The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here. THE INVASION OF THE DRY LAND BY LIFE THE INVASION OF THE DRY LAND BY LIFE § 1 Life and water Wherever the shore line ran there was life, and that life went on in and by and with water as its home, its medium, and its fundamental necessity. The first jelly-like beginnings of life must have perished whenever they got out of the water, as jelly-fish dry up and perish on our beaches to-day. Drying up was the fatal thing for life in those days, against which at first it had no protection. But in a world of rain-pools and shallow seas and tides, any variation that enabled a living thing to hold out and keep its moisture during hours of low tide of drought met with every encouragement in the circumstances of the time. There must have been a constant risk of stranding. And, on the other hand, life had to keep rather near the shore and beaches in the shallows because it had need of air (dissolved of course in the water) and light. No creature can breathe, no creature can digest its food, without water. We talk of breathing air, but what all living things really do is to breathe oxygen dissolved in water. The air we ourselves breathe must first be dissolved in the moisture in our lungs; and all our food must be liquefied before it can be assimilated. Water-living creatures which are always under water, wave the freely exposed gills by which they breathe in that water, and extract the air dissolved in it. But a creature that is to be exposed for any time out of the water, must have its body and its breathing apparatus protected from drying up. Before the seaweeds could creep up out of the Early Palæozoic seas into {v1-24} the intertidal line of the beach, they had to develop a tougher outer skin to hold their moisture. Before the ancestor of the sea scorpion could survive being left by the tide it had to develop its casing and armour. The trilobites probably developed their tough covering and rolled up into balls, far less as a protection against each other and any other enemies they may have possessed, than as a precaution against drying. And when presently, as we ascend the Palæozoic rocks, the fish appear, first of all the backboned or vertebrated animals, it is evident that a number of them are already adapted by the protection of their gills with gill covers and by a sort of primitive lung swimming-bladder, to face the same risk of temporary stranding. Now the weeds and plants that were adapting themselves to intertidal conditions were also bringing themselves into a region of brighter light, and light is very necessary and precious to all plants. Any development of structure that would stiffen them and hold them up to the light, so that instead of crumpling and flopping when the waters receded, they would stand up outspread, was a great advantage. And so we find them developing fibre and support, and the beginning of woody fibre in them. The early plants reproduced by soft spores, or half-animal “gametes,” that were released in water, were distributed by water and could only germinate under water. The early plants were tied, and most lowly plants to-day are tied, by the conditions of their life cycle, to water. But here again there was a great advantage to be got by the development of some protection of the spores from drought that would enable reproduction to occur without submergence. So soon as a species could do that, it could live and reproduce and spread above the high-water mark, bathed in light and out of reach of the beating and distress of the waves. The main classificatory divisions of the larger plants mark stages in the release of plant life from the necessity of submergence by the development of woody support and of a method of reproduction that is more and more defiant of drying up. The lower plants are still the prisoner attendants of water. The lower mosses must live in damp, and even the development of the spore of the ferns demands at certain stages extreme wetness. The highest plants have carried freedom from {v1-25} water so far that they can live and reproduce if only there is some moisture in the soil below them. They have solved their problem of living out of water altogether. The essentials of that problem were worked out through the vast æons of the Proterozoic Age and the early Palæozoic Age by nature’s method of experiment and trial. Then slowly, but in great abundance, a variety of new plants began to swarm away from the sea and over the lower lands, still keeping to swamp and lagoon and watercourse as they spread. § 2 The earliest animals And after the plants came the animal life. There is no sort of land animal in the world, as there is no sort of land plant, whose structure is not primarily that of a water-inhabiting being which has been adapted through the modification and differentiation of species to life out of the water. This adaptation is attained in various ways. In the case of the land scorpion the gill-plates of the primitive sea scorpion are sunken into the body so as to make the lung-books secure from rapid evaporation. The gills of crustaceans, such as the crabs which run about in the air, are protected by the gill-cover extensions of the back shell or carapace. The ancestors of the insects developed a system of air pouches and air tubes, the tracheal tubes, which carry the air all over the body before it is dissolved. In the case of the vertebrated land animals, the gills of the ancestral fish were first supplemented and then replaced by a bag-like growth from the throat, the primitive lung swimming-bladder. To this day there survive certain mudfish which enable us to understand very clearly the method by which the vertebrated land animals worked their way out of the water. These creatures (e.g. the African lung fish) are found in tropical regions in which there is a rainy full season and a dry season, during which the rivers become mere ditches of baked mud. During the rainy season these fish swim about and breathe by gills like any other fish. As the waters of the river evaporate, these fish bury themselves in the mud, their gills go out of action, and the creature keeps itself alive until the waters return by swallowing air, which passes into its swimming-bladder. The Australian lung fish, {v1-26} when it is caught by the drying up of the river in stagnant pools, and the water has become deaerated and foul, rises to the surface and gulps air. A newt in a pond does exactly the same thing. These creatures still remain at the transition stage, the stage at which the ancestors of the higher vertebrated animals were released from their restriction to an under-water life. The amphibia (frogs, newts, tritons, etc.) still show in their life history all the stages in the process of this liberation. They are still dependent on water for their reproduction; their eggs must be laid in sunlit water, and there they must develop. The young tadpole has branching external gills that wave in the water; then a gill cover grows back over them and forms a gill chamber. Then, as the creature’s legs appear and its tail is absorbed, it begins to use its lungs, and its gills dwindle and vanish. The adult frog can live all the rest of its days in the air, but it can be drowned if it is kept steadfastly below water. When we come to the reptile, however, we find an egg which is protected from evaporation by a tough egg case, and this egg produces young which breathe by lungs from the very moment of hatching. The reptile is on all fours with the seeding plant in its freedom from the necessity to pass any stage of its life cycle in water. The later Palæozoic Rocks of the northern hemisphere give us the materials for a series of pictures of this slow spreading of life over the land. Geographically, all round the northern half of the world it was an age of lagoons and shallow seas very favourable to this invasion. The new plants, now that they had acquired the power to live this new aerial life, developed with an extraordinary richness and variety. Some Reptiles of the Late Palæozoic Age There were as yet no true flowering plants, no grasses nor trees that shed their leaves in winter; the first “flora” consisted {v1-27} of great tree ferns, gigantic equisetums, cycad ferns, and kindred vegetation. Many of these plants took the form of huge-stemmed trees, of which great multitudes of trunks survive fossilized to this day. Some of these trees were over a hundred feet high, of orders and classes now vanished from the world. They stood with their stems in the water, in which no doubt there was a thick tangle of soft mosses and green slime and fungoid growths that left few plain vestiges behind them. The abundant remains {v1-28} of these first swamp forests constitute the main coal-measures of the world to-day. [10] [11] Amidst this luxuriant primitive vegetation crawled and glided and flew the first insects. They were rigid-winged, four-winged creatures, often very big, some of them having wings measuring a foot in length. There were numerous dragon flies—one found in the Belgian coal-measures had a wing span of twenty-nine inches! There were also a great variety of flying cockroaches. Scorpions abounded, and a number of early spiders, which, however, had no spinnerets for web making. Land snails appeared. So too did the first-known step of our own ancestry upon land, the amphibia. As we ascend the higher levels of the Later Palæozoic record, we find the process of air adaptation has gone as far as the appearance of true reptiles amidst the abundant and various amphibia. [12] The land life of the Upper Palæozoic Age was the life of a green swamp forest without flowers or birds or the noises of modern insects. There were no big land beasts at all; wallowing amphibia and primitive reptiles were the very highest creatures that life had so far produced. Whatever land lay away from the water or high above the water was still altogether barren and lifeless. But steadfastly, generation by generation, life was creeping away from the shallow sea-water of its beginning. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2014). The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45368/45368-h/45368-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Encyclopedia Me 

