we looked at how the turns XAML mark-up files into C# code. In this article, I’ll talk about another way Uno uses code generation, allowing us to make native Android and iOS views conform to UWP’s API, and tackle the thorny problem of . Previously Uno Platform multiple inheritance Wanting it all Part of the power of Uno on Android and iOS is the ability to easily mix UWP view types with purely native views. This is possible because, in Uno, all views inherit from the native base view type: on Android, on iOS. View UIView But as I alluded to in an earlier article, this poses a challenge for reproducing UWP’s inheritance hierarchy. UIElement is the primitive view type in UWP, but it, in turn, derives from the DependencyObject class. is the base class for anything that has , that is, anything that supports databinding. That includes all views, as well as some non-view framework types like and . DependencyObject DependencyProperties Transforms Brushes We want to inherit from or . We also want to inherit from C# doesn't permit multiple inheritance, so what do we do? Since we can't change the iOS or Android frameworks, we opted instead within Uno to make an . That allows an Uno to be a and at the same time to be a . But that alone isn't enough. ViewGroup UIView DependencyObject. DependencyObject interface FrameworkElement UIView DependencyObject What if you have code like this in your app? public class MyBindableObject : DependencyObject { 

    public string MyProperty 

    { 

        get { return (string)GetValue(MyPropertyProperty); } 

        set { SetValue(MyPropertyProperty, value); } 

    } 

    // Using a DependencyProperty as the backing store for MyProperty.  This enables animation, styling, binding, etc... 

    public static readonly DependencyProperty MyPropertyProperty = 

        DependencyProperty.Register("MyProperty", typeof(string), typeof(MyBindableObject), new PropertyMetadata(default(string))); 

