Who this is for: Bitcoin developers, indexer builders, and product teams evaluating Bitcoin-native DeFi architectures. Who this is for: The question that actually matters Bitcoin now has credible ways to represent assets. Runes gives a UTXO-native fungible token standard. Ordinals covers unique artifacts. The harder question is where execution should live. If execution moves into indexers (e.g., BRC20, Alkanes, OP_NET), the indexer becomes the de facto settlement layer. If execution is coordinated through DPS (Decentralized PSBT Signing), Bitcoin remains the court of final settlement while users still get fast, composable flows. Why indexer extensions look attractive Teams pick indexer-embedded VMs for good reasons: Rapid iteration without integrating another chain.
Familiar smart contract tooling and one deployment surface.
Fewer moving parts to bootstrap in the early stage. Rapid iteration without integrating another chain. Familiar smart contract tooling and one deployment surface. Fewer moving parts to bootstrap in the early stage. These benefits are real. The trade-offs are equally real: Execution ordering happens in the mempool, which enlarges the MEV surface.
The indexer mediates state and becomes a settlement bottleneck.
Users can face finality surprises and inconsistent state around reorgs. Execution ordering happens in the mempool, which enlarges the MEV surface. The indexer mediates state and becomes a settlement bottleneck. Users can face finality surprises and inconsistent state around reorgs. How DPS changes the user experience DPS keeps Bitcoin as the final settlement layer. Coordination and signing happen in a transparent, verifiable environment. A typical flow looks like this: A user submits a PSBT or intent to a sequencer.
The contract environment checks terms and state, then signs inputs.
The finalized transaction is broadcast to Bitcoin for settlement. A user submits a PSBT or intent to a sequencer. The contract environment checks terms and state, then signs inputs. The finalized transaction is broadcast to Bitcoin for settlement. What users feel: Seconds-level feedback instead of waiting a block or two.
Composable, atomic flows across multiple steps or pools.
Fewer failed-on-finality surprises, since the contract state is updated before broadcast. Seconds-level feedback instead of waiting a block or two. Composable, atomic flows across multiple steps or pools. Fewer failed-on-finality surprises, since the contract state is updated before broadcast. Dimension

DPS (Decentralized PSBT Signing)

Indexer Extensions (VM in indexer)



Settlement model

Bitcoin stays the settlement layer

Indexer becomes de facto settlement layer



Latency

Seconds, pre-settlement sequencing gives fast feedback

One or two confirmations, roughly 10 to 20 minutes typical



MEV surface

Smaller public intent surface, ordering is auditable where sequencing runs

Larger public intent surface in mempool, ordering shaped by fee competition



Composability

Atomic multi-step flows, pool-based designs

Often single-asset and brittle, harder to compose



Standards alignment

Works with runes and Ordinals using PSBT

Often wraps or abstracts standards



Failure modes

Pre-settlement reverts, consistent contract state

Possible state drift until confirmation and reorg safety Dimension

DPS (Decentralized PSBT Signing)

Indexer Extensions (VM in indexer)



Settlement model

Bitcoin stays the settlement layer

Indexer becomes de facto settlement layer



Latency

Seconds, pre-settlement sequencing gives fast feedback

One or two confirmations, roughly 10 to 20 minutes typical



MEV surface

Smaller public intent surface, ordering is auditable where sequencing runs

Larger public intent surface in mempool, ordering shaped by fee competition



Composability

Atomic multi-step flows, pool-based designs

Often single-asset and brittle, harder to compose



Standards alignment

Works with runes and Ordinals using PSBT

Often wraps or abstracts standards



Failure modes

Pre-settlement reverts, consistent contract state

Possible state drift until confirmation and reorg safety Dimension

DPS (Decentralized PSBT Signing)

Indexer Extensions (VM in indexer) Dimension Dimension DPS (Decentralized PSBT Signing) DPS (Decentralized PSBT Signing) Indexer Extensions (VM in indexer) Indexer Extensions (VM in indexer) Settlement model

Bitcoin stays the settlement layer

Indexer becomes de facto settlement layer Settlement model Settlement model Bitcoin stays the settlement layer Bitcoin stays the settlement layer Indexer becomes de facto settlement layer Indexer becomes de facto settlement layer Latency

Seconds, pre-settlement sequencing gives fast feedback

One or two confirmations, roughly 10 to 20 minutes typical Latency Latency Seconds, pre-settlement sequencing gives fast feedback Seconds, pre-settlement sequencing gives fast feedback One or two confirmations, roughly 10 to 20 minutes typical One or two confirmations, roughly 10 to 20 minutes typical MEV surface

