
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ababhali: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shengyu Tao Ruifei Ma Zixi Zhao Guangyuan Ma Lin Su Heng Chang Yuou Chen Haizhou Liu Zheng Liang Tingwei Cao Haocheng Ji Zhiyuan Han Minyan Lu Huixiong Yang Zongguo Wen Jianhua Yao Rong Yu Guodan Wei Yang Li Xuan Zhang Tingyang Xu Guangmin Zhou Isishwankathelo Ukunyanzeliswa ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo kwesimo sempilo (SOH) sebhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi sisinyathelo esibalulekileyo sokugcinwa ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwakhona nokugaywa kabusha. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezixhaswa yidatha zifuna ukulungiswa kwedatha ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweemeko ezingahleliweyo ze-SOH kunye ne-state of charge (SOC) zokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Apha, sibonisa ukuba ukucatshangelwa kwe-SOH okuncediswe kukufunda okwenziwayo kunokuba nethemba ekunciphiseni imingeni yendlala yedatha kunye nokungafani, eqinisekiswe ngedatha yohlobo lwesijikijolo yokusilela kwezinto ezisetyenziswa ebhetri ezili-10000, ezibandakanya iintlobo ezi-3 zezinto ezibumba i-cathode, iifomathi ezi-3 zomzimba, iikhetho ezi-4 zomthamo, kunye nemisebenzi eyi-4 yembali enamanqanaba ali-10 e-SOC. Ukusebenzisa idatha eyenziweyo, isixhobo sokulinganisa senza ulucatshangelwano lwe-SOH oluchanekileyo, kunye neempazamo ezingaphantsi kwe-6% phantsi kwe-SOC engaziwayo. Siyachaza ukuba ukwamkelela ukusetyenziswa ngokufanayo kwetekhnoloji ephakanyisiweyo, oku kungagcina iindleko zokuhlawula ugesi ezingama-4.9 ezigidi zeerandi kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 eyi-35.8 ezigidi kg ngokunciphisa iindleko zokulungiswa kwedatha kwisimo sehlabathi sokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwebhetri ka-2030. Eli phepha libalula ukusetyenziswa kwedatha elinganiselweyo ukuhlola indawo yedatha eyandisiweyo kusetyenziswa iindlela zokwenza izinto, ekubeni idatha ingathatha ixesha elide, ibize kakhulu, kwaye ingcolise ukuyifumana kwimisebenzi emininzi yokulinganisa nokubonelela ngolwazi.  Isingeniso Ukunyanzeliswa kwezithuthi, iliso elibalulekileyo ekuguqulweni kwamandla asezantsi kwe-carbon, sele kuluguqule ngendlela engafezekanga imodeli yokuhamba esekwe kwiliqunube. Iibhetri zelithium-ion zibalulekile kule nguquko ngokubonelela ngezixhobo zamandla ezifikelelekayo, ezihlala ixesha elide, nezikhuselekileyo kwiimoto zombane (EVs). Umthamo opheleleyo wezithuthi ezisetyenziswa ngoku kunye nezibhetri ze-EV eziphelelweyo lixesha ziya kudlula i-32–62 terra-watts ngo-2050, ziphezulu kakhulu kune-International Renewable Energy Agency kunye ne-Storage Lab scenarios. Nangona kunjalo, iibhetri ze-EV ezithathe umhlalaphansi ziqiniswa ngemithetho enexabiso elikhulu lesaliti elingasetyenziswanga kakuhle, ngokomlinganiselo ngaphezu kwe-80% yomthamo ocetywayo. Ukuba aziphathwa ngokufanelekileyo, kuza kubakho imithwalo yezoqoqosho kubavelisi kunye nabasebenzisi, kunye neengxaki ezilandelayo zendalo kunye noluntu, kuquka ukuchitha izixhobo, ubungozi bokuhanjiswa kwezixhobo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-carbon. Amanyathelo anethemba okujongana neenkxalayo malunga nokwanda okungaguqukiyo kokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwebhetri yikusebenzisa kwakhona nokugaywa kabusha. Ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona, iibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi ziphinda zisetyenziselwe izicelo ezifana neenkqubo zokugcina amandla ezixhunyiwe kwi-grid, unikezelo lwamandla ezindlwini, kunye neenqwelo ezihamba kancinci. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kufuna ukulungiswa kokuqala, kuquka ukuhlolwa kokungaguquki, ukuhlela umthamo, nokudibanisa kwakhona ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zesicelo. Ngaphandle kwezicwangciso zovavanyo, ukungabikho kwemigangatho eqinileyo yeendawo zokusebenzisa kunye neendlela zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kuphazamisa ukusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kwesaliti eseleyo. Ukugaywa kabusha kusebenzisa ngokungagungqiyo amaxabiso esaliti eebhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi ngokukhupha izinto okanye ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo, kulungile kwiibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi ezonakaliswe ngokungaguqukiyo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-pyrometallurgy kunye ne-hydrometallurgy, ukugaywa kabusha ngokuthe ngqo kuyaphuma kumashishini alungileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-carbon okuncitshisiweyo. Ukusebenzisa ukubuyiselwa kwelithium kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto ze-cathode, ukugaywa kabusha ngokuthe ngqo kufezekisa ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo sezinto esisebenzayo, kunye nokubuyiselwa kokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, isimo sempilo (SOH) sichaza i-reagent yezithako ezifunekayo kunye neendozi ezilindelweyo zokubuyiselwa kwelithium kumacandelo olucwangciso lwesicwangciso sokugaya kabusha ngokuthe ngqo. Ukubonelela okunganeleyo kungakhokelela kulungiso olupheleleyo, ngelixa ukubonelela okugqithisileyo kungakhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe i-alkali esalayo kumgangatho we-cathode, konakalise ukubuyiselwa kokusebenza. Ngelishwa, ukufumana i-SOH kufuna ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphazamisayo kunye neevenkile zokulinganisa umthamo ixesha elide, i-SOH engaphazamisiyo, ekhawulezileyo, neneyondlala ihlala ingumceli mngeni omkhulu. Ukugcina ulwazi olungaguqukiyo lwe-SOH, iibhetri ze-EV ziyalandelelwa, kwaye idatha yokusebenza iirekhodwa ngamaqonga e-cloud kunye neepasipoti zebhetri. Ipalamente yaseYurophu yamkele i-Batteries Directive ngoJuni 14, 2023, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi zingasetyenziswa kwakhona, zilungiswe, okanye zigaywe kabusha ekupheleni komjikelo wobomi. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokubeka iliso kunye nokurekhoda ifikeleleka kuphela kwisigaba senkonzo ye-EV, iibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi azisaxhunyiwe kwiyunithi yokubeka iliso engaphakathi kwemoto. Ngoko ke, kunzima ukufumana idatha ye-SOH efumaneka kwindawo. Ubungqongqo bedatha yobomi ihlala ingumceli mngeni omkhulu, ifuna ukucatshangelwa kwe-SOH kusetyenziswa kuphela idatha yendawo, ngokungafaniyo nedatha yembali okanye phantsi kweemeko ezinokulawulwa. Isisombululo esinye kukulungisa uvavanyo lokulinganisa umthamo kwindawo yokuqokelela ibhetri ethathe umhlalaphansi, oko kukuthi, ukulungiswa kwe-state of charge (SOC), okuqondakalayo, nangona kunjalo, kufuna ixesha elingafikelelekiyo lovavanyo kunye neendleko zombane ezongezelekileyo. Ukuvavanywa kokusebenza kwesijikijolo esidibanisayo yindlela enye yokucatshangelwa kwe-SOH ngokujova isijikijolo, kodwa inkqubo epheleleyo yovavanyo ithatha ngaphezu kweeyure ezili-12. UTao nabanye basebenzise