Read My Stories

THE INVASION OF THE DRY LAND BY LIFE

Love and Mr. Lewisham by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE CAMPAIGN OPENS CHAPTER XXIV. — THE CAMPAIGN OPENS. On Saturday Lewisham was first through the folding doors. In a moment he reappeared with a document extended. Mrs. Lewisham stood arrested with her dress skirt in her hand, astonished at the astonishment on his face. “I say!” said Lewisham; “just look here!” She looked at the book that he held open before her, and perceived that its vertical ruling betokened a sordid import, that its list of items in an illegible mixture of English and German was lengthy. “1 kettle of coals 6d.” occurred regularly down that portentous array and buttoned it all together. It was Madam Gadow’s first bill. Ethel took it out of his hand and examined it closer. It looked no smaller closer. The overcharges were scandalous. It was curious how the humour of calling a scuttle “kettle” had evaporated. That document, I take it, was the end of Mr. Lewisham’s informal honeymoon. Its advent was the snap of that bright Prince Rupert’s drop; and in a moment—Dust. For a glorious week he had lived in the persuasion that life was made of love and mystery, and now he was reminded with singular clearness that it was begotten of a struggle for existence and the Will to Live. “Confounded imposition!” fumed Mr. Lewisham, and the breakfast table was novel and ominous, mutterings towards anger on the one hand and a certain consternation on the other. “I must give her a talking to this afternoon,” said Lewisham at his watch, and after he had bundled his books into the shiny black bag, he gave the first of his kisses that was not a distinct and self-subsisting ceremony. It was usage and done in a hurry, and the door slammed as he went his way to the schools. Ethel was not coming that morning, because by special request and because she wanted to help him she was going to copy out some of his botanical notes which had fallen into arrears. On his way to the schools Lewisham felt something suspiciously near a sinking of the heart. His preoccupation was essentially arithmetical. The thing that engaged his mind to the exclusion of all other matters is best expressed in the recognised business form. From this it will be manifest to the most unbusiness like that, disregarding the extraordinary expenditure on the marriage, and the by no means final “few little things” Ethel had bought, outgoings exceeded income by two pounds and more, and a brief excursion into arithmetic will demonstrate that in five-and-twenty weeks the balance of the account would be nothing. But that guinea a week was not to go on for five-and-twenty weeks, but simply for fifteen, and then the net outgoings will be well over three guineas, reducing the “law” accorded our young couple to two-and-twenty weeks. These details are tiresome and disagreeable, no doubt, to the refined reader, but just imagine how much more disagreeable they were to Mr. Lewisham, trudging meditative to the schools. You will understand his slipping out of the laboratory, and betaking himself to the Educational Reading-room, and how it was that the observant Smithers, grinding his lecture notes against the now imminent second examination for the “Forbes,” was presently perplexed to the centre of his being by the spectacle of Lewisham intent upon a pile of current periodicals, the Educational Times, the Journal of Education, the Schoolmaster, Science and Art, The University Correspondent, Nature, The Athenaeum, The Academy, and The Author. Smithers remarked the appearance of a note-book, the jotting down of memoranda. He edged into the bay nearest Lewisham’s table and approached him suddenly from the flank. “What are you after?” said Smithers in a noisy whisper and with a detective eye on the papers. He perceived Lewisham was scrutinising the advertisement column, and his perplexity increased. “Oh—nothing,” said Lewisham blandly, with his hand falling casually over his memoranda; “what’s your particular little game?” “Nothing much,” said Smithers, “just mooching round. You weren’t at the meeting last Friday?” He turned a chair, knelt on it, and began whispering over the back about Debating Society politics. Lewisham was inattentive and brief. What had he to do with these puerilities? At last Smithers went away foiled, and met Parkson by the entrance. Parkson, by-the-bye, had not spoken to Lewisham since their painful misunderstanding. He made a wide detour to his seat at the end table, and so, and by a singular rectitude of bearing and a dignified expression, showed himself aware of Lewisham’s offensive presence. Lewisham’s investigations were two-fold. He wanted to discover some way of adding materially to that weekly guinea by his own exertions, and he wanted to learn the conditions of the market for typewriting. For himself he had a vague idea, an idea subsequently abandoned, that it was possible to get teaching work in evening classes during the month of March. But, except by reason of sudden death, no evening class in London changes its staff after September until July comes round again. Private tuition, moreover, offered many attractions to him, but no definite proposals. His ideas of his own possibilities were youthful or he would not have spent time in noting the conditions of application for a vacant professorship in physics at the Melbourne University. He also made a note of the vacant editorship of a monthly magazine devoted to social questions. He would not have minded doing that sort of thing at all, though the proprietor might. There was also a vacant curatorship in the Museum of Eton College. The typewriting business was less varied and more definite. Those were the days before the violent competition of the half-educated had brought things down to an impossible tenpence the thousand words, and the prevailing price was as high as one-and-six. Calculating that Ethel could do a thousand words in an hour and that she could work five or six hours in the day, it was evident that her contributions to the household expenses would be by no means despicable; thirty shillings a week perhaps. Lewisham was naturally elated at this discovery. He could find no advertisements of authors or others seeking typewriting, but he saw that a great number of typewriters advertised themselves in the literary papers. It was evident Ethel also must advertise. “‘Scientific phraseology a speciality’ might be put,” meditated Lewisham. He returned to his lodgings in a hopeful mood with quite a bundle of memoranda of possible employments. He spent five shillings in stamps on the way. After lunch, Lewisham—a little short of breath-asked to see Madam Gadow. She came up in the most affable frame of mind; nothing could be further from the normal indignation of the British landlady. She was very voluble, gesticulatory and lucid, but unhappily bi-lingual, and at all the crucial points German. Mr. Lewisham’s natural politeness restrained him from too close a pursuit across the boundary of the two imperial tongues. Quite half an hour’s amicable discussion led at last to a reduction of sixpence, and all parties professed themselves satisfied with this result. Madam Gadow was quite cool even at the end. Mr. Lewisham was flushed in the face, red-eared, and his hair slightly disordered, but that sixpence was at any rate an admission of the justice of his claim. “She was evidently trying it on,” he said almost apologetically to Ethel. “It was absolutely necessary to present a firm front to her. I doubt if we shall have any trouble again.... “Of course what she says about kitchen coals is perfectly just.” Then the young couple went for a walk in Kensington Gardens, and—the spring afternoon was so warm and pleasant—sat on two attractive green chairs near the band-stand, for which Lewisham had subsequently to pay twopence. They had what Ethel called a “serious talk.” She was really wonderfully sensible, and discussed the situation exhaustively. She was particularly insistent upon the importance of economy in her domestic disbursements and deplored her general ignorance very earnestly. It was decided that Lewisham should get a good elementary text-book of domestic economy for her private study. At home Mrs. Chaffery guided her house by the oracular items of “Inquire Within upon Everything,” but Lewisham considered that work unscientific. Ethel was also of opinion that much might be learnt from the sixpenny ladies’ papers—the penny ones had hardly begun in those days. She had bought such publications during seasons of affluence, but chiefly, as she now deplored, with an eye to the trimming of hats and such like vanities. The sooner the typewriter came the better. It occurred to Lewisham with unpleasant suddenness that he had not allowed for the purchase of a typewriter in his estimate of their resources. It brought their “law” down to twelve or thirteen weeks. They spent the evening in writing and copying a number of letters, addressing envelopes and enclosing stamps. There were optimistic moments. “Melbourne’s a fine city,” said Lewisham, “and we should have a glorious voyage out.” He read the application for the Melbourne professorship out loud to her, just to see how it read, and she was greatly impressed by the list of his accomplishments and successes. “I did not, know you knew half those things,” she said, and became depressed at her relative illiteracy. It was natural, after such encouragement, to write to the scholastic agents in a tone of assured consequence. The advertisement for typewriting in the Athenaeum troubled his conscience a little. After he had copied out his draft with its “Scientific phraseology a speciality,” fine and large, he saw the notes she had written out for him. Her handwriting was still round and boyish, even as it had appeared in the Whortley avenue, but her punctuation was confined to the erratic comma and the dash, and there was a disposition to spell the imperfectly legible along the line of least resistance. However, he dismissed that matter with a resolve to read over and correct anything in that way that she might have sent her to do. It would not be a bad idea, he thought parenthetically, if he himself read up some sound authority on the punctuation of sentences. They sat at this business quite late, heedless of the examination in botany that came on the morrow. It was very bright and cosy in their little room with their fire burning, the gas lit and the curtains drawn, and the number of applications they had written made them hopeful. She was flushed and enthusiastic, now flitting about the room, now coming close to him and leaning over him to see what he had done. At Lewisham’s request she got him the envelopes from the chest of drawers. “You are a help to a chap,” said Lewisham, leaning back from the table, “I feel I could do anything for a girl like you—anything.” “Really!” she cried, “Really! Am I really a help?” Lewisham’s face and gesture, were all assent. She gave a little cry of delight, stood for a moment, and then by way of practical demonstration of her unflinching helpfulness, hurried round the table towards him with arms extended, “You dear!” she cried. Lewisham, partially embraced, pushed his chair back with his disengaged arm, so that she might sit on his knee.... Who could doubt that she was a help? About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2006). Love and Mr. Lewisham. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11640/11640-h/11640-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

THE CAMPAIGN OPENS

First and Last Things by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . PLANES AND DIALECTS OF THOUGHT PLANES AND DIALECTS OF THOUGHT. Finally; the Logician, intent upon perfecting the certitudes of his methods rather than upon expressing the confusing subtleties of truth, has done little to help thinking men in the perpetual difficulty that arises from the fact that the universe can be seen in many different fashions and expressed by many different systems of terms, each expression within its limits true and yet incommensurable with expression upon a differing system. There is a sort of stratification in human ideas. I have it very much in mind that various terms in our reasoning lie, as it were, at different levels and in different planes, and that we accomplish a large amount of error and confusion by reasoning terms together that do not lie or nearly lie in the same plane. Let me endeavour to make myself a little less obscure by a flagrant instance from physical things. Suppose some one began to talk seriously of a man seeing an atom through a microscope, or better perhaps of cutting one in half with a knife. There are a number of non-analytical people who would be quite prepared to believe that an atom could be visible to the eye or cut in this manner. But any one at all conversant with physical conceptions would almost as soon think of killing the square root of 2 with a rook rifle as of cutting an atom in half with a knife. One’s conception of an atom is reached through a process of hypothesis and analysis, and in the world of atoms there are no knives and no men to cut. If you have thought with a strong consistent mental movement, then when you have thought of your atom under the knife blade, your knife blade has itself become a cloud of swinging grouped atoms, and your microscope lens a little universe of oscillatory and vibratory molecules. If you think of the universe, thinking at the level of atoms, there is neither knife to cut, scale to weigh, nor eye to see. The universe at that plane to which the mind of the molecular physicist descends has none of the shapes or forms of our common life whatever. This hand with which I write is, in the universe of molecular physics, a cloud of warring atoms and molecules, combining and recombining, colliding, rotating, flying hither and thither in the universal atmosphere of ether. You see, I hope, what I mean when I say that the universe of molecular physics is at a different level from the universe of common experience;—what we call stable and solid is in that world a freely moving system of interlacing centres of force, what we call colour and sound is there no more than this length of vibration of that. We have reached to a conception of that universe of molecular physics by a great enterprise of organised analysis, and our universe of daily experiences stands in relation to that elemental world as if it were a synthesis of those elemental things. I would suggest to you that this is only a very extreme instance of the general state of affairs, that there may be finer and subtler differences of level between one term and another, and that terms may very well be thought of as lying obliquely and as being twisted through different levels. It will perhaps give a clearer idea of what I am seeking to convey if I suggest a concrete image for the whole world of a man’s thought and knowledge. Imagine a large clear jelly, in which at all angles and in all states of simplicity or contortion his ideas are imbedded. They are all valid and possible ideas as they lie, none incompatible with any. If you imagine the direction of up or down in this clear jelly being as it were the direction in which one moves by analysis or synthesis, if you go down for example from matter to atoms and centres of force and up to men and states and countries—if you will imagine the ideas lying in that manner—you will get the beginnings of my intention. But our instrument, our process of thinking, like a drawing before the discovery of perspective, appears to have difficulties with the third dimension, appears capable only of dealing with or reasoning about ideas by projecting them upon the same plane. It will be obvious that a great multitude of things may very well exist together in a solid jelly, which would be overlapping and incompatible and mutually destructive when projected together upon one plane. Through the bias in our instrument to do this, through reasoning between terms not in the same plane, an enormous amount of confusion, perplexity, and mental deadlocking occurs. The old theological deadlock between predestination and free will serves admirably as an example of the sort of deadlock I mean. Take life at the level of common sensation and common experience and there is no more indisputable fact than man’s freedom of will, unless it is his complete moral responsibility. But make only the least penetrating of scientific analyses and you perceive a world of inevitable consequences, a rigid succession of cause and effect. Insist upon a flat agreement between the two, and there you are! The instrument fails. So far as this particular opposition is concerned, I shall point out later the reasonableness and convenience of regarding the common-sense belief in free will as truer for one’s personal life than determinism. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2009). First and Last Things: A Confession of Faith and Rule of Life. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4225/4225-h/4225-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

PLANES AND DIALECTS OF THOUGHT

A Short History of the World, by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE AGE OF FISHES THE AGE OF FISHES In the days when the world was supposed to have endured for only a few thousand years, it was supposed that the different species of plants and animals were fixed and final; they had all been created exactly as they are to-day, each species by itself. But as men began to discover and study the Record of the Rocks this belief gave place to the suspicion that many species had changed and developed slowly through the course of ages, and this again expanded into a belief in what is called Organic Evolution, a belief that all species of life upon earth, animal and vegetable alike, are descended by slow continuous processes of change from some very simple ancestral form of life, some almost structureless living substance, far back in the so-called Azoic seas. This question of Organic Evolution, like the question of the age of the earth, has in the past been the subject of much bitter controversy. There was a time when a belief in organic evolution was for rather obscure reasons supposed to be incompatible with sound Christian, Jewish and Moslem doctrine. That time has passed, and the men of the most orthodox Catholic, Protestant, Jewish and Mohammedan belief are now free to accept this newer and broader view of a common origin of all living things. No life seems to have happened suddenly upon earth. Life grew and grows. Age by age through gulfs of time at which imagination reels, life has been growing from a mere stirring in the intertidal slime towards freedom, power and consciousness. Life consists of individuals. These individuals are definite things, they are not like the lumps and masses, nor even the limitless and motionless crystals, of non-living matter, and they have two characteristics no dead matter possesses. They can assimilate other matter into themselves and make it part of themselves, and they can reproduce themselves. They eat and they breed. They can give rise to other individuals, for the most part like themselves, but always also a little different from themselves. There is a specific and family resemblance between an individual and its offspring, and there is an individual difference between every parent and every offspring it produces, and this is true in every species and at every stage of life. SPECIMEN OF THE PTERICHTHYS MILLERI OR SEA SCORPION SHOWING BODY ARMOUR Now scientific men are not able to explain to us either why offspring should resemble nor why they should differ from their parents. But seeing that offspring do at once resemble and differ, it is a matter rather of common sense than of scientific knowledge that, if the conditions under which a species live are changed, the species should undergo some correlated changes. Because in any generation of the species there must be a number of individuals whose individual differences make them better adapted to the new conditions under which the species has to live, and a number whose individuals whose individual differences make it rather harder for them to live. And on the whole the former sort will live longer, bear more offspring, and reproduce themselves more abundantly than the latter, and so generation by generation the average of the species will change in the favourable direction. This process, which is called Natural Selection, is not so much a scientific theory as a necessary deduction from the facts of reproduction and individual difference. There may be many forces at work varying, destroying and preserving species, about which science may still be unaware or undecided, but the man who can deny the operation of this process of natural selection upon life since its beginning must be either ignorant of the elementary facts of life or incapable of ordinary thought. Many scientific men have speculated about the first beginning of life and their speculations are often of great interest, but there is absolutely no definite knowledge and no convincing guess yet of the way in which life began. But nearly all authorities are agreed that it probably began upon mud or sand in warm sunlit shallow brackish water, and that it spread up the beaches to the intertidal lines and out to the open waters. FOSSIL OF THE CLADOSELACHE, A DEVONIAN SHARK Nat. Hist. Mus. That early world was a world of strong tides and currents. An incessant destruction of individuals must have been going on through their being swept up the beaches and dried, or by their being swept out to sea and sinking down out of reach of air and sun. Early conditions favoured the development of every tendency to root and hold on, every tendency to form an outer skin and casing to protect the stranded individual from immediate desiccation. From the very earliest any tendency to sensitiveness to taste would turn the individual in the direction of food, and any sensitiveness to light would assist it to struggle back out of the darkness of the sea deeps and caverns or to wriggle back out of the excessive glare of the dangerous shallows. Probably the first shells and body armour of living things were protections against drying rather than against active enemies. But tooth and claw come early into our earthly history. We have already noted the size of the earlier water scorpions. For long ages such creatures were the supreme lords of life. Then in a division of these Palæozoic rocks called the Silurian division, which many geologists now suppose to be as old as five hundred million years, there appears a new type of being, equipped with eyes and teeth and swimming powers of an altogether more powerful kind. These were the first known backboned animals, the earliest fishes, the first known Vertebrata. SHARKS AND GANOIDS OF THE DEVONIAN PERIOD By Alice Woodward These fishes increase greatly in the next division of rocks, the rocks known as the Devonian system. They are so prevalent that this period of the Record of the Rocks has been called the Age of Fishes. Fishes of a pattern now gone from the earth, and fishes allied to the sharks and sturgeons of to-day, rushed through the waters, leapt in the air, browsed among the seaweeds, pursued and preyed upon one another, and gave a new liveliness to the waters of the world. None of these were excessively big by our present standards. Few of them were more than two or three feet long, but there were exceptional forms which were as long as twenty feet. We know nothing from geology of the ancestors of these fishes. They do not appear to be related to any of the forms that preceded them. Zoologists have the most interesting views of their ancestry, but these they derive from the study of the development of the eggs of their still living relations, and from other sources. Apparently the ancestors of the vertebrata were soft-bodied and perhaps quite small swimming creatures who began first to develop hard parts as teeth round and about their mouths. The teeth of a skate or dogfish cover the roof and floor of its mouth and pass at the lip into the flattened toothlike scales that encase most of its body. As the fishes develop these teeth scales in the geological record, they swim out of the hidden darkness of the past into the light, the first vertebrated animals visible in the record. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2011). A Short History of the World. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11870/11870-h/11870-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

