What they do and how machine learning fits in ‘…physics and neuroscience are in some ways the most fundamental subjects: one is concerned with the external world out there, and the other with the internal world in our minds’. Demis Hassabis, a co-founder of . DeepMind .com FT *** The development of technologies that study and affect the ‘internal world in our minds’ is fuelled by investment activity, among other things. In the summer of 2016, CB Insights, an investment database, a review of 17 startups that boost the brain. In just two years, in June 2018, Neuronetics, the most well-funded startup from the list, went . Other companies from that list raised substantial investment rounds. For example, Lumosity ($11M), Headspace ($32M), Thync ($6M) and others. Only one startup went out of business . That, what is happening at the intersection of tech and neuroscience looks exciting. published public reportedly I hope this article will be useful for data scientists, who are thinking about where to apply their expertise, as well as for researchers and healthcare professionals, who want to identify technologies beneficial for their research/patients. This article represents a wider and deeper overview of startups that hack the brain*. It also highlights how machine learning (ML) is/may be applied to this grand challenge. 1) companies that provide diagnostics capabilities, 2) those who build tech for various interventions and affect/stimulate brain, and lastly, 3) companies who contribute predominantly to brain research and development of brain interfaces. See chart 1. In this article I divide 44 startups into three groups: . For example, measuring blood flow, tracking electrical activity of the brain, or testing for certain proteins. In the Appendix, you may find information on how this data was collected. Within each group, startups are aligned around the core principles that their tech is based on Selected brain tech startups* I. Diagnostics Tech by NeuroSky, BrainScope, and iota Biosciences ( ), a technology to record electrical activity of the brain, is one of the most popular diagnostics tools. Among startups that build on EEG are: Electroencephalography EEG develops assessment of brain injury, including concussion, designs a tool for rapid setup and triage of seizures, and is helping to recover after brain injuries; BrainScope Ceribell ElMindA ’s EEG biosensor digitises and amplifies raw analogue brain signals and offers a platform for applications in health and wellness, education, medicine, research and other sectors. NeuroSky A novel way of diagnostics is based on analysing . Mindstrong on ‘…a set of digital biomarkers from human-smartphone interactions that correlate highly with select cognitive measures, mood state, and brain connectivity’. human-smartphone interaction relies . Startups that apply these approaches are: Among various diagnostics approaches, there are approaches that are measuring fluid volumes, blood flow and oxygen levels, properties of a tissue, and even motions of the skull Medical Systems develops (VIPS). It develops a headset that multi-frequency electromagnetic measurements to assess fluid volume differences between the cerebral hemispheres. Its tech helps with assessment of stroke patients; Cerebrotech volumetric impedance phase-shift spectroscopy uses explores , an ultrasound technique, for brain health assessment. ‘It combines an all-in-one neurovascular ultrasound device, designed to non-invasively measure and display brain blood flow information’. It is used for evaluation and management of patients with cerebrovascular diseases; also uses Doppler ultrasound to non-invasively measure intracranial pressure (ICP); Neural Analytics transcranial Doppler sonography Boston Neurosciences A very is developed by . A millimetre-sized ‘…is activated by a beam of ultrasound, voltage runs between the electrodes, and this minute current is affected by the electrical activity of the tissue. These slight changes are literally reflected in how the ultrasonic pulses bounce back, and the reader can derive electrophysiological voltage from those changes’. The technology is not directly applied to the brain at the moment, but allows an ‘…interface directly with specific nerve clusters’ ‘…opens up many doors for bioelectronic medicine and brain-machine interfaces’; different approach to ultrasound Iota Biosciences device and is used to diagnose brain injuries based on oxygen concentration in blood, for example by and ; Near-infrared spectroscopy Luciole Medical Obelab , that emerges as a result of unsymmetrical blood flow into the brain, and disruptions of such motion is the of Jan Medical. Their headset contains ‘…a heart rate detecting sensor, a sound pressure level sensor for detecting ambient environment noise and six accelerometers to detect the acceleration of the skull’. It helps to diagnose urgent conditions including concussion, stroke and vasospasm. Measuring skull motion approach For example: Blood tells a lot about brain health, and some startups study it to diagnose injuries and other conditions. develops a testing platform to detect and measure specific protein molecules released by the brain immediately after a concussion; BioDirection develops blood or cerebrospinal fluid tests for earlier identification of brain injuries and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Iron Horse Diagnostics Machine learning for diagnostics The core of EEG software is interpretive models that help to identify and quantify categories of mental or emotional states. These ‘…can be as simple as a mathematical formula to as complex as a machine-learning model that maps to users’ personal opinions about how they feel while engaged in a given activity’. It appears that brain diagnostic applications rely heavily on machine learning. algorithms Machine learning also skull motion patterns to be recognised and associated with