izijikijolo ezimfutshane kucatshangelwano lwe-SOH lweebhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi, begqala umsebenzi wokulungiswa kwe-SOC ukuya kwi-5% ye-SOC, nto leyo ebengahambelani neenjongo zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwe-SOC. Ukuqhubeka kwetekhnoloji entsha yokulinganisa esekwe kwi-sensory ibandakanya imifanekiso ye-X-ray, i-impedance ye-electrochemical, i-fiber optic sensing, i-acoustics sensing, ukutshaja okuyingxenye, kunye nokujova kwesijikijolo. Iiteknoloji ezisekelwe kwi-sensing zikwinqanaba lelebhu ngenxa yobungeneleli, ngelixa ukujova kwesijikijolo kubonisa ukukhulula ukwehla kwebhetri ngaphandle komonakalo womzimba, ngexesha elinye likhawuleza kuneemethodi zokutshaja ezilungeyengxenye kunye ne-electrochemical impedance. Nangona kunjalo, ukujova kwesijikijolo yindlela enikwe kwidatha enokusebenza kuphela phantsi kokwamkelwa okuyiyo ukuba idatha elinganiselweyo yomzimba ibandakanya iimeko zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwesigaba sokusetyenziswa kwemodeli, eyaziwa njengomceli mngeni oqhelekileyo wokudibana kwedomeni kuluntu lokufunda umatshini. Ngaphandle kokuqhubeka kwetekhnoloji yokufunda yokudlulisa kunye neendlela zokulungiswa kwedomeni, imingeni iyahlala njengoko idomeni ekujoliswe kuyo yokubambisana isafuna ulwazi lwangaphambili xa isetyenziswa, kwaye iindlela zokufunda ezikhoyo azikwazi ukuhlaziywa kwiimeko zokuthatha umhlalaphansi ezingahleliweyo. Isisombululo esinye kukwandisa isikali sovavanyo lwedatha phantsi kweemeko zokuthatha umhlalaphansi ezingafunywanga ukunciphisa ingxaki yendlala yedatha kunye nokungafani ngelixa ingakhokelela ekwandeni kweendleko. U-Wang nabanye banikezela ngendlela yokumba ubushushu ukwenzela ukugqithiselana okukhethwayo kokusebenza kwesijikijolo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo phakathi nenkqubo ye-thermochemical, evumela ukwakhiwa kwii-database zolwaluko ezibanzi kwi-minimal scale yovavanyo lwe-thermochemical kunye neendleko njengokongezwa kwedatha yoqeqesho lwemodeli yokufunda umatshini. Ukongeza, ukufunda okwenziwayo kubonisa izinto ezingenzakalayo zokucatshangelwa kwe-SOH kunye nedatha eyongeziweyo kwiiprofayili ezitshajiswe ngokuyingxenye, kusindisa idatha efuna ukuvavanywa ngokomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, ukungafani kwedatha kunye nokungafani kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nokugaywa kabusha kwebhetri kunzima nangakumbi ngenxa yengxubeko yeentlobo zezinto ze-cathode, iifomathi zomzimba, iikhetho zomthamo, kunye nemisebenzi yembali, kuthintelwa ukudibanisa okubangelayo kolwazi oluneenkcukacha lwezifo kwiimodeli zokufunda umatshini. Ngoko ke, kunengqiqo ukucinga ubudlelwane phakathi kweemeko zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kunye neempendulo zokujonga ubushushu ukuze kwenziwe idatha, kungabikho uvavanyo olunzima lwe-capacity olunzima kunye novavanyo olongezelekileyo lomzimba ngaxeshanye, ukonyusa ukusebenza kokucatshangelwano kwe-SOH. Kwesi sifundo, senza ulungiso lwangaphambili lwebhetri ethathe umhlalaphansi, oko kukuthi, ulucatshangelwano lwe-SOH, kusetyenziswa idatha yempendulo yobushushu yesijikijolo eyenziwe yi-attentional variational autoencoder kwixesha ovavanyo lomzimba eligciniweyo kunye neendleko. Inkqubo ephezulu yamanyathelo aqhelekileyo okugcinwa kwangaphambili, uqeqesho lwemodeli yokwenza izinto, kunye namanyathelo okusetyenziswa kwemodeli abonakaliswe kwiFig.. Ingcamango yophando kukusebenzisa ukufunda okwenziwayo ukujonga idatha