Artificial Intelligence: beyond the hype

How is AI impacting our world? What are the risks and how can we get prepared? . One of the most popular technology terms of our time— and very frequently, overused or even, misused. Artificial Intelligence Media love both success stories of AI and ‘dystopias driven by Artificial Intelligence: machines replacing human workers, AI exceeding human intelligence, robots taking control and so on. But, if you look beyond this hype, you will realize that there is a real revolution in progress. To understand the potential of AI, just examine the recent advances in fields like Deep Learning and their applications in domains such as Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing. There is a massive disruption in progress — powered by a combination of technologies, enabling machines to make sense of massive volumes of data and perform cognitive functions. AI is changing our world and the impact to come is massive: on the way we work, we live, collaborate, decide and act as a society. AI defined Artificial Intelligence can be defined as ‘ ’. the technology enabling systems to encapsulate cognitive functions along with adaptive and learning capabilities — leading to self-improvement AI-powered systems can capture and ‘understand’ their environment and make optimal, real-time decisions towards specific objectives. As a characteristic example of AI, ‘Computer Vision’ enables systems to ‘see’ — via sophisticated algorithms, which are trained to identify a wide range of entities such as landscapes, persons and objects in a picture or video. In another example of applied AI, ‘Natural Language Processing’ technologies, enable interaction with a machine based on free-form, natural, speech: NLP and related technologies can ‘understand’ natural speech and respond in a meaningful way: as soon as the machine extracts the context of the ‘natural speech’ request, it synthesizes the right response which is also served back to the user as ‘natural speech’. The rapid progress of AI is empowered by streams of data on major human activities — online communication, social interaction, device usage, searches, content consumption and IoT data streams- to name a few. To make sense of these vast amounts of complex data, AI systems leverage the power of cloud computing and specialized machine learning algorithms. World-scale data centres, with huge, labelled data sets are being used for training AI algorithms in performing certain cognitive functions. The state of the art Algorithms can now ‘see’ The ability for a computer to ‘see’ is an astonishing achievement. AI-powered systems can ‘understand’ the context of an image or a video in impressive level of detail: they can identify an expanding set of — such as , named individuals, , , , and more — with increasing levels of success. entities persons cars houses streets trees Given an image or video, algorithms can estimate additional properties such as the in the picture, their , or even their number of persons gender age emotional state. You can simply submit a family photo to one of the commercially available , and get in milliseconds a response with the persons identified, their gender, age and the dominant emotions. An object in a photo can also be identified — for example, AI can recognize a car and also its maker and model; then tag it for improved searching, grouping and discoverability. cognitive services In the close future, algorithms will be able to implied — such as a , a , a or a random arrangement of people in a park. infer even the situation kids party sports event business conference The possible applications of computer vision are impressive: from which can ‘see’ in 360 and understand their environment and its dynamics in real-time, to special applications like the by Microsoft — a prototype system helping people who are visually impaired or blind to understand their environment! autonomous cars Seeing AI Computer vision is making huge steps, with massive applications in autonomous cars, navigation, robotics, pattern recognition, medical diagnosis and more. AI systems keep learning and they learn fast. The dialogue with the ‘machine’ A short interaction with Amazon Alexa, Cortana, Siri or Google Assistant, is sufficient to realize the huge progress of Natural Language Processing technologies. Microsoft and IBM announced that their NLP technologies perform at the same level (or better) compared to professional transcribers in processing discussions ranging from sports to politics. Google recently demonstrated Duplex, its digital assistant technology, which is able to complete certain tasks via a natural conversational experience — for example to arrange a meeting or appointment via a free-form dialogue with a human. [2] Digital assistants become more and more intelligent, contextual and proactive. At some point in the not so distant future, your digital assistant will respond naturally, in a conversational mode and possibly with a style, attitude and humour matching your personality and your current mood. Digital assistants continuously learn — using each single interaction with the user — and better match user’s or preferences. At some point in time, DAs will become proactive and autonomous by seamlessly leveraging deep knowledge about the user, signals from user’s environment and global trends and dynamics. explicitly stated implicitly identified Applications & impact AI is already impacting our socioeconomic system in many ways. We have entered a phase of drastic transformation of — all will all be soon re-shaped as