let’s see how it works. We will deploy ingress-nginx as an ingress provider. Flux does not enforce the project folder structure. You can configure it as you wish or follow your preferred standard. Create a folder named base inside a folder named infrastructure . The base folder has the basic infrastructure configuration for all your clusters. Next, create a folder named ingress-nginx . Use the namespace name as the folder name. base base infrastructure infrastructure ingress-nginx ingress-nginx --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: ingress-ngnix --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: ingress-nginx spec: interval: 2h url: https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: ingress-nginx spec: interval: 15m chart: spec: chart: ingress-nginx version: 4.7.1 sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: ingress-nginx interval: 15m --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: ingress-ngnix resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: ingress-ngnix --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: ingress-nginx spec: interval: 2h url: https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: ingress-nginx spec: interval: 15m chart: spec: chart: ingress-nginx version: 4.7.1 sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: ingress-nginx interval: 15m --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: ingress-ngnix resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml Use multiple files to define your objects: helmrelease.yaml, helmrepository.yaml, namespace.yaml, kustomization.yaml, etc. Use multiple files to define your objects: helmrelease.yaml , helmrepository.yaml , namespace.yaml , kustomization.yaml , etc. helmrelease.yaml helmrepository.yaml namespace.yaml kustomization.yaml The Kustomization reads and processes the resources to apply them. Last but not least, you need to create a Kustomization object to synchronize your cluster configuration. Create a YAML file named infrastructure.yaml inside the cluster/cluster_name folder: Kustomization infrastructure.yaml cluster/cluster_name cluster/cluster_name --- apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1 kind: Kustomization metadata: name: infra-base namespace: flux-system spec: interval: 1h retryInterval: 1m timeout: 5m sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system path: ./infrastructure/base prune: true wait: true --- apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1 kind: Kustomization metadata: name: infra-base namespace: flux-system spec: interval: 1h retryInterval: 1m timeout: 5m sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system path: ./infrastructure/base prune: true wait: true After committing and pushing your changes to your repository, Flux will reconcile the cluster status to install the ingress-nginx Helm Chart. Flagger Flagger is a Kubernetes operator that delivers progressively your application using blue/green deployments, canary release, or A/B testing. Flagger You can use the base folder to install your stack into all your clusters or use a different one to customize your installation depending on the cluster. For example, we want to install Flagger only into the development cluster. base base Create a new folder using your cluster name inside the infrastructure folder. Then, create a file named i nfrastructure.yaml into your cluster/cluster_name : infrastructure infrastructure nfrastructure.yaml cluster/cluster_name cluster/cluster_name --- apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1 kind: Kustomization metadata: name: infra-cluster-name namespace: flux-system spec: dependsOn: - name: infra-base interval: 1h retryInterval: 1m timeout: 5m sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system path: ./infrastructure/cluster_name prune: true --- apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1 kind: Kustomization metadata: name: infra-cluster-name namespace: flux-system spec: dependsOn: - name: infra-base interval: 1h retryInterval: 1m timeout: 5m sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system path: ./infrastructure/cluster_name prune: true FluxCD will synchronize the cluster status after applying the infra-base Kustomization. Install Flagger, creating the following YAML file inside the infrastructure/cluster_name/flagger-system folder: infrastructure/cluster_name/flagger-system infrastructure/cluster_name/flagger-system --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: flagger-system --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: flagger spec: interval: 1h url: https://flagger.app --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: flagger spec: interval: 1h install: crds: CreateReplace upgrade: crds: CreateReplace chart: spec: chart: flagger version: 1.x.x interval: 6h sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: flagger --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: flagger-loadtester spec: interval: 1h chart: spec: chart: loadtester version: 0.x.x interval: 6h sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: flagger --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: flagger-system resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: flagger-system --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: