Let’s dive into analyzing the OWASP Uncrackable Level 1 app! This can be solved in two ways, Using Frida (not required here!)
Using normal code analysis and writing your own code from that. I’ll show you both ways. So, let’s buckle up for both ways to solve this challenge. Using Frida Root Detection Upon opening the app, it closes due to root detection, as shown below: To understand why, we can decompile the APK using jadx. In the AndroidManifest.xml, the Launcher activity is defined as owasp.mstg.uncrackable1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:versionCode="1"
    android:versionName="1.0"
    package="owasp.mstg.uncrackable1">
    <uses-sdk
        android:minSdkVersion="19"
        android:targetSdkVersion="28"/>
    <application
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:allowBackup="true">
        <activity
            android:label="@string/app_name"
            android:name="sg.vantagepoint.uncrackable1.MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
    </application>
</manifest> In MainActivity, we find the code responsible for detecting the root and closing the app using System.exit(0);. private void a(String str) {
    AlertDialog create = new AlertDialog.Builder(this).create();
    create.setTitle(str);
    create.setMessage("This is unacceptable. The app is now going to exit.");
    create.setButton(-3, "OK", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { // from class: sg.vantagepoint.uncrackable1.MainActivity.1
        @Override // android.content.DialogInterface.OnClickListener
        public void onClick(DialogInterface dialogInterface, int i) {
            System.exit(0);
        }
    });
    create.setCancelable(false);
    create.show();
}


@Override // android.app.Activity
protected void onCreate(Bundle bundle) {
    if (c.a() || c.b() || c.c()) {
        a("Root detected!");
    }
    if (b.a(getApplicationContext())) {
        a("App is debuggable!");
    }
    super.onCreate(bundle);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
} Bypassing Root Detection Let’s write a frida script to hook and bypass this check. Java.perform(function() {
    var hook = Java.use("java.lang.System");
    hook.exit.implementation = function() {
        console.log("Root Check Bypassed!!! 😎");
    };
}); App Functionality Once bypassed, the app presents a text field and a verify button. Clickingverify shows a message: That's not it. Try again. By searching for this string in the code, we find the verification logic: Let’s take this as a reference to move ahead and find this string in the code. After searching this out, you can see a code like below which seems like a comparison between input value and some hard-coded value. Analyzing the Verification Logic We need to inspect the a method to understand the comparison. public class a {
    public static boolean a(String str) {
        byte[] bArr;
        byte[] bArr2 = new byte[0];
        try {
            bArr = sg.vantagepoint.a.a.a(b("8d127684cbc37c17616d806cf50473cc"), Base64.decode("5UJiFctbmgbDoLXmpL12mkno8HT4Lv8dlat8FxR2GOc=", 0));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            Log.d("CodeCheck", "AES error:" + e.getMessage());
            bArr = bArr2;
        }
        return str.equals(new String(bArr));
    }

    public static byte[] b(String str) {
        int length = str.length();
        byte[] bArr = new byte[length / 2];
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i += 2) {
            bArr[i / 2] = (byte) ((Character.digit(str.charAt(i), 16) << 4) + Character.digit(str.charAt(i + 1), 16));
        }
        return bArr;
    }
} The bArr value is what our input is being compared to. The sg.vantagepoint.a.a.a method is an AES decryption method. public class a {
    public static byte[] a(byte[] bArr, byte[] bArr2) {
        SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(bArr, "AES/ECB/PKCS7Padding");
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES");
        cipher.init(2, secretKeySpec);
        return cipher.doFinal(bArr2);
    }
} Hooking the AES Cipher Function We can hook this function to get the string value var a = Java.use('sg.vantagepoint.a.a');
a.a.implementation = function (p0, p1) {
    console.log('p0 (byte array): ' + bytesToString(p0));
    console.log('p1 (byte array): ' + bytesToString(p1));
    
    var result = this.a(p0, p1);
    console.log("Result ->", bytesToString(result))
    return result;
};

function bytesToString(bytes) {
    var result = '';
    for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; ++i) {
        result += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i]);
    }
    return result;
} Running the Script Execute the script to see the byte array as a string. (base) C:\Users\booyaa\uncrackable\level> frida -U -l ./hook_level1.js -f owasp.mstg.uncrackable1
     ____
    / _  |   Frida 16.2.3 - A world-class dynamic instrumentation toolkit
   | (_| |
    > _  |   Commands:
   /_/ |_|       help      -> Displays the help system
   . . . .       object?   -> Display information about 'object'
   . . . .       exit/quit -> Exit
   . . . .
   . . . .   More info at https://frida.re/docs/home/
   . . . .
   . . . .   Connected to LE2001 (id=4a298ca9)
Spawned `owasp.mstg.uncrackable1`. Resuming main thread!
[LE2101::owasp.mstg.uncrackable1 ]-> Hooked exit()
Root Check Bypassed!!! 😎
p0 (byte array): ﾍvﾄￋￃ|amﾀl￵sￌ
p1 (byte array): ￥Bbￋ[ﾚￃﾠﾵ￦ﾤﾽvﾚI￨￰t￸.￿ﾕﾫ|v￧
Result -> I want to believe
Process terminated
[LE2101::owasp.mstg.uncrackable1 ]->

