EIP-7503: Zero-knowledge Wormholes kune Private Ethereum Transactions

EIP-7503: Zero-Knowledge Wormholes iEthereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) inosuma nzira yekuita zvakavanzika-kuchengetedza kutamiswa paEthereum. Nepo isu taona kuedza kwakawanda kuita pa-cheni kuchinjisa zvakavanzika, kusanganisira cryptocurrency musanganiswa seTornado Cash, EIP-7503 iprotocol-layer mhinduro inoita kuti Ethereum ive yakavanzika nekukasira .

Uku kutarisisa kwakakosha: maitiro ekushandisa-sairi ekuvanzika seTornado Cash ndeye "kusarudza-kupinda", iyo inowanzova nemhedzisiro yakaipa kune vashandisi. Zvakavanzika-zvakatarisana zvikumbiro zvakare zvakare zviri nyore kutariswa; semuenzaniso, vashandisi vazhinji (kunyanya vagari vemuUS) vatadza kudyidzana neTornado Cash mushure mekunge Hofisi yeKune dzimwe nyika Kudzora (OFAC) yaisa mazita echibvumirano chechibvumirano muna 2022 .

Kunyangwe zvirango zveOFAC, Tornado Cash ichiri kushanda nezvikonzero zvakati wandei:

1. Izvo zvibvumirano zvepakati zvinoshandisa Tornado Cash's asset musanganiswa mashandiro haachinji uye anochengetwa zvachose pa-cheni. Kubva chikuru tornado.cash Webhusaiti yakaenda kunze kwenyika, mapurojekiti akazvimirira ashandisazve kodhi yekondirakiti kubva kune yekutanga Tornado Cash kuita kugadzira matsva akasiyana senge. Tornado Cash Nova .
2. Iyo Tornado Cash protocol inonyanya "kusatongeka". Chikwata chekutanga cheTornado Cash chakabvisa zvidzoreso zvekutonga mushure kuita kusimudzira kwechimbichimbi kubata tsikidzi yaizobvumira vanorwisa kuti vagadzire humbowo hunoshanda hwemadhipoziti enhema uye kudhiza mari (yakaiswa zviri pamutemo). Nekudaro, timu yekutanga haina kukwanisa kuita unilaterally kuuraya uye kumanikidzwa "kudzima" protocol kunyangwe yavo. kusungwa muna 2023 .

Izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvinoreva kuti vanhu vachiri kukwanisa kushandisa Tornado Cash nhasi, kunyange kana analytics inoratidza kuti vanogadzira block paEthereum vari kudonhedza kutengeserana kunopindirana nezvibvumirano zveprotocol . Nekudaro, senge mupre-OFAC mazuva echirango, kwete yese kutengeserana yakafambiswa kuburikidza neTornado Cash musanganiswa protocol yanga iri pamutemo. Kuenzanisira, chinyorwa chakaitwa neArkham Intelligence chinoratidza kurwiswa kuviri kwepamusoro-soro muna 2023 (Euler Finance's $197 miriyoni yekubiridzira uye Anubis DAO's $60 miriyoni yemadhora makumi matanhatu emadhora) yakatsigirwa nemari yakabviswa muTornado Cash, kana kushandisa musanganiswa kuba. mari uye kuvanza mafambiro ari kubuda.

Tichifunga kuti Tornado Cash haisati yagadzirisa dambudziko revatambi vakaipa vanoshandisa zvisizvo kuvanzika pa-cheni, sei isu tichida kuita chimiro chekufambisa zvakavanzika padanho reprotocol? Haisi ngozi here iyoyo? Sei zvichitofanira kuve nekutengeserana kwepachivande pakutanga? Haasi ma blockchains akaita seEthereum atozivikanwa uye "asingatarisike"?

Iyi yese mibvunzo iri pamutemo, yese yatichakurukura muchinyorwa chino. Isu tinopa iyo yepamusoro-yepamusoro ongororo yekukosha kwekuvanzika kwemari uye kuongorora kuti nei veruzhinji blockchains seEthereum vasingakwanise kuvimbisa kuvanzika pasina kuita shanduko. Zvadaro tichazoongorora maitiro eEIP-7503 ekugonesa kubhadhara kwepachivande paEthereum uye kukurukura zvingangobatsira uye zvipingamupinyi zvekutora EIP-7503.

Ngatinyure mukati!

Kugadzirisa nhanho: Nei tichifanira kuva nehanya nezve-on-chain kuvanzika?

Kana tichitaura nezve “transactions yakavanzika” kana “zvisingazivikanwe transactions” maererano nemagetsi peer-to-peer (P2P) kubhadhara, tiri kutsanangura hunhu huviri: kusarongeka uye kusabatanidzwa . Hunhu huviri hwakanyorwa naNicolas van Saberhagen muCryptoNote whitepaper :

• Isingaonekwi : Mutengesi haugone kuwanikwa kana mutumiri asingakwanisi kuzivikanwa nemucherechedzi wekunze. Ngatitii Alice ishamwari naBob naCarol uye Alice anogashira matokeni maviri kuburikidza nekutamisa- kusatarisika zvinoreva kuti hapana anogona kutaura kuti ndiani (Bob kana Carol) akatumira tokeni kuna Alice.

• Unlinkable : Kutengeserana hakugoneki kana mugamuchiri asingakwanisi kuzivikanwa nekuvimbika nemucherechedzi wekunze. Kana Bob naCarol vakatumira zviratidzo kuna Alice mukutengeserana kwakasiyana, kusabatana kunoreva kuti hapana anogona kutaura kana Bob naCarol vakatumira zviratidzo kumunhu mumwe chete.

  
  

Zvizhinji (kana zvisiri zvese) pa-cheni zvakavanzika mhinduro zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvichibva pane izvo zvambotaurwa zvinodiwa zvavanogutsa. Cryptocurrency mixers , CoinJoin , uye siginecha yemhete inonyanya kunetseka nekuvanza ruzivo nezvekutumira kero uye kuita kuti mari isabatike. Kuzivikanwa kweanotumira kunodzivirirwa uchishandisa nzira dzakasiyana, asi chero munhu anogona kuona kuti ndiani akagamuchira mari.

Mukuenzanisa, zvakavanzika-centric protocols seMonero , Zcash , Liquid Network , uye Aztec v1 inopa zvakasiyana-siyana zve "shielded" kana "chakavanzika" chekutengeserana uye inovimbisa kusabatanidzwa kwekutengeserana. Mutengesi wakachengetedzwa kana wakavanzika unonetsa kubatanidza kune mumwe munhu anenge agamuchira nekuti ruzivo rwekero yeari kugamuchira (pamwe nehuwandu nemhando yechiratidzo chatamiswa) zvinochengetwa zvakavanzika. Stealth kero imwe nzira yekuchengetedza kusabatanidzwa: vashandisi vanogadzira ephemeral (yenguva pfupi) kero kune dhipoziti, ichivharira kuedza kubatanidza maviri kutamiswa kune imwechete kero.

Maitiro ambotaurwa ekuvandudza kuvanzika kwekutengeserana ane akasiyana masimba uye kusasimba, izvo zvatichaongorora muchidimbu gare gare. Asi, parizvino, tichaisa pfungwa dzedu kumubvunzo unokosha: "Nei kuvanzika kwemari kuchikosha zvachose?" Sezvo tiri kupa nguva nesimba kuti tiongorore chikumbiro chekuunza kutengeserana kwepachivande uye kusingazivikanwe kuEthereum, isu tinogonawo kuisa chikonzero chekugonesa kutengeserana zvakavanzika paEthereum.

Kuvanzika kwemari kunokosha nekuti kuvanzika ikodzero huru yevanhu . Kodzero yekuvanzika inopa kumunhu wese simba rekusarudza kuti ndeupi ruzivo rwavanoda kugovera pachena uye kuchengetedza masimba ekuti, rini, uye kupi uye kupi ruzivo rwemunhu (PII) rwunogoverwa. “Ruzivo rwunozivikanwa nemunhu” iboka rakakura rinosanganisira chero ruzivo runogona kushandiswa kuburitsa kuzivikanwa kwemunhu — kusanganisira nezve zviitiko zvemari (semuenzaniso, nhoroondo yekutenga, kufambiswa kwemagetsi, uye mihoro).

Pazasi pane mimwe mienzaniso yekuti vanhu vangashandise sei kodzero yavo (yemari) kuvanzika:

• Kutenga kudzora kuzvara pamhepo pasina mhuri yako ichibvunza kuti sei usiri kuda kuwedzera headcount pagore rinouya rekutenda. Fungidzira mabhanga akaburitsa ruzivo rwezvekutengeserana pamhepo zvekuti Mbuya Beth vaiziva kuti Cheryl aimunyima vazukuru. Zvinhu zvaizooma sei?
• Kupa kune rinobatsira pasina kuburitsa ruzivo rwemari yawakapa kana kuti wakapa zvachose. Izvi zvakakosha kana iwe uchipa kune chinopa chikonzero icho chinogona kuramba chichisimudza tsiye mune mamwe madenderedzwa-kana iwe unovenga kuisa pane chiitiko uye kudhirowa (zvisina kufanira) kutarisa kune ako philanthropic zviitiko.
• Kupa kune chikonzero chezvematongerwo enyika chausingadi kushamwaridzana nacho pachena. Tora, semuenzaniso, Vitalik Buterin (akabva kuRussia) achipa kumauto eUkraine kurwisa kurwisa kweRussia-zvichipiwa nyika yeVitalik, mupiro weruzhinji ungadai wakakonzera dambudziko risingakoshi rePR, saka mari yakatumirwa kuburikidza neTornado Cash pachinzvimbo .
• Kuita mubhadharo pasina kufumura mamiriro emari yako kune vanoita zvakaipa. Iwe haudi kuti mumwe munhu azive kuti wakawana $ X mumari yakawandisa gore rapfuura, izvo zvinovapa ruzivo rwakakwana kugadzira chirongwa chekuba mari iyoyo (semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nehutsotsi uye mamwe maitiro einjiniya emagariro).
• Kubhadhara vashandi pasina kuburitsa ruzivo nezve mihoro yevashandi. Zvimwe ungada kuchengeta ruzivo rwezviitwa zvezvemari zvekambani yako zvakavanzika, kana kuti vashandi vako vanoda kuchengetedza ruzivo irworwo pachivande.

Mienzaniso iyi inopa zviitiko zvekushandisa zvekuvanzika kwemari, asi zvakare inoburitsa pachena vatsoropodzi vekodzero dzekuvanzika vanowanzotadza kubvuma: kuvanzika hachisi chinhu chatinotenda kuti tinoda kusvika kana nguva yapera. Zvakajairika "chii chauri kuvanza?" retort inotadza kubvuma mamwe mamiriro apo mapato anobatanidzwa anoda kuburitsa zvishoma kana kusaziva nezve kutengeserana kwemari. Uye kunyange kana vanhu vaida kuvanza zvinhu nokuda kwezvikonzero zvisina tsarukano, nei vachivanetserei, chero bedzi chishuvo chavo chokuvanda chisingaiti mungozi utano nechengeteko yevanhu?

Zviri nani kuva nazvo, usingashaiwi, pane kushaiwa, usina. ― Franz Kafka

Kugadzirisa dambudziko rekuvanzika kweEthereum neEIP-7503

Kusiyana netsanangudzo dzekutanga nevatsigiri nevatsoropodzi zvakafanana, ma blockchains eruzhinji seEthereum neBitcoin ari kure nekusazivikanwa kana kuvanzika. Aya mazwi maviri anowanzo kusanganiswa, asi anoreva zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana:

• Kuvanzika kunoreva kuti zviito zvako zvakavanzika zvinoteedzerwa kune yako veruzhinji, asi ruzivo rwezviito zvako rwakavanzwa. Ngatitii unotumira email yakavharidzirwa uchishandisa PGP ( Yakanaka Yakanaka Yakavanzika ) chishandiso: maseva etsamba anoziva kuti wakatumira email kune imwe (ino zivikanwa) bato, asi haigone kuverenga zvirimo. Ichi chiitiko chakavanzika nekuti hapana mumwe munhu anoziva kuti wakatumira email, kunze kweanogamuchira.