flagger spec: interval: 1h url: https://flagger.app --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: flagger spec: interval: 1h install: crds: CreateReplace upgrade: crds: CreateReplace chart: spec: chart: flagger version: 1.x.x interval: 6h sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: flagger --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: flagger-loadtester spec: interval: 1h chart: spec: chart: loadtester version: 0.x.x interval: 6h sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: flagger --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: flagger-system resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml Continuous Deployment To build the Podinfo application continuous deployment pipeline, create the installation YAML file into the apps/cluster_name/podinfo *:* Podinfo apps/cluster_name/podinfo apps/cluster_name/podinfo --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: podinfo --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: podinfo spec: interval: 5m url: https://stefanprodan.github.io/podinfo --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: podinfo spec: releaseName: podinfo chart: spec: chart: podinfo version: 6.5.0 sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: podinfo interval: 50m install: remediation: retries: 3 values: ingress: enabled: true className: nginx hpa: enabled: true --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: podinfo --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: podinfo spec: interval: 5m url: https://stefanprodan.github.io/podinfo --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: podinfo spec: releaseName: podinfo chart: spec: chart: podinfo version: 6.5.0 sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: podinfo interval: 50m install: remediation: retries: 3 values: ingress: enabled: true className: nginx hpa: enabled: true --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml You can use the update hosts Python script to update your local environment hosts, as explained in the first part of the article. You can use the update hosts Python script to update your local environment hosts, as explained in the first part of the article . the first part of the article Then, create the Kustomization file into the cluster/cluster_name folder to synchronize your apps: cluster/cluster_name cluster/cluster_name --- apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1 kind: Kustomization metadata: name: apps namespace: flux-system spec: interval: 10m0s dependsOn: - name: infra-cluster-name sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system path: ./apps/cluster_name prune: true wait: true timeout: 5m0s --- apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1 kind: Kustomization metadata: name: apps namespace: flux-system spec: interval: 10m0s dependsOn: - name: infra-cluster-name sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system path: ./apps/cluster_name prune: true wait: true timeout: 5m0s Next, we can configure FluxCD to auto-update the Podinfo image Helm Chart version. To configure the image auto-update, we need to create an image repository to scan for new image tags, an image update policy to define the version pattern to update, and an image auto-update to configure the repository to push the change. --- apiVersion: image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: ImageRepository metadata: name: podinfo-chart spec: image: ghcr.io/stefanprodan/charts/podinfo interval: 5m --- apiVersion: image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: ImagePolicy metadata: name: podinfo-chart spec: imageRepositoryRef: name: podinfo-chart policy: semver: range: 6.x.x --- apiVersion: image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: ImageUpdateAutomation metadata: name: podinfo-chart spec: interval: 30m sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system namespace: flux-system git: checkout: ref: branch: main commit: author: email: fluxcdbot@users.noreply.github.com name: fluxcdbot messageTemplate: 'chore(develop): update podinfo chart to {{range .Updated.Images}}{{println .}}{{end}}' push: branch: main update: path: ./apps/cluster_name/podinfo strategy: Setters --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: [...] - imagepolicy.yaml - imagerepository.yaml - imageautoupdate.yaml --- apiVersion: image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: ImageRepository metadata: name: podinfo-chart spec: image: ghcr.io/stefanprodan/charts/podinfo interval: 5m --- apiVersion: image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2 kind: ImagePolicy metadata: name: podinfo-chart spec: imageRepositoryRef: name: podinfo-chart policy: semver: range: 6.x.x --- apiVersion: image.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: ImageUpdateAutomation metadata: name: podinfo-chart spec: interval: 30m sourceRef: kind: GitRepository name: flux-system namespace: flux-system git: checkout: ref: branch: main commit: author: email: fluxcdbot@users.noreply.github.com name: fluxcdbot messageTemplate: 'chore(develop): update podinfo chart to {{range .Updated.Images}}{{println .