Kopekisa Mabunga Ekola Na Cadre Oyo Ya Sika

Kosimba mabunga na Go ezali pete mpe flexible – nzokande structure moko te! Esengelaki kozala pete, boye te? Zongisa kaka error , ezingami na nsango, mpe kende liboso. Bon, simplicité wana ebongwanaka noki na mobulu lokola codebase na biso ezali kokola na ba forfaits mingi, ba développeurs mingi, mpe ba "fixes rapides" mingi oyo etikalaka wana libela. Na tango, ba journal etondi na "elongi te kosala boye" mpe "yango oyo ekanisamaki te", mpe moto moko te ayebi soki ezali faute ya usager, faute ya serveur, code ya buggy, to ezali kaka misalignement ya ba étoiles! Mabunga esalemaka na ba messages oyo ezali na boyokani te. Paquet moko na moko ezali na ensemble na yango ya ba styles, ba constantes, to ba types ya erreur personnalisée. Ba code ya erreur ebakisami na ndenge ya arbitraire. Moyen facile te ya koyeba ba erreurs nini ekoki kozonga na fonction nini sans kotimola na mise en œuvre na yango! Donc, nazuaki défi ya ko créer cadre ya sika ya erreur. Tozwaki mokano ya kokende na système structuré, centralisé oyo esalelaka ba codes ya espace ya kombo mpo na kosala ete mabunga ezala na tina, ezala traçable, mpe – oyo eleki ntina – kopesa biso kimia ya makanisi! Oyo ezali lisolo ya lolenge nini tobandaki na lolenge ya pete ya kosimba mabunga, tozwaki mpenza kozanga bosepeli lokola mikakatano ekolaki, mpe na nsuka totongaki cadre na biso moko ya mabunga. Mikano ya bokeli, lolenge nini esalemi, mateya oyo tozwi, mpe mpo na nini ebongolaki lolenge na biso ya kotambwisa mabunga. Nazali na elikya ete ekomemela bino mpe mwa makanisi! Ba erreurs ya Go eza kaka ba valeurs Go ezali na lolenge ya semba ya kosilisa mabunga: mabunga ezali kaka motuya. Libunga ezali kaka motuya oyo esalelaka interface na . Na esika ya kobwaka exception mpe ko déranger flux ya exécution ya lelo, ba fonctions Go ezongisaka valeur pembeni ya ba résultats misusu. Na nsima, moto oyo abengi akoki kozwa ekateli ya ndenge ya kosimba yango: kotala motuya na yango mpo na kozwa ekateli, kozinga na bansango ya sika mpe na contexte, to kozongisa kaka libunga, kotika logique ya kosimba mpo na baboti oyo abengi. error Error() string error Tokoki kosala type nionso na kobakisa méthode likolo na yango. Bobongwani oyo epesaka nzela na ensemble moko na moko kolimbola mayele na yango moko ya kosilisa mabunga, mpe kopona oyo ekosala malamu mpo na bango. Yango mpe esangani malamu na philosophie ya Go ya composabilité, kosala ete ezala pete mpo na ko envelopper, ko extend, to ko personnaliser ba erreurs ndenge esengeli. error Error() string Forfait nionso esengeli kosala na ba erreurs Momeseno oyo bato mingi basalaka ezali ya kozongisa motuya ya libunga oyo esalelaka interface mpe etikaka moto oyo abengi azwa ekateli ya kosala nini na nsima. Talá ndakisa moko ya momeseno: error func loadCredentials() (Credentials, error) { data, err := os.ReadFile("cred.json") if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("file not found: %w", err) } if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read file: %w", err) } cred, err := verifyCredentials(cred); if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid credentials: %w", err) } return cred, nil } Go epesaka mwa ndambo ya ba utilités mpo na kosala na ba erreurs: mpe mpo na kobimisa mabunga ya pete. Kosala mabunga: errors.New() fmt.Errorf() Kozinga mabunga na contexte ya kobakisa na kosalelaka mpe verbe . Mabunga ya kozinga: fmt.Errorf() %w esangisaka mabunga ebele na moko. Kosangisa mabunga: errors.Join() ekokani na libunga na motuya moko ya sikisiki, ekokani na libunga na lolenge moko ya sikisiki, mpe ezwi libunga oyo ezali na nsé. Kotala mpe kosimba mabunga: errors.Is() errors.As() errors.Unwrap() Na misala, mbala mingi tomonaka ba modèles oyo: Kozongisa ba erreurs ya pete na to . Kosalela ba paquets standard: errors.New() fmt.Errorf() Ndakisa, na elimbolaka ba variables ya erreur oyo ekoki kosalelama lisusu. Kobimisa ba constantes to ba variables : go-redis gorm.io Ba bibliothèques lokola esala mitindo ya mabunga ya sipesiale, mbala mingi na ba code oyo esangisi mpo na contexte ya kobakisa. Mitindo ya mabunga ya moto ye moko: lib/pq grpc/status.Error esalela approche basée na interface pona kolimbola ba types ya erreur na ba mise en œuvre ndenge na