• Kusazivikanwa kunoreva kuti zviito zvako zveruzhinji zvinobviswa kubva pakuzivikanwa kwako neruzhinji. Kushandisa muenzaniso wekare: yekufungidzira, peer-to-peer isingazivikanwe email sevhisi inogona kukanganisa kwainoenda uye kwainoenda email yakavharidzirwa, uku uchichengeta rekodhi reruzhinji reese maemail anofambiswa kuburikidza netiweki. Ichi chiitiko cheveruzhinji sezvo rekodhi yemumwe munhu anotumira email ichionekwa kune wese anotora chikamu panetiweki, asi email kero ihashi tambo ( 0xdeadbeef ) uye kwete mazita ( [email protected] ).

  
  

Ethereum haisi yakavanzika nekuti blockchain inochengetedza rekodhi yega yega yekutengesa, kusanganisira kuti yakawanda sei yakatamiswa uye chii pa-cheni zviito izvo kutengeserana kwakaitwa. Ethereum haina kuzivikanwa, chero, nekuti ruzivo nezve maakaundi ekutengesa pane blockchain (inozivikanwa nemakero ) ndeyeruzhinji. Iwe haugone kushandisa zita rechokwadi se "Alice Hopkins" kuaccount yako yeEthereum, asi kushandisa kero imwe chete yekutengeserana kwega kwega kunobvumira blockchain forensics kuti ienderane kutengeserana kune yako chaiyo-yenyika-uchishandisa nzira dzakaita se IP kero monitoring , kero clustering , uye girafu. analysis .

Ethereum saka inotsanangurwa nemazvo seasingazivikanwe uye haigone kuvimbisa kusazivikanwa kana kuvanzika. Izvo zvakashata kupuratifomu inotarisirwa kuve iyo yekugadziriswa layer yeramangwana Internet yeKukosha. Nezvemamiriro ezvinhu, mabhangi anotopa imwe nhanho yekuvanzika kune vashandisi nekuchengetedza data rezvemari mumadhatabhesi epakati ane akasimba ekudzora nzira dzekudzivirira dziripo kudzivirira kupinda kusingatenderwe.

Iyi i“pseudo-yakavanzika” sezvo bhanga nevanopa dhatabhesi vanopa ruzivo vachikwanisa kuwana ruzivo urwu uye vanogona kuita chero chavanoda narwo (semuenzaniso, kumisa kubhadhara kune dzimwe nyika kutevedzera zvirango zvichibva mukuongororwa kwekwainotamiswa). Asi muchiitiko chekare che "sarudza pakati padhiyabhorosi uye gungwa rakadzika rebhuruu," munhuwo zvake angangotora humwe huchivande pamusoro pekusavanzika, izvo zvinorambidza kuvhura account yeEthereum uye kuve nekuita kwese-chetani kunoonekwa nenyika.

Vazhinji vakaziva dambudziko iri, kunyanya nekuti rinodzinga vashandisi kure kubva kune akatemerwa matekinoroji senge Ethereum kune epakati mhinduro dzinopa zvishoma zvirinani kuvanzika vimbiso pamutengo wekupokana nekuongorora uye pachena (pakati pevamwe). Semuenzaniso, Vitalik's The Three Transitions inopa nharo huru yekukosha kwekuvanzika kune tarisiro yeEthereum yekutorwa kwevanhu vakawanda:

Pasina yechitatu [shanduko yekuchinjisa zvakavanzika-kuchengetedza], Ethereum inokundikana nekuti kuve nekutengesa kwese (uye maPOAPs, nezvimwewo) kunowanikwa pachena kuti chero munhu aone kwakakwira zvakanyanya kuzvipira kwekuvanzika kune vazhinji vashandisi, uye munhu wese anoenda kune epakati mhinduro izvo zvishoma viga data rako. — Vitalik Buterin

EIP-7503 kuedza kugadzirisa mamwe ematambudziko akatsanangurwa kare, kunyanya kushaikwa kwekusazivikanwa kune vanotumira kutengeserana. Chikumbiro chinotanga nzira yekero yekuparadza nemaune Ether (ETH) nekutumira mari kune imwe kero isingagoneki , uye kuunza ZK-SNARK uchapupu hwekusimbisa dhipoziti kune kero isingagoneki. Kana humbowo uhwu hukapfuura humbowo, huwandu hwematokens eETH (akaenzana nechiyero chekero isingagoneki) inonyorerwa kukero nyowani yesarudzo yemushandisi-kutyora chinongedzo pakati pekutumira uye kugamuchira kero inobatanidzwa mukufambiswa kwemari.

EIP-7503 inokwereta mazano kubva kune aripo ekuvanzika maprotocol kuti asimbise zvakavanzika-kuchengetedza kutengeserana paEthereum. Semuenzaniso, chikumbiro chinoita kuti zviome kutsvaga mari yakagamuchirwa mune imwe minting transaction kune imwe sosi kuburikidza nekushandura seti yese yeEthereum kero neETH chiyero uye zero inobuda kutengeserana kuita kusazivikanwa seti . Iwe haugoni kuziva zviri nyore kero A inokonzera kupisa ETH iyo kero B yakagadziriswazve mukutengeserana kunotevera: A inogona kuva imwe yemamiriyoni emakero ane chiyero chisina zero asi asina kutanga Ethereum.

Izvi zvakafanana nemafungiro ekusanganisa mari pamwe chete kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana kuva dziva rimwe chete uye kubvumira vanoisa mari kuti vabvise mari kubva mudziva vachishandisa kero yakasiyana. Nekudaro, EIP-7503 inofananidzira zvakanaka kune cryptocurrency musanganiswa seTornado Cash nekuti inopa zvinogoneka kurambwa . Kurambwa kunonzwisisika ipfungwa yatichazoongorora gare gare, asi chaunoda kuziva parizvino ndechekuti inobvumidza iwe (mushandisi ari kuita EIP-7503 kuendesa zvakavanzika) anogona kuramba kumboita kutengeserana kwakavanzika.

Kurambwa kunonzwisisika chinhu chakakosha cheEIP-7503 chinodzivirira vataridzi vekunze kubva pakusa-anonymizing vatumiri vezvakavanzika zvekutengeserana. Izvi zvinogona kudzivirira kudzokororwa kweTornado Cash fiasco umo mamwe makero akaiswa mazita uye kurambidzwa kuwana dapps, kuchinjana, uye DeFi protocol nekuti on-chain forensics yakaratidza kudyidzana kwenhoroondo neTornado Cash-kunyangwe mamwe maakaundi aya akabatana neTornado Cash. nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakanaka (semuenzaniso, kuita zvipo zvepachivande).

EIP-7503 inokweretawo kubva kune mamwe ekuvanzika-centric maprotocol seZcash neAztec v1 nekushandisa cryptographic proofs kusimbisa kutengeserana pasina kufumura ruzivo rwekutengeserana. Kusimbisa kutengeserana nenzira yekuchengetedza zvakavanzika kunovimbisa kuti Ethereum inogona kutsigira zvakachengeteka kuendeswa kwepachivande pasina kukanganisa huripo huripo hwekuchengetedza hunoenderana netiweki yakagoverwa ye node ichiita zvakare kutengeserana kwega kwega kuti isimbise kururama kwayo. Tichaongorora zvakadzama kuti EIP-7503 inoshandisa sei ZK-SNARKs pasi pehodhi kutsigira kuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka kwekutamisa kwakavanzika paEthereum muzvikamu zvinotevera (pakati pezvimwe zvinhu).

Caveat *: Zvisinei nekusiyanisa kuvanzika kubva mukusazivikanwa, ndichave ndichishandisa "zvakavanzika" uye "zvisingazivikanwe" zvakasiyana muchinyorwa chino kuchengetedza zvinhu zviri nyore uye kudzivirira kuvhiringika kune vaverengi vanowanzofunga nezvepfungwa mbiri sechinhu chimwe chete. Zvakare, EIP-7503 inosanganisira zvinhu zvekusazivikanwa (kutyora hukama pakati pevanotumira nevanogamuchira) uye kuvanzika (kuwedzerwa kuri kukurudzirwa kuchikumbiro chazvino kunobvumira vashandisi kuvanza mari yekuisa uye yekubvisa).*

Mhedziso yeEIP-7503: Zero-Knowledge Wormholes

Padanho repamusoro, EIP-7503 inoshanda seinotevera:

1. Vashandisi "vanopisa" ETH nekuitumira kukero ine chiyero chisingashandiswi

Kero haishandiswe kana pasina munhu anowana kiyi yakavanzika inodiwa kusaina (yechokwadi) transaction inopedza kubva pasara. Izvi zvakafanana nekutumira mari kune zero kero : iyo account haina kiyi yakavanzika, ichiita kuti chero asset igamuchire isingachinjike kana "kupiswa".

Zero kero ndiyo yakapfuma account muEthereum ine mari inodarika $280 miriyoni mune token holdings. Kunze kwevashandisi vashoma vanosuwa vanotumira mari kukero zero netsaona, ruzhinji rwevashandisi vanotumira ma tokens anotumirwa kukero zero vari kugadzira kondirakiti (inoda kuseta zero kero semugamuchiri) kana kutora nemaune zviratidzo izvozvo. kunze kwekutenderera.

Iyo yekutanga ERC-20 token standard haitsananguri mabasa ekudzikisa kupihwa kwechiratidzo, izvo zvinoreva kuti ma tokens ekare seWETH (akaputirwa Ether) haana nzira yekuona kuti vashandisi vanotora yakaputirwa midziyo kunze kwekutenderera vasati vabvisa dhipoziti yepakutanga. Kutumira WETH tokeni kukero zero, zvisinei, kunoita kuti dzisashande uye kunotevedzera kudzikiswa kwekutenderera kweWETH pese painobviswa ETH muchibvumirano cheWETH. Kana iwe uchishamisika kuti WETH inochengetedza sei 1: 1 reshiyo neyakazvarwa ETH, pane mhinduro yako.

EIP-7503 inoshandisa nzira yakafanana yekubvumira vashandisi kupisa ETH uye mint tokens kune imwe kero paEthereum nediki twist. Panzvimbo pekukumbira vashandisi kuti vatumire mari kune imwe kero yekupisa, EIP-7503 inoda kuti vashandisi vagadzire yakasarudzika kero yekupisa kwese kutengeserana usati wagadzira ETH kune imwe kero.

2. Vashandisi vanogadzira yakavanzika yekupisa kana "kupisa risiti" inoratidza kuti vakapisa imwe chiyero cheETH mukutengeserana kwekare nekutumira kune kero yekutsva.

Kutumira mari kune kero yekupisa (yakagadzirwa zvinoenderana neiyo EIP-7503 yakatarwa) zvakaenzana nekupinza mari mugonye-haikwanise kudzoserwa. Asi iwe unogona kuratidza ruzivo rwechimwe chinhu chakatumirwa kune wormhole uchishandisa ZK-SNARK ( Z ero- Knowledge S uccinct A rgument of Knowledge ); ndosaka izwi rekuti "zero-knowledge wormholes".

Humbowo hwekutsva hwakavanzika nekuti mushandisi anongofanirwa kuratidza kuti yakatumira tokeni kukero isingabatike A pasina kuburitsa A mugwara. Kugadzira humbowo hwekutsva kunoda kuratidza kuti kero yekutsva haigoneki. Sei? Kukumbira vashandisi kuti vapise ETH yekuzvarwa vasati vagadzira matoke matsva eETH kune kero yeanogamuchira inovimbisa kuenzana (mukukosha uye fungibility) yemhando mbiri dzezvinhu, kana vashandisi vanogona kuzobvisa mari kubva kukero yekupisa, iyo 1: 1 pegi pakati peiyo ETH yekuzvarwa uye minted. ETH tokens yaizomira kuvapo.

