Rollups, as a scalability solution, hold significant potential for public blockchain scaling. However, they currently face limitations and challenges in terms of security, decentralization, user experience, and cost-effectiveness. By addressing these limitations and establishing a more robust ecosystem of standardized tools and support, rollups can achieve broader applications and better development, providing lasting support for the scalability of public blockchains. Hybrid rollups are a promising way to contribute to this goal. Hybrid rollups are a novel concept that combines different architectures. They could better address the scalability and performance challenges of public chains while offering stronger security and user privacy protection. In this article, we’ll discuss the challenges faced by rollups in scaling public blockchains, explore the possible solutions and assess the prospects for the future of rollups. Limitations of Existing Rollups Optimistic Rollups and Zero-Knowledge Rollups (ZK-rollups) are the two main architectures of the existing rollup solutions. However, both of them have their own limitations. Optimistic rollups have a week-long finality period due to potential fraud challenges, while zero-knowledge rollups are more costly due to the substantial costs associated with on-chain verifications. The former provides a dissatisfactory user experience while the latter may be less cost-effective to be sustainable. Also, both solutions make a difficult trade-off between security and decentralization. For example, Optimistic Rollups carry the risk of exit scams perpetrated by deceitful operators. And ZK-rollups are mostly centralized, meaning only specific operators can submit transaction batches and validity proofs to L1, which increases the risk of censorship. Hybrid rollups that combine the merits of optimistic rollup architecture and Zero-Knowledge architecture could achieve a better trade-off between security and decentralization, offering enhanced system security while maintaining the level of decentralization. Such a hybrid approach also has the potential to provide the best possible experience for users and builders. Additionally, the broader adoption of rollup requires a more holistic ecosystem, where developers have easier access to the tools and support needed for building and implementing rollup solutions. It’s also necessary to establish standards and guidelines to ensure interoperability and compatibility among different rollup solutions. Potential Advantages of Hybrid Rollups As an emerging solution, hybrid rollups can bring improvements to the following aspects: By building a ZK circuit for a simple machine on L2, hybrid rollup allows for publishing validity proofs for Optimistic rollups and avoids the issue of frequent circuit updates since the target machine architecture is simple and static. This flexibility allows hybrid rollups to adapt to different use cases and requirements, enabling efficient scaling to handle large-scale transactions. Firstly, hybrid rollups achieve greater flexibility and scalability. Optimistic rollups deliver high-performance and low-cost transaction processing but carry certain risks because verification occurs after transaction submission. On the other hand, ZKPs ensure the validity and privacy of transactions, making it difficult for attackers to tamper with or steal user assets. By combining these two mechanisms, hybrid rollups can provide stronger security guarantees. Secondly, hybrid rollups combine the advantages of optimistic and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to offer enhanced security. By using ZKPs to prove the correct execution of transactions, hybrid rollups can reduce the dependency on the honesty of verification nodes. Users only need to trust the correctness of the ZK circuit, eliminating the need to trust the verification nodes. Additionally, hybrid rollups can lower the trust required. Implementation Challenges However, the implementation of hybrid rollups is not without challenges. Here are the two major ones. After the compilation, it needs to be ensured that the code can execute correctly on the simplified virtual machine and remain consistent with the original execution layer. Achieving this involves addressing technical issues including optimizing the compiler, finding the right machine architecture, and many more. Only when these issues are adequately resolved can you build a hybrid rollup model that can provide flexibility and scalability. Firstly, compiling the execution layer into a simple machine architecture (a simplified virtual machine) may require a lot of engineering and research work. Hybrid rollups use validity proofs to confirm the correctness of off-chain state transitions. The process involves generating and validating a large amount of proof data. It is necessary to optimize the proof generation and validation algorithms to be able to ensure the real-time generation and validation of these proofs in actual network conditions so that hybrid rollups can have good efficiency and scalability. Given these difficulties, hybrid rollups are most suitable for specific use cases at the current technology level. Below are two use scenarios that we think hybrid rollups can fit into. Secondly, implementing zero-knowledge proofs requires enormous data processing and computation, which