esele ilinganisiwe kukuphononongwa kweempendulo zobushushu besijikijolo kwiimeko ezingaguqukiyo zokuthatha umhlalaphansi, oko kukuthi, ukusabalaliswa kwe-SOC kwisigaba sokuqokelela ibhetri ethathe umhlalaphansi. Ulucatshangelwano olulandelayo lwenziwa ngaphandle kwedatha yempendulo yesijikijolo elinganisiweyo ngokomzimba, kusindisa iindleko zombane zangaphambili kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-carbon okufuneka kungenjalo kusuka kulungiso lwe-SOC ukuya kwinqanaba elilindelekileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela ye-ampere-hour integral kunye nendlela yokufunda yomatshini yokujova isijikijolo, ukufunda okwenziwayo kugxininisa isantya esikhawulezayo sokwenza kunye nolucatshangelwano oluchanekileyo. Kunye nedatha eyenziweyo, isixhobo esilula sokulinganisa senza ngokufanelekileyo ulucatshangelwano lwe-SOH ngempazamo ephantsi phantsi kweemeko zokuthatha umhlalaphansi ezingafunywanga okanye ezingafikelelekiyo kwidatabase, ingxaki enzima ye-out-of-distribution (OOD). Ingxaki ye-OOD isombululwa ngokufunda imodeli yezinto eziphantsi phakathi kwe-SOC condition kunye nempendulo yobushushu evuswe sisijikijolo esikhawulezayo. Sibonisa ukujongana ngokubanzi kwendlela yethu ngokuvavanywa ngeemodeli ezingama-2700 ezilinganiswe ngokomzimba, ezibandakanya iintlobo ezi-3 zezinto ze-cathode, iifomathi zomzimba ezi-3, iikhetho zomthamo ezi-4, kunye nemisebenzi yembali eyi-4 (1 uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwelebhu, ukuqhuba okungu-1 kwe-EV yebhetri, kunye neendlela ezi-2 zokuqhuba i-EV). Ukufunda okwenziweyo kulungile kukuphindaphinda nokuphindaphinda ngokudibanisa ulwazi lwangaphambili lweemeko zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwindawo evulekileyo yesikali semodeli, kusindisa ixesha lovavanyo, iindleko zombane, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-carbon okuphumayo ngelixa kungonakalisi ukuchaneka kokucatshangelwano kwe-SOH. Uphando olugcinayo lwesimo sehlabathi sokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwebhetri ngo-2030 lubalisa inkalo yocatshangelwano olukhawulezileyo kunye neyondlala kwiimeko zokugaya kabusha i-pyrometallurgical, i-hydrometallurgical, kunye neyokugaya kabusha ngokuthe ngqo. Ngophando lwezobuchwepheshe-zoqoqosho, ukucatshangelwano kwe-SOH okuncediswe kukufunda okwenziweyo kungagcina i-$4.9 yebhiliyoni yeendleko zokuhlawula ugesi kunye ne-35.8 yebhiliyoni kg yezinto ezikhutshiweyo ze-CO2 ngo-2030 kwihlabathi liphela. Siyixubusha imodeli yokuchazwa, iinkalo zokugaywa kabusha kwangaphambili, kunye neenkalo ezibanzi zezicwangciso zangaphambili zokugaya kabusha ezintsha ezidibaniswe nokufunda umatshini.    Amanyathelo okugcinwa kwangaphambili kwebhetri ethathe umhlalaphansi abandakanya ulungiso lwe-SOC, imilinganiselo yomzimba, ukufunda umatshini kuxilongo lwe-SOH, kunye nenkqubo yokugqibela yesigaba sesibini ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwakhona okanye ukugaywa kabusha. Ukulungiswa kwe-SOC kuthetha ukulungelelanisa amanqanaba e-SOC eebhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi kwiinqanaba ezilindelekileyo kusetyenziswa indlela yemveli ye-constant current constant voltage (CCCV).   Umzobo we-attentional variational autoencoder yokuveliswa kwedatha yempendulo yobushushu besijikijolo.   > Ukusetyenziswa kwemodeli yokwenza idatha kulucatshangelwano lwe-SOH kufuna ukungabikho kokulungiswa kwe-SOC okongezelekileyo. Imididi esele iqeqeshwe yimodeli yefunda umatshini ifumana iimpendulo zokujonga ubushushu ezifunyenwe ngoko nangoko xa isetyenziswa.   