3. Vashandisi vanogadzira ETH tokens nekuendesa humbowo hwega-hwekupisa kune yakazara node inopa mushandisi mari yakaenzana nedhipoziti yakaendeswa kukero yekutsva.

EIP-7503 inosvitsa rudzi rutsva rwekutengeserana muEVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) inogamuchira uchapupu hwekupisa uye mugamuchiri semapindiro uye mints mitsva yeETH tokens kune kero yekutumira kana uchapupu huchinyatsosimbiswa. Kudzivirira kugadzira ETH kaviri kune imwechete kupisa transaction, yakakosha "nullifier" kukosha inonamirwa kune yega humbowo-ye-kutsva kuteedzera kushandiswa kwekero.

Kana iyo ETH yakatumirwa kukero isingashandiswe yakadhindwazve zvinobudirira, iyo isina maturo inodzivirira mushandisi asina kutendeseka kubva pakugadzira humbowo hutsva hwekutsva kwemari yakatumirwa kare kukero (kureva, kurwiswa kaviri-miting). Zvakakosha, iyo inobvisa inozivisa kero yakashandiswa pasina kuburitsa ruzivo nezvekero mune yakajeka.

Nekusuma kwepamusoro-soro, isu tinokwanisa ikozvino kunyura mune yakaderera-chikamu ruzivo rweEIP-7503 kuita. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvichakurukura zvakakosha zvekushandisa EIP-7503 senge:

• Chizvarwa chekero isingagoneki
• Generation of private proofs-of-burn
• Kuongororwa kwehumbowo hwepachivande-hwe-kutsva
• Minting yeETH kune vanogashira vega kutamiswa

Kugadzira kero isingashande

Kero yenguva dzose yeEthereum ndiyo yekutanga 20 bytes yeKeccak256 hash yekiyi yeruzhinji inogadzirwa kubva kukiyi yakavanzika yeakaundi (kiyi yakavanzika inhamba inogadzirwa kubva mumutsara wemnemonic kana mhodzi). Ose makiyi akavanzika uye makiyi eruzhinji anogadzirwa uchishandisa Elliptic Curve Digital Siginecha Algorithm (ECDSA). ECDSA inyaya yakaoma ("yakaoma" ndiyo yandinofarira euphemism yekuti "ane masvomhu akawanda"), asi hezvino zviwanikwa zvishoma-zvinoiswa kubva kune wekutanga kuenda kune nyanzvi pamusoro pemusoro wenyaya:

• A (Zviri Nyore Kunzwisisa) Primer paElliptic Curve Cryptography (Cloudflare blog)
• Elliptic Curve Digital Siginecha Algorithm (Wikipedia)
• Elliptic Curve Digital Siginecha Algorithm (Bitcoin Wiki)
• ECDSA: Elliptic Curve Masaini (Inoshanda Cryptography Yevagadziri)

Kiyi yeruzhinji inotorwa nekuwanza kiyi yakavanzika (inonzi zvakavanzika kana s kwenguva pfupi) neinokosha "jenareta" kukosha G kuburitsa kukosha kutsva kwefomu pubKey = privKey * G . T kero inogadzirwa nekumhanyisa kiyi yeruzhinji kuburikidza neKeccak256 hash basa uye kutora ekutanga mabhayithi makumi maviri ehashi tambo. Mune pseudo-mathematical notation, oparesheni inoita senge: A = K(s * G) , apo A iri kero, s ndiyo yakavanzika kana kiyi yakavanzika, uye G inzvimbo yejenareta pa elliptic curve.

Kero, kiyi yeruzhinji, uye kiyi yakavanzika inoshandisa zvinangwa zvakasiyana kwazvo:

• Kero inogoverwa kuruzhinji uye inoratidza iyo account inogamuchira mari inotamiswa mukutengeserana.
• Iyo yakavanzika kiyi inoshandiswa kusaina meseji inoraira network kuendesa ma tokens kubva muyero yekero uye inofanira kuvanzika.
• Kiyi yeruzhinji inobvumira kuona kuti siginicha yekutengeserana yakagadzirwa nekiyi yakavanzika inoenderana.

Chinhu chekupedzisira mune rondedzero chinonongedza pane yakavanzika: zvinokwanisika chete kushandisa mari inotumirwa kukero kana iwe uchidzora kiyi yakavanzika-kureva, iwe unoziva kiyi yakavanzika yakashandiswa kugadzira kiyi yeruzhinji, kubva kero yakatorwa. Kana iwe usingazive kiyi yakavanzika yekero, kana kiyi yakavanzika inodzorwa nemumwe munhu, haugone kushandisa mari kubva kukero iyoyo.

Tinoziva sei kana chiyero chekero A chisingashandiswi? Tinogona kutanga nekusarudza zvisina tsarukano 20-byte kukosha A uye kutora mukana wechinhu chakakosha checryptographic hash ** mabasa anozivikanwa se preimage resistance . Nemashoko akareruka, preimage resistance inoreva kuti hatikwanise kuwana kukosha x zvekuti H(x) (hashi ye x ) yakafanana A kana A akasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano. Mune pseudo-mathematical notation, kuda uku ndekwechimiro: H(x) ≠ A .

A ndiwo mufananidzo wehashi (kubuda kwebasa rehashi) uye x ndiyo mufananidzo weiyo hashi basa (iyo inopinza kune iyo hashi basa). Kutsvaga kukosha kwe x kune H(x) = A kwakaoma nekuda kwe (a) kuwanda kwenhamba yezviverengero zvinogoneka (b) mashandisirwo anoiswa neashi basa kuti abudise zvinobuda. Saka nzira chete yaunga "fembera" kukosha kwe x inoguma A ndeye kana uine huwandu hukuru hwesimba rekombuta uye nguva yakakwana pamaoko ako kuti umhanye nenhamba huru yekuverenga kuti uwane H(x) = A .

Kunyange iyi isiri yako Cryptography 101 kirasi, tsananguro yapfuura inobata kiyi pfuma yemazuva ano cryptography masisitimu. Iyo preimage kuramba midziyo yehashi mabasa inoitawo basa rakakosha muEIP-7503: kana A iri isingaite 20-byte kukosha, tine chivimbo chakakwana chekuti mushandisi haakwanise kutora yakavanzika kiyi s haana nzira yekushandisa mari kubva kukero. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, hazvibviri kuverenga A = H(h(s * G) , apo A ndiyo kero yekupisa, s ndiyo kiyi yega yega kana chakavanzika, uye G ndiyo nzvimbo yejenareta (chinyorwa chiduku: k(s * G) yakaenzana ne x kubva mundima yapfuura).

Asi, zano iri harina kupusa zvachose. Semuenzaniso, tingaziva sei kuti A ndeyechokwadi uye haisi mhedzisiro yekombuta s * G ? Kana mushandisi ari kusarudza A akazvimiririra, tinoda kuvimba nemushandisi kana kuvaka maitiro akaomarara ekuona kuti A yakasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano; kana tichisarudza A , hatifanire kuvimba nemushandisi-asi pane mukana usiri wekuti mumwe munhu angaite rombo rakanaka nekufungidzira x . Sezvo x = s * G , ruzivo urwu runogona kubvumira mushandisi kutora kiyi yakavanzika s uye kushandisa kubva kukero inonzi haishande.

Izvi zviripachena zvidiki uye zvinosimbisa kudiwa kweimwe nzira yakachengeteka yekugadzira kero dzisingagoneki. Sezvineiwo, cryptographic hash mabasa ane chimwe chivakwa chatinogona kushandisa: collision-resistance . Mumashoko akapfava, kudhumhana-kuramba kunoreva kuti haugone kuwana H(x) = H(y) , apo x uye y zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuisa-kureva kuti, kuverenga kwemaheshi emhando dzakasiyana dzekupinza hakugone "kudhumhana" uye kuburitsa mhedzisiro imwe chete.

Kudhumhana-kupokana kwakakosha pakudzivirira manyepo (pakati pezvimwe zvinhu): vanhu vaviri vane mapeji maviri akasiyana vanozogara vaine tambo dzakasiyana dzehashi uye mumwe haagone kutaura kuti ane zvaakapinza zvinozivikanwa kune mumwe munhu chete. Imwe vhezheni yekudhumhana-kupokana ndeyekuti haugone kuwana H1(x) = H2(x) , uko H1 H2 vanobva kumhuri dzakasiyana dzehashi mabasa. Mune mamwe mazwi, kuverenga kwehashi ye x uchishandisa akasiyana hashing algorithms haigone "kudhumhana" uye kusvika pakubuda kwakafanana.

Kuti tinzwisise kuti sei izvi zvichigoneka, isu tichagadzira muenzaniso wakagadzirwa kutsanangura kuti hash mabasa anotevera anoshanda sei.

Interlude: Cryptographic hash mabasa emanoobs

Tichashandisa muenzaniso wakagadzirwa kutsanangura kuti cryptographic hash inoshanda sei uye kuti zvakakosha sei zvivakwa zvakaita sekupokana kuramba uye kuramba kurwiswa kwe-pre-image kunovimbiswa. Tsananguro iyi inorerutsa mamwe pfungwa nekuda kwekupfupika uye kuwanikwa, zvisinei (verenga bepa nezve hashi mabasa kana uri anoda cryptographer):

Alice, Bob, Cheryl naMax ndevemapato ezvematongerwo enyika anokwikwidza: Alice naBob inhengo dzeBlue Party, ukuwo Cheryl naMax vari veRed Party. Blue Party stalwarts uye Red Party stalwarts vanoda kugovana ruzivo pakati pavo pasina kuburitsa ruzivo rwakadzama kune nhengo dzebato rinokwikwidza uye vakazvimirira vanouya nemakodhi akasiyana ekunyorera meseji.

Kodhi yeBlue Party inozivikanwa seDouble Letter algorithm, ukuwo Red Party inoshandisa musiyano unonzi Triple Letter Algorithm. Kodhi iri nyore kwazvo: tinotsiva maarufabheti nenhamba kana tichinyora mameseji-nhamba yega yega mumutsara wemutsara inoreva vara pane imwe nzvimbo yearufabheti. Iyo "encryption" bit inobva panzira yatinosarudza nhamba kuti imiririre alphabets:

• MuBlue Party "Double Letter" kodhi, tinokamura nhamba imwe neimwe nembiri uye toshandisa nhamba inobuda (n) kutsvaga vara munzvimbo yenth yearufabheti. Semuenzaniso, tinokwanisa encrypt "BOY" as 4-30-50 : 4/2 = 2 ("B" ibhii rechipiri rearufabheti); 30/2 = 15 (“O” ibhii rechigumi neshanu rearufabheti); 50/2 is 25 (“Y” ibhii rechimakumi maviri neshanu paarufabheti).
• MuRed Party "Triple Letter" kodhi, tinogovanisa nhamba imwe neimwe nenhatu uye toshandisa nhamba inobuda (n) kutsvaga vara munzvimbo yenth yearufabheti. Semuenzaniso, tinokwanisa encrypt "BOY" as 6-45-=75 : 6/3 = 2 (“B” ibhii rechipiri rearufabheti); 45/3 = 15 (“O” ibhii rechigumi neshanu rearufabheti); 75/3 = 25 (“Y” ibhii rechimakumi maviri neshanu rearufabheti).

Uyu muenzaniso unoshandisa encryption kune imwechete meseji, asi isu tinogona kutarisira kuti Blue Party neRed Party vanhu vachange vachitsinhana mameseji akasiyana mukuita (semuenzaniso, "Max is a jerk" (Alice → Bob) uye "Blue Party nhengo dzakarasika" ( Cheryl → Max), nezvimwewo). Zvakadaro, encrypting iwo meseji imwe chete nemakodhi akasiyana kunobatsira pakutsanangura kudhumhana-kupokana mu cryptographic hash mabasa:

Kana "BOY" yakavharidzirwa uchishandisa Blue Party's "Double Letter" algorithm uye Red Party's "Triple Letter" algorithm, mibairo yakasiyana kwazvo ( 4-30-50 uye 6-45-75 , zvichiteerana). Nhengo yeBlue Party haigone kugadzira 6-45-75 , kunze kwekushandisa iyo Red Party encryption algorithm; uye nhengo yeRed Party haigone kuburitsa 4-30-50 setambo yemeseji, kunze kwekushandisa iyo Blue Party encryption algorithm. Sezvo bato rega rega richirinda ruzivo rwe encryption algorithm, tinoziva kuti nhengo yebato inokwikwidza haigone kudhipfenyura meseji yanga isina kuitirwa ivo.