} We’re inheriting from and defining a using the standard syntax, which uses the and methods. On UWP these are defined in the base class, but if is an interface then there no base class. In fact if it's just an interface then the code won't compile, because the interface hasn't been implemented. DependencyObject DependencyProperty DependencyObject.GetValue DependencyObject.SetValue DependencyObject is Luckily isn't an interface in Uno, and the code above will compile as-is on Android and iOS, just as it does on UWP. Code generation makes it happen. Here's some programmer art to illustrate the point. The detailed explanation is below. DependencyObject just On UWP, _UIElement_ inherits from the _DependencyObject_ class. Multiple inheritance — not an option. In Uno, _DependencyObject_ is an interface, with the implementation automagically supplied by code generation. We face a weaker form of this problem — wanting to have two base types — in other cases as well. In a few places in the framework, we inherit from a more derived native view type. For example, inherits from the native scroll view on Android and iOS. But we also want to expose the methods and properties of . ScrollContentPresenter ScrollContentPresenter FrameworkElement We successfully addressed both of these problems by using code generation to implement mixins in C#. Mixing things up Most statically-typed languages don’t permit multiple base classes on account of the added complexity it brings, a.k.a. the . (C++ is a notable exception.) In dynamically-typed languages, however, it’s quite common to bolt on extra functionality to a class in a reusable way with . ‘diamond problem’ mixins C#, as a statically-typed language, doesn’t support mixins as a first-class language feature. Code generation allows us to simulate it, though. Uno uses code generation to add mixins in (at least) two different ways. I’ll start with the simpler approach: using ‘T4’ templates. To quote Microsoft’s documentation: In Visual Studio, a T4 text template is a mixture of text blocks and control logic that can generate a text file. The control logic is written as fragments of program code in Visual C# or Visual Basic. In Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 and later, you can use C# version 6.0 features in T4 templates directives. The generated file can be text of any kind, such as a web page, or a resource file, or program source code in any language. Source: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/modeling/code-generation-and-t4-text-templates?view=vs-2017 T4 templates (‘.tt files’) have been around for quite a while. They’re essentially a mix of static text (which is C# code, in our case) and conditional logic. Here’s a snippet: namespace <#= mixin.NamespaceName #>{public partial class <#= mixin.ClassName #> : IFrameworkElement{#if !<#= mixin.IsFrameworkElement #>/// <summary>/// Gets the parent of this FrameworkElement in the object tree./// </summary>public DependencyObject Parent => ((IDependencyObjectStoreProvider)this).Store.Parent as DependencyObject;#endif #if <#= mixin.HasAttachedToWindow #>partial void OnAttachedToWindowPartial(){OnLoading();OnLoaded();}� That’s from the which adds functionality in Uno. It implements properties like / , , , etc. At compile time, the template runs and creates a with those members for and several other classes (including itself). template IFrameworkElement Width Height Opacity Style partial class ScrollContentPresenter FrameworkElement The T4 approach is well-tested and works well in this scenario. It has a couple of limitations though: It requires manual set-up: each class that wants to use the mixin has to be explicitly registered. It requires manual flags to make sure that the generated code doesn’t ‘step on’ the authored code, eg by generating a method when the authored code already defines . Foo() Foo() It doesn’t support external code. You can’t use the mixin above in your app (short of copy-pasting the templates into the app). For that reason, in order to have a mixin to implement 's features, we went with something a little more complex and a little more magical. DependencyObject DependencyObjectGenerator — Making the magic happen The release of , aka the ‘.NET Compiler Platform’, was a boon to code generation. With Roslyn, Microsoft open-sourced the C# compiler, but they also exposed a powerful API for code analysis. With Roslyn it’s easy to access all the syntactic and semantic information that the compiler possesses. Roslyn To leverage this power for code generation, we created the package. Like the Uno Platform, it’s free and open source. It creates a build task and allows you to easily add generated code based on Roslyn’s analysis of your solution. This might be partial class definitions which augment existing types, or it might be entirely new classes. Uno.SourceGeneration In Uno, this used by the class. This generator looks for every class in the solution that implements the interface, like our example above. For each such class, it automatically generates the methods and properties of . DependencyObjectGenerator DependencyObject MyBindableObject DependencyObject Since the generator has a full set of semantic information from Roslyn, it can do this in a smart way. For instance, if it detects that the class is a view type, it adds methods to update binding information when the view is loaded or unloaded. Here’s a of code from : small snippet DependencyObjectGenerator private void WriteAndroidAttachedToWindow(INamedTypeSymbol typeSymbol, IndentedStringBuilder builder){var isAndroidView = typeSymbol.Is(_androidViewSymbol);var isAndroidActivity = typeSymbol.Is(_androidActivitySymbol);var isAndroidFragment = typeSymbol.Is(_androidFragmentSymbol);var isUnoViewGroup = typeSymbol.Is(_unoViewgroupSymbol);var implementsIFrameworkElement = typeSymbol.Interfaces.Any(t => t == _iFrameworkElementSymbol);var hasOverridesAttachedToWindowAndroid = isAndroidView &&typeSymbol.GetMethods().Where(m => IsNotDependencyObjectGeneratorSourceFile(m)).None(m => m.Name == "OnAttachedToWindow"); if (isAndroidView || isAndroidActivity || isAndroidFragment)  
			{  
				if (!isAndroidActivity && !isAndroidFragment)  
				{  
					WriteRegisterLoadActions(typeSymbol, builder);  
				}

				builder.AppendLine($@" #if {hasOverridesAttachedToWindowAndroid} //Is Android view (that doesn't already override OnAttachedToWindow)#if {isUnoViewGroup} //Is UnoViewGroup// Both methods below are implementation of abstract methods// which are called from onAttachedToWindow in Java.protected override void OnNativeLoaded(){{_loadActions.ForEach(a => a.Item1());BinderAttachedToWindow();}} In this method, we have an , an object from Roslyn that encapsulates information about a type. We’ve already determined that implements ; here we check if it's an Android and, if so override the loaded method. You can notice that we're also checking that the type doesn't override the same method, so we don't accidentally generate code that clashes with authored code and causes a compiler error. All this goes on under the hood without user intervention, whenever your app compiles. INamedTypeSymbol typeSymbol DependencyObject View already The end result is that can be used almost exactly the same way with Uno as with UWP, even though it's an interface and not a class! There are edge cases: some generic constraints won't work the same way, for example. But in general, it works remarkably well. DependencyObject That’s all for now. Let us know what other ‘under the hood’ aspects of Uno you’d like to hear more about!

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