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 Tao Ye Hongyu Shan Jidong Wu Qiang Zhou Mingfu Ma Wenzhi Zhao Ru Ya Yuan Gao Lizheng Wu Isishwankathelo Idatha enkulu, enchanakayo yendawo yezakhiwo ibaluleke kakhulu kwisicwangciso sommandla kunye nokwabiwa kwezixhobo kunye nophando ngengozi. IPlathifom yeQinghai-Tibetan yipol-e yesithathu yehlabathi. Nangona ukuqonda uluntu lwasekhaya kunye nokusebenzisana kwendalo kwiPlathifom yeQinghai-Tibetan kubaluleke kakhulu, oku kuye kwathintelwa kukungabikho kwedatha yendawo yezakhiwo eziphezulu ngenxa yobubanzi kunye nokukude kwendawo. Kulo nto sifunda ngayo, senze iprint yezindlu zokuqala ezifotwe kwiPlathifom yeQinghai-Tibetan kunye neendawo ezijikelezileyo ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso ephezulu yeGoogle kunye nommiselo wokukhupha iziseko zolwakhiwo lweplathifom yeAI Earth. Iziphumo zethu zibandakanya izakhiwo ezili-13.09 ezigidi ezibandakanya i-6092.7 km2, eyaqinisekiswa ngamasampuli ovavanyo a-250 x 1 km2. Idatha yaba nokuchaneka okupheleleyo kwe-87%, ukubuyiswa kwe-91.9%, kunye ne-F1 score ye-64.8%, ngaloo ndlela inika inkcazo ephuculweyo yendawo yezakhiwo kwindawo efundwayo xa kuthelekiswa neCBRA. Umsebenzi wethu unamandla amakhulu ekunciphiseni ukungcatshwa kweengozi zophononongo kule ndawo. Isishwankathelo seMfundo & Isishwankathelo Ukufika kweminyaka yedijithali kuye kwandisa imfuno yedatha ethembekileyo ngendawo yezakhiwo kunye neempawu zazo , , . Idatha yendawo yezakhiwo ibonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo lwesithuba, kungekhona nje lwezakhiwo kodwa nangabantu kunye neendawo zomzimba , isebenza njengomthwali olungileyo wemisebenzi yabantu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, idatha yendawo yezakhiwo iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu ekubekeni iliso kuphuhliso lwezixeko nezasemaphandleni , , ukuqonda iziphumo zokwanda kwezixeko kwizokhuseleko lokutya, i-biodiversity, utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nempilo yoluntu kunye nempilo , , ukuyilwa kwezicwangciso zophuhliso lwesabelo, nokukhusela iinkqubo zezixeko nezindawonye ezisemaphandleni , , . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ukuphuculwa kwemifanekiso eseleyo kunye neyomoya, kunye nophuhliso lwamva nje kwi-algorithms yomshini wokufunda kunye nokufunda nzulu, kuye kwandisa ukufumaneka kwedatha yendawo yezakhiwo , , . Idatha yendawo yezakhiwo ibonelelwe kwifomathi yeraster njengenxalenye yedatha yomhlaba/yokugubungela. Uhlaziyo oluqhelekileyo lubandakanya iimveliso ezintathu zobubanzi be-10m zomhlaba/zobubanzi ezisekelwe kwiisathelayithi ze-Sentinel, nto leyo i-Google Dynamic World (DW) , i-Esri's 2020 Land Cover , kunye ne-World Cover 2020 (WC) ye-European Space Agency (ESA) . Ngaphandle kolwazi lwendlela yendawo, abaphandli bayazama ukufaka ulwazi lweempawu kwi-pixels zakhiwo, njengobude besakhiwo . Ngokomzekelo, u-He  .  usebenzise idatha yokungena kwezixhobo ezininzi ukwakha idatha yobubanzi bomhlaba yehlabathi, enobubanzi obungu-30m, egubungela ixesha ukusuka ngo-1990 ukuya ku-2010. Ngaphandle kokuphucuka okuqhubekayo kobubanzi besithuba, idatha yendawo yezakhiwo eseekhona ayikwazi ukuchaza izinto zesithuba , kwaye ukwanda kobubanzi kwandisa kakhulu iindleko zokugcina kunye nezo zokubala . 