If you need to handle lots of incoming requests, you should manage the incoming traffic by balancing the load across different servers. You should consider adding a Load Balancer: it’s a layer of abstraction that handles requests, availability, and security in a centralized place. When handling a massive amount of requests, a system generally needs to balance the incoming load to avoid overloading a single server. To do that, we typically use a Load Balancer in front of our applications to handle all the incoming traffic. In this article, we will learn what a Load Balancer is and what problems it solves, and we will delve into the main categories of Load Balancing: L7 and L4. What is a Load Balancer? and, through a specific process, forwards each request to a specific node of the “internal” architecture. A Load Balancer is a piece of the network architecture that deals with incoming requests It can be a distinct piece of hardware, as well as a software component already part of the network architecture. Despite the name, a Load Balancer does not only balance the load; some of its core functionalities are: : of course, it has a way to determine which server will handle a specific request; Load Balancing : to understand where to redirect requests, a Load Balancer needs to keep track of the available resources and their addresses; Service Discovery : clients will not know the real address of the destination servers; they will only know the address of the Load Balancer; Abstraction : a destination server must not only exist, but it must also be in a healthy state. Unhealthy servers are excluded from the possible destination servers. Health Checking Health checking is one of the vital parts of a Load Balancer, and how to handle unhealthy services is a complex topic. Suppose you have two servers, Server1 and Server2 that can handle 50 requests per second each. Suddenly, Server1 becomes unhealthy, and the Load Balancer removes it from the list of available servers. The same 100 users keep accessing the service, but now, since Server1 is unavailable, Server2 will have to handle 100 requests/sec. If it’s not able to handle that spike, the whole application will be offline, and none of the users will be able to access the system. So, just , and you must think of a more complex mechanism. moving all the traffic to a single instance should be avoided Depending on the type of Load Balancer (L4 vs L7), you can also have more functionalities, such as and . Authentication Observability The OSI Model Before moving to L4 and L7, we need to have a look at the OSI model. . It’s composed of 7 different (L1 to L7), each with its specific responsibilities, protocols, and behaviors. The OSI Model is the definition of the abstractions used in networking layers : is the entry point of the stack and is the one accessed by computers; it works with HTTP, FTP, and more; L7 - Application layer : validates data format, applies encryption, and applies data compression; it encrypts data when using SSL and validates data formats like JPEG or TXT; L6 - Presentation layer : maintains the connection to the destination port; operates via network sockets; L5 - Session layer : transmits data using a transmission protocol (namely, TCP and UDP), guaranteeing connection reliability and handling transmission errors; L4 - Transport layer : working on packets of data, this layer defines which physical path data will take; works with IPs and ICMP; L3 - Network layer : it defines the format of the data on the network, dividing the source of data into smaller chunks ( ); L2 - Data Link layer frames : this layer transmits the raw stream of bits over a physical medium (such as a wire); L1 - Physical layer When a client tries to access a host, every request passes through all seven layers. A Load Balancer that works on a specific layer can perform different operations because it “knows” different metadata of the same connection. L7 Load Balancer: handle requests by looking at the content . Since it works at this layer, the Load Balancer can balance requests based on the whole payload of the request. An L7 Load Balancer acts on the Application layer For instance, an L7 Load Balancer can handle: : since it knows the full URL, it can redirect the request to a specific server. For instance, if the path is , the Load Balancer can send the request to a server dedicated to images; Routing /images/avatar.png : encryption and decryption are resource-expensive operations. You can free up some resources on the destination servers by , making your applications able to handle more requests (because they no longer need to encrypt and decrypt data); SSL Termination delegating encryption and decryption to the Load Balancer : given that an L7 Load Balancer has access to all the metadata related to a request, such as HTTP Headers, it can work as an authentication layer that returns 401 - Unauthorized in case, for example, a specific HTTP Header is missing. Authentication : an L7 Load Balancer can be used to apply observability to a resource by tracing the incoming requests, the response time, and more; Observability : an L7 Load Balancer can protect your application from DDoS attacks ; Security You can find a lot of Load Balancers that work at the Application layer, such as: Azure Application Gateway AWS Classic/Application Load Balancer Traefik (Open Source) NGINX (Open Source) L4 Load Balancer: handles requests by looking at connections and IPs : it does not have access to the request Body or its HTTP Headers, so it cannot perform smart decisions based on the actual content of the request. An L4 Load Balancer acts at the TCP/UDP level Even though it’s not as smart as an L7 Load Balancer, it still has some advantages: Since it works at the transport layer and does not perform any check on the request payload, it’s way than an L7 Load balancer; faster It’s unaware of the type of data it is receiving: bytes can come from an HTTP request as well as from a MongoDB connection; Can choose the destination server based on the IP address; As you can imagine, many teams prefer an L7 Load Balancer over an L4 Load Balancer. However, you can find some good L4 Load Balancers on the web: Azure Load Balancer AWS Network/Gateway/Classing Load Balancer HAProxy Technologies VMWare Further readings We’ve just scratched the surface of the topic. For sure, to understand better the differences between L7 and L4, have a look at the definition and the structure of the OSI Model: 🔗 OSI Model | Wikipedia Then, an amazing article about all the possible functionalities of a Load Balancer, as well as the different types (Edge, Sidecar, Middle): 🔗 Introduction to modern network load balancing and proxying | Matt Klein This article first appeared on Code4IT 🐧 Finally, a short but valuable article about L4 and L7 Load Balancers, with a demo created using Docker and Envoy: 🔗 L4 vs L7 Load Balancing | Mohak Puri Wrapping up In this article, we’ve learned how L7 and L4 Load Balancers differ, and what are the functionalities provided by both types. Here’s a short table to sum up the differences. L4 Load Balancing L7 Load Balancing Works at the transport layer Works at the application layer Uses TCP and UDP protocols Uses HTTP and SMTP protocols Makes routing decisions based on simple algorithms and network information such as ports and protocols Makes routing decisions based on content information such as headers, message content, URL type, and cookie data Does not inspect or decrypt messages Terminates, inspects, and decrypts messages Fast, efficient, and secure Complex, informed, and application-aware Deals with individual connection flows Deals with individual requests Cannot do smart load balancing or content optimization based on the media type, localization rules, etc. Can do smart load balancing and content optimization based on the media type, localization rules, etc. I hope you enjoyed this article! Let’s keep in touch on or ! 🤜🤛 Twitter LinkedIn Happy coding! 🐧 Also published . here

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