Smaller public intent surface, ordering is auditable where sequencing runs

Larger public intent surface in mempool, ordering shaped by fee competition MEV surface MEV surface Smaller public intent surface, ordering is auditable where sequencing runs Smaller public intent surface, ordering is auditable where sequencing runs Larger public intent surface in mempool, ordering shaped by fee competition Larger public intent surface in mempool, ordering shaped by fee competition Composability

Atomic multi-step flows, pool-based designs

Often single-asset and brittle, harder to compose Composability Composability Atomic multi-step flows, pool-based designs Atomic multi-step flows, pool-based designs Often single-asset and brittle, harder to compose Often single-asset and brittle, harder to compose Standards alignment

Works with runes and Ordinals using PSBT

Often wraps or abstracts standards Standards alignment Standards alignment Works with runes and Ordinals using PSBT Works with runes and Ordinals using PSBT Often wraps or abstracts standards Often wraps or abstracts standards Failure modes

Pre-settlement reverts, consistent contract state

Possible state drift until confirmation and reorg safety Failure modes Failure modes Pre-settlement reverts, consistent contract state Pre-settlement reverts, consistent contract state Possible state drift until confirmation and reorg safety Possible state drift until confirmation and reorg safety PSBT today: strength and pain points PSBT (BIP-174) gave wallets and markets a common language for multi-party coordination. It unlocked peer-to-peer trading for Ordinals and runes. It also introduced public intent surfaces when partially signed transactions or order templates sit in mempools or public boards. This creates room for sniping and pinning, and it pushes builders to seek better coordination. DPS provides a solution to that need. BIP-174 mempools sniping pinning Case study in brief: P2P PSBT order flow under pressure Peer-to-peer PSBT markets proved non-custodial swaps are possible. They also showed limits: Public PSBTs can leak terms and enable sniping through replace-by-fee races.
Orders are often rigid. You take the whole thing or nothing. Liquidity feels thin.
Without pooled liquidity and programmable agents, trades resemble barter. Public PSBTs can leak terms and enable sniping through replace-by-fee races. replace-by-fee Orders are often rigid. You take the whole thing or nothing. Liquidity feels thin. Without pooled liquidity and programmable agents, trades resemble barter. DPS reduces the attack surface by coordinating before broadcast and enables pooled, programmable designs that feel closer to modern DeFi while preserving Bitcoin settlement. Why the runes standard does not add a VM to the indexer The runes design favors minimal centralization pressure. Execution inside the indexer would shift trust and ordering away from Bitcoin. Keeping execution out of the runes indexer aligns with Bitcoin’s neutrality and avoids making indexers the real court. https://x.com/rodarmor/status/1823803508967268678?embedable=true https://x.com/rodarmor/status/1823803508967268678?embedable=true REE on the Internet Computer, facts only Omnity’s Runes Exchange Environment (REE) uses DPS and runs the coordination and signature logic on the Internet Computer. Key points: Omnity’s Runes Exchange Environment (REE) Internet Computer Chain-key and threshold signing let canister smart contracts check Bitcoin state, sign inputs, and broadcast without offchain intermediaries.
Reverse gas removes the need for users to hold ICP for fees, which reduces friction.
REE is open source and designed for composability. Apps can share liquidity.
Indexing for runes is onchain, with an Ordinals indexer under testing in the same model.
Users sign PSBTs with their existing Bitcoin wallets. No wrapped assets. Chain-key and threshold signing let canister smart contracts check Bitcoin state, sign inputs, and broadcast without offchain intermediaries. Chain-key Reverse gas removes the need for users to hold ICP for fees, which reduces friction. Reverse gas REE is open source and designed for composability. Apps can share liquidity. REE is open source Indexing for runes is onchain, with an Ordinals indexer under testing in the same model. runes is onchain Ordinals indexer under testing Users sign PSBTs with their existing Bitcoin wallets. No wrapped assets. Practical evaluation checklist for Bitcoin DeFi Devs Use this when choosing an execution model: What is the actual settlement layer, and can app state drift from it?
How is ordering decided before settlement, and can the public verify it?
How much intent data is public before broadcast?
What happens under reorgs or partial failures?
Do you preserve open standards like runes, Ordinals, and PSBT?
What is real time to feedback at p50 and p95? What is the actual settlement layer, and can app state drift from it? How is ordering decided before settlement, and can the public verify it? How much intent data is public before broadcast? What happens under reorgs or partial failures? Do you preserve open standards like runes, Ordinals, and PSBT? What is real time to feedback at p50 and p95? Conclusion Metaprotocols can't weaken Bitcoin security. The goal is programmability without less security. DPS keeps transactions on Bitcoin and gives developers fast, flexible UX tools. Indexer-based VMs have greater offchain risks; choose your character wisely and keep building on Bitcoin! ➡️REE DOCS REE DOCS Suzanne Leigh is the Editor of Omnity Network. Suzanne Leigh Omnity Network

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