THE AGE OF FISHES

Mary Writes

The Palmer Method of Business Writing, by A. N. Palmer is part of the HackerNoon Books series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here .
 Lesson 115 LESSON 115 Drill 138 Begin this lesson with your usual movement drills. First practice drill one hundred and thirty-eight in sections, word by word. Follow with a full page of the completed copy, and do not neglect to criticise results. Height, spacing, and slant should receive special attention. In the following lessons are given copies in line-writing from which pages should be written. It may be easy for some students who cannot maintain uniform excellence throughout a page to write one or two lines well. The object of your practice should be attractive work and commercial speed. To attain this end, study the appearance of the finished line and page from time to time, and always try to harmonize the writing with the space it occupies. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Palmer, A. N. 2021. The Palmer Method of Business Writing. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved December 2022 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/66476/66476-h/66476-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

The Palmer Method of Business Writing: Lesson 115

The Country of the Blind, And Other Stories, by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE STOLEN BACILLUS THE STOLEN BACILLUS "This again," said the Bacteriologist, slipping a glass slide under the microscope, "is well,—a preparation of the Bacillus of cholera—the cholera germ." The pale-faced man peered down the microscope. He was evidently not accustomed to that kind of thing, and held a limp white hand over his disengaged eye. "I see very little," he said. "Touch this screw," said the Bacteriologist; "perhaps the microscope is out of focus for you. Eyes vary so much. Just the fraction of a turn this way or that." "Ah! now I see," said the visitor. "Not so very much to see after all. Little streaks and shreds of pink. And yet those little particles, those mere atomies, might multiply and devastate a city! Wonderful!" He stood up, and releasing the glass slip from the microscope, held it in his hand towards the window. "Scarcely visible," he said, scrutinising the preparation. He hesitated. "Are these—alive? Are they dangerous now?" "Those have been stained and killed," said the Bacteriologist. "I wish, for my own part, we could kill and stain every one of them in the universe." "I suppose," the pale man said, with a slight smile, 'that you scarcely care to have such things about you in the living—in the active state?" "On the contrary, we are obliged to," said the Bacteriologist. "Here, for instance—" He walked across the room and took up one of several sealed tubes. "Here is the living thing. This is a cultivation of the actual living disease bacteria." He hesitated. "Bottled cholera, so to speak." A slight gleam of satisfaction appeared momentarily in the face of the pale man. "It's a deadly thing to have in your possession," he said, devouring the little tube with his eyes. The Bacteriologist watched the morbid pleasure in his visitor's expression. This man, who had visited him that afternoon with a note of introduction from an old friend, interested him from the very contrast of their dispositions. The lank black hair and deep grey eyes, the haggard expression and nervous manner, the fitful yet keen interest of his visitor were a novel change from the phlegmatic deliberations of the ordinary scientific worker with whom the Bacteriologist chiefly associated. It was perhaps natural, with a hearer evidently so impressionable to the lethal nature of; his topic, to take the most effective aspect of the matter. He held the tube in his hand thoughtfully. "Yes, here is the pestilence imprisoned. Only break such a little tube as this into a supply of drinking-water, say to these minute particles of life that one must needs stain and examine with the highest powers of the microscope even to see, and that one can neither smell nor taste—say to them, 'Go forth, increase and multiply, and replenish the cisterns,' and death—mysterious, untraceable death, death swift and terrible, death full of pain and indignity—would be released upon this city, and go hither and thither seeking his victims. Here he would take the husband from the wife, here the child from its mother, here the statesman from his duty, and here the toiler from his trouble. He would follow the water-mains, creeping along streets, picking out and punishing a house here and a house there where they did not boil their drinking-water, creeping into the wells of the mineral water makers, getting washed into salad, and lying dormant in ices. He would wait ready to be drunk in the horse-troughs, and by unwary children in the public fountains. He would soak into the soil, to reappear in springs and wells at a thousand unexpected places. Once start him at the water supply, and before we could ring him in, and catch him again, he would have decimated the metropolis." He stopped abruptly. He had been told rhetoric was his weakness. "But he is quite safe here, you know—quite safe." The pale-faced man nodded. His eyes shone. He cleared his throat. "These Anarchist—rascals," said he, "are fools, blind fools—to use bombs when this kind of thing is attainable. I think——" A gentle rap, a mere light touch of the finger-nails, was heard at the door. The Bacteriologist opened it. "Just a minute, dear," whispered his wife. When he re-entered the laboratory his visitor was looking at his watch. "I had no idea I had wasted an hour of your time," he said. "Twelve minutes to four. I ought to have left here by half-past three. But your things were really too interesting. No, positively I cannot stop a moment longer. I have an engagement at four." He passed out of the room reiterating his thanks, and the Bacteriologist accompanied him to the door, and then returned thoughtfully along the passage to his laboratory. He was musing on the ethnology of his visitor. Certainly the man was not a Teutonic type nor a common Latin one. "A morbid product, anyhow, I am afraid," said the Bacteriologist to himself. "How he gloated over those cultivations of disease germs!" A disturbing thought struck him. He turned to the bench by the vapour bath, and then very quickly to his writing-table. Then he felt hastily in his pockets and then rushed to the door. "I may have put it down on the hall table," he said. "Minnie!" he shouted hoarsely in the hall. "Yes, dear," came a remote voice. "Had I anything in my hand when I spoke to you, dear, just now?" Pause. "Nothing, dear, because I remember——" "Blue ruin!" cried the Bacteriologist, and incontinently ran to the front door and down the steps of his house to the street. Minnie, hearing the door slam violently, ran in alarm to the window. Down the street a slender man was getting into a cab. The Bacteriologist, hatless, and in his carpet slippers, was running and gesticulating wildly towards this group. One slipper came off, but he did not wait for it. "He has gone mad!" said Minnie; "it's that horrid science of his"; and, opening the window, would have called after him. The slender man, suddenly glancing round, seemed struck with the same idea of mental disorder. He pointed hastily to the Bacteriologist, said something to the cabman, the apron of the cab slammed, the whip swished, the horse's feet clattered, and in a moment cab and Bacteriologist hotly in pursuit, had receded up the vista of the roadway and disappeared round the corner. Minnie remained straining out of the window for a minute. Then she drew her head back into the room again. She was dumbfounded. "Of course he is eccentric," she meditated. "But running about London—in the height of the season, too—in his socks!" A happy thought struck her. She hastily put her bonnet on, seized his shoes, went into the hall, took down his hat and light overcoat from the pegs, emerged upon the doorstep, and hailed a cab that opportunely crawled by. "Drive me up the road and round Havelock Crescent, and see if we can find a gentleman running about in a velveteen coat and no hat." "Velveteen coat, ma'am, and no 'at. Very good, ma'am." And the cabman whipped up at once in the most matter-of-fact way, as if he drove to this address every day in his life. Some few minutes later the little group of cabmen and loafers that collects round the cabman's shelter at Haverstock Hill were startled by the passing of a cab with a ginger-coloured screw of a horse, driven furiously. They were silent as it went by, and then as it receded—"That's 'Arry 'Icks. Wot's he got?" said the stout gentleman known as Old Tootles. "He's a-using his whip, he is, to rights," said the ostler boy. "Hullo!" said poor old Tommy Byles; "here's another bloomin' loonatic. Blowed if there ain't." "It's old George," said Old Tootles, "and he's drivin' a loonatic, as you say. Ain't he a-clawin' out of the keb? Wonder if he's after 'Arry 'Icks?" The group round the cabman's shelter became animated. Chorus: "Go it, George!" "It's a race." "You'll ketch 'em!" "Whip up!" "She's a goer, she is!" said the ostler boy. "Strike me giddy!" cried Old Tootles. "Here! I'm a-goin' to begin in a minute. Here's another comin'. If all the cabs in Hampstead ain't gone mad this morning!" "It's a fieldmale this time," said the ostler boy. "She's a-followin' him," said Old Tootles. "Usually the other way about." "What's she got in her 'and?" "Looks like a 'igh 'at." "What a bloomin' lark it is! Three to one on old George," said the ostler boy. "Nexst!" Minnie went by in a perfect roar of applause. She did not like it, but she felt that she was doing her duty, and whirled on down Haverstock Hill and Camden Town High Street with her eyes ever intent on the animated back view of old George, who was driving her vagrant husband so incomprehensibly away from her. The man in the foremost cab sat crouched in the corner, his arms tightly folded, and the little tube that contained such vast possibilities of destruction gripped in his hand. His mood was a singular mixture of fear and exultation. Chiefly he was afraid of being caught before he could accomplish his purpose, but behind this was a vaguer but larger fear of the awfulness of his crime. But his exultation far exceeded his fear. No Anarchist before him had ever approached this conception of his. Ravachol, Vaillant, all those distinguished persons whose fame he had envied dwindled into insignificance beside him. He had only to make sure of the water supply, and break the little tube into a reservoir. How brilliantly he had planned it, forged the letter of introduction and got into the laboratory, and how brilliantly he had seized his opportunity! The world should hear of him at last. All those people who had sneered at him, neglected him, preferred other people to him, found his company undesirable, should consider him at last. Death, death, death! They had always treated him as a man of no importance. All the world had been in a conspiracy to keep him under. He would teach them yet what it is to isolate a man. What was this familiar street? Great Saint Andrew's Street, of course! How fared the chase? He craned out of the cab. The Bacteriologist was scarcely fifty yards behind. That was bad. He would be caught and stopped yet. He felt in his pocket for money, and found half a sovereign. This he thrust up through the trap in the top of the cab into the man's face. "More," he shouted, "if only we get away." The money was snatched out of his hand. "Right you are," said the cabman, and the trap slammed, and the lash lay along the glistening side of the horse. The cab swayed, and the Anarchist, half-standing under the trap, put the hand containing the little glass tube upon the apron to preserve his balance. He felt the brittle thing crack, and the broken half of it rang upon the floor of the cab. He fell back into the seat with a curse, and stared dismally at the two or three drops of moisture on the apron. He shuddered. "Well, I suppose I shall be the first. Phew! Anyhow, I shall be a Martyr. That's something. But it is a filthy death, nevertheless. I wonder if it hurts as much as they say." Presently a thought occurred to him—he groped between his feet. A little drop was still in the broken end of the tube, and he drank that to make sure. It was better to make sure. At any rate, he would not fail. Then it dawned upon him that there was no further need to escape the Bacteriologist. In Wellington Street he told the cabman to stop, and got out. He slipped on the step, and his head felt queer. It was rapid stuff, this cholera poison. He waved his cabman out of existence, so to speak, and stood on the pavement with his arms folded upon his breast awaiting the arrival of the Bacteriologist. There was something tragic in his pose. The sense of imminent death gave him a certain dignity. He greeted his pursuer with a defiant laugh. "Vive l'Anarchie! You are too late, my friend, I have drunk it. The cholera is abroad!" The Bacteriologist from his cab beamed curiously at him through his spectacles. "You have drunk it! An Anarchist! I see now." He was about to say something more, and then checked himself. A smile hung in the corner of his mouth. He opened the apron of his cab as if to descend, at which the Anarchist waved him a dramatic farewell and strode off towards Waterloo Bridge, carefully jostling his infected body against as many people as possible. The Bacteriologist was so preoccupied with the vision of him that he scarcely manifested the slightest surprise at the appearance of Minnie upon the pavement with his hat and shoes and overcoat. "Very good of you to bring my things," he said, and remained lost in contemplation of the receding figure of the Anarchist. "You had better get in," he said, still staring. Minnie felt absolutely convinced now that he was mad, and directed the cabman home on her own responsibility. "Put on my shoes? Certainly, dear," said he, as the cab began to turn, and hid the strutting black figure, now small in the distance, from his eyes. Then suddenly something grotesque struck him, and he laughed. Then he remarked, "It is really very serious, though. "You see, that man came to my house to see me, and he is an Anarchist. No—don't faint, or I cannot possibly tell you the rest. And I wanted to astonish him, not knowing he was an Anarchist, and took up a cultivation of that new species of Bacterium I was telling you of that infest, and I think cause, the blue patches upon various monkeys; and, like a fool, I said it was Asiatic cholera. And he ran away with it to poison the water of London, and he certainly might have made things look blue for this civilised city. And now he has swallowed it. Of course, I cannot say what will happen, but you know it turned that kitten blue, and the three puppies—in patches, and the sparrow—bright blue. But the bother is, I shall have all the trouble and expense of preparing some more. "Put on my coat on this hot day! Why? Because we might meet Mrs. Jabber. My dear, Mrs. Jabber is not a draught. But why should I wear a coat on a hot day because of Mrs.——-. Oh! very well." About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2004). The Country of the Blind, And Other Stories. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11870/11870-h/11870-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at . https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE STOLEN BACILLUS