ndenge. Ba interfaces ya erreur na ba implémentations : aws-sdk-go Lokola , oyo elimboli ba interfaces ebele pona ko classer pe ko gérer ba erreurs. To ba interfaces ebele: errdefs ya Docker Tobandaki na lolenge moko ya kosala Na mikolo ya ebandeli, lokola ba développeurs mingi ya Go, tolandaki ba pratiques communes ya Go mpe to garder traitement ya erreur minimal mais fonctionnel. Esalaki malamu mpenza mpo na mwa bambula. Botia stacktrace na kosalelaka , paquet oyo eyebani mingi na tango wana. pkg/errors Exporter ba constantes to ba variables pona ba erreurs spécifiques ya paquet. Salelá mpo na kotala soki ezali na mabunga ya sikisiki. errors.Is() Envelopper ba erreurs na ba messages ya sika na contexte. Mpo na mabunga ya API, tozali kolimbola mitindo ya mabunga mpe ba code na Protobuf enum. Na kati na yango stacktrace na pkg/errors Tosalelaki , ensemble oyo eyebanaki mingi mpo na kosilisa mabunga na ntango wana, mpo na kokɔtisa stacktrace na mabunga na biso. Yango esalisaki mingi mpo na kosala débogage, mpamba te epesaki biso nzela ya kolanda ebandeli ya mabunga na bisika ndenge na ndenge ya programɛ. pkg/errors Mpo na kosala, kozinga, mpe kopalanganisa mabunga na stacktrace, tosalelaki misala lokola , , mpe . Tala ndakisa ya bosaleli na biso ya ebandeli: Newf() NewValuef() Wrapf() type xError struct { msg message, stack: callers(), } func Newf(msg string, args ...any) error { return &xError{ msg: fmt.Sprintf(msg, args...), stack: callers(), // 👈 stacktrace } } func NewValuef(msg string, args ...any) error { return fmt.Errorf(msg, args...) // 👈 no stacktrace } func Wrapf(err error, msg string, args ...any) error { if err == nil { return nil } stack := getStack(err) if stack == nil { stack = callers() } return &xError{ msg: fmt.Sprintf(msg, args...), stack: stack, } } Ko exporter ba variables ya erreur Paquet moko na moko na codebase na biso elimbolaki ba variables ya erreur na yango moko, mbala mingi na ba styles oyo eyokani te. package database var ErrNotFound = errors.NewValue("record not found") var ErrMultipleFound = errors.NewValue("multiple records found") var ErrTimeout = errors.NewValue("request timeout") package profile var ErrUserNotFound = errors.NewValue("user not found") var ErrBusinessNotFound = errors.NewValue("business not found") var ErrContextCancel = errors.NewValue("context canceled") pe ko envelopper na contexte ya kobakisa Ko vérifier ba erreurs na errors.Is() res, err := repo.QueryUser(ctx, req) switch { case err == nil: // continue case errors.Is(database.NotFound): return nil, errors.Wrapf(ErrUserNotFound, "user not found (id=%v)", req.UserID) default: return nil, errors.Wrapf(ctx, "failed to query user (id=%v)", req.UserID) } Yango esalisaki mpo na kopalanganisa mabunga na makambo mingi kasi mbala mingi ezalaki kobimisa maloba mingi, kosala ba doublons, mpe kozala polele mingi te na ba journals: internal server error: failed to query user: user not found (id=52a0a433-3922-48bd-a7ac-35dd8972dfe5): record not found: not found Kolimbola mabunga ya libanda na Protobuf Mpo na ba API oyo etali libanda, to adoptaki modèle ya erreur basé na Protobuf oyo e inspiré na : API Graph ya Meta message Error { string message = 1; ErrorType type = 2; ErrorCode code = 3; string user_title = 4; string user_message = 5; string trace_id = 6; map details = 7; } enum ErrorType { ERROR_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED = 1; ERROR_TYPE_AUTHENTICATION = 2; ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST = 3; ERROR_TYPE_RATE_LIMIT = 4; ERROR_TYPE_BUSINESS_LIMIT = 5; ERROR_TYPE_WEBHOOK_DELIVERY = 6; } enum ErrorCode { ERROR_CODE_UNSPECIFIED = 1 [(error_type = UNSPECIFIED)]; ERROR_CODE_UNAUTHENTICATED = 2 [(error_type = AUTHENTICATION)]; ERROR_CODE_CAMPAIGN_NOT_FOUND = 3 [(error_type = NOT_FOUND)]; ERROR_CODE_META_CHOSE_NOT_TO_DELIVER = 4 /* ... */; ERROR_CODE_MESSAGE_WABA_TEMPLATE_CAN_ONLY_EDIT_ONCE_IN_24_HOURS = 5; } Ndenge wana ya kosala esalisaki na kobongisa mabunga, kasi na boumeli ya ntango, mitindo ya mabunga mpe ba code ebakisama kozanga mwango ya polele, oyo ememaki na bozangi boyokani mpe na ba doublons. Mpe mikakatano ekómaki mingi na boumeli ya ntango Mabunga esakolamaki bisika nyonso Forfait moko na moko e définir ba constantes ya erreur na yango na système centralisé