Thank you for using Frida!
(base) C:\Users\booyaa\uncrackable\level> And there we have it; the final string: I want to believe. Using just Python and no rooted device or Frida. # level1.py

import base64
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from Crypto.Util.Padding import unpad

def a(key, cipher_text):
    cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_ECB)
    return unpad(cipher.decrypt(cipher_text), AES.block_size)

def b(hex_string):
    return bytes.fromhex(hex_string)

try:
    key = b("8d127684cbc37c17616d806cf50473cc")
    cipher_text = base64.b64decode("5UJiFctbmgbDoLXmpL12mkno8HT4Lv8dlat8FxR2GOc=")
    returned_bytes = a(key, cipher_text)
    print("Solved: ", returned_bytes.decode())
except Exception as e:
    print("AES error: ", str(e)) Thanks for following along! Cheers 🍺 Let’s dive into analyzing the OWASP Uncrackable Level 1 app! OWASP Uncrackable Level 1 This can be solved in two ways, Using Frida (not required here!) Using normal code analysis and writing your own code from that. Using Frida (not required here!) Using normal code analysis and writing your own code from that. I’ll show you both ways. So, let’s buckle up for both ways to solve this challenge. Using Frida Using Frida Root Detection Upon opening the app, it closes due to root detection, as shown below: To understand why, we can decompile the APK using jadx. In the AndroidManifest.xml , the Launcher activity is defined as owasp.mstg.uncrackable1 . AndroidManifest.xml owasp.mstg.uncrackable1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:versionCode="1"
    android:versionName="1.0"
    package="owasp.mstg.uncrackable1">
    <uses-sdk
        android:minSdkVersion="19"
        android:targetSdkVersion="28"/>
    <application
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:allowBackup="true">
        <activity
            android:label="@string/app_name"
            android:name="sg.vantagepoint.uncrackable1.MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
    </application>
</manifest> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:versionCode="1"
    android:versionName="1.0"
    package="owasp.mstg.uncrackable1">
    <uses-sdk
        android:minSdkVersion="19"
        android:targetSdkVersion="28"/>
    <application
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:allowBackup="true">
        <activity
            android:label="@string/app_name"
            android:name="sg.vantagepoint.uncrackable1.MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
    </application>
</manifest> In MainActivity , we find the code responsible for detecting the root and closing the app using System.exit(0); . MainActivity System.exit(0); private void a(String str) {
    AlertDialog create = new AlertDialog.Builder(this).create();
    create.setTitle(str);
    create.setMessage("This is unacceptable. The app is now going to exit.");
    create.setButton(-3, "OK", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { // from class: sg.vantagepoint.uncrackable1.MainActivity.1
        @Override // android.content.DialogInterface.OnClickListener
        public void onClick(DialogInterface dialogInterface, int i) {
            System.exit(0);
        }
    });
    create.setCancelable(false);
    create.show();
}


@Override // android.app.Activity
protected void onCreate(Bundle bundle) {
    if (c.a() || c.b() || c.c()) {
        a("Root detected!");
    }
    if (b.a(getApplicationContext())) {
        a("App is debuggable!");
    }
    super.onCreate(bundle);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
} private void a(String str) {
    AlertDialog create = new AlertDialog.Builder(this).create();
    create.setTitle(str);
    create.setMessage("This is unacceptable. The app is now going to exit.");
    create.setButton(-3, "OK", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { // from class: sg.vantagepoint.uncrackable1.MainActivity.1
        @Override // android.content.DialogInterface.OnClickListener
        public void onClick(DialogInterface dialogInterface, int i) {
            System.exit(0);
        }
    });
    create.setCancelable(false);
    create.show();
}


