In the rapidly-evolving technology landscape, competitive advantage is based on the ability to innovate rapidly and continuously improve an offering through software- and, increasingly, hardware-defined experiences, not to mention better services. Related to this is the importance of ecosystems. Whether you build one or join one, it’s more important than ever in this world of digital transformation to be part of an ecosystem to maintain a competitive edge. This includes consideration on two vectors—both horizontal for a solid and scalable foundation and vertical for domain-specific knowledge that drives targeted outcomes. Ultimately, it’s about creating a network effect for maximizing value, both for customers and the bottom line. Approaches to Building Ecosystems An ecosystem in the business world can take various forms. In simplest terms, it could be a collection of products and services that are curated to be complementary to a central provider’s offering. Alternatively, it could consist of partners working towards a common goal, with each benefitting from the sum of the parts. Another ecosystem could take the form of an operations-centric supply chain or a group of partners targeting common customers with a joint go-to-market strategy. Approaches to ecosystem development span a spectrum of closed to open philosophies. Sometimes referred to as “walled gardens,” the tight control of closed ecosystems can provide a great customer experience. However, this tends to come with a premium cost and less choice. Closed ecosystems are based on closely-governed relationships, proprietary designs, and, in the case of software, proprietary APIs. Apple is a widely cited example of a company that has taken a more closed ecosystem approach. —as long as you pay access fees or are otherwise advancing the sponsoring company’s base offer. Then there are “closed-open” approaches, which have APIs and tools that you can openly program to Amazon’s “Works with Alexa” program is an example of this model, and a big driver in how they emerged as a smart home leader—they spent many years establishing relationships and trust with a broad consumer base. This foundation creates a massive network effect, and in turn, Amazon makes the bulk of its revenue from the Alexa ecosystem by selling more consumer goods and furthering customer relationships—much more so than on the Alexa-enabled devices themselves. Scaling Through Open Source To fully grasp the business trade-offs of closed vs. open ecosystems, consider Apple’s iOS and Android. While Apple provides a curated experience, the open-source Android OS provides more choice and, as a result, . Android device makers may not be able to collect as much of a premium as Apple because of the open competition and difficulty in differentiating with both hardware and a better user experience by skinning the stock Android UI. However, a key upside element is the sheer volume factor. has over 85 percent of the global mobile OS market share Plus, that’s not to say there still isn’t an opportunity to differentiate with Android as the base of your ecosystem. As an example, Samsung has built a strong ecosystem approach through its Galaxy brand and has recently branched out even further by to offer a better-together story with their products. announcing partnerships with leading content providers We’ve seen this play before — if you’re old enough to have rented videotapes at a brick-and-mortar store (be kind, rewind!), you’ll recall that VHS was an inferior technology to Beta but it won out after a short format battle because the backers of VHS got the most movie studios onboard. On top of the benefit of helping developers reduce “undifferentiated heavy lifting,” open source collaboration provides an excellent foundation for creating a network effect that multiplies value creation. It’s ultimately about taking a holistic approach, and these days open source software like Android is an essential driver of ecosystem enablement and scale. After all, Google didn’t purchase the startup Android in 2005 (for just $50M!) and seed it into the market just to be altruistic—the result was a driver for a massive footprint that creates revenue through outlets including Google’s search engine and the Play store. Google doesn’t reveal how much Android, in particular, contributes to their bottom line, but in a 2015 court battle with Oracle over claims of a Java-related patent infringement . it was speculated that it was already well over $30B a year Further, reaching this user base to drive more ad revenue is now free for Google, compared to them reportedly paying Apple $1B in 2014 for making their search engine the default for the iPhone. Striking a Balance Between Risk and Reward There’s always some degree of a closed approach when it comes to resulting commercial offers, but an open-source foundation undoubtedly provides the most flexibility, transparency and scalability over time. However, it’s not just about the technology—also key to ecosystems is striking a balance between risk and reward. Ecosystems in the natural world are composed of organisms and their environments—this highly complex network finds an equilibrium based on ongoing interactions. The quest for ecosystem equilibrium carries over to the business world, and especially holds true for IoT solutions at the edge due to the inherent relationship of actions taken based on data from tangible events occurring in the physical world. Compounding Value Through the Network Effect Where it starts getting interesting is compounding value-add on top of the foundational infrastructure. Ridesharing is an example of an IoT solution (with cars representing the “things”) that has created an ecosystem network effect in the form of supplemental delivery services by providers (such as Uber Eats) partnering with various businesses. There’s also an indirect drag effect for ecosystems. For example, Airbnb has created an opportunity for homeowners to rent out their properties and this has produced a network effect for drop-in IoT solutions that simplify tasks for these new landlords such as remotely ensuring security and monitoring for issues such as water leaks. And while IoT solutions can drive entirely new services and experiences in a smart city, it’s especially important to balance privacy with value creation when dealing with crossing public and private domains. A city’s internally-focused solution for improving the efficiency of their waste services isn’t necessarily controversial, meanwhile, if a city was to start tracking citizens’ individual recycling behaviors with sensors this is very likely to be perceived as an encroachment on civil liberties. I’m a big recycler (and composter), and like many people, I’ll give up a little privacy if I receive significant value, but there’s always a fine line. In Closing The need to strike an equilibrium across business ecosystems will be commonplace in our increasingly connected, data-driven world. These examples of the interesting dynamics that can take place when developing ecosystems highlight how it’s critical to have the right foundation and holistic approach to enable more complex interactions and compounding value, both in the technical sense and to balance risk and privacy with value created for all parties involved. Also published at https://medium.com/zededa/scaling-ecosystems-through-an-open-edge-part-one-efb1d9368d41

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