source: wikimedia A year ago I had an interesting discussion with my best friend Alex about code reviews. He said that when he does a code review, he always . He uses this technique in order to understand what the code really does, how it behaves and what functionality it covers. starts with the tests After reviewing the tests, he then proceeds to review the production code. The production code should just make sense and follow principles/guidelines and patterns that (everything that the team means by “clean code”) so everyone can follow. the team has set When you want to implement a feature, you translate a single requirement to use cases. You translate a single use case to test cases. You implement these test cases in your production code. If you are practicing TDD, then you are following the . The three laws are: Three Laws of TDD You must write a failing test before you write any production code. You must not write more of a test than is sufficient to fail or fail to compile. You must not write more production code than is sufficient to make the currently failing test pass. What is really interesting here is the 3rd law because it implies that if your tests pass, you are not allowed to add more production code, you have to add more test cases if you want to add more code. In other words, your production code is written only to cover what your test cases describe. Just by looking the requirements and checking them against the test cases you can have a pretty good understanding of what the implementation should be like, what functionality it covers and if the developer omitted any use cases and the requirements are not satisfied. The code’s behavior is bounded by the test cases Since your tests are the first client of your API, they can help you expose design problems such as encapsulation problems or tight coupling between components. If the test mocks many components, then you need to check if the encapsulation is violated and whether some of these components can be made package protected or private. Encapsulation is one of the most important OOP concepts and yet is the one that is abused the most by the developers. If the test spends too much time mocking a single object’s method call chain, then you can be pretty sure that the is violated. If the Law of Demeter is violated, then you can be pretty sure that the code suffers from encapsulation problems. And yet I know that without even looking at the code, I know that just by looking test’s structure. Law of Demeter Also, you can guess that the developer does not practice TDD since the test knows too much about the implementation’s internals. That can only happen if you write the tests after you write the production code. If you learn that the tests are written after the implementation, then you need to check if the production code contains hidden features and there isn’t a test describing these features. This is really bad, and you can’t let it happen because you will lose trust in your test suite. One day, months after committing that code you’ll refactor it, and it’s possible to delete a whole feature without even noticing it since there is no test case that describes that feature. This is really bad! By the way, test is code too Tests are the only tool you have that eliminates the the production code. As the code complexity increases (accidental or not) you’ll refactor the code and the tests can make sure that the behavior of your code is the same. There is a great book by called you should read it! fear of changing Martin Fowler “Refactoring: Improving the design of existing code,” So spend the same time, or even more to make sure that your tests are always in good shape. You need to code review and refactor your tests. The tests should follow the same standards as your production code. Further Reading The Cycles of TDD The Law of Demeter in the era of microservices The importance of team culture by and Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code Martin Fowler Kent Beck

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