}}{{end}}' push: branch: main update: path: ./apps/cluster_name/podinfo strategy: Setters --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: [...] - imagepolicy.yaml - imagerepository.yaml - imageautoupdate.yaml Finally, apply the image update policy to the image or tag you want to update: apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: podinfo spec: releaseName: podinfo chart: spec: chart: podinfo version: 6.5.0 # {"$imagepolicy": "podinfo:podinfo-chart:tag"} sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: podinfo interval: 50m install: remediation: retries: 3 apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: podinfo spec: releaseName: podinfo chart: spec: chart: podinfo version: 6.5.0 # {"$imagepolicy": "podinfo:podinfo-chart:tag"} sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: podinfo interval: 50m install: remediation: retries: 3 Whenever Podinfo Chart has a new version in the range of 6.x.x, FluxCD will push a commit to the repository, updating the current version with the newer one. Canary Release Release a new application version to a small subset of users to ensure that the application functionality, performance, and security are the expected ones. FluxCD automatically updates the Chart version and makes it available to the users. In case of a failure, FluxCD automatically rollbacks the image version to the previous one. Flagger progressively delivers the new application version to a subset of users and monitors the application status. It creates a new deployment for the new application versions and progressively redirects the incoming traffic to the new deployment. It will promote the canary deployment after a successful analysis of the metrics. In case of a failure, Flagger deletes the new deployment and reestablishs the traffic flow to the old deployment. This process pretends to detect defects, issues, and errors before delivering the application to all its users. First, create a metric template to let Flagger know which is the application status. We use Prometheus to measure the request success rate: --- apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1 kind: MetricTemplate metadata: name: podinfo-request-success-rate spec: provider: type: prometheus address: http://loki-stack-prometheus-server.loki-stack:80 query: | 100 - sum( rate( http_requests_total{ app_kubernetes_io_name="podinfo", namespace="{{ namespace }}", status!~"5.*" }[{{ interval }}] ) ) / sum( rate( http_requests_total{ app_kubernetes_io_name="podinfo", namespace="{{ namespace }}", }[{{ interval }}] ) ) * 100 --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: [...] - metrictemplate.yaml --- apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1 kind: MetricTemplate metadata: name: podinfo-request-success-rate spec: provider: type: prometheus address: http://loki-stack-prometheus-server.loki-stack:80 query: | 100 - sum( rate( http_requests_total{ app_kubernetes_io_name="podinfo", namespace="{{ namespace }}", status!~"5.*" }[{{ interval }}] ) ) / sum( rate( http_requests_total{ app_kubernetes_io_name="podinfo", namespace="{{ namespace }}", }[{{ interval }}] ) ) * 100 --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: [...] - metrictemplate.yaml Then, define the canary release process. We use nginx as the provider to shape the incoming traffic. Flagger offers multiple ways and tools to configure your releases. --- apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1 kind: Canary metadata: name: podinfo spec: provider: nginx targetRef: apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment name: podinfo ingressRef: apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1 kind: Ingress name: podinfo autoscalerRef: apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2 kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler name: podinfo progressDeadlineSeconds: 60 service: port: 9898 targetPort: 9898 analysis: interval: 10s threshold: 10 maxWeight: 50 stepWeight: 5 metrics: - name: podinfo-request-success-rate thresholdRange: min: 99 interval: 1m webhooks: - name: acceptance-test type: pre-rollout url: http://flagger-loadtester.flagger-system/ timeout: 30s metadata: type: bash cmd: curl -sd 'test' http://podinfo-canary.podinfo:9898/token | grep token - name: load-test url: http://flagger-loadtester.flagger-system/ timeout: 5s metadata: cmd: hey -z 1m -q 10 -c 2 http://podinfo-canary.podinfo:9898/healthz --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: [...] - canary.yaml --- apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1 kind: Canary metadata: name: podinfo spec: provider: nginx targetRef: apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment name: podinfo ingressRef: apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1 kind: Ingress name: podinfo autoscalerRef: apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2 kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler name: podinfo progressDeadlineSeconds: 60 service: port: 9898 targetPort: 9898 analysis: interval: 10s threshold: 10 maxWeight: 50 stepWeight: 5 metrics: - name: podinfo-request-success-rate thresholdRange: min: 99 interval: 1m webhooks: - name: acceptance-test type: pre-rollout url: http://flagger-loadtester.flagger-system/ timeout: 30s metadata: type: bash cmd: curl -sd 'test' http://podinfo-canary.podinfo:9898/token | grep token - name: load-test url: http://flagger-loadtester.flagger-system/ timeout: 5s metadata: cmd: hey -z 1m -q 10 -c 2 http://podinfo-canary.podinfo:9898/healthz --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: podinfo resources: [...] - canary.yaml Flagger requires the references to your deployment, ingress, and pod auto-escaler. Whenever Flagger detects a new version, it will scale up the deployment, create a primary and secondary service, and configure nginx to send the incoming traffic to the corresponding service. Use the maxWeight and stepWeight properties to configure the maximum traffic redirection percentage and incremental step percentage. Load-test your application using Flagger hooks. It has multiple hooks. The acceptance hooks check the canary deployment readiness, and the load test hook generates constant incoming traffic. Flagger will monitor the canary release status using the pre-defined success rate metric to decide the canary deployment promotion case. Flagger expects a 99% request success rate to promote the canary deployment. Use the threshold property to configure a maximum number of failed metric checks before rollback. Monitoring Use Loki stack to monitor the status of the cluster resources using Grafana + Loki + Prometheus. Install the Loki stack by creating the following YAML file inside the infrastructure/cluster_name/loki-stack folder: infrastructure/cluster_name/loki-stack infrastructure/cluster_name/loki-stack --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: loki-stack --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: grafana spec: interval: 2h url: https://grafana.github.io/helm-charts --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: loki-stack spec: interval: 1h chart: spec: chart: loki-stack version: v2.9.11 sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: grafana interval: 1h values: grafana: enabled: true ingress: enabled: true annotations: kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx hosts: - grafana.local prometheus: enabled: true nodeExporter: enabled: true --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: loki-stack resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: loki-stack --- apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: HelmRepository metadata: name: grafana spec: interval: 2h url: https://grafana.github.io/helm-charts --- apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1 kind: HelmRelease metadata: name: loki-stack spec: interval: 1h chart: spec: chart: loki-stack version: v2.9.11 sourceRef: kind: HelmRepository name: grafana interval: 1h values: grafana: enabled: true ingress: enabled: true annotations: kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx hosts: - grafana.local prometheus: enabled: true nodeExporter: enabled: true --- apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: Kustomization namespace: loki-stack resources: - namespace.yaml - helmrepository.yaml - helmrelease.yaml The Loki stack installation enables the Grafana Ingress to access Grafana, Prometheus to gather your environment metrics, and Node Exporter to export your node metrics. You can use the update hosts Python script to update your local environment hosts, as explained in the first part of the article You can use the update hosts Python script to update your local environment hosts, as explained in the first part of the article the first part of the article Log into Grafana using the admin username and password. You can define the admin password using the installation values. By default, the Chart creates a Kubernetes secret to store a random password. Describe the secret to get the base64 password value and decode it. You can import your favorite dashboard using their ID or copying the raw JSON: K8s: https://github.com/dotdc/grafana-dashboards-kubernetes FluxCD: https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/16714-flux2/ You can import your favorite dashboard using their ID or copying the raw JSON: K8s: https://github.com/dotdc/grafana-dashboards-kubernetes FluxCD: https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/16714-flux2/ K8s : https://github.com/dotdc/grafana-dashboards-kubernetes K8s https://github.com/dotdc/grafana-dashboards-kubernetes FluxCD : https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/16714-flux2/ FluxCD https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/16714-flux2/ Conclusion The first article explored how to deliver a well-tested application. This article explores how to continuously deploy a deliverable and monitor the status of the deployment. FluxCD and Flagger offer multiple features to continuously test, deploy, and monitor your application status. This article uses some of them, but we did not see the webhooks and notifications features. Use the notifications features to know when a deployment failed or the web-hooks feature to promote the deployment to a new environment or launch your tests against new versions. Integrate FluxCD alongside other tools to enrich your deployment pipeline. Avoid manual deployments. They are complex and not error-prone. Encourage the development teams to maintain their applications, making easier the deployment process. Automatic deployments reduce the lead time, feedback loop, and overall costs. Developers can focus on what really matters.