various brain pathologies. Algorithms between the bioimpedance profiles of various brain pathologies’. allows ‘…differentiate On top of that, machine learning methods are ‘…to show that specific digital features [of human-smartphone interaction] correlate with cognitive function, clinical symptoms, and measures of brain activity’. Therefore, a new way of diagnosis becomes available. used II. Interventions . I divide various types of interventions into two large groups, namely: Startups go beyond diagnostic and build tech for affecting the brain , when different types of stimulation are applied to the brain by a device. Nerves and the brain itself may be stimulated by electrical impulses, magnetic waves, low temperatures and even light. These and other stimuli affect various parameters of the brain, for example, blood flow, release of neurotransmitters, etc.; Technology-driven , where a patient/user tries to manage his/her state by changing behaviour, meditating or applying other practices that do not involve stimulation by a device. These interventions may be enabled by , a type of that ‘…uses real-time displays of brain activity to teach self-regulation of brain function’. Technology-enabled neurofeedback biofeedback II. 1. Technology-driven interventions Tech by NeuroSigma, MicroTransponder, and Aleva Neurotherapeutics Affecting blood flow, temperature Non-invasive allows to or increase blood flow in brain regions associated with initiation and spread of epileptic seizures and regions associated with mood, attention and executive function respectively. uses this approach; stimulation of trigeminal nerve decrease NeuroSigma technology is based on electrical ( ) that increases cerebral blood flow. In a case of an acute ischemic stroke blood circulation is compromised. SPG stimulation can increase perfusion to the areas suffering from reduced or lack of blood supply, and help to save brain tissue; BrainsGate’s stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion SPG develops frontal (maintained at 14–16°C) for insomnia treatment. Sleep disturbances have been to correlate with frontal metabolism during sleep, reduction in metabolism minimises disturbances. Ebb cerebral thermal therapy shown Affecting release of some chemicals, e.g. hormones, neuromodulators, neurotransmitters helps to meditate the brain’s major sympathetic responses to environmental stressors. The stimulation mobilises , a hormone that mobilises the brain and body for action, from (a cluster of neurons responsible for stress and panic reaction). Thync this approach to reduce stress; Trigeminal nerve stimulation norepinephrine locus coeruleus used (VNS) passes to certain brain regions and leads to a release of neuromudilators that ‘… are for learning and memory and help increase the salience (or relevance) of the physical therapy [of those who experienced stroke]’. ‘The cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulatory systems are engaged by vagus nerve and represent potential pathways through which VNS may support recovery’. develops a VNS tech; Invasive stimulation of vagus nerve important stimulation Microtransponder (TMS), and synchronised TMS (personalised to a patient’s individual alpha frequency, as measured by a brief EEG) are used to help patients with depression. works on synchronised TMS; TMS a release of neurotransmitters, e.g. dopamine and brain chemistry. It is also that TMS may restore normal oscillatory patterns which enablen coordinated functions across brain regions; Transcranial magnetic stimulation NeoSync provokes normalises considered R ( ) developed by is ‘… to act on an inhibitory neurotransmitter. This type of substance acts to inhibit or stop activity from brain cells that could lead to seizures’; esponsive neuro stimulation RNS NeuroPace thought Brain chemistry may also be affected by light. When ‘…photosensitive areas of the brain are stimulated by light, it affects the neural circuits in the brain via neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline)’. via the ear canals was by , that develops a depression treatment. However, this approach was . Transcranial bright light exposure performed Human Charger criticised Other types of stimulation (DBS) does not act directly on dopamine producing cells and does not affect brain dopamine levels. , it compensates for one of the major secondary effects of dopamine loss, it corrects excessive and abnormal activity provoked by the loss of dopamine-producing cells. applies DBS to subthalamic nucleus as well as in the nucleus ventralis intermedius of the thalamus. Functional Neuromodulation is the use of a surgically implanted device for stimulation of fornix, a place in the brain that plays a central role in memory; Deep brain stimulation Instead Aleva Neurotherapeutics researching , a device that uses ultra-low radio frequency energy, ‘… , in this case a chemotherapy called Taxol. Then … ‘ ’ . In theory, the signal impacts the cancer cells the same way molecules of Taxol would’. Taxol ‘… by damaging the RNA or DNA that tells the cell how to copy itself in division. If the cells are unable to divide, they die’. You could read critics of Nativis’ approach ; Nativis Voyager records the electronic frequency profile of a molecule plays back’ the signal at a patients tumor works here Electrical stimulation ‘… the residual commands from the brain, enabling voluntary control over specific leg muscles in people with severe spinal cord injury’. What is ‘…a massive reorganization of both the relevant neural circuits in the spinal cord and residual pathways towards/from the brain’. showed that neuromodulation to rerouting of cortical information through new pathways in a case of spinal cord contusions. works on for rehabilitation; amplifies happens Experiments leads GTX Medical lumbosacral spinal cord stimulation uses (tDCS), i.e. applies very low levels of constant electrical current