If you've spent any time on the Internet in the last few weeks, you've seen tons of people experimenting with AI, especially ChatGPT. ChatGPT is a chatbot by OpenAI. Basically, you feed it a question, and it can give you some good answers. People were using it to do their homework, launch projects, and even publish books written entirely by AI. As a professional nerd, I wanted to see what the hype is all about. But aimed to put a different spin on it. Since I'm building , I wanted to create something in that space. a media company focused on web3 gaming So, I settled on using AI to create the story and artwork for an NFT game. It took me a day of work, but the results were astonishing. The Story Behind the Story As most nerds obsessed about gaming and crypto, I love traditional games inspired by a wide variety of popular intellectual property: I played all Batman video games from the Arkham series. I spent countless hours playing all Star Wars games, including the Lego Star Wars games. I finished the Spider-man PS4 game three times in one month. But I've also played a ton of web3 games such as Axie Infinity, Pegaxy, and Crabada. These games use non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to allow players to own game assets. So, I wanted to use AI to merge these concepts together - create an NFT Spider-Man game. And I wanted that game to be inspired by one of the best Spider-man games I've ever played - Spider-Man: Web of Shadows. Why that one in particular? Cuz I love games with a darker tone. And with that vague description, my gaming experiment with artificial intelligence started. Part 1: Creating the Story I started with a simple instruction: Here's ChatGPT's unedited response: "In the city of New York, a new threat has emerged. A shadowy organization known as the Syndicate has taken control of the city, using their advanced technology and powerful allies to rule with an iron fist. As the streets of New York descend into chaos, a young man named Peter Parker decides to take action. Using his amazing abilities as the superhero Spider-Man, he sets out to take down the Syndicate and restore order to the city. As Spider-Man, you swing through the streets and alleys of New York, taking on the Syndicate's minions and foiling their plans at every turn. But as you dig deeper into the Syndicate's operations, you realize that they are more powerful and dangerous than you ever imagined. To take down the Syndicate, you'll need all the help you can get. That's where the NFTs come in. As you progress through the game, you'll collect a variety of NFTs that represent different allies and allies from the Marvel Universe. Each NFT has its own unique abilities and powers, and by collecting and using them wisely, you'll be able to take on even the toughest foes. As you gather your forces and take the fight to the Syndicate, you'll discover that the web of shadows stretches far beyond the streets of New York. The fate of the entire world hangs in the balance, and only you, as Spider-Man, can save it." Okay, we are off to a good start. Let's figure out the next step: So, I guess I'll have to make the call here. Let's make this a multiplayer game where you play as Spider-Man and aim to defeat the Syndicate. But we need more info about that group. Okay. The AI is clearly pushing us towards a multiplayer game where we can play with different Marvel characters. So, let's see who it has in mind. Here's the unedited answer: "In the story I wrote, the characters from the Marvel Universe that could potentially help the player are represented by NFTs that the player can collect and use throughout the game. These NFTs could represent a variety of different characters, each with their own unique abilities and powers. Some examples of characters from the Marvel Universe that could potentially appear in the game as NFTs include: 1. Captain America: A patriotic superhero with superhuman strength, endurance, and agility, as well as a shield that can deflect bullets and energy blasts. 2. Iron Man: A billionaire genius inventor who uses a high-tech suit of armor to fight crime and protect the world. 3. Thor: The powerful Asgardian prince with superhuman strength and the ability to control the elements, as well as a enchanted hammer that can harness the power of the storms. 4. Hulk: A scientist transformed by gamma radiation into a giant, rampaging beast with incredible strength and durability. 5. Black Widow: A skilled spy and assassin with expertise in hand-to-hand combat, weapons, and stealth. 6. Hawkeye: A master marksman with superhuman accuracy and a wide array of trick arrows at his disposal. These are just a few examples of the many characters from the Marvel Universe that could potentially appear in the game as NFTs and help the player in battle. The specific characters included in the game would depend on the choices made by the developers." While I like these characters, they seem out of place for a Spider-Man game inspired by Web of Shadows. So, who are we going to team up with to defeat the evil Syndicate? Wait, I have an idea. I know who fits the story - Daredevil. Let's see how the chatbot will add him to the story: Mmm, that's good, but I'd like to play with Daredevil as well as Spider-Man. Let's use this prompt to figure out the full story. Here's the unedited full version by ChatGPT3: "In the city of New York, a new threat has emerged. A shadowy organization known as the Syndicate has taken control of the city, using their advanced technology and powerful allies to rule with an iron fist. As the streets of New York descend into chaos, two heroes rise to take on the Syndicate: Spider-Man and Daredevil. Together, they must use their incredible powers and skills to take down the Syndicate and restore order to the city. As a player, you can choose to play as either Spider-Man or Daredevil, each with their own unique abilities and playstyle. As Spider-Man, you can swing through the streets and alleys of New York, using your web-slinging skills and spider-sense to take on the Syndicate's minions. As Daredevil, you can use your superhuman senses and expert combat skills to take down your foes and defend the city. Together with your fellow players, you'll take on a variety of missions and challenges, ranging from small-scale objectives such as taking down Syndicate operatives or rescuing civilians, to larger, more epic battles against powerful bosses or factions. As you progress through the game, you'll collect a variety of NFTs that represent different allies and allies from the Marvel Universe, each with their own unique abilities and powers. The fate of the city hangs in the balance, and only you and your fellow heroes can save it. Will you rise to the challenge and bring down the Syndicate, or will you fall to their might? The choice is yours." God damn. Sounds epic! Now, we need an awesome title. Here are the unedited 30 titles: 1. "Spider-Man and Daredevil: Web of Shadows" 2. "Heroes United: Spider-Man and Daredevil" 3. "The Syndicate Showdown" 4. "The Fight for New York" 5. "Daredevil and Spider-Man: The Ultimate Team-Up" 6. "The Battle for the Big Apple" 7. "Defenders of the City" 8. "The Syndicate Wars" 9. "Heroes in Action: Spider-Man and Daredevil" 10. "The Ultimate Spider-Man and Daredevil Experience" 11. "The Spider-Man and Daredevil Chronicles" 12. "New York Under Siege" 13. "Heroes Assemble: Spider-Man and Daredevil" 14. "The Spider-Man and Daredevil Adventure" 15. "The Battle for Justice" 16. "The Syndicate's Last Stand" 17. "The Heroes of New York" 18. "The Spider-Man and Daredevil Epic" 19. "The Great Spider-Man and Daredevil Team-Up" 20. "The War for New York" 21. "The Spider-Man and Daredevil Mission" 22. "The Syndicate's Reign of Terror" 23. "Heroes Rising: Spider-Man and Daredevil" 24. "The Spider-Man and Daredevil Quest" 25. "New York in Peril" 26."The Spider-Man and Daredevil Showdown" 27. "The Ultimate Spider-Man and Daredevil Battle" 28."The Syndicate's Final Showdown" 29."Heroes Unite: Spider-Man and Daredevil" 30. "The Spider-Man and Daredevil Odyssey" Why 30? Cuz I've seen people experiment with these AI tools, and when it comes to headlines and titles, volume is the name of the game. But here's the problem - I didn't like any of these titles - most of them don't make much sense. So combined two of them, making the title of the game - "Spider-man and Daredevil: The Syndicate Wars." Again. DAT IS EPIC! And yes, English snobs, I know the right word is "That." I'm just excited. Now that we have the main story and title of the game let's dig deeper into the Syndicate. I asked ChatGPT how Syndicate members look - are they humans or superhuman? Here's what the chatbot had to say: That's not bad, but it's a little vague. So I'm going to use my own creativity here and mold these guys in the image of the Joker. Yes, I'm creating a Marvel game using DC characters as an inspiration for the villains. Let's see how ChatGPT would design the Syndicate members. Okay, this gives us plenty of room to play with. Now, it's time for the billion-dollar question - how would ChatGPT design this game to maximize fun using digital assets like non-fungible tokens? Here's the unedited version: "There are a number of ways that you could design a game using NFTs to maximize fun and enjoyment for players. Some potential strategies include: 1. Offering a wide variety of NFTs to collect and use: By offering a wide variety of NFTs that represent different characters, abilities, and items, players will have more options and choices when it comes to customizing their gameplay experience. This can add an extra layer of depth and replay value to the game. 2. Adding NFT-based gameplay mechanics: You could incorporate NFTs into the gameplay itself, using them as a way to unlock new abilities, powers, or items. For example, you could have players collect NFTs to unlock new characters or abilities, or use them to access special abilities or abilities in battle. 3. Offering player-to-player trading: By allowing players to trade NFTs with each other, you can create a sense of community and encourage player interaction. This can make the game more social and engaging, and give players more reason to continue playing and collecting NFTs. 4. Providing NFT-based rewards and achievements: By offering NFTs as rewards for completing certain challenges or achievements in the game, you can give players extra incentives to keep playing and striving for progress. This can create a sense of accomplishment and give players a sense of progress and advancement. 5. Adding NFT-based mini-games or activities: You could also incorporate NFTs into mini-games or activities within the main game, giving players additional ways to interact with and collect them. This can add an extra layer of variety and fun to the game. Overall, by designing the game to make full use of NFTs and incorporating them into the gameplay and progression systems, you can create a more engaging and rewarding experience for players." This is a good start. Now, let's add NFTs in the context of the Spider-Man and Daredevil game we discussed. Here's ChatGPT's answer: "There are a number of ways that you could use NFTs in a Spider-Man and Daredevil game to enhance the gameplay and provide additional depth and replay value. Some possible examples include: 1. Collectible NFTs: Players could collect NFTs that represent different characters, allies, and allies from the Marvel Universe. These NFTs could be used to unlock new abilities, powers, or items, or to access special abilities or abilities in battle. 2. NFT-based upgrades: Players could use NFTs to upgrade their character's abilities, powers, or items, allowing them to customize their playstyle and approach to combat. 3. NFT-based rewards: Players could earn NFTs as rewards for completing certain challenges or achievements in the game, giving them extra incentives to keep playing and striving for progress. 4. NFT-based mini-games: The game could include mini-games or activities that revolve around collecting and using NFTs, providing additional ways for players to interact with and collect them. 5. Player-to-player trading: Players could trade NFTs with each other, allowing them to collect and use a wider variety of characters and abilities. This could create a sense of community and encourage player interaction. Overall, by incorporating NFTs into the gameplay and progression systems of a Spider-Man and Daredevil game, you can add an extra layer of depth and customization, as well as providing a way for players to collect and trade unique items and assets." This answer gave me some ideas. So here's what we will do. We will use NFTs for character upgrades. The more enemies we defeat, we gather XP, and we can use that XP to upgrade our characters. Each upgrade we make gives a new NFT that represents the newest (and badest) version of our character. Okay. We've made some progress. But I feel like something is missing... Like a main villain. Someone who will lead the Syndicate and match the darker tone of the game. I know the perfect guy for the job - the Kingpin. Hey, ChatGPT, what's his backstory? Here's the full unedited version: "The Kingpin, also known as Wilson Fisk, is a powerful and ruthless criminal mastermind in the Marvel Universe. He is often depicted as a major antagonist for characters like Spider-Man and Daredevil, and has a long and complicated backstory. In the story I wrote, the Kingpin could potentially be the main villain of the game, leading the Syndicate and pulling the strings behind their operations. Here is a possible backstory for the Kingpin in this context: Wilson Fisk was born into poverty in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of New York City. As a young man, he was determined to rise above his circumstances and become someone powerful and influential. He turned to a life of crime, using his intelligence, strength, and ruthlessness to climb the ranks of the criminal underworld. Over the years, Fisk became known as the Kingpin, a powerful and feared figure in the criminal world. He controlled a vast network of criminal enterprises, from gambling and extortion to drugs and weapons trafficking. He used his wealth and influence to corrupt politicians, judges, and law enforcement officials, ensuring that he could operate with impunity. As the leader of the Syndicate, the Kingpin uses his vast resources and connections to spread fear and chaos throughout the city. He is a formidable and ruthless opponent, willing to do whatever it takes to achieve his goals. Only Spider-Man and Daredevil stand a chance of taking him down and stopping his reign of terror." That's awesome! So here's what we've got so far: The main story, heroes, and villains of the game. The backstory of the Syndicate. Utility for our NFTs. I think that's all we need from ChatGPT, storywise. Now, it's time to go into the artwork. Part II: The Artwork We need to use AI to design the following characters: Spider-Man. Daredevil. Syndicate members. The Kingpin. Let's start with Spider-Man. I liked #2 - makes the most sense for the tone we are going for. Now, let's talk Daredevil. Let's go with #1 cuz it sounds epic. What about the Syndicate members? Let's go with number #9. Now, it's time to describe our main villain - Wilson Fisk, aka the Kingpin. Here are the 10 descriptions by ChatGPT: "Here are ten possible illustrations that could be used to visually describe how the Kingpin looks in the game: 1. A full body shot of the Kingpin in a suit and tie, exuding power and authority as he sits at his desk. 2. A close-up of the Kingpin's face, showing his cold and calculating expression as he plots his next move. 3. A shot of the Kingpin in action, using his vast resources and connections to manipulate events behind the scenes. 4. A dynamic shot of the Kingpin standing tall and proud, with his wealth and power on full display. 5. A dramatic pose of the Kingpin standing in front of a giant map of New York, plotting his next move. 6. A shot of the Kingpin using his intelligence and cunning to outmaneuver his enemies. 7. A shot of the Kingpin using his wealth and influence to bribe or coerce others to do his bidding. 8. A shot of the Kingpin in his private lair, surrounded by his loyal minions and advanced technology. 9. A shot of the Kingpin in his office, with a view of the city skyline in the background. 10. A shot of the Kingpin in a more casual pose, perhaps enjoying a drink or reflecting on his plans. Overall, these illustrations could help to convey the character and style of the Kingpin in the game, and give artists a sense of how to visually depict him." Let's go with number #3. Okay, so we have the descriptions for Spider-Man, Daredevil, Syndicate members, and Kingpin. Now, let's use the Midjourney to create the art. Why that tool? Cuz it's simple, easy to use, and free. You feed it a short prompt and it generates high-quality images. Here's an example for Spider-Man: All look epic. I'll take version #2 but will use version #1 for the main poster. Can't waste images like that. I want to see more variations of the second version. Let's see what the tool gives us: Fantastic. I've settled on this design: It's time for the man without fear - Daredevil. I love version 1 - works best for our game. Here's the final look: Time to see how our villains look. First, let's work on the Syndicate members. The V2 looks great, so I turned it into this: I wouldn't want to mess with that guy. Now, it's time for the big boss - The Kingpin. Following the same process with Midjourney, I've settled on this look: So, we have everything for our game. Part III: Putting It All Together Let's recap. Using ChatGPT, we created a story for a multiplayer Spider-Man and Daredevil NFT game called "Spider-man and Daredevil: The Syndicate Wars." The game has a darker tone and is inspired by "Spider-Man: Web of Shadows." The story takes place in New York City, where a shadowy organization called the Syndicate is running New York. The man behind the Syndicate is Wilson Fisk, the Kingpin. A powerful man who's controlling the city behind the scenes. It's up to Spider-Man and Daredevil to stop The Kingpin and his Syndicate from ruining New York and, potentially, the world. And let's not forget - this is an NFT game. As you go around the city, defeating enemies, you gather XP, and using that XP, you upgrade your character. Every time you upgrade your character, you get a new NFT that represents the latest version of your main hero. So this is the main story of the game and using Midjourney, we created some epic artwork. With a little magic from me and Canva.com, I designed our main poster for the game: Don't know about you, but I'm astonished at how good these tools are. I don't have any gaming, story, or design experience but managed to create a solid story and artwork for an NFT game using only AI. And remember, it all started with the simple idea of creating an NFT game based on Spider-Man: Web of Shadows. Can't wait to see how real game devs use these tools to create some epic web3 and traditional games. If you want to learn more about the web3 gaming space, subscribe to my free daily newsletter on web3 gaming.