the result of intelligent technologies and automation. The massive adoption of Artificial Intelligence will fundamentally change all industries — as summarized in the following. markets, businesses, education, government, social welfare systems, companies, employment models and social structures is already in a transformation mode — fully autonomous cars will be soon a reality — and they will be safer, more efficient and more effective. are just some examples of the reality to come for the transportation industry. Transportation Autonomous trucks, smart containers, driverless taxis and smart cities, AI in transportation will drive massive changes, not only to the vehicles, but also to the entire ecosystem — from taxi services to e-commerce and package delivery services. Consumer habits will be severely impacted, with a shift from to on demand. owning a car consuming car services The cost of a will be significantly lower due to, among other factors, the capability of better utilization of the cars by the company operating the service. vehicle as a service Entire transportation networks consisting of fleets of autonomous cars, will be orchestrated by AI algorithms to best adapt in real-time to demand, traffic and other conditions. This will transform the way people commute along with the way cities expand and grow. For example, the new era of cheaper, faster and safer transportation with autonomous vehicles, might trigger a de-urbanization trend — especially if you consider that the time spent in autonomous vehicles can be fully productive with the capabilities of a modern office. : Customer experience is becoming smarter with advanced, AI-powered personalization, dynamic pricing and offer generation. Fulfilment centres become more automated — with robots navigating the space to collect products and execute customer orders — in some cases, autonomously. Driverless drones and/or cars could have a role in the last part of the delivery process. As centralized intelligence will orchestrate the entire processes, typical sales processes, channels, networks of physical stores are becoming less important — thus disrupting the industry. Electronic commerce , and any other sector requiring significant amount of and will also benefit from AI. Financial institutions will automate significant processes regarding transaction validation, fraud identification, stock trading, recommendation and advisory services etc. Insurance companies will be leveraging the vast amounts of data available and predictive and machine learning technologies, to get better risk estimations. As a result, they will be in position to offer better products, matching the exact needs of a certain customer. Car insurance companies will also be significantly impacted by the adoption of smart, driverless cars. Financial services Insurance data processing content handling — Artificial Intelligence can have a great impact in eliminating bureaucracy, improving citizen services and social programmes. The state and citizen services: States, governance and social mechanisms Even more traditional professions which are built on top of strong relationships, such as legal professions, will be re-defined by AI: typical in a legal context, deal with and — tasks where AI agents already excel. Legal services: support services document handling, classification, discovery, summarization, comparison knowledge management AI introduces new capabilities changing the typical product development process — for digital or physical products. With the general availability of advanced cognitive technologies (cloud-based commercial AI offerings via easy-to-consume APIs) and the low-cost integration scenarios, the AI-powered opportunities for innovation increase exponentially. Commercial cognitive APIs and the cloud make it easy for software developers to build cognitive apps, powered by advanced A.I. capabilities. Physical product manufacturing processes can also benefit by AI-powered production lines, quality control systems and continuous improvement processes. Product will be soon built in totally different ways; and they will be connected and intelligent. Product development: the overall education system will be dramatically improved by Artificial Intelligence, on top of world-scale digitized content, data and scientific knowledge. Education: Intelligent education agents, will be capturing the needs of the student to synthesize optimal personalized educational programs — matching the intent of the student, the right level, pace, preferred types of content and other parameters. In an other scenario, AI-powered apps will be able to recommend education opportunities and personalized educational content, proactively — depending on the current state of user’s career, education level and previous experiences. This could take the form of an always-on, intelligent ‘education advisor’, discovering the right learning opportunities for each user. The concerns There are serious concerns and unanswered questions regarding the , and implications of massive adoption of AI. For instance, the ‘ ’ which can be achieved at scale by using Artificial Intelligence, is expected to transform the way we work and the skills in demand: certain roles will become obsolete and some professions will eventually disappear. social political ethical intelligent automation The concept of an autonomous machine is impressive — think for a moment an autonomous car, which can capture its environment and dynamics and make real-time decisions, to achieve a predefined objective — move from point A to B — under