te. Ba constantes mpe ba messages epalangani na codebase, kosala que ezala polele te ba erreurs nini fonction ekoki kozongisa – ugh, ezali to to nionso mibale? gorm.ErrRecordNotFound user.ErrNotFound Enveloppement ya erreur aléatoire ememaki na ba journals inconsistents mpe arbitraires Ba fonctions mingi e envelopper ba erreurs na ba messages arbitraires, inconsistents sans ko déclarer ba types ya erreur na yango moko. Ba journals ezalaki verbose, redundant, mpe mpasi mpo na koluka to kolandela. Ba messages ya erreur ezalaki générique mpe mbala mingi ezalaki kolimbola te nini ekendeki mabe to ndenge nini esalemaki. Lisusu brittle mpe prone na ba changements oyo emonanaka te. unexpected gorm error: failed to find business channel: error received when invoking API: unexpected: context canceled Standardisation moko te ememaki na traitement ya ba erreurs na ndenge ya mabe Paquet moko na moko esimbaki mabunga na ndenge ekeseni, yango esalaki ete ezala mpasi mpo na koyeba soki fonction moko ezongisi, ezingami, to ebongoli mabunga. Mbala mingi, contexte ezalaki kobunga lokola mabunga ezalaki kopalangana. Ba couches ya likolo ezuaki ba vagues sans ba causes ya misisa ya polele. 500 Erreurs ya Serveur Interne Ata categorisation moko te esalaki que suivi ezala impossible Mabunga e classifié te na gravité to comportement: annulé ekoki kozala comportement normal tango mosaleli akangi onglet ya navigateur, kasi ezali na ntina soki demande e annulé mpo query wana ezali malembe na ndenge ya pwasa. context.Canceled Makambo ya ntina ezalaki kokundama na nse ya mabaya oyo ezalaki kosala makɛlɛlɛ, mpe yango esalaki ete ezala mpasi mpo na koyeba yango. Kozanga categorisation, ezalaki impossible ya ko suivre fréquence ya erreur, gravité, to impact na ndenge ya malamu. Ezali tango ya ko centraliser traitement ya ba erreurs Kozonga na etanda ya dessin Mpo na kosilisa mikakatano oyo ezali se kokola, tozwaki mokano ya kotonga mayele ya mabunga ya malamu koleka nzinganzinga ya likanisi ya moboko ya . ba code ya mabunga oyo ezali na esika moko mpe oyo ebongisami Ba erreurs esakolamaka partout → Centraliser déclaration ya erreur na esika moko pona organisation ya malamu pe traçabilité. Ba journals inconsistents mpe arbitraires → Ba codes ya erreur structuré na formatage clair mpe constant. Bosalisi ya mabunga na ndenge ya mabe → na ensemble ya basalisi ya mobimba. Kobongisa mabunga mpe kotala lolenge ya sika Error Catégorisation te → Catégoriser ba codes ya erreur na ba balises pona suivi efficace na nzela ya ba journals na ba métriques. Ba décisions ya conception Ba codes nionso ya erreur e définir na esika centralisé na structure ya espace ya kombo. Salelá bisika ya nkombo mpo na kosala ba code ya mabunga ya polele, ya ntina, mpe oyo ekoki kobakisama. Ndakisa: mpo na "Mosaleli azwami te." PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND mpo na "Mokanda ya bopanzani ezwami te." FLD.NOT_FOUND Bango mibale bakoki kokabola code ya base ya se , elingi koloba "Enregistrement ezwami te na PostgreSQL." DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND . Couche moko na moko ya service to bibliothèque esengeli kaka kozongisa ba codes ya espace ya kombo na yango moko Couche moko na moko ya service, ya ebombelo, to bibliothèque esakolaka ensemble na yango moko ya ba codes ya erreur. Tango couche ezui erreur na dépendance, esengeli e envelopper yango na code ya espace ya kombo na yango moko avant ya kozongisa yango. Ndakisa: Ntango ozali kozwa libunga uta na bozangisi, liboke ya "base ya ba données" esengeli kozinga yango lokola . Na sima, service "profile/utilisateur" esengeli e envelopper yango lisusu lokola . gorm.ErrRecordNotFound DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND . Ba erreurs nionso esengeli e mettre en œuvre interface Error Yango esali ndelo ya polele kati na ba erreurs oyo ewutaka na ba bibliothèques ya troisième partie ( ) na s na biso ya kati. error Error Yango esalisaka mpe mpo na bokende liboso ya bopanzani, mpo na kokabwana kati ya ba paquets oyo ekendeki na esika mosusu mpe oyo ekendeki naino te. Libunga ekoki kozinga libunga moko to ebele. Elongo, basali nzete. [FLD.INVALID_ARGUMENT] invalid argument → [TPL.INVALID_PARAMS] invalid input params 1. [TPL.PARAM.EMPTY] name can not be empty 