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AI Created the Story and Artwork for a Spider-Man and Daredevil NFT Game

Hackers, the wait is over. We are back with the final results announcement of Writing Contest by the Sandbox and HackerNoon! This is the second time has partnered with HackerNoon to give the gaming community an awesome platform to share their stories and win SAND Tokens. #EnterTheMetaverse the Sandbox This contest has indeed been a win-win for all - During the three months of the contest, we published 221 stories that generated around 1 million reads and 5 months of reading time!!! Top 10 Nomination of #EntertheMetaverse Round 3 👏👏👏 As usual, we picked all the stories with tag on HackerNoon, published in November 2022. Then we chose the top stories using weightage respectively to: #enterthemetaverse 60:30:10 Number of hours read The number of people reached The freshness of the content Here are the top 10 stories this month: by Everything You Need to Use Blockchain Games Effectively @Ankarlie by 3 Affordable Ways to Enter the Metaverse @manish8227 by How to Actually Make Money in the Metaverse and Why 3D Modeling is the “Next Big Thing” @Batura by In Search For Future Crypto Trends @moderneremite by A Decentralized Cinema Could Avoid the Pitfalls of Traditional Film Production @pava by Three Constraints of the Metaverse @rhortx by Everything You Wanted to Know About THE SANDBOX @manish8227 by The Metaverse: Is It a Boy's Fantasy or The Future? @tanyog by Metaverse 101: Everything You Need to Know About the Metaverse. @prcwrites by The Importance of Lore in Web 3.0 Games @zacwrites #EntertheMetaverse Writing Contest: Round 3 Winners 🏆🏆 The BEST story this month is: https://hackernoon.com/how-to-actually-make-money-in-the-metaverse-and-why-3d-modeling-is-the-next-big-thing?embedable=true Digital sculpting is the process of creating virtual 3D objects out of dense polygon mesh as their core medium by adding or reducing volume and shaping it with a set of digital tools. Congratulations, ! You have won 2000 SAND Tokens! @Batura In the second place, we have: https://hackernoon.com/the-metaverse-is-it-a-boys-fantasy-or-the-future?embedable=true The Metaverse has to work 24/7, 365 days a year, so no resets, outages and pauses. Congratulations on winning 1500 SAND Tokens. The story that won third place the round 3 is: https://hackernoon.com/in-search-for-future-crypto-trends?embedable=true The Metaverse will serve the same purpose and become the backbone of the society we will see in the upcoming years. The digitization process is only accelerating, leading to the further evolution of and within societies. The vision of new markets, new economies, and new clients is too promising to be missed. Not only for us, mere market participants, but also for world-renowned brands that have much more at stake. Yay, ! You have won third place and 1200 SAND Tokens! @moderneremite In fourth place, we have https://hackernoon.com/three-constraints-of-the-metaverse?embedable=true At the end of the day, whether it’s dating or selling shoes, no one is going to sit and wait for technology to catch up with your William Gibson dreams, so if you want people to log in to the Metaverse right now, in an attempt to address the non-gaming realms of human need, you’ll probably want to work on small improvements to the Web 2.0 status quo rather than attempt to build the world that we ultimately all want but won’t have the technical chops to deliver for another decade or so. Excellent story ; you have won 800 SAND Tokens. @rhortx The fifth position is won by: https://hackernoon.com/metaverse-101-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-metaverse?embedable=true When the websites were not attractive, web pages were not much responsive, user experience was not so good, hardware was expensive and ugly, and non-techies were skeptical about it and they were calling it a fad, but in reality, the internet had huge potential, and the tech enthusiasts were experimenting and building solution on the Internet. History doesn't repeat itself but it rhymes. You’ve won 500 SAND Tokens, ! @prcwrites Congratulations to all the winners, and HAPPY HOLIDAYS! We will contact y’all soon. Visit for updates on current and upcoming writing contests. contests.hackernoon.com

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O﻿n April 8th, 2021, I kept seeing BitClout (now DeSo) trending on Twitter and this is when I decided to make an account. Part of me was enchanted with the idea and thought it could potentially, maybe quite possibly become something. However, since the beginning, I was also one of BitClout's most vocal critics. For starters, the way BitClout started was quite suspicious. BitClout scraped lots of data and created profiles for people with supposed monetary value without necessarily their consent. Now granted it was their growth hacking technique, but as somebody who advocates for privacy, this didn't settle well with me. This is a point that many will keep reiterating. Another thing that didn't settle well with me, is that much of the community seemed a little bit disingenuous. ﻿While it was true that BitClout has had quite the supportive community, when you went on the BitClout homepage, all what people talked about was just how amazing the platform is and how much they liked Nader. By the way, most people knew who Nader was since the beginning. His identity was revealed in various news articles already and BitClout's pitch deck used to be online. He wasn't really that pseudonymous to begin with. This leads me to the next point, which is that the platform didn't feel too decentralized to begin with. ﻿I didn't like how mining all of the sudden stopped, how some projects were favored over others, or just the way many things were handled. Even the original seed or first dibs on automatically generated creator coins seemed a little bit out of hand. Also, BitClout seemed to have rebranded itself or its direction multiple times. The focus on creator coins has now shifted towards more of a focus on generating DAOs. BitClout/DeSo promised to be the future. However, I think they had many chances to be more decentralized, transparent, and mission-driven. Instead, this seems ﻿like Basis all over again. That being said, I want them to succeed, but with the way that their platform has been developed, the actions taken afterwards, and so forth, I don't know if they will. Nobody has tried developing more than me. In a way, I am rooting for Nader, but also the accountability advocate. apps on DeSo That said, none of this article is meant to be taken as financial advice. Do your own due diligence. Businesses and companies like BitClout/DeSo are highly speculative.