Cryptographic hash mabasa akasiyana ne encryption algorithms: hash mabasa inzira imwe chete uye haina nzira yekutora mapimendi kubva kune yakabuda, nepo encryption algorithms senge iwo kubva kumuenzaniso ane kiyi yekudhipfenyura zvinopinza kune encryption basa. Asi hashi mabasa uye encryption algorithms ane akafanana, kunyanya munzvimbo yekudhumhana-kupokana. Sekungotadza kuwana zvakabuda zvakafanana (meseji yakavharidzirwa) yekuisa kamwe chete tichishandisa akasiyana encryption algorithms, hatigone kuwana yakafanana inobuda (hashi) yekuisa kamwe chete uchishandisa akasiyana hashi mabasa.

Tinogona kushandisa kudhumhana kwekupokana kwehashi mabasa kuti tigadzire kero isingachinjike yekupisa midziyo sezvinodiwa neEIP-7503. Kutanga, tinokumbira vashandisi kuti vasarudze kukosha kwakavanzika s (kiyi yakavanzika yeakaunti yeEthereum), komputa iyo Keccak256 hashi s * G kuti itore kiyi yeruzhinji, uye hashi kiyi yeruzhinji kuti itore kero A . Zvadaro tinokumbira mushandisi kuti abudise kero itsva B nekuita hashing kukosha kwakavanzika s neakasiyana hashi basa rinoratidzwa saH uye kutora ekutanga mabhayiti makumi maviri ezvakabuda sekero.

Chinangwa chedu? Tinoda kupedzisa ne K(x) ≠ H(x) , apo K inomiririra Keccak256 hash function uye H inomiririra hashi basa kubva kune akasiyana mhuri yehashi function. Nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuita, tinoda kuti H ive "ZK-inoshamwaridzika" (kureva, kuongorora mhedzisiro yeH H(x) mukati medunhu kunofanirwa kuve kwakachipa uye nekukurumidza).

Hatikwanise kuziva kiyi yeruzhinji yeB nekuti kero yakagadzirwa zvisina tsarukano pachinzvimbo chekushandisa Keccak256 hash s * G (kiyi yega yega yakapetwa nejenareta), zvinoreva kuti kiyi yepachivande yeB haizivikanwe. Kana tisingazive kiyi yepachivande yeB , hatikwanise kuburitsa masiginicha anoshanda emeseji inopedza chikamu cheB . Nemaitiro akasarudzika ekugadzira kero dzisingabatike, isu tave nenzira yekuti vashandisi vapise ETH vasati vagadzirazve midziyo.

Kugadzira iyo yakavanzika-yekupisa

Tinoratidza sei kuti mumwe mushandisi akatumira ETH kune kero isingabatike uye kero isingabatike yakagadzirwa nemushandisi iyeye? Cheki chekutanga chinodiwa kuti tidzivise kubiridzira kweETH (hatigadziri ma tokens matsva eETH kunze kwekunge tine humbowo hwekuti mushandisi akapisa ETH kare), asi chechipiri chechipiri chakakoshawo: tinoda kuziva kuti kero yakagadzirwa ne mushandisi-zvikasadaro, tingada chimedu cheruzivo (semuenzaniso, hashi yekutengeserana kwekupisa) kuratidza kuti mushandisi haasi kuedza kutora dhipoziti yemumwe munhu.

Sezvo isu tichida kudzivirira kuburitsa ruzivo nezve mushandisi kutora chikamu mugwaro rekuvanzika, isu tinobvumira vashandisi kuti vagadzire zero-ruzivo humbowo hunoratidza ruzivo rwe s (yakavanzika kukosha yakakurumidza kutora kero yekutsva) pasina kuburitsa pachena. Ziro-ruzivo humbowo hunosimbisa ruzivo rwemushandisi kero B inotorwa kubva mumhedzisiro yeH H(s) : sezvo s yakasarudzwa muchivande, mumwe munhu haakwanise kuverengera kukosha kwakasiyana H(x) zvekuti H(s) = H(s) . Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekudhumhana kuramba midziyo yehashi mabasa atsanangurwa kare.

Hiding s inodzivirira vanoita zvakaipa kuti vadzikinure mari yemushandisi nekuendesa humbowo hunosimbisa ruzivo rwechakavanzika s (chinoshandiswa kugadzira kero isingaverengeki) kune EIP-7503 verifier. Ichi chikamu chinotarisa kuti sei tichikwanisa kugadzira humbowo hweruzivo hunoratidza H(s) = A pasina kuda kuti muongorori averenge H(s) yega. Asi iwe unogona kuverenga Vitalik's Quadratic Arithmetic Zvirongwa: Zero KuGamba uye chinyorwa changu paZK-EVM cheimwe mamiriro ekushandisa ZK-SNARKs kuratidza huchokwadi hwekombuta pasina kuburitsa mapopu.

Isu tinotsanangura iyo zero-ruzivo humbowo hunosimbisa kuendesa kwemushandisi mari kukero isingashande (aka, kero yekutsva ) se "chiratidzo chekupisa" kana "kupisa risiti". Uchapupu hwekutsva hunoratidza zvirevo zvinotevera:

• Mushandisi anoziva kero A uye kukosha kwakavanzika s kwakakurumidza kutora A (kureva, H(s) = A ). Uku kutarisa kuti kero haigoneki nekusimbisa A ndiyo mhedzisiro yehashing s ine (ZK-inoshamwaridzana) hashi basa rakasiyana neKeccak256 hash basa rinoshandiswa kugadzira kero dzeEthereum dzinoshandiswa.

• Kero A ine chiyero chakanaka cheETH chakaenzana kana chikuru pane b ( b ≥ b' ). Uku kutarisa kuti mari iyo mushandisi ari kuyedza kuisa kukero yekugamuchira yakangofanana nemari yakaiswa mukero isingaverengeki.

  
  

Nepo kuratidza #1 kuri nyore, kuratidza #2 kunoda kusimbisa zvimwe zvinhu nezve Ethereum mamiriro. Kunyanya, tinofanira kuratidza kuti (a) kero isingashandiswi iripo muCanonical Ethereum state trie uye (b) chiyero chinorehwa chekero isingaverengeki inowirirana nechiyero chinobatanidzwa nekero muhurumende yetrie. Izvi zvinoda kupfuudza chiratidzo cheMerkle chekero A sechipo kudunhu rinoburitsa humbowo hwekutsva.

Humbowo hweMerkle hune mashizha eMerkle Patricia Trie (MPT) anodiwa kuverengera nzira kubva pashizha ratiri kuedza kuratidza (kero A ) kusvika kumudzi weMerkle trie (mudzi wetatu zvakare chikamu che Merkle uchapupu). Tinoda humbowo hwekuti mudzi wehurumende-uyo unoshandiswa kuonesa humbowo hweMerkle-uriwo pamutemo, saka tinoda kuti mushandisi apfuure musoro weblock B seimwe yekuwedzera kudunhu. Iyi seti yeruzivo inobvumira mutsigiri ane zviwanikwa kuti anyatsoona kuti kuiswa kwekero A mudunhu kunoedza uye kusimbisa chikamu b cheA .

Cherechedza *: EIP-7503 tsanangudzo inokurudzira kutora Merkle humbowo hunodiwa kuratidza kuiswa kwekero yekutsva mu state trie uye kusimbisa chiyero chekero kuburikidza ne * eth_getProof JSON-RPC nzira yakaunzwa muEIP -1186 .

Kugadzira manullifiers emakero

Imwezve yekuisa kuZK-SNARK dunhu rinogadzira humbowo hwedhipoziti kukero isingaverengeki ndeye nullifier . Iyo nullifier kukosha kunodzivirira mushandisi kushandisa imwechete proof-of-burn to mint ETH kaviri . Pasina chinhu chisina basa, hapana chinomisa mushandisi ane ruzivo kubva pakushandisa zvakare humbowo-hwe-kupisa kubvisa ETH kakawanda: kubva pakuona kwenode yekugadzirisa EIP-7503 kuchinjirwa kwepachivande, izvi zvekubvisa zvinoshanda nekuti chiyero chekero isingagoneki hachimbodzikisire. inogona kuwedzera chete).

Iyo nullifier inopfuudzwa seyekupinza kuZK-SNARK inoratidza dunhu kuitira kuti humbowo-hwe-kupisa huve husina basa kana hwanyatsosimbiswa. Isu tinowana ichi chivakwa nekubvisa iyo (yakashandiswa) nullifier kubva kune humbowo uye nekuichengeta muSparse Merkle Tree (SMT). Kusiyana nemiti yenguva dzose yeMerkle iyo inogona kunyatsoratidza kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu, Sparse Merkle miti inoshanda kuratidza kusabatanidzwa kwezvinhu. Hurukuro yeSMTs iri kunze kwechikamu, asi chinyorwa chakambobatanidzwa chinopa tarisiro huru yevaverengi vanofarira.

Iyo SMT inobatsira mune iyi nyaya nekuti iyo ZK-SNARK yekuongorora maitiro inongofanira kutarisa kuti SMT haisanganisire isina chinhu yakanamatira humbowo huchangobva kutumirwa. Kana chinobvisa chisipo paSparse Merkle Tree, tinoziva kuti mushandisi haasati amboshandisa humbowo hwekutsva uye ari kubvisa dhipoziti itsva . Isu tinowedzera iyo yakashandiswa nullifier kuSMT kuti tichengete kero yekupisa inoshandiswa kumisazve ETH pasina kuburitsa pachena kero yekutsva.

Chii chingaitika kana tikangochengeta kero dzekupisa mumuti weMerkle, totarisa kuti kero kubva kune humbowo hutsva hwekutsva haisi chikamu chemuti paunenge uchigadzira kubviswa kutsva?

Kushandisa kero yekutsva sechinhu chisina maturo kunobvumira vataridzi vekunze kuti vafumure mutumiri wekutengesa kwekutsva nekuyambuka-kutarisa nhoroondo yekutengeserana kwekero vachipesana nerondedzero yemakero ekupisa akachengetwa pa-cheni. Kamwe kero yekutsva (zvisingadzivisiki) inoratidzika semugamuchiri mune imwe yekutengeserana kwakatangwa neanotumira, chero munhu anogona kuratidza kuti munhu anodzora account akapiswa uye akadzokororazve ETH.

Kushandisa iyo hashi yekutsva (isina kushandiswa) kero kunoita kuti zviome, asi zvisingaite, kuziva mari yakatamiswa pachivande. Izvi zvinoda hutsinye-kumanikidza kurwiswa kunoverenga hashi yega yega kero yeEthereum iripo kusvikira imwe yehashi ichienderana neisina basa yakachengetwa muSMT. Kana fungidziro yehashi isingashande yawanikwa (kureva, kero isingabatike), matanho akatsanangurwa kare anogona kuitwa kuronda account yakatumira mari kukero isingabatike iri mubvunzo.

Isu tinokwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri nekutsvaga nzira yakachengeteka yekugadzira manullifiers. Iyo nzira yakagamuchirwa mune yazvino EIP-7503 kutsanangurwa ndeye kushandisa imwecheteyo (ZK-inoshamwaridzika) hashi basa kugadzira isina maturo N nehashing kero yekupisa ine chakavanzika kukosha s . Mune pseudo-mathematical notation, izvi zvinoita se: N = H(A,s) , apo A iri kero isingaverengeki uye s ndiyo kukosha kwakavanzika kwakagadzira A pakutanga.