@Override // android.app.Activity
protected void onCreate(Bundle bundle) {
    if (c.a() || c.b() || c.c()) {
        a("Root detected!");
    }
    if (b.a(getApplicationContext())) {
        a("App is debuggable!");
    }
    super.onCreate(bundle);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
} Bypassing Root Detection Let’s write a frida script to hook and bypass this check. frida Java.perform(function() {
    var hook = Java.use("java.lang.System");
    hook.exit.implementation = function() {
        console.log("Root Check Bypassed!!! 😎");
    };
}); Java.perform(function() {
    var hook = Java.use("java.lang.System");
    hook.exit.implementation = function() {
        console.log("Root Check Bypassed!!! 😎");
    };
}); App Functionality Once bypassed, the app presents a text field and a verify button. Clicking verify shows a message: That's not it. Try again. verify That's not it. Try again. By searching for this string in the code, we find the verification logic: Let’s take this as a reference to move ahead and find this string in the code. After searching this out, you can see a code like below which seems like a comparison between input value and some hard-coded value. Analyzing the Verification Logic We need to inspect the a method to understand the comparison. a public class a {
    public static boolean a(String str) {
        byte[] bArr;
        byte[] bArr2 = new byte[0];
        try {
            bArr = sg.vantagepoint.a.a.a(b("8d127684cbc37c17616d806cf50473cc"), Base64.decode("5UJiFctbmgbDoLXmpL12mkno8HT4Lv8dlat8FxR2GOc=", 0));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            Log.d("CodeCheck", "AES error:" + e.getMessage());
            bArr = bArr2;
        }
        return str.equals(new String(bArr));
    }

    public static byte[] b(String str) {
        int length = str.length();
        byte[] bArr = new byte[length / 2];
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i += 2) {
            bArr[i / 2] = (byte) ((Character.digit(str.charAt(i), 16) << 4) + Character.digit(str.charAt(i + 1), 16));
        }
        return bArr;
    }
} public class a {
    public static boolean a(String str) {
        byte[] bArr;
        byte[] bArr2 = new byte[0];
        try {
            bArr = sg.vantagepoint.a.a.a(b("8d127684cbc37c17616d806cf50473cc"), Base64.decode("5UJiFctbmgbDoLXmpL12mkno8HT4Lv8dlat8FxR2GOc=", 0));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            Log.d("CodeCheck", "AES error:" + e.getMessage());
            bArr = bArr2;
        }
        return str.equals(new String(bArr));
    }

    public static byte[] b(String str) {
        int length = str.length();
        byte[] bArr = new byte[length / 2];
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i += 2) {
            bArr[i / 2] = (byte) ((Character.digit(str.charAt(i), 16) << 4) + Character.digit(str.charAt(i + 1), 16));
        }
        return bArr;
    }
} The bArr value is what our input is being compared to. The sg.vantagepoint.a.a.a method is an AES decryption method. bArr sg.vantagepoint.a.a.a public class a {
    public static byte[] a(byte[] bArr, byte[] bArr2) {
        SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(bArr, "AES/ECB/PKCS7Padding");
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES");
        cipher.init(2, secretKeySpec);
        return cipher.doFinal(bArr2);
    }
} public class a {
    public static byte[] a(byte[] bArr, byte[] bArr2) {
        SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(bArr, "AES/ECB/PKCS7Padding");
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES");
        cipher.init(2, secretKeySpec);
        return cipher.doFinal(bArr2);
    }
} Hooking the AES Cipher Function We can hook this function to get the string value var a = Java.use('sg.vantagepoint.a.a');
a.a.implementation = function (p0, p1) {
    console.log('p0 (byte array): ' + bytesToString(p0));
    console.log('p1 (byte array): ' + bytesToString(p1));
    
    var result = this.a(p0, p1);
    console.log("Result ->", bytesToString(result))
    return result;
};

function bytesToString(bytes) {
    var result = '';
    for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; ++i) {
        result += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i]);
    }
    return result;
} var a = Java.use('sg.vantagepoint.a.a');
a.a.implementation = function (p0, p1) {
    console.log('p0 (byte array): ' + bytesToString(p0));
    console.log('p1 (byte array): ' + bytesToString(p1));
    
    var result = this.a(p0, p1);
    console.log("Result ->", bytesToString(result))
    return result;
};