2. [TPL.PARAM.MALFORM] invalid format for param[2] Esengaka ntango nyonso context.Context . Ekoki ko attache contexte na erreur. Mbala mingi tomonaki ba journals na ba erreurs autonome na contexte te, te, mpe tozali na idée te esika ewuti. trace_id Ekoki ko attache clé/valeur supplémentaire na ba erreurs, oyo ekoki kosalelama na ba journal to na suivi. Ntango mabunga etindami na ndelo ya mosala, kaka code ya mabunga ya nivo ya likolo nde emonisami. Ba bengi bazali na besoin te ya komona ba détails ya mise en œuvre interne ya service wana. Mpo na mabunga ya libanda, kobá kosalela Protobuf ErrorCode mpe ErrorType ya lelo. Yango e assure compatibilité ya sima, yango wana ba clients na biso bazala na besoin te ya kokoma lisusu code na bango. Automap ba code ya erreur ya espace ya kombo na ba code ya Protobuf, ba code ya état HTTP, na ba balises. Ba ingénieurs balimbolaka cartographie na esika ya centralisé, mpe cadre ekosala carte ya code ya erreur moko na moko na Protobuf oyo ekokani , , état ya gRPC, état HTTP, mpe ba balises mpo na logging/metrics. ErrorCode ErrorType Yango esalaka ete ezala na boyokani mpe ekitisaka ba doublons. Cadre ya erreur ya espace ya kombo Ba forfaits ya moboko na ba types Ezali na mwa ba forfaits ya moboko oyo esali moboko ya cadre na biso ya sika ya kosilisa mabunga. connectly.ai/go/pkgs/ : Paquet principal oyo e définir type na ba codes. errors Error : Mpo na kotinda mabunga na API ya liboso to ya libanda. errors/api : Liboke ya mosungi oyo ekanamaki mpo na kosalela na bokɔtisi ba points. errors/E : Komeka ba utilités pona kosala na ba erreurs ya espace ya kombo. testing Error na Code Interface ezali extension ya interface standard, na ba méthodes ya kobakisa pona kozongisa . moko esalemi lokola . Error error Code Code uint16 package errors // import "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/errors" type Error interface { error Code() Code } type Code struct { code uint16 } type CodeI interface { CodeDesc() CodeDesc } type GroupI interface { /* ... */ } type CodeDesc struct { /* ... */ } Ba erreurs exporter ba codes nionso ya erreur na ba types communs ya paquet errors/E package E // import "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/errors/E" import "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/errors" type Error = errors.Error var ( DEPS = errors.DEPS PRFL = errors.PRFL ) func MapError(ctx context.Context, err error) errors.Mapper { /* ... */ } func IsErrorCode(err error, codes ...errors.CodeI) { /* ... */ } func IsErrorGroup(err error, groups ...errors.GroupI) { /* ... */ } Ndakisa ya bosaleli Ndakisa ya ba code ya erreur: // dependencies → postgres DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND DEPS.PG.UNEXPECTED // sdk → hash SDK.HASH.UNEXPECTED // profile → user PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND PFRL.USR.UNKNOWN // profile → user → repository PRFL.USR.REPO.NOT_FOUND PRFL.USR.REPO.UNKNOWN // profile → auth PRFL.AUTH.UNAUTHENTICATED PRFL.AUTH.UNKNOWN PRFL.AUTH.UNEXPECTED ya ba paquets : database package database // import "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/database" import "gorm.io/gorm" import . "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/errors/E" type DB struct { gorm: gorm.DB } func (d *DB) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, params ...any) *DB { tx := d.gorm.WithContext(ctx).Exec(sql, params...) return wrapTx(tx) } func (x *DB) Error(msgArgs ...any) Error { return wrapError(tx.Error()) // 👈 convert gorm error to 'Error' } func (x *DB) SingleRowError(msgArgs ...any) Error { if err := x.Error(); err != nil { return err } switch { case x.RowsAffected == 1: return nil case x.RowsAffected == 0: return DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND.CallerSkip(1). New(x.Context(), formatMsgArgs(msgArgs)) default: return DEPS.PG.UNEXPECTED.CallerSkip(1). New(x.Context(), formatMsgArgs(msgArgs)) } } ya forfait : pb/services/profile package profile // import "connectly.ai/pb/services/profile" // these types are generated from services/profile.proto type QueryUserRequest struct { BusinessId string UserId string } type LoginRequest struct { Username string Password string } ya forfait : service/profile package profile import uuid "github.com/google/uuid" import . "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/errors/E" import l "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/logging/l" import profilepb "connectly.ai/pb/services/profile" // repository requests type QueryUserByUsernameRequest struct { Username string } // repository layer → query user func (r *UserRepository) QueryUserByUsernameAuth( ctx context.Context, req *QueryUserByUsernameRequest, ) (*User, Error) { if req.Username == "" { return PRFL.USR.REPO.INVALID_ARGUMENT.New(ctx, "empty request") } var user User sqlQuery := `SELECT * FROM "user" WHERE username = ? LIMIT 1` tx := r.db.Exec(ctx, sqlQuery, req.Username).Scan(&user) err := tx.SingleRowError() switch { case err == nil: return &user, nil case IsErrorCode(DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND): return PRFL.USR.REPO.USER_NOT_FOUND. With(l.String("username", req.Username)) Wrap(ctx, "user not found") default: return PRFL.USR.REPO.UNKNOWN. Wrap(ctx, "failed to query user") } } // user service layer → query user func (u *UserService) QueryUser( ctx context.Context, req *profilepb.QueryUserRequest, ) (*profilepb.QueryUserResponse, Error) { // ... rr := QueryUserByUsernameRequest{ Username: req.Username } err := u.repo.QueryUserByUsername(ctx, rr) if err != nil { return nil, MapError(ctx, err). Map(PRFL.USR.REPO.NOT_FOUND, PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND, "the user %q cannot be found", req.UserName, api.UserTitle("User Not Found"), api.UserMsg("The requested user id %q can not be found", req.UserId)). KeepGroup(PRFL.USR). Default(PRFL.USR.UNKNOWN, "failed to query user") } // ... return resp, nil } // auth service layer → login user func (a *AuthService) Login( ctx context.Context, req *profilepb.LoginRequest, ) (*profilepb.LoginResponse, *profilepb.LoginResponse, Error) { vl := PRFL.AUTH.INVALID_ARGUMENT.WithMsg("invalid request") vl.Vl(req.Username != "", "no username", api.Detail("username is required")) vl.Vl(req.Password != "", "no password", api.Detail("password is required")) if err := vl.ToError(ctx); err != nil { return err } hashpwd, err := hash.Hash(req.Password) if err != nil { return PRFL.AUTH.UNEXPECTED.Wrap(ctx, err, "failed to calc hash") } usrReq := profilepb.QueryUserByUsernameRequest{/*...*/} usrRes, err := a.userServiceClient.QueryUserByUsername(ctx, usrReq) if err != nil { return nil, MapError(ctx, err). Map(PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND, PRFL.AUTH.UNAUTHENTICATED, "unauthenticated"). Default(PRFL.AUTH.UNKNOWN, "failed to query by username") } // ... } Bon, ezali na ebele ya ba fonctions na ba concepts ya sika na code oyo ezali likolo. Toleka na bango litambe na litambe. Kosala mpe kozinga mabunga na nzela ya importation ya dot Ya liboso, importer errors/E Yango eko permettre yo osalela directement ba types communs lokola na esika ya pe accès na ba codes na na esika ya . Error errors.Error PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND errors.PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND import . "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/errors/E" Bosala mabunga ya sika na kosalelaka CODE.New() Kanisa ete ozwi bosengi oyo ezali na ntina te, okoki kosala libunga ya sika na nzela ya: err := PRFL.USR.INVALID_ARGUMENT.New(ctx, "invalid request") ezali . PRFL.USR.INVALID_ARGUMENT Code moko emonisaka ba méthodes lokola to pona kosala erreur ya sika. Code New() Wrap() Fonction ezuaka lokola argument ya liboso, elandi na message na ba arguments optionnels. New() context.Context Imprimer yango na : fmt.Print(err) [PRFL.USR.INVALID_ARGUMENT] invalid request to na mpo na komona makambo mosusu: fmt.Printf("%+v") [PRFL.USR.INVALID_ARGUMENT] invalid request connectly.ai/go/services/profile.(*UserService).QueryUser /usr/i/src/go/services/profile/user.go:1234 connectly.ai/go/services/profile.(*UserRepository).QueryUser /usr/i/src/go/services/profile/repo/user.go:2341 Zinga libunga na kati ya libunga ya sika na kosalelaka CODE.Wrap() dbErr := DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND.Wrap(ctx, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound, "not found") usrErr := PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND.Wrap(ctx, dbErr, "user not found") ekobimisa sortie oyo na : fmt.Print(usrErr) [PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND] user not found → [DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND] not found → record not found to na fmt.Printf("%+v", usrErr) [PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND] user not found → [DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND] not found → record not found connectly.ai/go/services/profile.