The writer is smart, but don't just like, take their word for it. #DoYourOwnResearch

My Thoughts on BitClout After Many Weeks of Activity

Storing data on the blockchain is expensive, so if you need to store a large amount of data on it in the “blockchain style” (in an immutable, permissionless, and distributed way) you have to use an external storage solution. The most common choice is using , but there are some other players on the market. One of them is the . In this article, I will introduce you to the similarities and differences between Swarm and IPFSs to help you choose the right storage solution for your next project. IPFS Ethereum Swarm IPFS (the acronym for InterPlanetary File System) was founded in 2014 by Protocol Labs. It is a distributed file system protocol that uses content addressing to uniquely identify each file in a global namespace. IPFS has no real incentive system, this is why Protocol Labs made in 2017, which is its own storage-centric blockchain. FileCoin The idea of Ethereum Swarm came from Gavin Wood, one of the founders of Ethereum. In 2015 Viktor Trón and Daniel Nagy took over the project within the Foundation’s Geth team. After a successful ICO, they do their own journey as an Ethereum Foundation-supported autonomous project. Nowadays (in 2022) Swarm is more or less feature-complete, and actively developed. Both of the systems provide a distributed, immutable and content-addressable system with its own incentive system and cryptocurrency, and also both of them are based on . In what follows, I will do a step-by-step comparison of the two systems. libp2p Storage logic is basically a storage provider community where the nodes publish content that is referenced by its content hash. The list of storage nodes for a hash is stored in a . If you want to retrieve content, in the first step you have to find the peer list in the DHT by the content hash. In the second step, the has to be translated to an IP address, and in the third step, you can download the content from the given peer at the IP address. IPFS DHT peer id has a different logic because it stores the content itself in the DHT. They call this system DISC (Distributed Immutable Store for Chunks), and the whole system is designed to make this DHT efficient. For example, when a node chooses other nodes to connect, it chooses peers for every proximity order (i.e., order of magnitude distance from its own address). Because of Kademlia connectivity, finding a chunk is really fast in this system. When a node wants to retrieve a chunk, it asks its peers. If a peer has the content, it gives back it, if not, it asks for its peers, etc. The content is always stored by nodes that have a small Kademlia distance from it, and because of the Kademlia connectivity, it’s always possible to find a path of logarithmic length. When the storer node gets the retrieval request, it gives back the content to the asking node, which in turn relays it back to the node that requested it, etc. until it arrives at the origin of the request. Swarm calls this method forwarding Kademlia, and it provides anonymity. The nodes know only the asking peers of the content, but nobody knows who is the origin of the request or the content. It is something similar to what the does to anonymize requests. But anonymity is only one advantage of forwarding Kademlia. It also helps to distribute the content, but I will write about this later. Ethereum Swarm Tor network Mutable content If you want to store mutable content (for example a webpage that frequently changes) on , you can use . On IPNS, the address of the mutable content is a public key, and the address of the underlying immutable content is signed by its private key part. The public key -> signed content assignments are published in the DHT. If the content changes, the content owner signs the new content hash and publishes it for the public key, so the retrievers can refresh the content assignment from it. IPFS IPNS On , there are two types of chunks. One is the “usual” content addressed chunk, and the other is the single owner chunk. The address of the single-owner chunk is a hash of the owner and a unique ID. These single-owner chunks are also immutable, but you can create the ID from a topic name and a serial number. When you change the content, you have to simply increase the serial number and publish a new chunk. The retrievers can poll the system, and if a new chunk is available with a higher serial number then they can refresh the content from it. Swarm calls these serial-numbered structure feeds. Ethereum Swarm Incentive system If you want to store content on the , you have more options. You can simply choose a centralized provider like Infura or Pinata, upload your content, and pay the storing fee to make your content available on IPFS, or you can simply run an IPFS node on your machine and publish it yourself. IPFS Another way is using FileCoin, which is the “official” blockchain of IPFS (also developed by Protocol Labs which developed IPFS itself). FileCoin is basically a marketplace for storage providers where you can make contracts for storing your content. The mechanisms of the FileCoin network keep your content safe and punish the contracted providers that do not keep your content or do not make it available. If you retrieve the content, and a data transfer threshold is reached you have to pay a fee. uses its own payment system instead of a blockchain which is something similar to payment channels like the L , but a little bit different. When a node pays another, it does it by cheque. These cheques are similar to real-world cheques, signed documents that can be used to pull money from the node’s checkbook contract. Ethereum Swarm ightning Network On Swarm, data transfer has a fee. If a node sends data to its peer then a small fee is counted. Every peer connection has a balance, and if this balance reaches a limit, the node gives a cheque to the other. Everything goes off-chain. Only cashing the cheque needs blockchain action. If you want to retrieve content, you have to pay the peer who gives it to you. If it has the content, it can keep the whole fee, but if not, it has to pay for its peer who gives it. This logic incentivizes the nodes to store the popular content locally, so Swarm acts as an adaptive CDN. On the Swarm network, there are no individual providers. The content is always stored on the nodes that have the smallest Kademlia distance from its hash (Swarm calls these nodes neighborhoods). It is an essential property of Swarm to keep the DHT effectively searchable. You can publish content on any node, which will push it to the nearest peer, which pushes it forward to the best storing place. The method is very similar to content retrieval but in the opposite direction. If you want to store your content in the network, you have to attach a postage stamp to it. A postage stamp is something like a cheque that can be cashed only if you can prove that you keep the content. Ethereum interoperability Ethereum interoperability is the field where Ethereum Swarm is really strong. As the “official” storage of Ethereum, everything is “Ethereum compatible”. For example, the node address is derived from the owner’s Ethereum address. Because of this, we can use the chunk-forwarding system to send encrypted messages to given nodes. Swarm calls this technique PSS which is the successor of the Ethereum messaging protocol Whisper. Single owner chunks’ owner is also the Ethereum address and the signing method is the same as Ethereum use, so you can simply check it on a smart contract or use it to assign metadata in feeds. When I built (a Gravatar-like metadata system for Ethereum accounts), I had to use a smart contract to store Ethereum address -> metadata URL mappings. With Swarm, it can be done by a simple feed without blockchain. MyETHMeta Swarm chunks are . This means that the chunk address is the Merkle root of the content. This is useful if you check them in smart contracts because you can easily create inclusion proofs for the content. For example, if you want to store a long (>1000 element) whitelist, you can store it on Swarm instead of the blockchain, and check the membership by a smart contract using Merkle proofs. Or you can create full rollups on Swarm where the state root is also the content address for the whole state. Merkle trees Conclusion As you can see, both storage solutions have their strengths and weaknesses. is the older system (in a good sense). It has many use cases, it’s well-documented and widely used. There are many centralized IPFS providers, and you can also use FileCoin to store your content. IPFS is relatively new and is under development, but it has some very exciting properties. The anonymous content storage and retrieval, the super efficient DHT management, and the strong Ethereum compatibility are unique features of this solution. Ethereum Swarm

What's the Difference Between IPFS and Ethereum Swarm?

We’ll understand overflow and underflow vulnerability of solidity by Solving Ethernaut’sTOKEN Challenge. If you haven’t solved the Ethernaut Challenges already, but are planning to try it out, this might be a spoiler. Come back after solving the Token Challenge When it comes to smart contracts, even a small bug in the code can cost you millions of dollars. So, it becomes essential to audit smart contracts & make sure there is no vulnerability in the code that can be exploited by a hacker. Integers in Solidity Ethereum Virtual Machine specifies a fixed range for all integers. An integer variable can only store a certain range of numbers. uint8 => range is 0 to 255, i.e. 8 bits or 1 byte or 1 byte (lowest size range) uint256 => range is 0 to 2²⁵⁶- 1, i.e. 256 bits or 32 bytes (highest size range OVERFLOW A number is too big & the part that exceeds the maximum range is counted from zero again. so we end up with a number that is smaller than what we started with. Solidity How does solidity handle a number that is bigger than this range? It circles back to where it started, i.e. zero, and starts again from there. exceeding the maximum number by 1 would get us to 0, exceeding the max number by 2 would get us to 1, exceeding the max number by 3 would get us back to 2 & so on. When a number overflows in solidity, it doesn’t give any warnings or errors. It simply doesn’t care. UNDERFLOW A number is smaller than the minimum range, so it starts counting back from the maximum number, and we end up with a number greater than what we started with. (It's the opposite of overflow) Solidity How does solidity handle a number that is smaller than this range? It wraps around & jumps to the highest number of the range, i.e. 2²⁵⁶ — 1. One number less than the minimum number would get us to 2²⁵⁶-1 (max number). Two less than the min number would get us to 2²⁵⁶-2, & so on. And like for overflows, when a number underflows in solidity, it again doesn’t give any warnings or errors. PREVENTION Use vetted SafeMath libraries for arithmetic operations consistently throughout the smart contract system. It throws an error whenever there is an overflow or an underflow. Analyzing Ethernaut’s : TOKEN Challenge THE CHALLENGE : The goal of this level is to hack the basic contract token below. You are given 20 tokens to start with & you will beat the level if you somehow manage to get your hands on any additional tokens. Preferably a very large amount of tokens First of all, it’s not a good practice to have floating point (^) caret in our pragma compiler. Make sure it is locked (like 0.6.0 ). Then we have two state variables — totalSupply & balances. Balances map addresses to units, showing the funds each address holds. (Line 6) *Note: unit doesn’t have a size mentioned. In solidity, this is uint256 by default. And we have a constructor that takes a value (_initialSupply) & stores it in a state variable (totalSupply), which will be the funds mapped to the address of the contract deployer. (balances[msg.sender]).The transfer function takes an address(_to) we gonna transfer the fund & a uint(_value) for the funds we transfer. The function returns a bool (true) when certain requirements are met. The required function makes sure the funds (_value) we transfer is less than or equal to what we actually have. If our address has the funds, that amount is subtracted from our address & added to the address we sent the funds to (_to). At last, we have a balanceOf function which takes an address & shows us the funds it holds. Checkout out the challenge in . Ethernaut Solving Ethernaut Level 5: TOKEN Can you find the flaw in the above smart contract? Let’s go to the transfer function again & look carefully at the require(). We are given a total balance of 20 tokens in our address. If we transfer 15 tokens (spent less than our total balance of 20), we’ll be left with 5 tokens in our address. If we transfer 20 tokens (spent equal to our total balance of 20), we’ll be left with 5 tokens in our address. But what if we transfer more than our total balance? What If we transfer 25 tokens (more than our total balance of 20), how will the smart contract behave & how many tokens will we have in our address (if any at all)? 20 – 25 = -5. The token balance comes out to be -5. But as we know, from line 6, the balance an address holds should be a uint256 (i.e. unsigned integer, it cannot have a negative sign). So after reaching zero, instead of going to -1, it would wrap around & continue counting backwards from there going to 2²⁵⁶ –1, 2²⁵⁶ –2, 2²⁵⁶ –3, 2²⁵⁶ –4 & finally reach 2²⁵⁶ –5. This means now the balance left in our address after spending 25 tokens would be. (Remember our Underflow vulnerability from before? ) Now if you remember our Ethernaut Challenge, we were told to take out and get as many funds as we can. As the maximum number in the uint256 range is 2²⁵⁶ –1, to get that as the balance left in our account, we must spend one more than our total balance of 20, i.e. 21. Real Life Example In 2018, a blockchain security startup known as PeckShield discovered an unusual transaction. The team has set up a system to analyze ERC20 token transfers & send out alerts whenever it discovers anomalous behavior. The team was greeted by one of these alerts on the 22nd of April (it involved Beauty Chain). PeckShield began looking into the code for the underlying smart contract, which indicated that the transfer involved exploiting a vulnerability that had previously been unknown in the contract. The company named the vulnerability batchOverflow, which involves an integer overflow at its heart. The vulnerable part of the code was the batch transfer. To know more about the details of this incident, you can refer to PeckShield’s blog.

