Stablecoins have come from nowhere to create a parallel financial world alongside traditional banking. These crypto tokens, usually pegged for a 1:1 exchange with fiat currencies and backed by liquid assets, aim to bring the best of blockchain to the table and add a dash of stability. Over the past few years, stablecoins have really taken off: we're now talking about market capitalization in the hundreds of billions and trading volume in tens of trillions annually. They're promising faster, cheaper international money transfers and new financial services to boot - but this is also spurring a whole host of questions about how they fit into the existing banking and regulatory worlds. stablecoins stablecoins Here, this article looks at stablecoins and traditional banking side by side, and we'll be taking a close-up look at how stablecoins actually work, and exploring the technical and liquidity differences between them and good old bank deposits. We'll also be examining the emerging regulatory landscape - and, of course, tackling the growing concern from the banking industry about people pulling their money out of the system, and how the traditional banking world is responding to this digital upstart. As Geoff Kendrick from Standard Chartered puts it bluntly: "stablecoins are a real threat to traditional banks, a systemic risk that a lot of people are still trying to ignore". But on the flip side, advocates like Circle's Jeremy Allaire are saying stablecoins can actually revolutionize finance, rather than tearing it down. We aim to put some facts and expert opinion on these claims, and show how the stablecoin and banking worlds are evolving alongside each other in the modern payments space. Geoff Kendrick Geoff Kendrick How Stablecoins Work At a technical level, stablecoins are centralized tokens that get issued on all sorts of blockchains - they're usually pegged to a national currency, which is most commonly the US dollar, by the simple act of setting aside cash, bonds, or other assets in reserve. Unlike the totally decentralized world of Bitcoin, stablecoins need a sponsoring entity to keep their value on track. Most of the big stablecoins (we're talking about things like Tether's USDT and Circle's USDC here) stash their reserves in short-term treasury bills or commercial paper. As the IMF has pointed out, "Most stablecoins are denominated in US dollars and are typically backed by US Treasury Bonds". When it all comes down to it, that means each token essentially represents a claim on a small slice of the reserve portfolio. It's a bit different from putting money in a traditional bank - as a rule of thumb, only a tiny fraction of deposits get kept in the bank itself, the rest get loaned out. IMF IMF Stablecoin reserves often get held in separate bank accounts (which aren't even in the crypto-space, as it were), but looking at some recent analysis, issuers like Tether seem to be holding only tiny fractions of their reserves in actual bank deposits. For Tether, it's as low as 0.02 percent, whereas Circle is a bit better off, holding about 14.5%. In theory, stablecoins are super fast to move around. You can do cross-border payments, which can take days via the banking system, in a matter of minutes or seconds via token transactions. The BIS has said that stablecoins could really help make global payments "faster, cheaper and more inclusive" than current systems. And the IMF too has pointed out the potential for stablecoins to drive innovation in retail and cross-border payments, especially in regions that are a bit harder to reach. stablecoins stablecoins At the end of the day, stablecoins are basically a different way of doing some of the same things that bank accounts do: they let you make payments and use them as a place to stash your cash, but under a completely different model. And importantly, stablecoins are totally backed (in theory), so you can get your money back on demand from the issuer, which is a bit different from bank deposits, which are protected by deposit insurance but are part of a system where only a fraction of deposits are kept in the bank. Banking vs. Stablecoins: Deposit Dynamics For consumers and businesses, putting cash into a bank account versus a stablecoin wallet might seem like two sides of the same coin at first. Both give you instant access to digital cash you can use to make payments. But scratch beneath the surface, and it becomes clear they're as different as night and day. A bank deposit is basically a debt on the bank's balance sheet. When you chuck $100 into a bank account, the bank is saying it owes you $100, but in reality they only keep a tiny fraction of that in cash on hand. The rest they lend out or invest, raking in the interest and profits for themselves. Banks count on having a steady flow of deposits (which don't cost them a thing) to fund their loans. This system has been the bedrock of economies for generations until stablecoins came along, that is. Stablecoins turn this whole equation on its head. When you spend $100 on USDC or USDT, for instance, that cash is usually parked in a reserve account (a $100 chunk in T-bills, for example). You end up with a token on the blockchain that represents the equivalent amount of fiat cash. The main difference is that stablecoins aren't directly funding loans in the same way bank deposits are. The reserves backing stablecoins are usually cashed up in super liquid assets that aren't being lent out the way bank deposits are. Take