certain constraints. Lethal Autonomous Weapons: In a military context though, this autonomy in decision-making is frightening: the so called Lethal Autonomous Weapons, refer to futuristic robotic systems, which could hit targets without human intervention or approval. But, who is controlling the , and to such ‘killer robots’? How such a robot will be able to understand the nuances regarding a complex situation and make life-threatening decisions? And many more. design operation target assignment AI systems by analyzing huge volumes of data and they keep adapting through continuous modelling of interaction data and user-feedback. How can we ensure that the initial training of the AI algorithms is unbiased? What if a company introduces bias via the training data set (intentionally or not) in favor of particular classes of customers or users? For instance, what if the algorithm responsible for identifying talented candidates from a pool of CVs, has inherited known or unknown biases, leading, for example, to diversity-related issues? The risk of bias and the need for transparency: learn We must ensure that such systems are transparent regarding their decision-making processes. This is key to allow better handling of edge cases, while supporting the general understanding and acceptance by the wider audience and the society. In our interconnected world, a relatively small number of companies are collecting vast amounts of data; for each one of us. Access to this data would allow an accurate of our day-to-day life in terms of , and explicitly stated or implicitly identified interests; somebody (or something) with access to this data, would ‘know’ our , our and , , and other online micro-behaviors and interactions. Access to data, knowledge, technology: replay activities interactions mobility history online search social media activity chats emails An AI system will be able to ‘understand’ any online user — in terms of , and ; it could derive impressive estimations and predictions, ranging from to . interests daily habits future needs purchasing interests user’s emotional state If you think of this AI output at scale — analysing data at the population level — these predictions and insights could describe the and of an entire population. This would obviously provide extreme power to those controlling such systems over this wealth of data. Just recall the Cambridge Analytica case: the data for a given individual user might be of low value, but when analysed at scale — for a sufficiently large group of users, with advanced analytical and inference models — it could drive massive socio-political influence. synthesis, state dynamics When you consider the possibility of unauthorized access to one’s (or other) data, the right to privacy is obviously at risk. But even in the case of an offline user — somebody who has deliberately decided to stay ‘disconnected’ — the is still under threat. The right to privacy: online history right to privacy Imagine a (no smartphones or other devices aware of user’s location) moving through the ‘smart city’ of the future. A walk through a couple of major streets would be enough for the network of security cameras to capture user’s trails and possibly identify him/her via reliable facial recognition, against a centralized data store. There are obvious big questions on to this information and under what conditions. disconnected user who has access Security and access control is a critical aspect — if somebody compromises a smart system, for instance an autonomous car, the consequences can be disastrous. Security of intelligent, connected systems and machines, against unauthorized access, is a top priority. Unauthorized access and control: This is defined as the unemployment ‘explained’ by the application of new technologies — in the AI era it refers to the jobs replaced by intelligent automation. In the years to come, we will witness significant changes in the workforce and the markets — roles and jobs will become obsolete, industries will be radically transformed, employment models and relationships will be redefined. Technological unemployment: For instance, tasks and activities related to customer care/call centres, document management, content moderation are increasingly based on technology and intelligent systems. The same is true for roles related to operation and support of production lines and factories: humans are being replaced by smart robots which can safely navigate the space, find and move objects (such as products, parts or tools) and perform complex assembling operations. But, AI proves to be very effective in handling even more complex activities — those requiring processing of multiple signals, data streams and accumulated knowledge in real time. A characteristic case is the autonomous vehicles which can capture and ‘understand’ their environment and its dynamics — they can ‘see’, decide and act in real-time. Professional drivers (taxi, trucks and more) will see the demand for their skillset dropping rapidly. AI enables optimal decisions in a real-time mode. Although in most of the cases the optimal decision is objectively determined and generally accepted, there are several examples raising ethical and moral issues. For instance, an autonomous car which that it is about to hit a pedestrian, must decide if it will try to avoid the sensitive pedestrian via a risky (to its passengers) manoeuvre. And this needs to be decided in milliseconds. Ethics, social responsibility and difficult decisions: knows The logic behind these critical decisions, must be predefined, well-understood