Decoding Overflow And Underflow Vulnerability in Smart Contracts

We are building virtual worlds and exploring investment opportunities that were considered mere amusements and recreational activities. As the year ends the gaming industry has been favorably assessed as the big-fat hen. A hen that's laying golden eggs and the industry is looking forward to carrying out profitable engagements shortly too. The figure stated by shows that the global gaming market size is on the profit. With a market capitalization of more than 202.2 billion USD dollars with a CAGR of 9.08% for the following couple of years. IMARC There are many reasons for this sudden surge in the market size of the gaming industry, but one of the most crucial factors revealed is technology. The technology helps experts to develop in their field of expertise and technology on the user side. One can observe how the diverse use of various technologies has enabled to build of the entire gaming ecosystem. Because these technologies are able to deliver scalability, security, and stability. One of those technologies that will more significantly boost the advances is Web 3.0. Yes! its benefits will have a massive impact as its been widespread across the world. But to perceive its benefits for the gaming industry first we need to gain some understanding of the concept of Web 2.0 itself. What is Web 3.0? The evolution of the web hinges on how we mobilize data and interact with it in general. To explain, let us focus on just one factor which is the benefit of the web in three version stages. Out of many benefits, we identify the one related to data - as the web is just a massive sea of data flowing in a free direction. The original version of the web was like a library that presented us with data. There, we could go and read the information. Then came web 2.0, which is the version we're using right now. Here, we might alter the information and create unique sets of guidelines. As soon as the software improved, we used those batches of data to utilize the web. Finally, as we shift to Web 3.0, we are seeing a transition in functionality, applicability, and authority. Let's Dig Into Deeper In Web 3.0, people are owners of the data they share, there is no unique entity that authenticates and regularizes the information. One can say that in this space data can move voluntarily from one source to another source without being disrupted by any mediator. There is heavy hardware usage in Web 3.0 too like AR/VR headsets and IoT-based peripherals. Software applications that are performing under the banner of Web 3.0 will have more enhanced features and functionalities. Interestingly one example is Metaverse where users will be able to interact with each other in virtual worlds designed, developed, and administered by themselves. However, many experts have revealed this is just a fraction of Web 3.0's applications. The industry web3.0 industry is one of the most profitable and fastest-growing industries in the world right now. Looking at the statistics mentioned in Mckinsey Technology Trends 2022, we observe Web 3.0 has enjoyed investments to the tune of $110 Billion. The global media and entertainment industry have been one of the primary contenders to take part in this substantial investment. There are multiple reasons why every mobile game development firm is ready to revolutionize its products and solutions. Let's look into those benefits and what brings to the table. Web 3.0 gaming What are some of the Web 3.0 gaming concepts? Here we are listing some of the Web 3.0 gaming concepts that will elevate the gaming industry by building a hyper-intelligent ecosystem. 1. Decentralized Gaming The concept of gaming leverages blockchain technology to fulfill its necessary demands. If a game is developed to employ this particular concept, it allows the users; developers, and creators to validate their ownership of the digital gaming assets. Decentralized gaming eliminates any chief power that governs the activity related to those digital assets.  When we talk about in-game purchases and digital trades and even tokenization of the assets becoming decentralized, It means there will be a less expensive and more direct channel of communication between the game developers and the users. 2. GameFI GameFi stands for Game Finance and it covers a more comprehensive method of managing expenses throughout the gaming industry effectively. On its own GameFi is a pretty straightforward concept. It's the framework and technology built around it that increases the complexity. But the result of building an intact virtual financial ecosystem for a gaming platform, product, and solutions remain a profitable concept. The key supporting pillar for these complex developments is blockchain technology. It allows developers to create virtual marketplaces. These platforms can be centralized if they are adopting digital currency or can be decentralized if players are using decentralized cryptocurrencies. Game developers invest in research to make these marketplaces safe and scalable as there have been rising threats of crypto and data mining. Integrating with the blockchain allows for the development of safe, secure, and scalable platforms. Currently, the most favorable use of this integration is allowing the trade of NFTs and other gaming digital assets. 3. VR/AR gaming The use of modified variants of game hardware has come a long way. From pushing buttons with heavy fingers to maniacally banging keyboards, users have started to level up their demands significantly. As we identify innovations taking over the game development industry, we see a modern breed of gaming technology that demands massive proving grounds. Developers will display the potential to utilize the technological functionalities of Web 3.0 and integrate them with VR and AR gaming. These will encourage them to deliver a more immersive experience to the users as they will be capable to customize their virtual avatars and characters according to their preferences. Ultimately, these technologies benefit the user by providing them with the possibility of customization. Generally, the trick to personalize the experience is used for increasing the individual base, and the gaming community has a massive user base for peculiar game features like personalization. Also, customization helps game developers to scale well with the ever-changing expectations of the users. 4. Metaverse Gaming One of the most social segments of the gaming industry which has been seeing much buzz is . Since its introduction, the metaverse has been an in-demand innovation that has received the attention of various industry investors. But, seemingly, experts in the gaming industry were ready to reap the benefits of Metaverse by integrating it into the end stage of the game development process. The sole issue was maintaining a network where information was shareable and multidimensional to make the work of developers easy. Metaverse gaming Web 3.0 represents the ultimate solution, a platform where users can compile the information in any manner and the other user gets end benefits. This solved the problem of developing virtual worlds which were user-centric and utilized vast amounts of information gathered from real-life scenarios. One example is avatars of celebrities, clothes, shoes, and experts performing experiments with properly structured data-centered algorithms. Combining Web 3.0 with the metaverse to elevate one's gaming experience will include establishing a virtual decentralized financial system. Here we start to consider data as digital assets that will be secure without any middleman or monitoring authority. The characteristics of Web 3.0 being decentralized as mentioned above will increase the operational efficiency in the metaverse. Will its high-scale functionality be its downfall? Web 3.0 gaming is regarded as a highly functional space. A space where the most viable use of data is to improve current technologies like blockchain, metaverse, and AI/ML. People are unfamiliar with how beneficial Web 3.0 There are survey experts who have gathered and analyzed large amounts of data, providing healthy insights into the general awareness of Web 3.0 gaming. The results were quite surprising but at the same time understandable. Web 3 gamer study stated 52% of global gamers have no idea about Web 3.0 gaming. Surprisingly 41% of typical users are not sure how Web 3.0 gaming works. The Coda labs Most of these users were prepared to accept Web 3.0 gaming because it was a profitable medium of earning. However, there are still alot of hidden functionalities of Web 3.0 that are yet to be explored. What does this mean? Will these statements of ignorance regarding the undeniable potential of Web 3.0 gaming work as a self-destruct switch? What are the best features of Web 3.0 gaming? We don’t have the answer to that intriguing question yet but we do have points of benefits that could enlighten you about Web 3.0 gaming a bit specifically. 1. Transparency & Ownership Thus far we know that Web 3.0 gaming applications will have their own space. This space, just like the real world, will require proof of ownership. That ownership will be validated by a single mediator working on centralized norms. Blockchain will be integrated into the application's framework, creating a transparent record and representation of ownership of the digital space. The prime example of such kind of Web 3.0 gaming benefit can be seen in games like Axie infinity. 2. Hyper-Personalization With the technology involved in Web 3.0, gamers will be able to develop and elevate the features as well as the elements of the game according to their preferences. But these series of developments will not alter the framework and the fundamentals of the game. It will only enhance the user side. For instance, by combining creators mode and focusing on asset allocation through smart contracts, where the things you create are owned by you. There is a massive shift in the behavior of users but integrating Web 3.0 gaming with other technologies will address that effectively. 3. Community Booster Web 3.0 gaming is acting like a ship that could encourage users towards virtual reality, mixed reality, and AR-based gaming. The gaming community is genuinely excited to board that ship. The most substantial benefit of Web 3.0 is increasing the reliability factor of a particular platform. And through that high standard reliability factor, those platforms will be able to increase their user base. Many experts believe Web 3.0 will be able to house new breeds of gaming communities with efficiency. As these communities will contribute to the ecosystem and thrust it towards robust development. 4. Accelerator The impact of Web 3.0 will largely profit the accelerators of this business. Experts forming Decentralized organizations that help the area of interest to grow by researching and developing modern elements. There will be several platforms housing gaming projects with tremendous potential to scale efficiently with the demands of gamers. The most amazing part about it is even an SME group or an individual can act like these accelerators to gain profit. 5. Cross-gaming compatibility Some organizations have started experimenting with this feature. It allows the developer to integrate the dedicated platform with others to develop a multi-dimensional data mobilizing space. Blockchain standards will govern the link and developers will have to meet a few of the regulatory compliance requirements. Game development platforms can generate an impressive amount of profit if they decide to establish a collaboration working on high interoperability aspects of Web 3.0 gaming. A Christmas carol for the gaming industry The Web 3.0 gaming industry needs time to develop also, It needs resources to be upgraded. One might propose that the best way to do it is by developing beginner-level products and solutions that operate on the properties of Web 3.0 gaming. “We are looking at a world advancing with modern technologies at the same pace at which we are perceiving information, instantaneously.” is An enigmatic statement made by experts working for a game development company. Experts are trying to proliferate by educating the masses on the benefits and impact of Web 3.0. They have considered gaming a crucial stepping stone to accomplishing a prosperous outcome.

