I've been writing code for over three years. I have always asked myself about the good practices and how I could make my code more readable, understandable, easy to maintain and to be handled by other developers. We spend more time reading our code rather than writing it because we always look for the element that we can modify, improve or just to remember ourself how this or that element works. So, it’s important to write a good code in others words a clean, consistent, an extensible and correct code. Writing a code is not as easy as it appears. Without some writing rules, one can find himself with a complicated code to read and difficult to debug. Therfore, difficult to maintain and to evolve with the harmful effects on the performance of the software hence the importance of optimizing our code in other words, a code permeating good practices. So what are good practices in CSS? Use stickler Stickler is a powerful tool which allows a developer to respect the standards of coding established before the realisation of a project by himself or by his work team. Before writing a line code, most often developers establish coding standards that they will follow in order to realise the project on which they want to work. This tool intervenes on several aspects especially the improvements of the code indentation, the correction of syntax errors and the identification of places where there is a duplication of the code. Stickler is used by a wide community and it’s quite flexible in his configuration. Segment the CSS in multiple files Cutting out his CSS code into many files each corresponding to a module, a view, or a page of your application is very recommended. The choice of cutting is free depending on what appears for you most pertinent. The cutting of the code into files enables to navigate easily when we have to extend, modify or create new declarations. Examples: homepage .css header .css footer .css archive .css The merits of splitting the CSS in multiple files and to increase appears mainly when someone uses a preprocessor CSS ( or ) Sass Less Understanding the specificity The specificity determines what CSS rule is to apply by the navigator. The is a hierarchy, not necessarily intuitive in the order of application CSS rules. It’s important to keep in your mind that all selector has to be declared with the less of specificity as possible. This facilitates reusability of the selector and reduces the dependency to another selector. Prefer : {...} .myclass rather than: > {...} body .page .main .sidebar article .myclass In most cases, this will prevent you from having to deal with CSS-specific conflicts. Be DRY Don't repeat yourself (DRY, or sometimes do not repeat yourself) is a principle of software development aimed at reducing repetition of codes or software patterns. The DRY principle is simple to understand "Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative representation within a system". Example : { : ; : ; : red; : red;
} { : ; : ; : ; : ; : red; : red;
} .texte-erreur font-size 15px background-color #ccc border-color color .bloc-erreur width 250px height 250px background-color #000 font-size 17px border-color color We observe that two classes share their properties border-color and color. We can consider they always find themself together for a certain number of classes. Then we can create a mixin and the follow classes : () { : red; : red;
} { : ; : ;
 @include erreur-base();
} { : ; : ; : ; : ;
 @include erreur-base();
} mixin erreur-base border-color color .texte-erreur font-size 15px background-color #ccc .bloc-erreur width 250px height 250px background-color #000 font-size 17px We just gained readability and refactored our code to avoid repetition. Naming convention Naming things is never easy and the nomenclature of classes and id attributes in CSS is no exception. The problem with bad naming is that it is then difficult to find yourself in its code, so it’s important to find a particular convention to organize yourself well. During my researches on this subject, I have identified two popular naming conventions notably the and . OOCSS BEM OOCSS (OOP) is a programming paradigm that focuses on creating reusable objects and establishing relationships between them, as opposed to that organizes the code into procedures (routines, subroutines, or functions). Object-oriented programming procedural programming Object oriented CSS was proposed by web developer Nicole Sullivan in 2008. It’s neither a preprocessor nor even a new language, but rather a code philosophy. OOCSS PRINCIPLES: The separation of “ ” from “ ” structure skin The separation of “ ” from “ ” container content CONTENT - SKIN : Define the repeating “ ” patterns as reusable “ “ visual skins Define the repeating “ ” patterns as reusable “ “ invisible structures { : inline-block; : ; : center; : nowrap; : middle; : none; : none; : none; : none; : solid transparent; : ; : ; : ; : ; : color ; 
} /* structure */ .btn display font-weight 400 text-align white-space vertical-align -webkit-user-select -moz-user-select -ms-user-select user-select border 1px padding 0.375rem 0.75rem font-size 1rem line-height 1.5 border-radius 0.25rem transition 0.15s { : ; : ; : ;
} { : ; : ; : ;
} { : ; : ; : ;
} /*SKIN*/ .btn-success color #fff background-color #28a745 border-color #28a745 .btn-danger color #fff background-color #dc3545 border-color #dc3545 .btn-warning color #212529 background-color #ffc107 border-color #ffc107 CONTAINER - CONTENT An Object should be not depend of the location where you put it: It’s often the main cause of code duplication. > { : red; } { : inline-block; } .announcecategory div :nth(3) color /*...*/ /*BAD! div:nth(3) styles are location dependent*/ .announcecategory display /*...*/ /*we can reuse this category style wherever*/ Limitations and disadvantages of OOCSS: Utility classes tie your markup to presentation. OOCSS doesn’t give rules of the clear and firm building, and the past time to factorize the appearance can very often exceed the gain of the reuse. That could increase considerably the time of realisation projects. I highly recommend and advise the reader, the talk by Nicole Sullivan: , published in 2011. It has allowed to several integrators to better understand OOCSS and to start using this naming concept. Our best practices are killing us The reader wishing to deepen will then read the . wiki of the framework OOCSS If you've ever worked with the bootstrap, you probably noticed by reading this section that the bootstrap team uses this approach heavily. it exists other good practices of naming. BEM is the acronym of Block, Element, Modifier and all the methodology of the naming hold on in these three words. The force of the concept? What makes up a page or a web application can always be stored in an arborescence of blocks, Elements and modifiers. BEM A is an independent entity which must be able to be moved without affecting its appearance or its functioning. block An is a part of block. The context of an element is that of the block. This can be a header, a footer, a container (articles, sections ...), a menu or even a button. As it appears clearly, a block can also contain other blocks. An interface can include several instances of the same block. element A is a property which is used to create variants, to make minimal changes like changing colours, size. There exists modifiers of blocks and the element modifiers. modifier The methodology BEM has three essential rules: The blocks and elements have to each other have a unique name, which will be used as a CSS class The CSS selectors don't have to use the HTML elements (not of footer div) Cascades in CSS selectors should be avoided ( not of .foo > .bar) Naming convention: Bloc: bloc-name Element: bloc-name__element-name Modifier : bloc-name--modifier-name bloc-name__element-name--modifier-name The official website takes care to specify that only the concepts count, the syntax remaining free. Advantages of BEM: Performance: The performance concern more particularly the web application. The nomenclature of BEM allows to have the majority of CSS classes at the first level. Browsers organize CSS classes in a table of the global hash, but it would be too expensive to create subtables for descendants at the level of each HTML element. Also, in CSS, only the first level of selection is high-performance.  CSS cascade, when there are many of them, this creates fluidity problems, especially on the animated pages of Web applications. Lisibility: Class names are logical and intuitive, and every member of the team knows what that element does on the website. BEM gives everyone on a project a declarative syntax they can share. So, they’re on the same page. Limits and disadvantages of BEM: Verbose: The nomenclature of BEM is a little bit verbose. Indeed, we remark that as soon as we have modifiers to implement, we find ourself very fastly with a long and complex class attribute. The naming convention is open, someone can mix the two conventions listed previously depending on needs of the project or even in creating if someone can do better than the conventions of existing name Important to know: Conclusion: The best practices are very important because they allow optimizing our program on all plans (readability of the code, maintainability of the software, scalability, rapidity of execution, ...).

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