Yakavanzika kukosha s inotsanangurwa semunyu mune ino chiitiko. Kukosha kwemunyu uku kunotowedzera kuoma kwekutora ruzivo rwekupisa kero kubva kune zvisizvo: kana s yaizivikanwa, mucherechedzi aigona kuita hutsinye-simba kurwisa uye kumhanya ese angangoita masanganiswa hash(burnaddress,secret) inoburitsa isina maturo N yakachengetwa pa- cheni. Asi s inochengetwa yakavanzika nemushandisi, zvinobudirira kubvisa mukana wekutsvaga inoenderana yekupisa kero yeyakashandiswa nullifier.

Kuongorora zvakavanzika-zvekupisa

Iye zvino zvatave kuziva kuti ndezvipi zvirevo izvo humbowo-hwe-kupisa huri kuedza kuratidza, isu tine pfungwa yakanaka yekuti humbowo hunoshanda sei. Pachirevo chekutanga ( h(s) = A ), mugadzirisi anoda “kunzwisisa” pfungwa yehashi inoshandiswa kugadzira kero A —saka inoziva kuti H(s) zvechokwadi yakaenzana neA . Kuisa iyo logic yebasa rehashi muverifier wedunhu zvakare inosimbisa chinodikanwa chekuti A haigone kugadzirwa neKeccak256 hash basa.

Pachirevo chechipiri ( A ine bhari yakanaka b yeETH), mutsigiri anofanira kuongorora uchapupu hweMerkle hunoratidza kubatanidzwa kweA muhurumende yeEthereum uye inosimbisa data yeakaunti. Mudziviriri wedunhu anotarisawo kuti musoro weblock B unobva kucanonical chain-usati wabvisa midzi yehurumende-nekudana BLOCKHASH opcode nebhuroko rekuisa.blockHash block.blockHash(blockNumber) , apo blockNumber inoreva musoro weBlock B. Kana B iri chikamu cheCanonical Ethereum chain, iyo hash yakadzorerwa BLOCKHASH opcode inofanira kufanana neheshi ye block header B.

Pamusoro pezvo, iyo inosimbisa dunhu inosimbisa iyo isina maturo inosanganisirwa mushandisi yeZK-SNARK humbowo uye inosimbisa kuti iyo nullifier haisati yamboshandiswa. Iko kudhumhana-kupokana kwehashi mabasa kunoita basa rekutsigira pano nekudzivirira kuedza kugadzira maviri akasiyana nullifier hashes N1 uye N2 kune imwechete burn address <> secret value musanganiswa. Kana mushandisi achigona kugadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvisina maturo kero imwe chete, inogona kaviri-mint ETH-zvisinei nekuti Sparse Merkle Tree inochengeta chinhu chisina basa chekero iyoyo kana kuti kwete.

Kuona humbowo-hwe-kutsva hunogona kusimbiswa nevanokurudzira block, EIP-7503 inokurudzira shanduko kuEVM kuti iite tsigiro yekusimbisa yeZK-SNARK humbowo. Vanyori veEIP-7503 vakaedza kugona kwekuita mu-EVM ongororo yehumbowo hwekutsva nekugadzira EIP7503-enabled vhezheni yeEVM vachishandisa iyo Polaris EVM chimiro. Unogona kushanyira GitHub repository yakatsaurirwa kupurojekiti kuti uwane mamwe mashoko ekugadzirwa kweprotocol.

Kunyora ETH kune kero yevanogamuchira

EIP-7503 inosvitsa rudzi rutsva rwekutengeserana runoita ETH kumushandisi unoratidza zvinobudirira kuti yakaisa mari yakatarwa kukero isingagoneki. Mutumiri wekutengeserana anotumira humbowo hweZK-SNARK (pamwe chete nechinhu chisina maturo), uye network inoita shanduko yehurumende inovandudza chiyero chekero yekubvisa (mushure mekuongorora humbowo-hwe-kupisa).

Kunyange zvazvo EIP-7503 ichipa kurambwa kunonzwisisika, vashandisi vanokurudzirwa kuti vadzivise kubhadhara minting transactions nemari kubva kukero imwechete yakatumira ETH kune kero yekupisa. Kana Alice akatumira ETH kukero isingashandiswe 0xm00la uye gare gare otumira kutengeserana kubhadhara mari yakafanana yeETH kuti iunzwe kune imwe account, Bob haafaniri kunge ari Jimmy Neutron kuti abatanidze Alice kune yekutanga kupisa transaction.

Zvikamu zvakapfuura hazvitauri nezvazvo, asi tinoda vashandisi kuti vaise kero yechipiri B (iyo ichagamuchira ETH kubva kune minting transaction) sechipo chevanhu kuZK-SNARK prover circuit. Izvi zvinodzivirira zvingangoitika-makesi kubva kune vakatendeseka vashandisi kuwana pamberi apo minting kutengeserana kwakamirira mu mempool.

Yeuka kuti muvharidzi haatarise kuti ndiani kero yekutumira uye anodzivisa nemaune zvinodiwa kuti uzive kana kero imwechete yakapisa ETH iri kudzikinura ETH mukutengesa minting. Izvi zvakanaka kubva pakuona kwekuvanzika sezvo zvichireva kuti vashandisi vanogona kudzorerazve ETH nekero ichangobva kugadzirwa-asi inowedzera njodzi yekurwiswa kumberi. Sezvo humbowo huchikodha ruzivo rwese rwunodiwa rwunodiwa kuti upfuure verification (kusanganisira ruzivo rwezvakavanzika kukosha s ), chero munhu anogona kutumira copycat minting transaction ine humbowo hwakafanana asi kero yakasiyana yekugamuchira minted ETH.

Neraki, isu tinogona kukumbira humbowo-hwe-kutsva kuti utaure kero yekubvisa B uye kusimbisa mutemo wefomu: "mining transaction inogona chete mint ETH kukero yakatorwa kubva kune humbowo-hwekupisa". Iko kuenzana pakati pekero yakapfuura sechipo cheruzhinji kudunhu reZK-SNARK uye kero inotsanangurwa mukutengesa minting inotariswa neanoongorora. Nenzira iyo, wese mushandisi ane chokwadi chekuti hapana anogona kutora yavo yekutakura-yekutakura transaction kubva mempool uye kuba kubvisa kwavo.

Sei EIP-7503? Nyaya yekuendeswa kwega kwega paEthereum

Kuendeswa kwepachivande uye kubhadhara

EIP-7503 inopa nzira iri nyore yevashandisi veEthereum kufambisa mari pasina (nekusaziva) kugadzira chinongedzo pakati pekutumira uye kugamuchira kero. Unogona kutumira ETH kubva kune imwe chikwama kuenda kune ichangogadzirwa kero isingabatike uye wobva waenda kune imwe wallet nekupa humbowo hwekupisa uye kusashanda kwezvinangwa zvekuongorora. Kune mucherechedzi wekunze, pane zero kuwirirana pakati peakaundi inopisa ETH uye account minting ETH.

Mupendero-kesi inogona kuoneka kana mushandisi akapisa ETH mune imwe kutengeserana uye pakarepo anoisa ETH kune imwe kero: nyanzvi yekuongorora ketani inogona kukurumidza kuona kuti munhu mumwe chete anofanira kudzora ese kero. Nekudaro, EIP-7503 ine chinhu chine simba chekudzivirira deanonymization: zvinogoneka kuramba . Heino tsananguro yekurambwa kunonzwisisika kubva muDuramazwi rezvematongerwo enyika :

Kurambwa kunonzwisisika ndiko kugona kuramba kubatanidzwa mune zvisiri pamutemo kana zvisiri zvehunhu, nekuti hapana humbowo hwakajeka hunoratidza kubatanidzwa. Kushaikwa kwouchapupu kunoita kuti kuramba kwacho kuve kwechokwadi, kana kuti kuve kunonzwisisika. — Duramazwi rezvematongerwo enyika

Kurambwa kunonzwisisika kwakabva munyika ine rima yeCIA mashandiro, uko vakuru vakuru vaizoramba kufanoziva kwezviito zvinoitwa nevari pasi. Kushaikwa kwegwaro remapepa - rekodhi inowanikwa pachena yezviitiko - zvaireva kuti vakuru-vakuru vaigona kuramba mashandiro emumunda uye kunzvenga mutoro wezvakabuda zvezviito zvevashandi (kunzvenga njodzi huru dzePR).

Kurambwa kunonzwisisika kune chirevo chakafanana mumamiriro ekufambisa ega ega uchishandisa EIP-7503. Ngatiti "chikwama chako chikuru" chinopisa 1.365 ETH uye yako "yechipiri chikwama" mints 1.365 ETH nguva pfupi pashure. Kana oparesheni yako ichikwevera kutarisisa kweakawandisa pa-cheni sleuths, unogona kungotaura kuti mumwe munhu akagadzira 1.365 ETH kuti zviite sekunge wanga uchipedzisa kutamisa wega.

Uye ko kana iwe ukabvunzwa mubvunzo senge: "Sei uchitumira ETH kukero yekupisa pasina chinangwa chekuendesa mari pachivande?" Iwe unogona kutaura kuti kutengeserana kwakaitika nekukanganisa-shure kwezvose, hapana munhu anogona kuramba kuti Mwari-anotyisa huwandu hweETH hwakarasika nevanhu vanoita typos mumakero evagamuchiri (kunyange ini ndakakanganisa izvozvo). Izvi zvinotenderedza nhaurirano yese pamusoro wayo nekuti, ndiani mumwe kunze kwemunhu ane moyo unotonhora aisazonzwira tsitsi nekurasikirwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hweETH?

Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wakaderera unobata kukosha kweEIP-7503: kurambwa kunonzwisisika kunovimbisa kuti vashandisi veEthereum venguva dzose vanogona kuchinjisa vega pasina kuburitsa chero ruzivo rwekongiri rwunogona kuratidza kubatanidzwa mune zvakavanzika protocol. Kusiyana neapplication-layer zvakavanzika mapuroteni, EIP-7503 inodzivirira kuchengetedza kutengeserana traces pa-cheni uye zvinoita kuti zviome kubatanidza kupisa uye mint transaction nekuzivikanwa kwepasirese.

EIP-7503 haipe kusazivikanwa kuzere uye kuvanzika nekuti ruzivo nezve kuendeswa kwemari kukero yekutsva-kusanganisira mari dzakatamiswa-inorekodhwa pa-cheni. Asi kugona kutyora chinongedzo pakati pekutumira uye kugamuchira kero mukutengeserana kune simba uye kunoderedza kushushikana pamusoro pekushandisazve kero.

Panzvimbo pekushandisa kero imwechete kugamuchira mubhadharo, mushandisi anogona kugadzira kero nyowani yekutsva uye kukumbira kuti mari itumirwe kukero iyi. Sezvo mushandisi ane ruzivo rwezvakavanzika kukosha s , inogona kuburitsa humbowo hunoenderana-hwe-kupisa hunoratidza kutonga pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwekero yekupisa kune-on-chain verifier uye "kubvisa" dhipoziti nekugadzira ETH kune imwe kero. . Izvi zvakangofanana nepfungwa yekugadzira kero yekuvanda kuti ugamuchire kutamiswa uye kuderedza mikana yekubatanidza kutengeserana kwakasiyana kune chimwe chinhu.

Isu tinogona kuona maitiro eEIP7503-maitiro ekuchinjisa akavanzika anogona kubatsira mune mamwe mamiriro:

• Vatengesi : Nekugamuchira mubhadharo mumakero ekutsva uye gare gare kugadzira ETH kune unlinkable kubvisa kero, vatengesi vanogona kudzivisa kufumura ruzivo rwemari. EIP-7503's private transaction feature inowedzera kudzivirira vacherechedzi vekunze kubva kune zvinopenya, sekuti imarii inogashirwa nemutengesi kune zvigadzirwa kana saizi yevatengi vemutengesi.
• Vatengi : Nekubhadhara kukero yekutsva kwakapihwa nemushambadzi (panzvimbo yekutumira kune kero yemutengesi ino zivikanwa pachena), vatengi vanodzivirira kuburitsa ruzivo rwune chekuita nenhoroondo yekutenga. Kero yekutsva haigone kuwiriraniswa neakaundi ye "chaiyo" yemutengesi, zvichikanganisa kuedza kuziva zvawakatenga uye kubva kunaani.
• Philanthropy : Masangano anobatsira uye masangano ezvematongerwo enyika anogona kugamuchira mari pasina zita remunhu anotumira richirekodhwa zvachose pachetani. Vanhu vanogona kupa kune zvimwe zvikonzero pasina kukanganisa mukurumbira wavo weruzhinji.