Tether, for instance they only keep 2 cents of their reserves in the bank, the rest is parked in Treasuries. The reason for this is that stablecoins can be redeemed at any time (subject to the rules the issuer sets out) without putting the lending capacity of a bank at risk. And the flip side of that is that while customers take their deposits out of the bank to put them into stablecoins, that money isn't flowing back in to fund loans; it's going straight to the capital markets. In other words, the money is actually leaving the banking system altogether. Tether Tether Liquidity and Financial Stability Concerns This sparks a major showdown between stablecoins and banks over the liquidity outflows. Bank CEOs are all too aware that as stablecoins start to get really popular, a whole lot of customer cash, we're talking deposits here, is going to start shifting over to crypto networks. Going by what happened during a 2026 earnings call, it's clear that Bank of America’s CEO Brian Moynihan is seriously worried that letting stablecoins pay interest " could be a recipe for disaster" for the US banking system. He even quoted from U.S. Treasury studies suggesting a whopping $6 trillion could just up and move to stablecoins that pay interest, commonly known as 'yield-bearing' stablecoins. A report from Standard Chartered painted an even more sobering picture; they think we could see around $500 billion of US bank deposits flowing into stablecoins by 2028. This, of course, would leave the banks bang out of luck because stablecoin issuers aren't exactly stashing their cash in the banks; on the contrary, we know that they are basically putting almost none of their reserves into banks. $6 trillion $6 trillion 2028 2028 And then what happens? The short answer is that banks are in trouble specifically because with fewer deposits to play with, they've got less money to lend out. And for regional banks, which count on making a chunk of their profits from the interest paid on deposits, things are looking particularly grim. To get by, banks might be forced to lend less money or raise interest rates for borrowers. This whole cycle could knock the wind right out of economic growth and make borrowing even more expensive. Standard Chartered is warning its customers that "the rise of stablecoins, those dollar-backed tokens, could unleash a massive outflow of US bank deposits". Their head of digital assets, Geoff Kendrick, has put it even more blunt: "stablecoins are an absolute risk to traditional banks, a systemic threat that a lot of people are blissfully ignoring." To put it bluntly, if people start widely adopting stablecoins, we're looking at a situation where the very foundations of the US banking system its deposit base could start crumbling away. Comparing Financial Infrastructure Despite all these reservations, stablecoins and banks serve jobs that kinda overlap yet stay pretty distinct. Payments & Speed: Traditional banks have payment systems (like ACH & SWIFT) that get the job done just fine when it comes to well-established economies. But, cross-border transfers are often slow (we're talking days) and super pricey. Stablecoins, on the other hand, settle in seconds on a blockchain and never close, operating 24/7 no matter where you are in the world. The IMF reckons that stablecoins could seriously speed up and reduce the cost of remittances and cross-border payments, with the IMF talking up to a 20% reduction in some cases. 20% 20% Getting Access: Banks need accounts, which can be a real barrier for people without one. Stablecoins, on the other hand, can be accessed by anyone with a phone and a connection to the internet. That makes financial services a lot more inclusive, and the IMF is saying that many developing regions are actually skipping the traditional banking system and leapfrogging straight to mobile and digital currencies. IMF IMF Monetary Control: Banks are kept in line by the central bank and are insured. Stablecoins are in a weird middle ground. Without a decent regulatory framework in place, they can undermine the central bank's control over the money supply, for example, in a country with high inflation, for example. People might just opt for USD stablecoins instead of the local currency, which would mean that instead of holding their money locally, they're holding onto their money abroad. That in turn limits the central bank's ability to properly control the economy. Collateral and Reserves: Bank deposits are liabilities that need to be backed up with some cash in reserve; stablecoin reserves are assets that back the tokens. This kind of flips things on its head, so stablecoin systems don't have the same safety net as a traditional bank would. If people start to lose confidence in the stablecoin's backing, they may all try to cash out at once, which could force the issuer to liquidate all their reserves in one go (essentially a "run" on the stablecoin). The BIS reckon that stablecoins could be in a whole lot of trouble if that happens, which is why they're saying that they really need some decent governance & prudential safeguards to make sure that stablecoin systems get it right Regulatory Landscape Across the globe, regulators are struggling to get a handle on stablecoins. In the US, we've got some legislative proposals like the SAFE Innovation and CLARITY Acts, which aim to figure out where stablecoin issuers sit in terms of the law and could either ban or heavily restrict interest being paid on deposits into