to the brain area of interest via electrodes on the scalp. That ‘…brain’s natural ability to generate and optimise new neural pathways in the motor cortex’ and improve ‘muscle memory’. Halo Neuroscience transcranial direct current stimulation increases II.2. Technology-enabled interventions: biofeedback and other techniques Tech by Muse, MindMaze, and Headspace Neurofeedback : ‘…translates brainwaves into the guiding sounds of weather’ and helps to meditate. uses neurofeedback as a relaxation technique. The level of relaxation, measured by the shape of brain waves, is also translated into a sound signal. User tries to affect the sound and eventually relaxes. helps to learn what time of a day users are most focused or what activities make them be the most relaxed. It also recommends strategies for managing stress or improving focus. ‘… helps students to enhance their abilities to focus and study efficiently. Users can track their attention scores and play cognitive training games…’. also provides EEG-based cognitive training and therapy in a form of games; EEG-powered Muse Dreem Emotiv BrainCo Atentiv also are applied to tinkering with brain function. For instance, these technologies allow movements of a patient in the real world being reproduced as movements of an anthropomorphic avatar in the virtual environment. Embodied sensorimotor feedback ‘…the integration of motor priming techniques and cognitive principles related to body perception and action’, ‘…which have been to improve functional recovery’. applies VR for rehabilitation of stroke patients, for example; Augmented/virtual reality and wearable devices/sensors allows shown MindMaze : BrainHQ feedback on how users are playing games. Lumocity insights on training that users undergo playing cognitive mobile games. Happify general feedback in a form of a ‘happiness score’. It is not yet clear how significant is the impact of these games on brain training, however there are evidences that ‘…brain’s neural timing improves with training, with neurons responding more quickly to speech’, for . Mobile phone interaction shares shares provides example Training self-awareness is another way how technologies can help to manage brain function Startups such as and do not provide neurofeedback, however they and help to build an ability to understand own body and mind. The effects of meditation on the brain are not yet fully researched. More or less visible effects are on an example of experienced meditators, who practiced months and years. Calm Headspace guide a user through meditation practice evidenced Machine learning for interventions , namely: There are at least three ways how machine learning may be applied to hacking the brain To identify the right time for an intervention/simulation; To customise a stimulation itself for needs of an individual patient; To translate raw data into actionable insights that are required for neurofeedback. algorithms may be applied to recognising indented movement of a patient and selecting the right moment for electrical stimulation. and develop devices that send stimulating signals based on real-time feedback from body worn sensors and implanted sensors respectively. Seizure detection is an element of a pulse generator by . Selecting the right time for stimulation is an important task. Sensor fusion GTX Medical NeuroSigma AspireSR Parameters of an intervention themselves are not easy to define and programme. Currently, a doctor or an experienced nurse is required to program a stimulator of the vagus nerve, also a special software is . Moreover, in case of a deep brain stimulation, reprogramming of a device due to fluctuations in the impedance at the level of electrode-tissue interface; required happens The problem of choosing parameters of an intervention is becoming even more challenging with more complex interventions. For example, postoperative management is required to balance deep brain stimulation and medication treatments. Therefore, clinical based on machine learning algorithms may be useful for managing deep brain stimulation. decision support systems . Machine learning is vital for translating raw signals that are sent by the brain into meaningful insights that allow neurofeedback For example, every 30 seconds, Dreem’s machine learning algorithms what sleep stage users are in. Hypnogram, the sum of these stages of sleep over a full night, is shared with a user; determine Researchers at MIT and Harvard machine learning to detect and distinguish signals associated with pain when participants wore Muse’s meditation headband; used Computer vision MindMaze to decode real-life facial expressions of a user in tens of milliseconds and instantly replicate that expression on a virtual reality avatar that assists stroke patients in their recovery. helps III. Research Tech by Inscopix, Synchron, and Ctrl-labs . Some startups work on , while others try to . There are at least two wide research themes approached by neurotech startups making brain more visible connect it with the outside world and its allows studying the brain of a mouse at the cell level, constantly while an animal lives its normal life. uses ‘… . The results are detailed 3D representations of anatomical structures’; Higher resolution/better visibility. Inscopix microscope system 3Scan computer vision to extract spatial data from tissue samples Stentrode by is . It and sends signal to a wireless chest-implanted antenna that forwards it to an external receiver. The concept of ‘ ’ was proposed by . The interface ‘… would of thousands of microscopic independent sensor nodes, and one ‘sub-cranial interrogator’ that connects and powers them’. ways of . develops a wearable device that based on , i.e. measuring changes in electrical potential caused by impulses traveling from the brain to muscles. Brain interfaces. Synchron implanted inside the brain in the motor cortex captures neural dust