(*UserService).QueryUser /usr/i/src/go/services/profile/user.go:1234 Stacktrace ekouta na ya kati . Soki ozali kokoma fonction ya mosungi, okoki kosalela mpo na koleka ba cadres: Error CallerSkip(skip) func mapUserError(ctx context.Context, err error) Error { switch { case IsErrorCode(err, DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND): return PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND.CallerSkip(1).Wrap(ctx, err, "...") default: return PRFL.USR.UNKNOWN.CallerSkip(1).Wrap(ctx, err, "...") } } Kobakisa contexte na mabunga Bakisa contexte na erreur na kosalelaka With() Okoki kobakisa ba paires ya fungola/motuya ya kobakisa na mabunga na . .With(l.String(...)) ezali ensemble ya mosungi mpo na kobimisa ba fonctions ya sukali mpo na logging. logging/l zongisa mpe zongisa . l.String("flag", flag) Tag{String: flag} l.UUID("user_id, userID) Tag{Stringer: userID} import l "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/logging/l" usrErr := PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND. With(l.UUID("user_id", req.UserID), l.String("flag", flag)). Wrap(ctx, dbErr, "user not found") Ba balises ekoki kobima na : fmt.Printf("%+v", usrErr) [PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND] user not found {"user_id": "81febc07-5c06-4e01-8f9d-995bdc2e0a9a", "flag": "ABRW"} → [DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND] not found {"a number": 42} → record not found , , to : Bakisa contexte na ba erreurs directement na kati ya New() Wrap() MapError() Na leverage fonction na famille na yango, na ba fonctions ya ndenge moko ekoki ko détecter na mayele ba balises parmi ba arguments ya formatage. Esengeli te kokɔtisa misala ndenge na ndenge. l.String() New() err := INF.HEALTH.NOT_READY.New(ctx, "service %q is not ready (retried %v times)", req.ServiceName, l.String("flag", flag) countRetries, l.Number("count", countRetries), ) ekobimisa: [INF.HEALTH.NOT_READY] service "magic" is not ready (retried 2 times) {"flag": "ABRW", "count": 2} Mitindo ndenge na ndenge: , , Error0 VlError ApiError Actuellement, ezali na 3 types oyo e mettre en œuvre ba interfaces . Okoki kobakisa mitindo mosusu soki esengeli. Moko na moko akoki kozala na structure ekeseni, na ba méthodes personnalisées pona ba besoins spécifiques. Error standard ya Go Error ezali extension ya interface ya error type Error interface { error Code() Message() Fields() []tags.Field StackTrace() stacktrace.StackTrace _base() *base // a private method } Ezali na méthode privée mpo na kosala que to mettre en œuvre par accident te ba types ya sika libanda ya ensemble ya . Tokoki (to tokoki te) kolongola epekiseli wana na mikolo mizali koya ntango tokokutana na ndenge ya kosalela mingi. Error errors interface standard Pourquoi tosalelaka kaka error te pe tosalelaka assertion ya type? Po tolingi kokabola entre ba erreurs ya troisième partie na ba erreurs na biso ya kati. Ba couches nionso na ba paquets na ba codes internes na biso esengeli toujours ezongisa . Na lolenge oyo tokoki koyeba na bozangi likama ntango nini tosengeli kobongola mabunga ya bato ya misato, mpe ntango nini tosengeli kaka kosala na ba codes ya mabunga na biso ya kati. Error Ezali mpe kosala ndelo kati ya ba paquets oyo ebongwani mpe ba paquets oyo ekendeki naino te. Te, avenire wana ezali naino awa te. Ekoki koya mokolo mosusu, kasi mpo na sikoyo, tosengeli kaka kosala migration ya ba forfaits na biso moko na moko. Kozonga na bosolo, tokoki te kaka kosakola lolenge ya sika, koningisa lingenda ya maji, koloba na mongongo ya nse , mpe na nsima bamilio nyonso ya milɔngɔ ya code ebongwanaka na ndenge ya maji mpe esalaka malamu kozanga mpasi! mpo na kosɛnga sort ezali lolenge ya par défaut Error0 Error valeur Ezali na mpe sous-erreur optionnelle. Okoki kosalela mpo na kozongisa struct ya solo na esika ya interface , kasi esengeli . Ba code ya erreur mingi