EIP-7503 inogona zvakare kushandiswa kune zvisiri zvakavanzika zvikonzero:

1. Parizvino, centralized exchanges (CEXes) inofanirwa kugadzira kero yakasarudzika kuti igamuchire dhipoziti kubva kumushandisi uye inoda kutumira kutengeserana kunotamisa zviyero zvekero yega yega kune imwe kana kupfuura inotonhora wallet sechikamu chemaitiro ekuchengetedza ekuchengetedza. NeEIP-7503, mushandisi weCEX anogona kugadzira kero imwe chete yekupisa inogamuchira madhipoziti kubva kune seti yevashandisi uye kugadzira humbowo-hwe-kupisa iyo inobvisa madhipoziti ese akaunganidzwa mukero yekupisa kune inotonhora chikwama mune imwe chete kutengeserana. Kudzikiswa kwenhamba yekutengeserana kunodiwa kubatanidza madhipoziti eCEX muchikwama chinotonhora kunobatsira CEX opareta (kuderedzwa kwemitengo yekushanda) uye network (yakaderera nhamba ye-on-chain transactions).
2. Chero sangano rinoshandisa mari yakawanda yekubhadhara pa-cheni rinogona kuwedzera EIP-7503 kuti ivandudze kushanda zvakanaka-saka maCEXes handiwo ega anobatsirwa. Vatengesi, masangano anobatsira, uye crypto-native kubhadhara njanji mimwe mienzaniso yemasangano anoshandisa EIP-7503 kuderedza kushanda kwepamusoro nekuunganidza madhipoziti mumakero ekupisa uye kuparadzira mari yekutengeserana mumadhipoziti akawanda. Ichi chikamu cheEIP-7503 chine chinodiwa mhedzisiro yekugadzira mari yekukurudzira kujoinha kusazivikanwa seti uye inowedzera kuvanzika kwese kweakaundi anofambisa ega.

Kuenzanisa kuvanzika nekushandisa uye kutevedzera mutemo

EIP-7503 inopa nzira iri nyore yekuisa zvakavanzika zvekutengeserana paEthereum pasina kuda kugadziridzwa kwakawanda kune protocol. Kunyanya, EIP-7503 ichabvumira Ethereum kupa kutengeserana kuvanzika pasina kutarisana nematambudziko akatarisana nemamwe ekuvanzika-yakatarisana blockchains seZcash neMonero.

Kunyangwe ndakanyora mukudzivirira mari dzepachivande kare , hazvitore zvakawanda kuona kuti mari dzekuvanzika dzakaita seZEC (Zcash) neMNR (Monero) hadzigone kuzadzisa chinangwa chekuunza mari yakasarudzika, yakavanzika, uye inoshandiswa muhupfumi hwenyika. . Nekumanikidzwa kwemutemo kumanikidza kuchinjana kuti vabvise mari yekuvanzika, varidzi vanozozviona zvichiwedzera kuoma kutora mukana wekuvanzika kunopihwa neZcash, Monero, uye mamwe maprotocol akagadzirirwa kuvanza ruzivo rwekutengeserana mumamiriro epasirese. Ichi chinyorwa kubva kuHaseeb Qureshi'sNei Chakavanzika Mari Chisina Kubviswa chinopa sumo yakanaka kune matambudziko akatarisana ne "hardcore" zvakavanzika mapurojekiti nhasi:

Mari dzepachivande dzagara dziri yekutanga tarisiro yekubvunzurudza kwekutonga. Kana maregulator achibhadhariswa kuti "usangomira ipapo, ita chimwe chinhu," iyo iri nyore boogeyman ndeye shadowy zvakavanzika mari. Kudivi remitemo, takaona kuburitswa kwemari yekuvanzika muSouth Korea , Japan , UK . uye US . Hurumende dziri kuramba dzichiedza kusimbisa tambo pamari yekuvanzika (ona pano , pano , uye pano ).

Crypto lobbies yakakura; nzvimbo huru dzezvitoro uye masangano mazhinji zvino ane BTC neETH. Asi vashoma masangano vanoda kuuya kuzodzivirira zvakavanzika mari. Pane kubvumidza indasitiri yese kuti isvibiswe, vazhinji vanogutsikana kurega mari yekuvanzika ichive gwayana rechibairo. - Haseeb Qureshi ( Nei Mari yeChakavanzika isina Kubviswa )

EIP-7503 inonzwa sekunge yauya panguva chaiyo yekushanduka kweEthereum: nevashandisi vakawanda kupfuura chero blockchain uye yakawanda yekudyara kwemasangano, Ethereum haanyanyi kutambura nedambudziko rakafanana nemamwe mapurojekiti akaedza kupa ega ega basa. kare. Kuchinjana kushoma kuchaita kuti kutengeserana Eteri kana pachivande minted ETH tokens akatanga kutenderera? Pamwe. Asi kumwe kuchinjisa gumi nevaviri vangafara kwazvo kutora mutoro iwoyo-izvi ndizvo zvinoita kunge zvine simba network zvinotaridzika .

Sei ndichiti EIP-7503 yakasvika panguva chaiyo? Pane imwe nguva munhoroondo yeEthereum apo kutsigira kuvanzika pachigadziko chepasi chaiva chinhu icho munhu wose aifunga kuti chinofanira kuitwa pakarepo . Asi vamwe munharaunda (zvakakodzera) vakaratidza zvinogona kumucheto-makesi ane chokuita nekusimudzira Ethereum se "teknolojia yekuvanzika". Hezvino zvinyorwa kubva kune yekare tambo pane Ethereum Mashiripiti forum inokurukura kudiwa kwekuwedzera kuvanzika paEthereum:

Mafungiro aGriffith anga achinyanya kururamisa mumakore anotevera, aine akawanda ekuvanzika-ne-default cryptocurrencies akatarisana netarisiro yekuve fringe mari inoshandiswa chete ne hardliner cypherpunks (boka rinosanganisira isingasviki 0.00001% yehuwandu hwenyika). Mukuenzanisa, kukosha uye ubiquity yeEther (ETH) yakangowedzera kusvika pakuti "kukwevera kune teknolojia yekuvanzika" nekutora EIP-7503 haina ngozi kudarika makore mashanu apfuura.

Kana kuita kukwidziridzwa kutsigira kutamiswa kwakavanzika-pamwe kudzivirira reverse regulatory kubatwa kana kudzikisa base-layer kuoma. Imwe nzira yakakodzera ndeyekupfuudza basa rekushandisa EIP-7503 kuEthereum L2s uye L3s. Tichifunga Ethereum's rollup-centric roadmap , kushandisa EIP-7503 pane rollup ine musoro uye ichiri kuchengetedza chinangwa chekuisa zvakavanzika muEthereum (semuenzaniso, zvakafanana nema rollups kuita ERC-4337 yekubvisa account yemuno).

Iyi nzira yekushandisa EIP-7503 iri nyore nekuti cheni yega yega L2 yatove nechibvumirano chebhiriji chinomikira ETH yevashandisi paL2. Iine michina yekugadzira ETH tokens munzvimbo, rollups inongoda kuwedzera zvikamu zvekuchengetera zvisina maturo pa-cheni uye kugadzira/kusimbisa humbowo-hwekupisa kutsigira EIP7503-maitiro ekutamisa ega. Muenzaniso weiyo Layer 2 (L2) chain ine zvirongwa zvekubatanidza EIP-7503 muzvivako zvayo ndeyeTaiko sezvinotsanangurwa muchikumbiro cheKutaura (RFC).

Pano, tinoona kuti protocol yakaita seTaiko inogona kupa kutengeserana kuvanzika-pasina kuita shanduko yakakura kune zvivakwa zvayo-nekutora EIP-7503. Izvi zvine bhenefiti yakakosha yezvikwata zveprotocol zvisingade kuvaka iyo yakazara-yakatarisana-yakatarisana L2 (a là Aztec v2 ) asi inoshuvira kupa yekutanga kusarongeka uye kusabatanidzwa kune vashandisi. Chikumbiro chechikwata cheNethermind chekushandisa EIP-7503 paTaiko chakakodzera kuverenga kuti uwane pfungwa yekuti EIP-7503 inogona kuitwa sei neEthereum L2.

EIP-7503 inoyerawo kudiwa kwekuvanzika nekutevedzwa kwemitemo, inoenderana nechinangwa cheEthereum's "kuvanzika 2.0" kufamba: kuchengetedza kuvanzika kwevashandisi, nepo vachiona kuti vanoita zvakaipa havakwanise kushandisa zvivakwa zvekuvanzika nezvinangwa zvakashata. Nekuitwa kweEIP-7503 yakatsanangurwa paEthereum Research, rollups inotora EIP-7503 inogona kudzivirira kudzokorora kweTornado Cash nyaya nekusarudzika kuvharira vanozivikanwa vanobira uye scammers kubva mukubira mari vachishandisa yakavanzika kutamiswa.

Kuti tiwane chivakwa ichi, tinoda kuti vashandisi vapfuure rondedzero yemakero asina kunyorwa ( blacklist[] ) sekuisa kudunhu rinogadzira ZK-SNARK humbowo hwekutsva kwekutengesa. Dunhu rinotarisa kuti kero yemushandisi anogamuchira ETH haisi chikamu chemakero akachengetwa mublacklist paunenge uchigadzira humbowo hwekupisa - kuendesa kune yakanyorwa kero inongokundikana sezvo dunhu harigone kuburitsa humbowo kana iyo inopinza. inotadza kugutsa zvimiro zvese zvechokwadi.

Kuchengeta registry yemakero asina kunyorwa kunosuma dhigirii repakati uye anogona censorship vectors. Asi kana tikabvuma kuti inotungamirwa nenharaunda, pasi-up-self-regulation iri nani pane centralized, top-down regulation, magajeti akadaro kuti ave nechokwadi chekutevedzera mitemo kungave kwakakosha.

Private payroll management kune-cheni masangano

Transparency ndeimwe yematombo epakona eDAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organisations): kusiyana nemasangano echinyakare apo ruzivo rwemihoro yemari inovanzwa kubva kune vanoisa mari uye vanobatana, muripo wevanopa muDAO unorekodhwa pachena pachetani. Iyi on-cheni yekuongorora nzira inopa huwandu hwakakosha hwekuzvidavirira uye inoderedza zvakanyanya ruzivo rweasymmetry iyo inogona kukonzera kusafambiswa kwemari nevatungamiriri veDAO.

Zvisineyi, maDAO anozokura otanga kushanda semakambani (zvirinani kana kuipa)—panguva iyo zvinhu zvakaita sekuchengetedza ruzivo rwemuripo pachivande zvinogona kudiwa. EIP-7503 inopa zvivakwa zveDAO zvinoda kutanga kubhadhara zvakazvimiririra kune vanopa vepakati, vanogadzira, uye vakazvimiririra makondirakiti. Muzviitiko zvese, anogamuchira anongoda kugadzira kero yekupisa kuti agamuchire mubhadharo uye obva aenda kukero yake yekusarudza.

Nhengo dzeDAO dzichaita sei kuti vatungamiri vazvidavirire kana mubhadharo wepachivande / makondirakiti akaiswa? Izvi zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwekuvanzika iyo DAO iri kutsvaga uye kuti ndeipi nhanho yekuvanda nhengo dzeDAO dzinogona kushivirira. Semuyenzaniso, kuratidza kuti AliceDAO zvechokwadi akabhadhara makumi maviri ETH kuna Alice pabasa reDAO uye kuti mari haina kushandiswa kune zvimwe zvinangwa, Alice anogona kupa humbowo hunoratidza kuti akagadzira kero isingashandiswe.