Neuralink consist Kernel explores implanting microchips into human heads Ctrl-labs works differential electromyography Conclusion Chart 2. Search trends for ‘mindfulness’ and ‘meditation’ by Google, and US EEG market size, by Statista. After having reviewed these startups, I got amazed by several things: , and being able to control it may help to fight various diseases with lesser reliance on drugs. Exploring different types of brain stimulation and brain research techniques brings us closer to the control deck of this factory; We have an astonishing chemical factory within our body and other devices for neurofeedback. Headspace, one of the most popular meditation apps, more than 16M downloads, and even a share of its users may help to grow a portable EEG market ($50M in the US in 2017, chart 2); Growing interest to mindfulness and meditation (see chart 2) may increase the adoption of wearable EEG sensors has small Data generated from growing EEG adoption, coupled with data from human-mobile phone interaction, opens up new opportunities for ; diagnosis based on digital biomarkers There is a risk that despite increasing interest to neurofeedback and mindfulness, , e.g. stimulation instead of meditation; some technologies will be pushing us to a rather passive role in the process of managing our mind . Imagine the demand for neurologists if brain implants become mainstream and surgeries to implant them could become routine? In 2004, European countries 4.84 neurologists per 100K population. To compare — in 2007, OECD countries 61 dentists per 100K on average. These figures are a bit outdated, but I believe they demonstrate the challenge I am talking about. Then imagine a situation when a doctor would ask to remotely tap into patient’s memories for a certain day and explore 24 hours’ worth of video, data on brain activity, etc. Would the infrastructure of mobile networks withstand that? These are just some obvious operational challenges, that do not even take into account some other effects such as influence on population healthcare, countries’ competitiveness, philosophical/ethical issues, etc. I would expect that neurotech will have a massive effect on economy/business and business models had had Currently , just unlocking its value to healthcare, wellness and sports. However, horizontal platforms like NeuroSky and Ctrl-labs may help to bring brain tech to other markets, e.g. education, gaming/entertainment. we are at the very early stages of brain tech , and, if you want to launch/join a neuro tech startup What I see from my brief dive into the field is that computer science/data science/engineering expertise alone rarely lead to success. If you find this article encouraging I would strongly advise you to team up/consult with someone with neuroscience or an adjacent background. *** Many thanks to Viktoria Korzhova and Maria Kolesnikova for reviewing early drafts of this post. *** Data collection and sources * This review covers privately owned companies that raised $10M or more, are engaged in neuroscience research and develop software/hardware products for healthcare professionals, researchers and consumers. Startups for CT/MRI are not included, as it is a theme on its own. Also, the review does not include analysis of pharma companies. Data is taken from Pitchbook and CrunchBase. If these data bases provide contradictory data, Pitchbook’s data is used. https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/mindmaze Pitchbook https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/biodirection https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/interaxon https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/elminda https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/rythm https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/ceribell#section-overview https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/brainscope-company https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/brainco https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/nativis https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/neuropace https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/microtransponder https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/brainsgate https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/aleva-neurotherapeutics https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/mindstrong-health https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/thync https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/neurosigma https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/halo-neuroscience https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/humancharger https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/neosync https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/lumosity https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/headspace https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/happify https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/calm-com https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/neural-analytics 26https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/iota-biosciences https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/cerebrotech-medical-systems https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/synchron-inc https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/neuralink https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/luciole-medical https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/kernel-co https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/jan-medical https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/inscopix https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/functional-neuromodulation https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/ctrl-labs https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/3scan