ekobimisa Error0 . base NewX() *Error0 Error ozala na bokebi type Error0 struct { base err error } var errA: Error = DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND.New (ctx, "not found") var errB: *Error0 = DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND.NewX(ctx, "not found") ezali structure commune oyo ekabolami na mise en œuvre nionso , pona kopesa fonctionnalité commune: , , , , pe ebele. base Error Code() Message() StackTrace() Fields() type base struct { code Code msg string kv []tags.Field stack stacktrace.StackTrace } VlError ezali mpo na mabunga ya bondimi Ekoki kozala na ba sous-erreurs ebele, pe kopesa ba méthodes ya bien pona kosala na ba aides ya validation. type VlError struct { base errs []error } Okoki kosala oyo ekokani na mosusu : VlError Error err := PRFL.USR.INVALID_ARGUMENT.New(ctx, "invalid request") To sala , bakisa ba erreurs na yango, sima convertir yango na : VlBuilder VlError userID, err0 := parseUUID(req.UserId) err1 := validatePassword(req.Password) vl := PRFL.USR.INVALID_ARGUMENT.WithMsg("invalid request") vl.Add(err0, err1) vlErr := vl.ToError(ctx) Mpe kotia ba paires ya ba clés/valeur lokola momesano: vl := PRFL.USR.INVALID_ARGUMENT. With(l.Bool("testingenv", true)). WithMsg("invalid request") userID, err0 := parseUUID(req.UserId) err1 := validatePassword(req.Password) vl.Add(err0, err1) vlErr := vl.ToError(ctx, l.String("user_id", req.UserId)) Kosalela ekobimisa: fmt.Printf("%+v", vlErr) [PRFL.USR.INVALID_ARGUMENT] invalid request {"testingenv": true, "user_id": "A1234567890"} ApiError ezali adaptateur mpo na kosala migration ya ba erreurs ya API Liboso, tosalelaki struct ekeseni mpo na kozongisa mabunga ya API na ba clients ya liboso mpe ya libanda. Ezali na lokola ndenge . api.Error ErrorType ErrorCode tolobelaki liboso package api import errorpb "connectly.ai/pb/models/error" // Deprecated type Error struct { pbType errorpb.ErrorType pbCode errorpb.ErrorCode cause error msg string usrMsg string usrTitle string // ... } Lolenge oyo esili sikawa kosalelama. Na esika na yango, tokosakola ba cartographies nionso ( , , code gRPC, code HTTP) na esika ya centraliser, mpe tokobongola yango na ba frontières correspondantes. Nako lobela na ntina ya bosakoli ya code na . ErrorType ErrorCode eteni oyo ekolanda Mpo na kosala migration na cadre ya erreur ya espace ya kombo ya sika, tobakisi . nionso ekomaka code ya . esika ya kombo ya tango moke ZZZ.API_TODO ErrorCode ZZZ.API_TODO ZZZ.API_TODO.UNEXPECTED ZZZ.API_TODO.INVALID_REQUEST ZZZ.API_TODO.USERNAME_ ZZZ.API_TODO.META_CHOSE_NOT_TO_DELIVER ZZZ.API_TODO.MESSAGE_WABA_TEMPLATE_CAN_ONLY_EDIT_ONCE_IN_24_HOURS Na esalemi lokola adaptateur. Misala nyonso oyo ezongisaka liboso ebongwanaki mpo na kozongisa (esalelami na ) na esika na yango. ApiError *api.Error Error *ApiError package api import . "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/errors/E" // previous func FailPreconditionf(err error, msg string, args ...any) *Error { return &Error{ pbType: ERROR_TYPE_FAILED_PRECONDITION, pbCode: ERROR_CODE_MESSAGE_WABA_TEMPLATE_CAN_ONLY_EDIT_ONCE_IN_24_HOURS, cause: err, msg: fmt.Sprintf(msg, args...) } } // current: this is deprecated, and serves and an adapter func FailPreconditionf(err error, msg string, args ...any) *Error { ctx := context.TODO() return ZZZ.API_TODO.MESSAGE_WABA_TEMPLATE_CAN_ONLY_EDIT_ONCE_IN_24_HOURS. CallerSkip(1). // correct the stacktrace by 1 frame Wrap(ctx, err, msg, args...) } Tango migration nionso esalemi, usage ya liboso: wabaErr := verifyWabaTemplateStatus(tpl) apiErr := api.FailPreconditionf(wabaErr, "template cannot be edited"). WithErrorCode(ERROR_CODE_MESSAGE_WABA_TEMPLATE_CAN_ONLY_EDIT_ONCE_IN_24_HOURS). WithUserMsg("According to WhatsApp, the message template can be only edited once in 24 hours. Consider creating a new message template instead."). ErrorOrNil() esengeli kokoma: CPG.TPL.EDIT_ONCE_IN_24_HOURS.Wrap( wabaErr, "template cannot be edited", api.UserMsg("According to WhatsApp, the message template can be only edited once in 24 hours. Consider creating a new message template instead.")) Simbá ete euti na ndenge ya implicit na code ya esika ya nkombo ya kati. Esengeli te kopesa yango polele mbala nyonso. Kasi ndenge nini ko déclarer relation entre ba codes? Tokolimbola