may affect the performance and scalability of the hybrid rollup. By compiling the execution layer into simplified machine architecture, hybrid rollups gain the flexibility and scalability needed for effective batch-handling of a large number of transactions with low-latency confirmation. It can meet the needs of large-scale transaction processing. Firstly, large-scale transaction processing. . The adoption of ZKPs for verification of off-chain execution gives hybrid rollups the ability to preserve the privacy of transaction data. The validity of a transaction can be proved without revealing any information about the transaction itself to any third parties. This makes hybrid rollups suitable for application scenarios with high privacy-preserving requirements such as financial trading and identity verification. Secondly, applications with high privacy-preserving requirements In summary, although facing technical challenges in areas like compiling the execution layer into a simplified virtual machine and optimizing the proof generation and validation algorithms to overcome the burden of data processing and computation, hybrid rollups are uniquely geared to meet the needs of specific applications that handle large-scale transactions or have high privacy requirements. With technological advances and the emergence of more solutions, hybrid rollups will be able to have a broader scope of application. The Future of Rollups Hybrid rollups are considered a future direction of rollups, but their maturity will depend on the further development of the two mainstream rollup schemes. — The transaction confirmation and finalization process need to be improved to increase throughput and reduce costs. It would include innovations in state management, transaction submission, and dispute resolution mechanisms to increase efficiency. These improvements might enable Optimistic Rollups to surpass hybrid rollups in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness. Optimistic Rollups — As zero-knowledge technology develops, the performance and scalability of ZK-Rollups should be increased with more efficient proof architectures, a more compact proof size, and faster verification algorithms as well as other innovations. With these improvements, ZK-Rollups would have a more efficient and faster verification process, making them a potential competitor to hybrid rollups in terms of performance and verification efficiency. ZK-Rollups We believe the emergence of hybrid rollups will drive more projects and developers to join in building the rollup ecosystem. With improved flexibility and scalability, hybrid rollups will offer more possibilities for various use cases and sectors. For example, in DeFi, the high-performance and low-cost advantages of hybrid rollups can be leveraged to enable the construction of more complex financial protocols and smart contracts. Below are some areas where we believe hybrid rollups could be useful. : Hybrid rollups can provide interoperability across different public chains. By using a hybrid rollup as the bridging layer, secure and efficient asset transfers and information exchange can be achieved across different chains. This will facilitate collaboration and value flow between multiple chains, breaking down existing barriers. Through hybrid rollups, seamless interaction and higher asset composability between Ethereum and other public chains will be possible, which could be a potential investment opportunity. Cross-chain Interoperability : Hybrid rollups combine the best of the two rollup schemes. Benefiting from the ZKP technology used, they will be able to guarantee the privacy of transaction data and provide verifiable transaction execution. Therefore, they can be used to provide compliance and privacy protection solutions to sectors such as tokenized real-world assets (RWAs) or institutional users that have higher requirements for compliance and privacy protection. Compliance and Privacy Protection : The development of hybrid rollups will promote more innovations in community governance and consensus mechanisms. By implementing hybrid rollups, public chain communities will be able to achieve higher throughput and lower costs while maintaining a high degree of decentralization and security, which may ultimately result in improvements and experiments on community governance and consensus mechanisms to suit the needs of various DAOs. Community Governance and Consensus Mechanism Innovation : With the development of hybrid rollup, it is expected that more infrastructure and developer tools will emerge. Developers can build tools and platforms for deploying and managing hybrid rollups, simplifying the development process and providing a better user experience. This will in turn further drive the adoption of hybrid rollups and provide more opportunities and resources for developers. Infrastructure and Developer Tooling Support , hybrid rollups are expected to play a beneficial role in public chain ecosystem scaling, cross-chain interoperability, compliance, and privacy protection as well as community governance and consensus mechanism innovation and maturity of infrastructure and developer tooling. As they develop, hybrid rollups will be an important force driving the performance and usability improvements of L1 and L2. In conclusion

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