function bytesToString(bytes) {
    var result = '';
    for (var i = 0; i < bytes.length; ++i) {
        result += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i]);
    }
    return result;
} Running the Script Execute the script to see the byte array as a string. (base) C:\Users\booyaa\uncrackable\level> frida -U -l ./hook_level1.js -f owasp.mstg.uncrackable1
     ____
    / _  |   Frida 16.2.3 - A world-class dynamic instrumentation toolkit
   | (_| |
    > _  |   Commands:
   /_/ |_|       help      -> Displays the help system
   . . . .       object?   -> Display information about 'object'
   . . . .       exit/quit -> Exit
   . . . .
   . . . .   More info at https://frida.re/docs/home/
   . . . .
   . . . .   Connected to LE2001 (id=4a298ca9)
Spawned `owasp.mstg.uncrackable1`. Resuming main thread!
[LE2101::owasp.mstg.uncrackable1 ]-> Hooked exit()
Root Check Bypassed!!! 😎
p0 (byte array): ﾍvﾄￋￃ|amﾀl￵sￌ
p1 (byte array): ￥Bbￋ[ﾚￃﾠﾵ￦ﾤﾽvﾚI￨￰t￸.￿ﾕﾫ|v￧
Result -> I want to believe
Process terminated
[LE2101::owasp.mstg.uncrackable1 ]->

Thank you for using Frida!
(base) C:\Users\booyaa\uncrackable\level> (base) C:\Users\booyaa\uncrackable\level> frida -U -l ./hook_level1.js -f owasp.mstg.uncrackable1
     ____
    / _  |   Frida 16.2.3 - A world-class dynamic instrumentation toolkit
   | (_| |
    > _  |   Commands:
   /_/ |_|       help      -> Displays the help system
   . . . .       object?   -> Display information about 'object'
   . . . .       exit/quit -> Exit
   . . . .
   . . . .   More info at https://frida.re/docs/home/
   . . . .
   . . . .   Connected to LE2001 (id=4a298ca9)
Spawned `owasp.mstg.uncrackable1`. Resuming main thread!
[LE2101::owasp.mstg.uncrackable1 ]-> Hooked exit()
Root Check Bypassed!!! 😎
p0 (byte array): ﾍvﾄￋￃ|amﾀl￵sￌ
p1 (byte array): ￥Bbￋ[ﾚￃﾠﾵ￦ﾤﾽvﾚI￨￰t￸.￿ﾕﾫ|v￧
Result -> I want to believe
Process terminated
[LE2101::owasp.mstg.uncrackable1 ]->

Thank you for using Frida!
(base) C:\Users\booyaa\uncrackable\level> And there we have it; the final string: I want to believe . I want to believe Using just Python and no rooted device or Frida. Using just Python and no rooted device or Frida. # level1.py

import base64
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from Crypto.Util.Padding import unpad

def a(key, cipher_text):
    cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_ECB)
    return unpad(cipher.decrypt(cipher_text), AES.block_size)

def b(hex_string):
    return bytes.fromhex(hex_string)

try:
    key = b("8d127684cbc37c17616d806cf50473cc")
    cipher_text = base64.b64decode("5UJiFctbmgbDoLXmpL12mkno8HT4Lv8dlat8FxR2GOc=")
    returned_bytes = a(key, cipher_text)
    print("Solved: ", returned_bytes.decode())
except Exception as e:
    print("AES error: ", str(e)) # level1.py

import base64
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from Crypto.Util.Padding import unpad

def a(key, cipher_text):
    cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_ECB)
    return unpad(cipher.decrypt(cipher_text), AES.block_size)

def b(hex_string):
    return bytes.fromhex(hex_string)

try:
    key = b("8d127684cbc37c17616d806cf50473cc")
    cipher_text = base64.b64decode("5UJiFctbmgbDoLXmpL12mkno8HT4Lv8dlat8FxR2GOc=")
    returned_bytes = a(key, cipher_text)
    print("Solved: ", returned_bytes.decode())
except Exception as e:
    print("AES error: ", str(e)) Thanks for following along! Cheers 🍺

Uncrackable - Level 1 | OWASP

About Author

Comments

TOPICS

THIS ARTICLE WAS FEATURED IN

Related Stories

How I Hacked a Colorfit Pro 4

10 Top Industries To Be Transformed By Artificial Intelligence, Soon

10 Essential Mobile App UI Design Principles for Building Outstanding Apps

11 AI & ML App Ideas For Startups and SME’s In 2019

11 Best Low-Code And No-Code Platforms in 2021

11 Tips to Save Time on App Development & Launch Processes

How I Hacked a Colorfit Pro 4

10 Top Industries To Be Transformed By Artificial Intelligence, Soon

10 Essential Mobile App UI Design Principles for Building Outstanding Apps

11 AI & ML App Ideas For Startups and SME’s In 2019

11 Best Low-Code And No-Code Platforms in 2021

11 Tips to Save Time on App Development & Launch Processes

Light-Mode

Classic

Newspaper

Minty

Dark-Mode

Neon Noir

Minty

HN StartUps