stablecoins. It's a pretty heated debate. Big banks are pushing for tight rules to protect their deposit business, but crypto firms are warning that over-regulation will stifle new ideas from taking off. In Europe, meanwhile, the MiCA regulation (scheduled to come into effect in '24) goes a step further by banning interest on stablecoins altogether and also requires 30% of the reserves backing those stablecoins to be held as traditional bank deposits, rising to 60% for the really big players. This highlights just how seriously regulators view stablecoins; they're being treated as much like bank money as just about anything else. But the approach isn't uniform. The IMF is stressing that the future of stablecoins is going to depend on policymakers finding a balance between letting innovation happen and keeping things stable. IMF IMF Stablecoins are effectively the bridge between crypto and traditional finance, which is probably why we're seeing equal amounts of interest and hostility from both sides. Policymakers are weighing the pros (like faster payments and getting more people financially included) against the cons (like bank runs and the potential for illicit finance). One thing that's definitely happening is that there's a growing consensus that stablecoins should be treated as payment instruments, which in practice would mean they'd come under pretty heavy regulation. growing consensus growing consensus Expert Perspectives Experts differ on the impact. Traditional bankers express alarm: Bank of America’s Moynihan warned that stablecoins paying yield “would more closely resemble money market funds” and could “seriously endanger banks’ deposit base”.Standard Chartered’s Kendrick likens unregulated stablecoins to a silent bank run on the American financial system. Moynihan Moynihan By contrast, crypto entrepreneurs highlight stablecoins’ benefits. Circle’s Jeremy Allaire calls fears of stablecoins “completely absurd,” arguing these tools can transform finance without destroying it. Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong has warned against laws that favor banks, saying “it’s better to have no law at all than a bad law”. The IMF suggests that with proper oversight, stablecoins can improve global finance, noting that stablecoins are “growing in influence” due to their integration with mainstream markets. crypto entrepreneurs crypto entrepreneurs Coinbase CEO Coinbase CEO Both sides agree on one thing: the integration of stablecoins is already underway. Even the ECB notes some euro-pegged stablecoins exist despite regulators’ preferences. Data Insights Recent data shows the sector is locked in a tug of war. Stablecoin trading volume has skyrocketed to around $23 trillion in 2024, a staggering 90% jump from 2023 levels. Most of that activity still revolves around crypto trading, but cross-border flows are growing at a dizzying pace. Meanwhile, the US bank deposits are sitting at a whopping $18 trillion. Analysts at Standard Chartered reckon that up to $0.5–6 trillion of those could shift to stablecoins by 2028, which would be a seismic shift in terms of liquidity. $23 trillion in 2024 $23 trillion in 2024 As it stands, adoption is a bit of a mixed bag: Asia is way out in front in terms of stablecoin usage, while Africa and Latin America are showing some impressive adoption rates relative to GDP. What this says is that stablecoins aren't just some American trend, they're attracting global capital from all corners of the globe. Conclusion Stablecoins and traditional banks are in the midst of a messy evolution, sometimes working together, sometimes competing with each other to be the top dog in the financial game. This new reality is a game-changer for anyone who works with data you need to be on top of this new financial landscape if you want to stay ahead of the curve. As the old money system based on traditional banks starts to crumble, it's being replaced by a hybrid system where tokens and cash coexist in a single, messy infrastructure. Standard Chartered's analysts aren't beating around the bush when they say that stablecoins are basically making the US dollar even stronger around the world but also causing the institutions themselves to get weaker. Whether that weakening is a major problem or just a short-term blip is still up for grabs. What we do know is that stablecoins are no longer some esoteric concept that only a handful of people care about they're pushing the boundaries of what is possible with money and payments. Banks will find a way to adapt to this new world ( a lot of them are already experimenting with stuff like tokenization and digital currencies), and regulators will be tweaking the rules as they go along. And in the meantime, stablecoins are basically a real-world stress test for the entire financial system. As one expert puts it, "the line is getting increasingly blurred between innovation and security". And for anyone working in fintech or data analysis, the key is to watch how stablecoins and banks are reshaping each other and the new financial infrastructure that's emerging from the wreckage, block by block. one expert one expert

The is an opinion piece based on the author’s POV and does not necessarily reflect the views of HackerNoon.

This story contains new, firsthand information uncovered by the writer.

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Stablecoins vs Traditional Banking: The New Financial Infrastructure

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