12 13 14 15 16 17 14 et al 7 18 12 Idatha yendawo yezakhiwo kwifomathi yevector, ekwabizwa ngokuba ziiprinti zophahla ezifotwe okanye iiprint zangaphandle zezakhiwo, yidatha yomgca wangaphandle yesakhiwo ejonge phantsi emhlabeni ngombono ongaphaya , , enika ulwazi olufana nendawo, ububanzi besithuba bemida, kunye ne-footprint yesakhiwo esinye. Ababoneleli ngeenkonzo zoluntu (umzekelo, i-Google Earth kunye ne-OpenStreetMap) babonelela ngedatha yophahla yezakhiwo ezifotwe ngovulindlela, ene-coverage ebanzi, uhlaziyo olukhawulezayo, kunye neendleko eziphantsi , , . Kwi-2022, i-Microsoft Corporation yasebenzisa i-deep neural network-based semantic segmentation ukukhupha imigca yezakhiwo ezili-777 ezigidi, ezinye zazo zineempawu zobude besakhiwo, ngokusekelwe kwi-Bing Maps (kubandakanywa nemifanekiso ye-Maxar kunye ne-Airbus) ukusuka kwi-2014 ukuya kwi-2021 kwi-continent nganye ngaphandle kweTshayina. Ngomhla we-30 Meyi 2023, i-Google yakhulula idatha yezakhiwo ezili-1.8 ezigidi ezifotwe kwimifanekiso esathelayithi ephezulu kakhulu, egubungela indawo ye-58 yezigidi km2. Ukungabikho kokuphindaphinda kunye nokwakheka okuncinci kwedatha yevetor eboniswe ngama-vertices kunye neendlela kubonelela ngqo ngqo kobubanzi besithuba obuzimeleyo kubukhulu be-mesh, kwaye ukungeniswa kwemithetho ye-topological kuphucula ubuqotho bedatha yevetor . 19 20 21 22 23 13 Ngenxa yokwanda kobubanzi bemifanekiso kunye nokuncipha kweendleko zokufumana idatha, kunye nophuhliso lwamva nje kwi-algorithms yokukhupha, ububanzi kunye ne-coverage yedatha yendawo yezakhiwo ziyaphucuka ngokuqhubekayo . Ukusebenza kwemifanekiso yobubanzi obuphezulu kakhulu (VHR) kuye kwavumela ukukhupha iiprint zezakhiwo ngokusetyenziswa kweendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuphanda izinto ezakhiwe ngesandla  okanye iindlela eziqingqiswe zokufunda nzulu . Njengoko indlela yokuqala ibhekene nengxaki yokwahlukahluka kweentlobo zezakhiwo kunye nobukhulu, kunye nemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yokucela kunye noseto lwamaxabiso, kukhawulelwe xa kusetyenziswa kwimifanekiso yokujonga ekude enobubanzi obuphezulu . Iindlela eziqingqiswe zokufunda nzulu (umzekelo, i-convolutional neural networks) ziye zabonisa ukusebenza okusebenzayo kunye nokugqama ekufundeni ngokuzenzekelayo izinto eziphezulu kunye ezahlukileyo kwi-segmentation yezakhiwo. U-Sun  .  bacele icebo lokudibanisa elisekelwe kwi-parallel support vector machines ukuze bazuze ngokupheleleyo kwi-deep features ezikhutshiweyo kwi-multi-scale convolutional neural network structures kwiibubanzi ezahlukileyo, kunye nokusebenza okugqamileyo ekukhupheni izakhiwo ezinkimbinkimbi kwiindawo zasemzini. Nangona kunjalo, xa uhlukanisa izakhiwo, ukuchaneka kwemodeli kukhawulezile ukuba kuthintelwe ngumgangatho weesampuli zoqeqesho, okwenza kube nzima ukudlulisa. Ukungasebenzi ngokwaneleyo kwezinto eziphezulu kunye nokushiya iinkcukacha ezisezantsi kwiimodeli ezinzulu, okubangela ukuguguguda kwemida kunye nokushiya izakhiwo ezincinci, kuye kwathintela ukusetyenziswa kokufunda nzulu ekukhuphweni kweeprint zezakhiwo. 24 25 13 26 et al 27 IPlathifom yeQinghai-Tibetan yeyona ndawo iphakame kakhulu ehlabathini, enomndilili wokunyuka komgangatho ongaphaya kwe-4000 yeemitha ngasentla komgangatho wolwandle, kwaye igubungela indawo ye-2.5 yezigidi km2  . Abantu abangaphezu kwe-10 yezigidi bahlala kule ndawo nangona imozulu yayo eyoyikekayo, iintsuku ezibandayo nezide, ubukhulu beminyaka kunye neentsuku ezahlukahlukeneyo zokufudumala, kunye neendawo zangaphakathi ezimdaka. Nangona le ndawo ingumqobo omkhulu we-ecological eTshayina , imisebenzi yabantu ichaphazele kakhulu