In most traditional programming languages code reuse typically comes in the form of inheritance. I’ve been on many projects where the innocent BaseThingy quickly turns into DoesEveryThingy in just a few short months because unfortunately inheritance wasn’t meant for code reuse in ways we often hope for. You see, well designed systems are often constructed from smaller objects that do one thing well and leave everything else to others. The problem is sometimes we have classes that require management of other smaller objects, we can call these classes Controllers as their job is to control other classes. It can be tempting to create a BaseController which will handle things like thread pool management, instantiating different views, injecting models, etc. The downside to this approach comes when you have a lot of child controllers relying on the base implementation except they need to manage the thread pool slightly differently or maybe you want to inject the models using a different approach, or maybe you only need one part of the base class and nothing more. There has to be a better way, this is where the idea of comes into play. composition over inheritance Composition Is Hard Though! One of the downsides of composition with something like Java is the language itself doesn’t give you many tools to break down the tedium of using the pattern. For example, let’s say we want to manage disposables in RxJava, favoring composition over inheritance we’d create an interface called DisposableHandler which could look something like this… public interface DisposableHandler { public void addDisposable(Disposable disposable); public void addDisposables(List<Disposable> disposables); public void clearDisposables(); } From there we will want to define a class that can implement our DisposableHandler interface which can be used to delegate the calls from our larger Controller to logic that can be reused easily. In our example we’ll use a CompositeDisposable for handling collections of disposables, so we might end up with something like this… public class CompositeDisposableHandler implements DisposableHandler { private final List<Disposable> disposableList = new ArrayList<>(); @Override public void addDisposable(Disposable disposable) { disposableList.add(disposable); } @Override public void addDisposables(List<Disposable> disposables) { disposableList.addAll(disposables); } @Override public void clearDisposables() { for (Disposable disposable : disposableList) { if (!disposable.isDisposed()) { disposable.dispose(); } } disposableList.clear(); } } Okay we’re almost done with our composition over inheritance solution at this point, all we need now is our controller which will proxy all of our calls into our CompositeDisposableHandler as opposed to implementing the logic itself. Our SuperSimpleController will look something like this… public class SuperSimpleController implements DisposableHandler { private final CompositeDisposableHandler compositeDisposableHandler = new CompositeDisposableHandler(); @Override public void addDisposable(Disposable disposable) { compositeDisposableHandler.add(disposable); } @Override public void addDisposables(List<Disposable> disposables) { compositeDisposableHandler.addDisposables(disposables); } @Override public void clearDisposables() { compositeDisposableHandler.clearDisposables(); } } All of this is fine until you have to implement the next controller, or the controller after that. You see, everything in SuperSimpleController is just copy and paste code. This my friends is how you start off with composition and eventually rename SuperSimpleController into BaseController which will turn into an unwieldy god class. This is why I think most of the Java code I see relies so heavily on inheritance, not because the developers aren’t aware of composition but because we are lazy and boilerplate sucks. There has to be a better way. Composition Is Easy In Kotlin! If you are using Kotlin instead of Java (and if you aren’t what’s wrong with you?) then the language actually offers easy composition out of the box, the feature is called . So let’s dive right in and see what our Java code looks like when translated into Kotlin. delegation Our interface definition for DisposableHandler remains largely the same with the exception of some keywords changing or disappearing entirely (gotta love how concise Kotlin is). interface DisposableHandler { fun addDisposable(disposable: Disposable) fun addDisposables(disposables: List<Disposable>) fun clearDisposables() } From here we can now create our CompositeDisposableHandler, which again will look familiar outside of some changes for Kotlin. class CompositeDisposableHandler : DisposableHandler { private val disposableList = mutableListOf<Disposable>() override fun addDisposable(disposable: Disposable) { disposableList.add(disposable) } override fun addDisposables(disposables: List<Disposable>) { disposableList.addAll(disposables) } override fun clearDisposables() { disposableList.forEach { disposable -> if (!disposable.isDisposed) { dispoable.dispose() } } disposableList.clear() } } Finally it’s time for our SuperSimpleController which required a lot of boilerplate in Java. Thanks to Kotlin our implementation of this class can be shown one a single line (broken up to two lines for readability on Medium). If you are a RxJava snob you may have noticed that we aren’t using CompositeDisposable in this example, that’s because this is an example article trying to describe a use case, your actual implementation may vary. class SuperSimpleController : DisposableHandler by CompositeDisposableHandler() How Does Class Delegation Work In Kotlin? If you’re the type that settles for a gif over a real explanation then this is the end of the article… …For everyone else let’s dig a little deeper (but now much deeper). Class delegation in Kotlin works through the aptly named by keyword. If you have a class that needs to implement an interface but you’d like to reuse the implementation of another class then simply say Interface by ClassInstanceThatAlreadyImplementsTheInterface and you’re done, no need for pointless override keywords cluttering up your code. In my own usage of class delegation I tend to create a class which just implements the interface I’ve declared and then in the larger Controller style classes I will just say they implement an interface and use the instance of the by keyword. At the end of the day this is just doing what the Java code at the start of this article did, it just does it a slightly more elegant way. Thanks for taking the time to read through my article. If you found something to be not quite right or have other information to add please reach out in the comments section below. If you enjoyed this article, please click on the clap icon a few times or share it on social media (or both). Lastly, I’m starting up a mailing list that is powered by ActiveCampaign , if you want to get weekly newsletters then please use the sign-up form below.
