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Push and Pull models are used in manufacturing for production planning. These concepts can be used to measure how self-sufficient your developer team can be and how deep your software specification should be done. In manufacturing, Pulling is the way to go, and is how the complex Just In Time processes are set up. Having a team that “can think like a user” can make the difference, he says. A Product Owner can throw a not fully defined feature to a local team that can think as customers and expect a sensible implementation quickly.