Semuyenzaniso, Alice anogona kuratidza yakavanzika kiyi inoshandiswa kugadzira iyo isinga shandiswe kero. Sezvo kero isinga shandiswe isingashandiswe mushure mekuita basa rekugadzira, Alice anogona kuratidza s pasina kuisa chero njodzi. Wechitatu-bato verifier inowana iyo isingabatike kero nehashing s uchishandisa yakafanana cryptographic hash basa Alice akashandisa pakutanga uye kuenzanisa ese kero. Kana dzikaenderana, muongorori anoziva kuti Alice aive nekuwana kero yekupisa panguva yakatumirwa kutengeserana. Izvo hazvizive, zvisinei, kuziva kuti ndeipi kero yakashandiswa naAlice kugamuchira minted ETH tokens (kuchengetedza kuvanzika kwaAlice kusvika pamwero wakati).

Kuderedza kutsamira pane cryptocurrency mixers

Kushandisa musanganisi seTornado Cash kutyora zvinongedzo pakati peadhiro yechikwama kune dambudziko nekuti zvinogadzira chimiro chemhosva-ne-mubatanidzwa . Rangarira kuti vasanganisi vanopa kusazivikanwa nekusanganisa mari dzakaiswa nevashandisi vakasiyana muhomwe imwe chete iyo chero munhu anogona kubvisa kwairi pasina kupa chero rumwe ruzivo kunze kweumbowo hwekusimbisa dhipoziti yenhoroondo.

Kuwanda kwemari kunoiswa mudziva rekuvanzika, zvinotonyanya kuomera mucherechedzi wekunze kuti aone kuti ndiani muridzi wei; kana vatambi vakashata vakapinda muboka, vatori vechikamu vakatendeseka vanogona kunge vachibatsira matsotsi nekusaziva kuti vabire mari nekupa kune iyo protocol yekusazivikanwa. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei zvirango zveOFAC zvakawedzerwa (uye zvichiri kuenderera) kumakero aidyidzana neTornado Cash, kunyangwe iwo kero dzisina hukama nevatambi vakashata vanozivikanwa (semuenzaniso, zvikwata zvephishing, matsotsi anotsigirwa nenyika, uye mablackhat exploiters).

Misanganisi yakaita seTornado Cash inogadzirawo dambudziko nefungibility: zviratidzo zvakabviswa kubva musanganiswa pool zvinogona "kusvibiswa" uye zvisingabviri kushandisa kana kuchinjanisa 1: 1 ne "yakachena" zviratidzo zvisati zvapfuura nemusanganisi. Pane tambo huru paReddit inokurukura nezvedambudziko remari yakasvibiswa zvakadzama, iyo yandinokurudzira kuverenga. Heano mamwe emamwe emashoko anojekesa kubva kune iyo thread:

Izvi zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yenyika chaiyo: semuenzaniso, vanhu vakawanda vepamusoro-soro munharaunda yeEthereum vakazviwana vasingakwanisi kushamwaridzana nemamwe madapp epamberi mushure mokunge zvikwama zvavo zvakatumirwa zvisingakumbirwi zveETH kubva kuTornado Cash pool. EIP-7503 inotsanangurwa se "contractless mixer" uye inosiya matambudziko ataurwa nekushandisa nguva dzose EOA-to-EOA kutamisa kupisa ETH uye kuunza minding yakananga kuti iite nyore kubvisa kubva mudziva rekusazivikanwa (vs. kushandisa chibvumirano chakangwara).

Imwe bhenefiti yemusanganisi isina kondirakiti saizi yekusazivikanwa seti. NeTornado Cash (uye maprotocol akafanana saRailgun ), kusazivikanwa kweseti idiki-yakabatana nenhamba yevatori vechikamu-uye inoderera nekufamba kwenguva. Kusiyana neizvi, EIP-7503 inoshandura iyo yese seti yemakero anogona kushandiswa uye asingashandisike paEthereum kuita yekusazivikanwa seti. Tichifunga yakakura kero-nzvimbo, zvakachengeteka kutaura pamusoro-ketani sleuths nechinangwa chekuziva kwakatumirwa ETH kune anogamuchira yekutamisirwa kwakavanzika kwakabva kune basa rakaoma pamberi pavo.

Pane zvipingamupinyi pakushandisa EIP-7503?

Pazasi pane zvimwe zvinogona kukanganisa kuita EIP-7503:

Regulatory kutevedza nyaya

Nepo ongororo yapfuura inoratidza kuti Ethereum haafanire kutambura zvakafanana neMonero neZcash kana ikatanga kutsigira kutamiswa kwega, hazvibviri kufanotaura chaizvo zvichaitika kana EIP-7503 ikamiswa. Heino chirevo chemutori wechikamu pane Ethereum Mashiripiti tambo inokurukura zvinorehwa nevatongi:

Nepo mhinduro yekuvanzika yekuzvarwa yeEthereum, nharaunda iri kutanga kubvuma kukosha kwekufamba tambo pakati pekuvanzika / kusazivikanwa uye kutevedza kwemitemo mushure mekudonha kubva kune zvirango zvakanangana Tornado Cash. Pfungwa iyi iri kunyanya kupesvedzera dhizaini yechizvarwa chitsva chezvekuvanzika mapuroteni seChakavanzika Pools uye Nocturne :

• Madziva ekuvanzika anobvumira vashandisi kuburitsa "umbowo hwekusava nemhosva" inopupurira kusabatanidzwa kwedhipoziti yavo kubva mudziva rinochengeta mari kubva kune vakaipa vanoita. Mune mamwe mazwi, mushandisi anogona kutaurirana nemusanganisi uye oti "Ini handisi kubatsira matsotsi nemagandanga kutambisa mari."

• Nocturne ine hurongwa hwekuchinja kuenda kune humbowo-hwe-kusava nemhosva protocol, asi parizvino inoshandisa dziviriro dzakati wandei kuti ive nechokwadi chekuteerera . Izvi zvinosanganisira madhipoziti kusefa, kunonoka padhipoziti kugadzirisa, per-kero chiyero-miganho, uye aa yepasirese chiyero-muganho unovhara kukosha kwese kwemadhipotiti inogona kugadzirisa muzuva.

  
  

Smart kondirakiti-yakavakirwa kuvanzika mhinduro seNocturne uye Privacy Pools vanokwanisa kuita zvakanaka-grained zvidzoreso uye nekusarudza kusasanganisa vashandisi vanofungidzirwa kuti vari kuita zvisiri pamutemo. In-protocol yakavanzika mhinduro senge EIP-7503 haina rusarura-chinhu chinodiwa icho chinogona, zvisinei, kugadzira nyaya uye kuvhurira musuwo wevakaipa kuti vashandise zvisirizvo basa rekutengeserana kwepachivande.

Izvo (zvinoita) zvinogoneka kuvandudza EIP-7503 nekuwedzera iyo blacklist gadget yakatsanangurwa kare, asi izvi zvinogona kuvhura bhokisi rePandora rematambudziko:

• Ndiani anowana kuchengetedza mazita emakero asina kunyorwa? Isu tinokumbira here OFAC kuti ipe runyoro rweakero dzakasvibiswa uye nenjodzi yekuve nehurumende ichisarudza kuti ndiani anotora pachivande paEthereum? Isu tinoisa panjodzi yekukonzeresa forogo yekukakavara kana seti yevanosimbisa ikaramba kuongorora kutamiswa kubva kune imwe kana akawanda maakaundi akanyorwa blacklistedAddresses registry?
• Kana EIP-7503 ikashandiswa nerunyoro, DAO inoona nezvekuchengetedza registry blacklistedAddresses ? Kana kuti timu yekutanga inobvumira masevhisi emakambani ezvekuferefeta seChainalysis, Elliptic, uye TRM Labs kuti ipe ruzivo rwekuti ndeapi kero anofanirwa kurambidzwa kugamuchira kutamiswa kwakavanzika? Ndeapi matambudziko anogona kuoneka kana kambani inoita purofiti ikafunga kuti chii chinoitika pane rollup's base layer?
• Kana rollup yafunga kubvisa kodzero dzekutonga uye kuita kuti zvibvumirano zveverifier/minter zvisagadziriswe, zvinoita sei kuti vakashata vasatange kufambisa mari kuburikidza neprotocol? Kusefa kwakasarudzika kwekutengeserana kubva kune vanyori vanozivikanwa kungagadziriswe kumusoro kwechitubu (semuenzaniso, pakuteedzera kana nhanho yekusimbisa)? Chii chinonzi logistics chinobatanidzwa?

Iyi ingori mibvunzo mishoma inoda kupindurwa pamberi peEthereum (kana Ethereum L2s) yatora EIP-7503. Crypto ichiri mumvura isina kuvharwa, asi inobatsira kuita zvakawanda Murphyjitsu , kufunga nezvezvinogona kumucheto-makesi mberi, pakuita zvisarudzo zvine zvakakosha zveprotocol yekugara kwenguva refu.

Nhamo inoremera zvikuru avo vasingatarisiri chinhu kunze kwerombo rakanaka. — Seneca

Inogoneka centralization yakabatana neERC-20 tokens

Kuita EIP-7503 kunoda kukwidziridzwa kuEVM kuti itsigire rudzi rutsva rwekutengeserana runobvuma risiti yekutsva uye inopa chikwereti chemubhadharo neETH yakapiswa mukutengeserana kwapfuura. Vatengi vanouraya vanozodawo kukwidziridza kutsigira Sparse Merkle Muti (SMT) yekuchengetedza zvisingabatsiri uye kushandisa off-cheni maseketi ekugadzira uye kuratidza humbowo-hwe-kutsva pachinzvimbo chevashandisi.

Vachiziva kuti kukwidziridzwa kungave kusingagoneki, vanyori veEIP-7503 vane imwe sarudzo yekushandisa EIP-7503 vachishandisa ERC-20 token contract . Vashandisi vanochengeta mafambiro akafanana anotsanangurwa muzvikamu zvakapfuura (kutumira mari kune kero isingashandiswe uye kugadzira isina maturo), asi mint ERC-20 tokens mushure mekutumira humbowo-hwe-kupisa pane kugamuchira ETH zviratidzo. Kondirakiti yeERC-20 inobatanidza nekontrakiti yakakosha yeEIP-7503 inosimbisa humbowo pa-cheni (kondirakiti yeERC-20 inogona kuita dunhu rekusimbisa zvakare).

Nepo kondirakiti yeERC-20 inorerutsa kuita kweEIP-7503, nzira iyi inounza zvakare dambudziko repakati uye censorship. Tinogona kuita ERC-20 chiratidzo chisingaiti-upgradable uye chisingadzoreki sezvakaputirwa Ether (WETH) kubvisa centralization vectors, asi izvo hazvigone kubatsira nenyaya dzakadai sekuchinjana kubvisa chiratidzo.

Zvakare, isu tinofanira kucherechedza kuti zviri nyore kune-cheni forensics kuti vaone maakaundi anodyidzana ne ERC-20 kondirakiti uye kuisa iwo kero pane blacklist-kana regulators vakasarudza kuenda mushure mekuwedzera zvakavanzika-pfungwa cryptocurrencies inotenderera paEthereum. Sezvo iri ndiro dambudziko EIP-7503 rakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa, zvingava zvakaoma kuona kuti chirevo chekugadzira "chakavanzika ERC-20 chiratidzo" ndechekuvandudza.

Paflipside, chiratidzo cheERC-20 chichaita kuti zvive nyore kuita chekufambisa chekutarisa chimiro chinovharira kuendeswa kumakero asina kunyorwa. Mugadziri anogona kungochengeta blacklist[] mukondirakiti uye kugadzirisa iyo transfer() kuti ibatanidze cheki pazita rekero inogamuchira tokeni mukutengeserana. Ichi, zvisinei, chimiro chatisingakwanise kuita padanho reprotocol tisina kuunza mamwe fungidziro yakasimba yekuvimba.