Mobile Game Development Company

Welcome to the Future-World of Web3 Gaming

For over a year now, I’ve had this document in my bookmarks toolbar. I hoped that I would never have to complete it. But unfortunately, today I did. If Humans Could Talk I’d ask you why I’m the only one in this house that has to pee outside. It just kind of seems unfair, doesn’t it? If humans could talk, If we could talk, I would have introduced myself the first time we met through the glass pane of that pet shop. You kept tapping on the glass, like you wanted to shake my paw or something. I was a little annoyed because you could see that I was sleeping and you kept tapping anyway. But you and your family looked nice, so I came up to the glass to say hello. I said. Hey, I’m trying to sleep, so could you knock that off? “Oh he’s so cute! He’s barking. He wants to play.” One of you said. I thought you’d understood my message, so I went back to bed and just as I was about to doze off, I felt the cold hands of the shopkeeper pulling me out of the kennel. I yelled. But she wouldn’t put me back down. I licked her face to get her attention. She ignored my plight. Hey! What are you doing?! I remember her hands were so cold that I started shivering. I said, but she still didn’t listen. Put me down! “Here he is,” she said. “He’s just 3 weeks old, so be gentle, ok?” I said. And then I saw you again, as she was putting me in your arms. Unlike her, you were incredibly warm. And even though we’d just met, I snuggled into your chest to stop from shivering. What are you talking about? Your fur was soft and inviting. A “hoodie” I heard you call it once. I didn’t know humans could change their fur so easily. Throughout our time together, yours changed almost every day. Not only the color, but the texture as well. I said. Sorry about this, But I’m freezing. Nice to meet you, I’m-- “He’s shaking,” you said. “He must be scared. What should we call him?” “How about Simba?” You said. “He’ll be big as a lion one day!” Lion? Is that your name? Nice to meet you. I’m-- “He won’t be that big, you idiot. He’s half chihuahua.” A girl said. I think someone called her Joy. “Simba! Simba! Hi Simba!” You seemed to ignore what Joy said. “Well, whatever. Simba is a good name. Isn’t it Simba?” Joy said. Your chest was so warm that my eyes started to close on their own. I thought. Oh well, I’ll introduce myself later. *** If dogs could talk, I’d tell you that means good dog I love you. When I was 15 years old, we drove back to Winnipeg after a trip to Minneapolis. We stopped at a shopping mall in Fargo to rest and grab a bite. Just for fun, we decided to stop at the pet shop and look at the puppies. My sisters and I had been asking my mom to let us get a dog for a while. I say that as if we were still little kids, but my sisters were already in college at the time. Mom always said no, but that day we left the mall with you in my sister’s arms. When my mom first saw you she fell in love, and that was one of the few miracles I’d experienced in my life. Up until that day, the sky was blue, 1+1 equaled 2, and my mother would never let us bring a dog into the house. But that day she did. If dogs could talk, I’d say Because whatever you did worked on her. Good job at looking cute! On the way home, we thought about what to name you. I forget all the other options now, but I do remember that I was the one that suggested Simba. , I said, as if they didn’t already get the reference. It was funny because you were so small. You were nothing like a lion then, except for your heart. Like the Lion King 12 Years Later Joy said. His heart is too big, We’re putting him on medication to shrink his heart back to a healthy size. I know it’s hard to convey tone over a video call, but she said it matter-of-factly, without a hint of emotion or sadness. She has always been a strong person, but she’s not that strong. She was just being strong for you. You’re like a son to her, you know? If it hurts this much for me, I can’t imagine how much she’s hurting. We raised you together, but you slept on her bed almost every day. She’s the one who taught you most of your tricks, and took you to the vet when you were feeling sick. When I moved to Japan, you were only 9 years old or so. We still had a lifetime of walks ahead of us. I imagined that I’d come back and have endless adventures to tell you about, as we walked the same streets and you peed on the same trees. But life has a way of moving too fast sometimes. If dogs could talk, I’d say I wish I could fix yours now. Thank you for listening to my stories. For cheering me up when my heart had been broken. If dogs could talk, I’d ask if you could come to my wedding a year from now. I’d ask if you wouldn’t mind bringing the rings down the aisle. You probably wouldn’t know the answer to that question, anyway. Joy said. He has anywhere from a few months to a year left, Life has a way of being too vague sometimes too. When I told my fiance about your condition, she cried. I know it was immature of me, but I told her that I thought it was unfair that you were sick, when there were bad people in the world who remained healthy. I told her that you were always good to us, that you always helped us when we needed it. I told her that you were always a good boy every day and that you didn’t deserve to be sick. Did you know you were the one who told me she was ‘the one’? There were many hints, many moments. But the most important sign was when you met her for the first time. Meeting Shoko I’d tell you to stop letting stinky strangers into our house. One day you said If humans could talk, Simba, I’m bringing my girlfriend Shoko from Japan here and she’s nervous to meet our family, so I need you to be nice to her ok? Of course, I had no idea what you were talking about but you gave me a treat so I was in a good mood. You walked to the back door of the house that led to the backyard, so I followed you because I had to pee. You opened the door and there was a stranger there! I told you not to let stinky strangers into our house, but I smelled her and she smelled really good. She smelled a little bit like you but much softer and kinder. I could tell she was nervous so I scratched her leg to tell her it was ok. If humans could talk, I would have said It’s ok! Our family is nice you can come inside. But humans are dumb, so I just rolled over and let her rub my belly. *** I’d tell you that I was thinking about marrying her. If dogs could talk, I was worried that you would bark at her and try to bite her when she came inside (like you do with everyone you meet for the first time...and second time…and third time). When I opened the door, she stood really still because she was scared. You ran out to her and smelled her legs and then you scratched her leg, asking her to pet you, like you’d known her all your life. That was the first time ever that you didn’t bark at someone new entering our house. She was really nervous meeting our family for the first time of course. But she told me that you really saved her and helped her feel at home. In the morning, you went to her to say good morning, and eventually, you even slept next to her. I had thought for a long time that she was the one for me. But you were the one that made me know for sure. If dogs could talk, I’d say thank you for approving her because she’s my wife now. A Walk to Remember I’d tell you to stop putting weird clothes on me. You do see that I have fur right? Imagine wearing a heavy fur coat and then having someone put a dress shirt over that. If humans could talk, Joy said. So I thought I’d humor you. Someone called it a tuxedo, and it made my neck itchy. It’s for Limarc’s wedding, When I walked into your dressing room, you looked at me and started crying. I thought maybe you were hungry so I looked for some food to give you, but there was nothing on the floor. There were lots of people in the room that I didn’t know. I walked up to you and you bent down and rubbed my head. I said. But you kept crying. Hi! Someone in the room asked. What’s wrong? I prayed every day for 2 years that God would let Simba make it to my wedding and now he’s actually here. I didn’t know what you said, but I knew you were talking about me. It’s rude to talk about people when they’re in the room, you know? *** I’d have told you that seeing you at my wedding made me believe in miracles again. If dogs could talk, I wanted you to be there on the most important day of my life, and you were. What more can I ask for? You stole some of the bride’s thunder; my first tears came when I saw you walking toward me carrying the rings. When I was in high school falling in love, getting my heart broken, it was always you who I turned to. I’d bury my face into your fur and cry, and you’d lie there until I was done. If dogs could talk, I’m sure you’d say Don’t worry, Limarc. It’s gonna be ok. And you’d be right because today I marry the love of my life, and it’s thanks to you. Until We Meet Again I’d say If humans could talk, Sorry, I know you guys want to take a longer walk but I get tired quicker these days. You realize how short my legs are compared to yours right? I take like 10 steps every time you take one, so cut me some slack. If humans could talk, I’d tell you to not worry about me. I’m just more sleepy these days so I need to sleep longer than usual. But it’s ok. I love sleeping. A few days after Limarc’s wedding he hugged me and said You know how much I love you right? You know how happy you made Shoko and I at the wedding right? Please be strong. Mom, dad, Joy, and April need you. I don’t know what he said, but he seemed sad, so I let him cover his face in my fur. If humans could talk, I’d say Thanks for visiting, Limarc. Be safe in Japan. I’ll miss you. Come back soon. *** I’d tell you that you were the best thing that ever happened to our family. If dogs could talk, We had our differences, our arguments, but one thing that united our family was our love for you. Simba, today was the hardest day of my life. Every time I visited you, I knew it might be the last time I saw you. I thought I was mentally preparing myself for this for the past two years. But I wasn’t prepared at all. I don’t think you understand. You’re not just my brother, or a member of our family. You’re our hope and you remind us of the good in this world. If dogs could talk, I’d say thank you for accepting us and loving us. You didn’t care if we were rich or poor. You didn’t care if we were beautiful or ugly. Even when we would punish you for breaking the rules, you’d make up with us and play with us within 5 minutes. Whether we were having a good day or bad day, every time we came home you ran up to us like you hadn’t seen us in years. You made us feel loved and worthy every day. Your love made us who we are today. Your love made us feel safe and made us feel like we could push ourselves, because even if we failed, you’d still be there for us at the end of the day. If dogs could talk, I’d tell you that you were the best thing that ever happened to our family. *** I’d tell you all to stop crying. You all look so sad and it’s making me sad. If humans could talk, Joy said. I don’t want him to die alone in a hospital, I don’t know what you all are talking about, but don’t cry. I love you guys. Sorry, I’m just really tired right now. You took turns petting me and hugging me, and you all felt so warm. This is the most warm I’ve ever felt. April was holding a weird square toy that had Limarc’s face on it. I love you, Simba! You’re ok my boy. Was that you, Limarc? You look so small in that toy, but I’m happy you’re here. I don’t know why you are all so sad, but you’re all so different now. Stronger now. Mom’s hair is a different color. Dad looks skinnier and has less hair. April looks older too. Limarc shaved off all his fur. His head looks like a toy ball. And Joy. Oh Joy, your arms are warmer than ever. I saw so many tears on your face, so I tried to lick them and you smiled. Don’t cry, Joy. You’re my best friend, and I always want you to be happy. I know how much you care about me. Sleeping beside you every day is my favorite thing in the world. I don’t know why you’re all so sad, but I know that I’m sleepier than I’ve ever been. I feel like when I fall asleep, I’m not sure how long it’s going to be before I wake up again to play with you guys. So if that’s why you’re so sad, don’t worry. We’ll have lots of time to play together. Sleep is just sleep. We’ll always wake up somewhere after. Even if I sleep too long, it’s going to be ok. You can play with each other until I wake up and we’re all together again. Dad came over and buried his face into my fur. So much water was dripping from his eyes. If humans could talk, I’d say Thanks dad, I was thirsty. Mom came over and pet my head. She said Her hand felt so good on my face. If humans could talk, I’d say It’s ok, Simba, you can rest now. We’re going to be ok. Thanks mom, I’m really tired and I always feel safe sleeping beside you. Thanks for cutting my fur when it covered my eyes. It helped me see you better. April came over and said She pet me and hugged me and I remembered all the times I slept in her room. If humans could talk, Id say I love you, Simba. Thanks April. I know you smell more like Sky now than you smell like me. But always remember I was your first dog =P April held up that toy that had Limarc on it. I could hear Limarc’s voice. He said Simba, Shoko said she loves you so much and she’s going to miss you so much. She says thanks for working so hard to live this long for us. We’re trying to have a baby, so I was hoping you’d stick around for a while and meet your niece or nephew. But it’s ok. Don’t worry, we’ll be ok. I’ll tell them all about you. I’ll tell them all about their Uncle Simba. I love you so much and thank you for everything, ok? Limarc talked for a long time, while Joy and April cried beside me. Seriously guys, just smile. I want to see you smile before I go to bed. If humans could talk, I’d say Thanks Limarc. Playing hide and seek with you, walking around the goose pond, and play fighting with you were my favorite things ever. I’ve missed you and when you came home last time I was so happy to see you. You’ve changed so much, so I didn’t recognize you at first. But when I smelled you my tail wagged like crazy. You’re my best brother and I can’t wait to see what else you become. I don’t know exactly what you’re all saying or why everyone is so sad. But we’ve all changed so much and you are all even better than when we first met in that shopping mall. I’m so happy that you took me home with you. Our home was much better than that shopping mall. If humans could talk, maybe I’d be able to convince you to let me go months without taking a bath. Maybe I could convince you that sometimes dog food tastes better than your human food and I could share some of my food with you, since you’re all always so generous and share your food with me. If humans could talk, I’d say thanks for walking me, petting me, hugging me, and loving me. If humans could talk, I’d say don’t cry. Just wait and before long we’ll see each other again. Joy kept saying. Until we meet again my love, I’m not sure what that means, but if humans could talk, I’d say this isn’t goodbye. I’m just going to sleep for a while. Until we meet again, okay guys?

The 🚀 Booster Pack 🚀 is a Utility NFT special collection for users of the [NFTs2Me](https://www.nfts2me.org/?pm=50) platform that offers a number of unique benefits and enhancements for the holders of this NFT. There are three tiers of Booster Packs. All of them unlock special features as well as early access to new features.

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