imeko yayo engumngcipheko . Le ndawo ikwangonakaliswa kakhulu yingozi, kunye neentloko, ukudodobala, iindunduma, iintlekele zokuhla kwamanzi eziqhelekileyo, kunye neengozi zesililo ezibangela ukulahleka kwabantu kunye neempahla , , . Ngenxa yoko, idatha echaniweyo yendawo yezakhiwo ibalulekile ekwenzweni kwemisebenzi yabantu ngenjongo yophando malunga noluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo , , kunye nokungcatshwa kweengozi zezakhiwo kunye nohlolo lobungozi , . Ngaphezu koko, le ndawo inamavolumu elanga ende, izixhobo ezininzi zamandla elanga, kunye neendawo ezaneleyo zokuqokelela amandla elanga ezifana neziphondo neendawo ezivulekileyo , . Idatha yendawo yezakhiwo zasemaphandleni enobubanzi obuphezulu ingabonelela ngoluhlu oluthembekileyo lokuvavanya amandla elanga kunye nokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo imeko yokuphila yabantu abahlala kwiindawo zasemaphandleni , . 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Njengendawo engaphuhlanga, iPlathifom yeQinghai-Tibetan kunye neendawo ezikuyo kusala kungekho datha epheleleyo yezakhiwo ezifotwe ngobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ngenxa yobubanzi bayo, ukusasazeka kwezakhiwo, indawo ekude, kunye nokukhawulwa kwezixhobo. Idatha efumaneka ngokulula yeyona ibonelelwa kwinqanaba lesizwe laseTshayina, equka i-2.5m gridded China Building Rooftop Area data (CBRA, Liu  ., 2023b) kunye neyokuqala yaseTshayina yomhlaba egubungela i-1m ububanzi (SinoLC) equka iindidi zezakhiwo . Le datha yeraster ayikwazi ukuchaza izinto zesithuba kwaye ifuna izixhobo ezinkulu zokugcina. Idatha yendawo yophahla lwezindlu eziphambili ze-90 zesixeko saseTshayina ekhutshwe nguZhang  .  ikakhawuleza yayaleka esi sixhobo; nangona kunjalo, kuphela izixeko ezili-14 kwiPlathifom yeQinghai-Tibetan ezazibandakanyiwe kwidatha le, kwaye idatha yophahla lwezindlu ezifotwe yayisala ingabikho kwindawo ye-2 yezigidi km2. et al 42 et al 13 Ngoko ke, oluphononongo luhlose ukwenza iiprint zophahla lwezakhiwo ezifotwe kwiPlathifom yeQinghai-Tibetan kunye neendawo zayo ezikuyo ngokudibanisa imifanekiso esathelayithi ephezulu kunye ne-deep learning algorithm. Idatha yethu yaqinisekiswa kusetyenziswa iisampuli zovavanyo ezibandakanya iigridi ezingama-250 x 1 km2 kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo ebangele ukuchaneka okupheleleyo kwe-91.92% kunye ne-F1 score ye-64.81%. Iindlela Umqolo Kolu phando, sasebenzisa i-algorithms yokukhupha izakhiwo kwiplathifom ye-AI Earth ukwenza idatha yophahla lwezindlu ezifotwe kwiPlathifom yeQinghai-Tibetan kunye nendawo yayo e-China (Umf.   ). Izinto eziphambili zomqolo wethu zibandakanyiwe: (1) ukulungiswa kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona kwedatha yesathelayithi kunye nedatha eyongezelelweyo; (2) ukukhuphwa kweeprint zophahla lwezindlu ezifotwe kusetyenziswa iplathifom ye-AI Earth; (3) ukuqinisekiswa kusetyenziswa idatha yophahla lwezindlu ezifotwe ngesandla. 1    Umqolo wokukhuphwa kweeprint kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwezindlu. Indawo yophando Olu phando lwalugxile kakhulu kwiPlathifom yeQinghai-Tibetan kunye neendawo zayo ezikuyo kumzantsi-ntshona China phantsi komqolo jikelele we-Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program ; ngokujonge indawo, ibandakanya iSithili saseTibetan, iiProvinces zaseQinghai, intshona yeProvice yaseYunnan, intshona yeProvice yaseSichuan, umzantsi-ntshona weProvice yaseGansu, kunye nomzantsi weSithili saseXinjiang. Umndilili wokunyuka kwendawo yophando yi-4000m ngasentla komgangatho wolwandle. Ukusasazeka kwabantu kunye nezakhiwo kule ndawo kuchaphazela kakhulu ubude kunye nemozulu (Umf.   ), ixhomekeke ikakhulu kumntlaempeleni komgca ukusuka kwiSithili saseJilong eTibet ukuya kwiSithili saseQilian eQinghai ; empuma, zichitha ngokugcweleyo kwiindawo ezisiphelweni ezisempumalanga yesi sithili, kubandakanywa neentlambo zomlambo eProvice yaseYunnan, intshona yeProvice yaseSichuan, kunye ne-Yellow River Basin yaseXining-Lanzhou. Kwi-plateau surface entshona komgca, abantu nezakhiwo zihlala zisasazeka kwiindawo ezimbalwa zokulima-ukwalusa emacaleni eentlambo zomlambo ezinkulu, kunye nasemacaleni ezindlela zothutho. 43 2 44    Indawo yophando (idatha yabantu ivela kwi-LandScan; i-DEM ivela kwiZiko leDatha yeSayensi yeZixhobo kunye neNdalo). Imifanekiso yeSathelayithi Idatha yemifanekiso yesathelayithi enobubanzi obuphezulu nefumaneka ngovulindlela yafunyanwa kwi-Rivermap Co. ( ), eyayifunyenwe kwidatha yesathelayithi kunye neyomoya eyenziwe yi-Google Earth. Phakathi kwazo, imifanekiso yesathelayithi ikakhulu ivela kwiisathelayithi zorhwebo ze-DigitalGlobe ze-QuickBird kunye ne-WorldView, kwaye iifoto zomoya zivela kwi-BlueSky e-UK nase-Sanborn e-US . Kwindawo nganye, kwakukho imifanekiso emininzi enobubanzi obufika kwi-0.15m kwiindawo ezithile. Ukudityaniswa kwedatha enjalo kuye kwasetyenziswa kabanzi ekuboneni izinto kwiindawo ezinkimbinkimbi , , ,  kwaye inamandla okwenza imaphu ebanzi enobubanzi obuphezulu ngeendidi zezinto . http://www.rivermap.cn/index.html 45 46 47 48 49 50 Indawo epheleleyo yendawo yethu yophando yi-3.06 yezigidi km2, kwaye ubungakanani obulinganisiweyo bedatha yemifanekiso yesathelayithi yi-29.4 TB, kunye nobungakanani besithuba obuyi-0.6 m. Ukucinga ngala manqanaba, i-0.175° x 0.175° fishnets yenziwa kwindawo yethu yophando ukuze ivumele iipatikhethi ezincinci zokukhutshelwa, kunye nenani elipheleleyo le-10,033 fishnets lasetyenziswa ukugubungela yonke indawo yophando. Inani langempela lefishnets ezikhutshelweyo labe lincinci ngo-5921 ngezizathu ezimbini. Okokuqala, njengoko inxalenye enkulu yendawo yophando ibandakanya iindawo zokuhlala ezingeyobuntu apho izakhiwo zingabikho, sakhetha ngokungahambiyo iifishnets ezingenawo nawaphi na iipixels ezakhiweyo ukusuka kwi-ESA World Cover product. Okwesibini, izixeko/izithili ezidatha yazo yophahla lwezindlu ezifotwe (nto leyo, i-Lhasa, i-Shannan, i-Kunming, i-Xining, i-Haidong, i-Zhangye, i-Baiyin, i-Lanzhou, i-Chengdu, i-Dali, i-Lijiang, i-Kunming, i-Zhaotong, kunye ne-Yuxi) sele zifunyenwe kwidatha yophahla lwezindlu ezifotwe ze-90 zesixeko saseTshayina  zaye zakhutshwa. Imifanekiso yakhutshelwa phakathi kukaSeptemba 2022 noJanuwari 2023, enobubanzi obuyi-0.6 m, ubungakanani obulodwa besakhelo obuyi-ca. 3 GB, kunye nobubanzi obupheleleyo obuyi-2.72 TB. Imifanekiso ekhutshelweyo yafotwa ikakhulu ukusuka ngo-2019 ukuya ku-2021, kodwa imifanekiso yeendawo ezikude kakhulu ingafota ngo-2001 (Umf.   ). 13 3    Iifishnets zokukhutshelwa komfanekiso kunye nexesha lokufota umfanekiso. Idatha eyongezelelweyo Idatha yethu eyongezelelweyo ibandakanya iimaphu zobubanzi obuphezulu zomhlaba, imodeli yedijithali yomhlaba (DEM), i-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), kunye nedatha yomntu wasePhandleni yenkxaso yophando lweeklosta ngenjongo yokwenza isampuli (Itafile

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