Kuwedzera R&D pamusoro

EIP-7503 inouya nechinodiwa kuvaka, kuyedza, kuongorora, uye kuchengetedza yakaoma, yekucheka-kumucheto cryptographic zvivakwa zvinodiwa kutsigira zvisingazivikanwe uye zvakavanzika kutengeserana. Zvirinani, tsananguro yeNethermind yekuitwa kweL2 kweEIP-7503 uye Nobitex Labs ' EIP-7503 Chain proof-of-concept zvese zvinoratidza huwandu hwakanaka hwekuedza kweinjiniya kunoenda mukugadzira ZK-SNARK maseketi ekugadzira uye kuona EIP-7503 humbowo. .

Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti cryptographic primitives seZK-SNARKs ichiri kurwa-yakayedzwa zvakakwana kuti vanogadzira protocol kuti vazvishandise nechivimbo chakakwana. Kuenzanisira, Zcash yakabata tsikidzi yaizobvumira mushandisi asina kutendeka kuti ape humbowo hwemanyepo emuridzi wemidziyo uye kugadzira huwandu husingaverengeki hwematokeni muna 2018.

Chipembenene mukushandiswa kweEIP-7503 paEthereum ichava nemigumisiro isingakoshi. Semuyenzaniso, mushandisi anoona netsaona chikanganiso chinobvumira kupfuudza cheki dzakakosha dzinoitwa nedunhu richiona humbowo hwekutsva (semuenzaniso, chiyero chekupisa kero uye kushandiswa kwezvisina maturo) anogona kushandisa ruzivo kuti agadzire zvisingaperi zveEther uye. kukanganisa kukosha kwemusika kweETH.

Imwe nharaunda yekuomesesa inobva kune inodiwa yeEIP-7503 verifier kuti ione iyo block musoro B inosanganisirwa mushandisi-yakagadzirwa humbowo. Iyo EVM inochengeta hashes ekupedzisira 128-256 mabhuroko, saka iyo pa-cheni inosimbisa haigone kutendeseka kuonesa block headers kubva kureba.

Kuti uone midzi yehurumende kubva kumabhuroki ekare, EIP-210 inoda kushandiswa. EIP-210 inokurudzira kugadzira kondirakiti yakangwara inochengeta nhoroondo dze block hashes uye refactor iyo BLOCKHASH opcode kuitira kuti vatengi vaverenge chibvumirano.

EIP-210 hainyanyi kudikanwa sezvo vashandisi vane nguva inosvika awa imwe chete ( 14 seconds * 256 blocks ) kugadzira nekuendesa humbowo hunogona kusimbiswa neEVM. Zvakadaro, kupa vashandisi rusununguko rwekunonoka kudzikinurwa kwemadhipoziti anotumirwa kukero yekupisa inovandudza UX uye inoita kuti nzira yekubvisa irambe yakasimba kugadzirisa kusanganisa uye maitiro ekuongorora akafanana.

Imwe nzira ndeyekubatanidza oracle kontrakiti inoda (inokurudzirwa) vatambi kuti vatumire nhoroondo block headers kune-on-chain chibvumirano. Izvi zviri nyore kuita pane kugadzira system-level smart kontrakiti uye refactoring opcode, asi zvinoda vanovimba oracle operators (a) kushambadza chaiyo block misoro (b) kuendesa block misoro nekukasira. Kana fungidziro idzi mbiri dzikatadza kubata, vashandisi vakatendeseka vanogona kutadza kudzikinura madhipoziti uye vakashata vanogona kuburitsa zvisizvo misoro yebhuroko kuratidza humbowo hweMerkle kune kusipo kwekutengesa kwekupisa.

Kuderedzwa kwemaseti ekusazivikanwa

Panguva iyo EIP-7503 inogadziriswa, kusazivikanwa kwakagadzirirwa kune mushandisi anoisa ETH pa block #11000 ichasanganisira ese Ethereum EOAs ane yakanaka ETH chiyero uye zero inobuda transactions. Izvi zvakakosha kune untraceability pfuma yezvisingazivikanwe zvekutengeserana: kana kutengeserana kuchipisa ETH, hazvibviri kuzviziva sekutengesa kwekutsva nokuti kero isingagadziriswi inoratidzika sekero yenguva dzose yeEthereum.

Nekudaro, iyo nhamba yemakero uko iyo account balance inoramba yakamira uye hapana transaction inotumirwa inozodzikira kusvika painopisa kero chete inoumba kusazivikanwa kwakaiswa. Saka kusazivikanwa kweseti kunotanga kuita sekunge kusazivikanwa seti yekondirakiti-based mixers seTornado Cash uye chizvarwa chitsva chekuvanzika maturusi sePrivacy Pools uye Railgun (zvichireva kudzikiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kweEIP-7503's garandidzo yekuvanzika).

Izvo chete zvinosara ndeaya maakaundi anogashira ETH nekuti mutumwa akatamisa mari netsaona kukero isipo, maakaundi akadaro acharamba ari muEIP-7503 kusazivikanwa kwakaiswa zvachose. Tingada kufunga nezvemakero apo muridzi anorasikirwa nekiyi yakavanzika sechikamu chedziva rekusazivikanwa, asi izvi (nerombo rakanaka uye zvinosuruvarisa) zvinoitika kashoma uye maakaunti iwayo anowanzo aine kamwechete kana anopfuura anobuda. (Zvakaoma kufungidzira mushandisi wenoobiest achirasikirwa nemakiyi akavanzika asati aita chero kutengeserana.)

Zvisinei nekudzikiswa kwekusazivikanwa seti, EIP-7503 ichiri kubatsira kune zvinonzwisisika kurambwa kwainopa. Ngatitii mumwe munhu anogadzira dutu pa crypto-Twitter uye anopomera Alice nekupisa nemaune ETH (nekutumira kune kero isingaverengeki) nechinangwa chekubvisa mari kune imwe kero gare gare. Alice ane kurambwa kuri pachena uye anogona kupokana nekupomerwa achiti:

• "Ndakatumira ETH kukero nekukanganisa. Unogona kuratidza kuti handina kukanganisa pakunyora kero muMetaMask?
• “Ndine kiyi yepachivande yekero asi handikwanise kuigovera. Iwe hausi kukumbira kiyi yangu yakavanzika izvozvi, handiti?"
• “Ndine kiyi yepachivande yekero, asi ndairasa. Unogona kuratidza kuti handina kurasa kiyi yangu yakavanzika here?

Zvikumbiro izvi zvinogona kutadza kugutsikana, asi ndizvo zvinoita kurambwa kunoratidzika senge mumamiriro ezvinhu epasirese. The Law Dictionary inozviisa seizvi:

“Zvinonzwisisika hazvirevi kuvimbika, zvinobvira, kana kuti zvinobvira. Zvinonzwisisika zvinoreva kuti unogona kugumisa kuti chimwe chinhu chinogona kana kuti hachigoneki. Asi kazhinji nedzidziso, zvepamusoro, kana zvekufungira. Izvo hazvifanirwe kunge zviri "zvinonzwisisika" mhedziso, kana. Mupfungwa yaro yakafara, shoko racho rinowanzoratidza kushaikwa kweuchapupu. Mushure mezvose, asina mhosva kusvika anzi ane mhosva ndiwo musimboti wehurongwa hwedu hwemutemo.

Saka kana pasina humbowo, zvine musoro vanogona kuzviramba. Chaizvoizvo chero chinhu chipi zvacho chisiri pamutemo kana chisiri pamutemo chinogona kutsanangurwa pasi pechisina mhosva uye chingango fungira - chechokwadi kana neimwe nzira - chinowira pasi pekurambwa kunonzwisisika. Kunyangwe kana kuvepo kwekuramba kuri kufungira. "

Iyo chete nguva iyo mushandisi anogona kunyatsobatanidzwa kune EIP-7503 yakavanzika kutamiswa iri panguva yekugadzirisa kuendesa kune anogamuchira kero. Vashandisi vanogona, zvisinei, kutora matanho ekudzikisa kana kubvisa zvachose mukana wevacherechedzi vekunze vanobatanidza dhizaini yekubvisa kune yekupisa transaction:

• Panzvimbo yekuenda kukero inopedzerwa, Alice anoisa ETH kune imwe kero yekupisa kuchengetedza mari mukusazivikanwa. Kudzokorora kutsva → mint → kupisa → mint → kudzokorora maitiro kakawanda kunoita kuti zvinyanye kunetsa kuona kana kero yekupedzisira iri account inodzorwa naAlice.
• Panzvimbo pekubvisa huwandu hwakazara, Alice anotsemura kubviswa kuita maviri kana anopfuura mabatirwo. Kunonoka kana kusarongeka kubviswa kunogadzira "ruzha" runoita kuti kuongororwa kwechiitiko chekutengeserana uye kuita kuti zviome kubatanidza kupisa uye kugadzira kutengeserana kumushandisi mumwe chete.

Ongorora : Yechipiri tekinoroji ndeyekuwedzera kwakarongwa kuEIP-7503 uye inoita kunge isingagoneke nedhizaini yazvino. Kuti vashandisi vatsemure mari yekubvisa, chinhu chekupatsanura zvisizvo sekuti nullifier 1 inopa kodzero yekuminta chidimbu chesara yekero yemoto, nullifier 2 inopa kodzero yekuminta chimwe chikamu chesara, zvichingodaro.

Mhedziso

EIP-7503 ndiyo mhinduro kune imwe yeEthereum yakanyanya kuderedzwa matambudziko: kushaikwa kwekuvanzika kwemari. Kana Ethereum ichatsiva mabhanga rimwe zuva, inoda kupa chiyero chekuvanzika chakaenzana neizvo vashandisi vanonakidzwa nazvo iye zvino muchimiro quo. Chero chipi zvacho chidiki, uye Ethereum haagone kutorwa nevakawanda nekuti kurega kuvanzika-kunyangwe mabhenefiti ekunzvenga censorship - chibayiro chisingagone kuitwa nevanhu vazhinji.

EIP-7503 ichiri muchikamu chekuongorora, uye ingangoita shanduko nekuvandudzwa kwekuita. Kunze kwerutsigiro rweramangwana rekubvisa mari shoma, chinhu chinobatsira chiri kuita kuti vashandisi vadzokorore kusanganisa akawanda ehumbowo hwekutsva muSNARK imwe chete inosimbisa madhipoziti kumakero akasiyana ekupisa mune imwe yekuongorora. Iyi ficha inowedzera kukwezva kweEIP-7503 yeCEX uye vatengesi vanoshuvira kuchengetedza kero imwe chete pamushandisi wedhipoziti pasina kuendesa humbowo hwekupisa wega (zvichida mazana kana zviuru) zvemakero ekupisa.

Vashandisi venguva dzose vanogona zvakare kubatsirikana nekutumira ma tokens kumakero akawanda ekupisa (panzvimbo yekutumira kune imwe kero isingaverengeki) uye nekuendesa humbowo hwakaunganidzwa uye seti yezvisina maturo kuti vapedze kutamisa kwakavanzika. Nekushandisa anopfuura imwe kero yekupisa, vatumiri vanogona kuwedzera randomize transaction chiitiko uye kuyedza kuyedza kudzosera mabatiro ekupisa kumunhu mumwe. Izvi zvinozadzisa mabhenefiti makuru ayo EIP-7503 anotopa, senge ega ega ekutamisa, yakavanzika peer-to-peer mipiro/mubhadharo, uye yakavanzika mubhadharo manejimendi kune-cheni maDAO.

Kana iwe wakanakidzwa nekuverenga chinyorwa ichi, funga kuchigovera kune mumwe munhu angachiwana chine ruzivo uye kunyorera ku2077 Tsvagiridzo yetsamba yekuwedzera yakadzika dive pane zvikumbiro zvinobuda muEIP ecosystem. Ticharamba tichitarisa pane zvakavanzika mhinduro muEthereum uye toronga kuburitsa yakadzika dive paERC -5564 (chiyero chekugadzira kero dzekubira uye kutumira kero yekubira kero paEthereum).

Ramba wakatarisa!

Munyori wezvinyorwa: Ichi chinyorwa chinobudiswawo pano .