Izinzuzo zezoqoqosho kunye nezemvelo kunye nesantya esikhawulezileyo sokwenza sendlela yethu yokufunda yokwenza izinto ngokugcina iindleko zokulungiswa kwe-SOC kwisigaba sokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwebhetri ka-2030 kwihlabathi liphela. a b c d Iziphumo Ukufunyanwa kweDatase Ukungafani kwedatha kunye nokungafani ziingxaki eziphambili kwidatha eqeqeshwe yidatha yokuxilonga nokubonelela ngebhetri, ngakumbi kwiibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi. Siqokelele iisampuli ezingama-2700 kwiibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi ezingama-270 ngokomzimba kwiinqanaba ezibanzi ze-SOC, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwi-5% ukuya kuma-50% nge-5% grain. KwiFig. [cite: 2a], idatase ithatha iintlobo ezi-3 zezinto ezibumba i-cathode eziphambili, kuquka i-NMC (nickel manganese cobalt oxide) ezili-119 ziqokelelweyo ngokomzimba, i-LFP (lithium iron phosphate) ezingama-56, kunye ne-LMO (lithium manganese oxide) ezithathe umhlalaphansi ezingama-95, ezibandakanya iifomathi zomzimba ezi-3 (cylindrical, pouch, prismatic) kunye nemisebenzi emi-4 yembali (1 uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwelebhu, imisebenzi emi-3 yokuqhuba i-EV, kuququka imodi eyi-1 yokuhamba ngombane kuphela kunye neendlela ezi-2 zokuqhuba izithuthi ezidibanisileyo). Sigxininisa ukuba ukubandakanywa kweesampuli zovavanyo ezahlukeneyo kwenza idatase yethu ibe yeyona ndatase inkulu esekwe kwisijikijolo esikhawulezayo yokucatshangelwano kwe-SOH yebhetri ethathe umhlalaphansi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukhuthaza ukujongana ngokubanzi kwemodeli ngaphezu kwemidatase elinganisiweyo ngokomzimba.    Isiza seSankey sokusabalaliswa kwebhetri ethathe umhlalaphansi, sibandakanya iintlobo zezinto ze-cathode, iifomathi zomzimba, iikhetho zomthamo, kunye nemisebenzi yembali.   Ijojelo lokujonga kunye nempendulo yobushushu elandelayo yee bhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi, apho izinto zikhutshwa kwiindawo zokujika, oko kukuthi, iindawo ezinomlinganiso wesibini we-derivative womjikelo wempendulo yobushushu. Amanqaku ezinto ezili-21, ukusuka ku-U1 ukuya ku-U21, akhutshiwe. Isantya sokurekhoda sedatha eluhlaza yi-100 Hz. Ixesha elishiyekileyo yi-25 imizuzwana phakathi kwejojelo ngalinye kwi-C-rate. Qaphela ukuba igama elithi C libhekisa kwinqanaba lokutshaja (lokukhupha) xa kubonelelwa ngetshaja (ukukhupha) ixesha le-1 le-h. Ubushushu bendawo kulawulwa kuma-25 °C.   Ukuhanjiswa kwesizathu sempilo (SOH) (Gaussian fit) kwiibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi ze-2.1 Ah kunye ne-21 Ah ukuze ziboniswe, ngokulandelelanayo. Kwisabalaliso se-SOH kwezinye iintlobo zebhetri, unokubona kwiSifanekiso esongezelelweyo.   > Ubudlelwano phakathi kwempendulo yobushushu yesijikijolo esilinganisiweyo kunye ne-SOH elungelelaniswe kwi-calibration yomthamo, kunye nemeko ze-SOC ezahlukeneyo. Uludonga lwesibini lwesiseko sedatha, i-U1, iboniswe.   > Umzekelo wokwenziwa kwedatha yokugqithisela kunye nokuphindaphinda phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokuhanjiswa kwe-SOC zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwebhetri. Iisetingi zovavanyo ezineminye iinkcukacha zikwi-, kuqatshelwa ukuba useto lwe-C-rate luyafana kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto ze-cathode. Idatha yomthombo ibonelelwa njengefayile yeNdawo yomthombo. a b c d e Ngokungafaniyo novavanyo lwemveli lwe-CCCV, uvavanyo lwesijikijolo alubangeli ixesha elide lovavanyo kunye nomonakalo owongezelelweyo kwiibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi. Ngoko ke, sisebenzisa iziphumo ze-CCCV njengamaxabiso esilinganiso se-SOH. Idatha yovavanyo lwesijikijolo isetyenziswa njengedatha yoqeqesho yemodeli yokufunda yokwenziwa. Nokuba uhlobo lwezinto ze-cathode luyahluka, senza ubunjineli besiseko esisemgangathweni kunye nesifikelelekayo, siqinisekisa ukuhambelana ekusebenziseni ngokupheleleyo. Umfanekiso [cite: 2b] ubonisa ubunjineli besiseko emva kokujovwa kwesijikijolo sokujonga. Izicwangciso zovavanyo lwe-CCCV kunye nokujova isijikijolo zingafumaneka kwiNqaku elongezelelweyo. Kwiijojelo ezintlanu zokuqala ezijojweyo, amanqaku okujika, oko kukuthi, amanqaku anesihlandlo sesibini se-derivative yee-responses zobushushu, ayarekhodwa njengezinto, zivelise izinto ezingama-21. Ngaphandle kwexesha lesijikijolo kwinqanaba le-5 s, siphinde senze umlinganiselo wokuziva kwinqanaba lesijikijolo ukuze kuvunywe ubungqongqo besijikijolo kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lovavanyo, ukusuka kuma-30 ms ukuya kuma-5 s. Sicinga ukuhlolwa okuqhelekileyo kwiilebhu (Inqaku elongezelelweyo) kunye nokuhamba kwe-EV okwenyani, nangona kungayihoyanga imodeli yokuqhuba ngenxa yeentloko zobumfihlo bedatha. KwiFig. [cite: 2c], ukuhanjiswa kwe-SOH kweebhetri ezihlolwe ngobunzima (i-NMC, i-2.1 Ah) kunye neebhetri zokuqhuba i-EV (i-NMC, i-21 Ah) ziboniswe. Qaphela ukuba amaxabiso e-SOH ayalungiswa kwindawo ebanzi ye-SOH, ukusuka ku-0.6 ukuya ku-1, idatha eqokelelweyo imele izimo zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwebhetri, kunye nezigameko zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kwangethuba. Izihanjiso ze-SOH kwezinye iibhetri eziqokelelweyo (i-LMO, i-10 Ah, kunye ne-LFP 35 Ah) zihlanganisa ukuhanjiswa okubanzi kwe-SOH, bona iSifanekiso esongezelelweyo. Ukuvavanywa kwesijikijolo kuphindwa kwiinqanaba ezahlukeneyo ze-SOC, ukusuka kuma-5% ukuya kuma-50%, ukukhangela iingongoma zokuthatha umhlalaphansi ezingahleliweyo. Indawo ye-SOC evavanyiweyo ingaphantsi kokwamkelwa ukuba iibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi zibonisa i-SOC ephantsi okanye zithobela ukukhupha ubumandla ukuze kuqhutywe ugcino olukhuselekileyo kwilayibrari, ngoko ke umda ophezulu we-SOC umiselwe kuma-50%. KwiFig. [cite: 2d], uludonga lwesiseko lokuqala lwezinto ezikhutshwe kwiibhetri ezihlolwe ngobunzima (i-NMC, i-2.1 Ah) kunye neebhetri zokuqhuba i-EV (i-NMC, i-21 Ah) ziboniswe. Ngaphandle kwezibonelelo zomthamo kunye nemisebenzi yembali, iimpendulo zobushushu zesijikijolo zibonisa imodeli yokuwohloka engafaniyo, njengoko zinjalo nezinye iibhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi kwezinye izinto zesiseko, bona iiFanekiso eziNgatsoniweyo [cite: 2–5]. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhanjiswa kwe-SOC kweebhetri ezithathe umhlalaphansi kuyadibaniswa, ngoko ke ayinakupheliswa ngovavanyo lomzimba. Kunokuba ukwandisa isikali sovavanyo lwedatha, sisebenzisa idatha yempendulo yobushushu yesijikijolo evavanyiweyo sele ukwenza idatha eyahlukileyo kwiimeko ze-SOC. KwiFig. [cite: 2e], imizekelo emibini yokwenziwa, oko kukuthi, ukugqithiselana kunye nokuphindaphinda, ziboniswe, kunye nesaliti yokugcinwa kwesijikijolo esingalinganiyo, ukugcinwa kukagesi, ukuncitshiswa kwe-CO2, kunye neendlela zabo zokubala ziboniswe kwiNqaku eliNgatsoniweyo [cite: 1–3], ngokulandelelanayo. Ukwenzi

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