Java ndiwo mutauro wekutanga wandakadzidza mubasa rangu. Chimiro chayo chine hwaro mumakore angu ekutanga ekunzwisisa mazano ehurongwa. Mushure mokupfuura nemimwe mitauro yakati wandei ine nzira dzakasiyana kwazvo, ndawedzera maonero angu. Nhasi ndoda kumbozeya nyaya   . yenhaka  Nhaka muJava  MuJava, iyo pfungwa   yakanyatsobatanidzwa nepfungwa ye   . Subtyping ndiko kuita kwehukama   Semuenzaniso, kirasi   imhando yemhando   . Kubva zvino, muenzaniso   une   ese   : inogara nhaka maitiro. yenhaka subtyping hweIS A. Rabbit Mammal Rabbit maitiro Mammal  Nekuda kweizvi, unogona kupfuudza muenzaniso   apo nzira inodaidzira   parameter kana kudzosa muenzaniso   kana nzira yekudzoka iri   . Kana iwe wakadzidza Java, .Net, kana chimwe chinhu chiri kure chakafanana, ndiwo maonero aunoona nhaka, uye inova itsva yemazuva ose. Rabbit Mammal Rabbit Mammal    . Inhaka yakajeka   class Animal { void feed(); } class Rabbit extends Animal { //1 }  Nekuti       inogona  Rabbit IS A Animal feed()  Nhaka muGo  Pandakatanga kutarisa Go, ndakashamisika kuti haina subtyping ichiri kupa nhaka. Go inoshandisa dhadha kutaipa:  Kana ichiita sedhadha, inotuhwina sedhadha, uye quacks sedhadha, zvino pamwe ndizvo.  Kana Go   ichishandisa mabasa akafanana senge interface,   iyo interface. struct inoisa zvachose   type Animal interface { feed() //1 } type Rabbit struct { } func (rabbit Rabbit) feed() { //2 // feeds }    inogona kudya Animal  Nekuti   basa riripo rinotora   separameter,   inoshandisa  feed() Rabbit Rabbit Animal  Ini handifarire Enda nekuda kwekukanganisa-kubata maitiro, asi ini ndaive nepfungwa mbiri pamusoro pekuita zvizere. Kune rumwe rutivi, ndakanzwisisa kuti yakanga iri pfungwa itsva, uye ndakaedza kuramba ndakazaruka mundangariro; nerumwe rutivi, ndinofunga kuti zvinhu zvinogara zviri nani pachena pane kujeka, kungave mukuvandudza software kana hupenyu chaihwo.  Nhaka muPython  Python ndiwo mutauro unonakidza wandinoziva maererano nenhaka.  Subtyping uye mhando-yakavakirwa nhaka yave iripo muPython kubva payakavambwa.   class Animal: def feed(self): #1 pass #2 class Rabbit(Animal): #3 pass    inogona kudya Animal  Iko hakuna makirasi abstract kana interfaces muPython, makirasi chete  Nekuti       inogona  Rabbit IS A Animal feed()  Panyaya iyi, Python inoshanda zvakafanana neJava maererano nenhaka. Python inopawo duck typing, iyo yandakatsanangura   . Semuyenzaniso, kuita chimwe chinhu   ,   , chinogona kudzosa   , unongoda kuita   uye   : semashiripiti nzira chinogoneka semuenzaniso iterator __iter__() __next__()   class SingleValueIterable(): done = False def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __iter__(self): #1 return self def __next__(self): #1 if self.done: raise StopIteration else: self.done = True return self.value svi = SingleValueIterable(5) sviter = iter(svi) #2 for x in sviter: print(x) #3  Dhadha kutaipa nzira  Gadzira   - Pythons inoziva sei kubva patakaita nzira dziri pamusoro Iterator   5  Dambudziko neiyi dhadha yekunyora nzira nderekuti inoshanda chete kune yePython yakafanotsanangurwa yemashiripiti nzira. Zvakadini kana iwe uchida kupa kirasi iyo yechitatu bato inogona kutora kubva mairi zvisina?   class Animal: def feed(): pass class Rabbit: def feed(): pass  Muchidimbu chiri pamusoro apa,   haisi   , zvinotirwadza. Pinda   , yakanzi Protocols: Structural subtyping (static duck typing). Iyo PEP inogadzirisa kusagoneka kwekutsanangura nzira dzemashiripiti kumakirasi edu. Inotsanangura kirasi   yakapfava: kana uchinge wagara nhaka kubva mairi, nzira dzinotsanangurwa mukirasi dzinove dzakakodzera kutaipa dhadha, nokudaro zita - static duck typing. Rabbit Animal PEP 544 Protocol   from typing import Protocol class Animal(Protocol): #1 def feed(): #2 pass class Rabbit: def feed(): #2 pass class VenusFlytrap: def feed(): #2 pass  Nhaka kubva  Protocol  Nekuti     , chero kirasi inotsanangura   inova   , zvirinani kana kuipa Animal Protocol feed() Animal  Mhedziso  Hurongwa hunonangana nechinhu, nhaka, uye kunyora zvishoma zvinogona kunge zvine zvazvinoreva zvisingaturikire mune mimwe mitauro, zvichienderana nemutauro wekutanga waunodzidza. Java inozviita semutauro wakatarisana neChinhu uye inopa iyo yakazara package. Enda hausi mutauro weOO, asi uchiri kupa subtyping kuburikidza nedhadha kutaipa. Python inopa zvese zviri pachena uye zvakadzika nhaka asi pasina mainterface.  Iwe unodzidza mutauro mutsva wechirongwa nekuuenzanisa ne(s) waunotoziva. Kuziva mashandisirwo emutauro ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakunyora kodhi yeidiomatic mumutauro wauri kuda. Zvijairirane nezvinhu zvisipo mumitauro yako inozivikanwa: ivo vanozowedzera kunzwisisa kwako kwehurongwa hwakazara.   Enda kumberi:   Nhaka (programming yakanangana nechinhu)   Dhadha kutaipa   Python Protocol   Yakabudiswa paA   muna Ndira 26, 2025 Java Geek

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