and accepted; at the same time, the detailed history of activity and decisioning of the autonomous car must by accessible and available for analysis — under certain data protection rules. Technology companies are investing heavily in artificial intelligence, both at the scientific/ engineering and also at the commercial and product development level. These corporations have an unmatched advantage when compared to any ambitious competitor out there: the massive datasets describing a wide range of human activity ( and more), in many different formats ( ). In an effort to retain their leading market positions, tech corporations tend to acquire those promising tech/AI startups disrupting the market. This could lead to super-powers, with a unique setup of AI technologies over massive amounts of accumulated user and machine data. Disproportional power and control over data: searches, communication, content creation, social interaction text, images, audio, video The ‘promise’ In the context of Internet of Things (IoT), billions of connected devices continuously send events, operational and other data, which are then processed by advanced Big Data, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence technologies. This wealth of data, combined with the increasing ability to of massive, complex data sets, is creating . Under certain assumptions, this technological revolution, will lead to a new era of prosperity, creativeness and well-being. make sense unprecedented opportunities for improvement across , , , and practically health lifestyle transportation education every human activity And yes, technological unemployment is a risk, but in most of the cases, Artificial Intelligence will have a supportive role to humans — empowering the human factor to perform better in handling complex and critical situations which require judgement and creative thinking. In the future, humans will no more need to perform routine, limited-value, jobs. The workforce and the underlying employment models, will move from long-term, full-time employment agreements, to flexible, selective offering of services. There will be a stream of new business opportunities empowering the culture of entrepreneurship, creativeness and innovation. In parallel, there will be numerous new roles and specializations with focus on technology and science, allowing people to free-up time from monotonous, low-value work, towards more creative activities. . Innovation and creative thinking will be empowered by intelligent access of world’s accumulated knowledge, ideas and creative energy. Education systems will evolve to personalized programs and a life-learning mode With the applications of AI in the Transportation industry, we will witness a . Moreover, people will benefit from lower transportation costs and increased level of service. significant reduction of accidents and fatalities on the roads , with intelligent discovery tools. The ‘Fake news’ problem, along with content quality, security and safety online — will all get improved by intelligent components and AI-powered services. People will have better access to world’s digitized knowledge : more accurate medical diagnoses, personalized medicine, shorter drug development cycles will significantly improve the overall effectiveness, level of service to patients and the general access to health services. Artificial Intelligence is also improve our health systems Getting ready But how can we ensure proper use of Artificial Intelligence — in the interest of individual and the society? How can we best adapt to the technological transformation which is already happening? . Societies need to adapt to the new technology landscape and embrace Artificial Intelligence as a ‘smart tool’ helping people to achieve more. We all need to realize the value for humanity, but also see the treats from bad use of AI. People need to achieve a general awareness and understanding of the technology, its potential, benefits and associated risks . New strategies are needed — to focus on education — along with new frameworks for the markets, businesses and social systems; they need to rethink how markets, companies and employment agreements should work in the new era of intelligent automation; they need to redesign the social mechanisms to cover a range of new scenarios and situations States need to adapt by , , and their modernizing laws frameworks social programmes education systems — learn to acquire new skills and explore new talents which are more relevant to the new order of things. People need to switch to a life-learning mode Thought leaders need to drive the right rules, frameworks and global agreements to mitigate the risk of centralization of power and control over data and technology. — we just need to somehow ensure that the technology will be applied and used in the right direction. We need a framework to guide the development of AI-powered applications with basic rules and those specifications that guarantee reliability, transparency and ethical alignment. This technological revolution brings great opportunities for prosperity and growth Key steps in the right direction are already happening — including the discussion for banning and also the ( ) and the ‘right to explanation’ which allow understanding the models used for artificial intelligence (and how they make particular decisions — which is also required by the European Union GDPR — General Data Protection Regulation). ALWs explainable AI XAI

Artificial Intelligence: beyond the hype

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