yango na eteni oyo ekolanda. ErrorCode Kosakola ba codes ya sika ya erreur Na esika oyo, oyebi déjà ndenge ya kosala ba erreurs ya sika na ba codes oyo ezali. Ezali tango ya kolimbola na ntina ya ba codes mpe ndenge nini kobakisa ya sika. valeur Code moko esalemi lokola uint16 , oyo ezali na présentation ya molongo oyo ekokani. type Code struct { code: uint16 } fmt.Printf("%q", DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND) // "DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND" Mpo na kobomba ba chaînes wana, ezali na array ya nionso oyo ezali : CodeDesc const MaxCode = 321 // 👈 this value is generated var allCodes [MaxCode]CodeDesc type CodeDesc { c int // 42 code string // DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND api APICodeDesc } type APICodeDesc { ErrorType errorpb.ErrorType ErrorCode errorpb.ErrorCode HttpCode int DefMessage string UserMessage string UserTitle string } Tala ndenge ba codes esakolamaka: var DEPS deps // dependencies var PRFL prfl // profile var FLD fld // flow document type deps struct { PG pg // postgres RD rd // redis } // tag:postgres type pg struct { NOT_FOUND Code0 // record not found CONFLICT Code0 // record already exist MALFORM_SQL Code0 } // tag:profile type PRFL struct { REPO prfl_repo USR usr AUTH auth } // tag:profile type prfl_repo struct { NOT_FOUND Code0 // internal error code INVALID_ARGUMENT VlCode // internal error code } // tag:usr type usr struct { NOT_FOUND Code0 `api-code:"USER_NOT_FOUND"` INVALID_ARGUMENT VlCode `api-code:"INVALID_ARGUMENT"` DISABlED_ACCOUNT Code0 `api-code:"DISABLED_ACCOUNT"` } // tag:auth type auth struct { UNAUTHENTICATED Code0 `api-code:"UNAUTHENTICATED"` PERMISSION_DENIED Code0 `api-code:"PERMISSION_DENIED"` } Sima ya kosakola ba codes ya sika, esengeli script ya génération: osala run gen-errors Code oyo esalemi ekozala boye: // Code generated by error-codes. DO NOT EDIT. func init() { // ... PRFL.AUTH.UNAUTHENTICATED = Code0{Code{code: 143}} PRFL.AUTH.PERMISSION_DENIED = Code0{Code{code: 144}} // ... allCodes[143] = CodeDesc{ c: 143, code: "PRFL.AUTH.UNAUTHENTICATED", tags: []string{"auth", "profile"}, api: APICodeDesc{ ErrorType: ERROR_TYPE_UNAUTHENTICATED, ErrorCode: ERROR_CODE_UNAUTHENTICATED, HTTPCode: 401, DefMessage: "Unauthenticated error", UserMessage: "You are not authenticated.", UserTitle: "Unauthenticated error", })) } Lolenge oyo ekokani na yango moko na moko Error ezali na lolenge ya Code Omituna naino ndenge nini esali mpe esali ? Ezali mpo basalelaka mitindo ya code ndenge na ndenge. PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND.New() *Error0 PRFL.USR.INVALID_ARGUMENTS.New() *VlError Mpe lolenge moko na moko ezongisaka lolenge ya ekeseni, moko na moko ekoki kozala na ba méthodes na yango ya likolo: Code Error type Code0 struct { Code } type VlCode struct { Code } func (c Code0) New(/*...*/) Error { return &Error0{/*...*/} } func (c VlCode) New(/*...*/) Error { return &VlError{/*...*/} } // extra methods on VlCode to create VlBuilder func (c VlCode) WithMsg(msg string, args ...any) *VlBuilder {/*...*/} type VlBuilder struct { code VlCode msg string args []any } func (b *VlBuilder) ToError(/*...*/) Error { return &VlError{Code: code, /*...*/ } } Salelá api-code mpo na kotya elembo na ba code oyo ezali mpo na API ya libanda Esengeli kosalela code ya erreur ya espace ya kombo na kati. Mpo na kosala ete code ezala mpo na kozongisa na API HTTP ya libanda, osengeli kotya elembo na yango na . Motuya ezali oyo ekokani. api-code errorpb.ErrorCode Soki code ya erreur e marqué na te , ezali code ya kati mpe ekolakisama lokola générique . api-code Internal Server Error Boyeba ete ezali code ya libanda, nzokande ezali code ya kati. PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND PRFL.USR.REPO.NOT_FOUND Kosakola cartographie kati ya ErrorCode , ErrorType , mpe ba code ya gRPC/HTTP na protobuf na kosalelaka option enum: // error/type.proto ERROR_TYPE_PERMISSION_DENIED = 707 [(error_type_detail_option) = { type: "PermissionDeniedError", grpc_code: PERMISSION_DENIED, http_code: 403, // Forbidden message: "permission denied", user_title: "Permission denied", user_message: "The caller does not have permission to execute the specified operation.", }]; // error/code.proto ERROR_CODE_DISABlED_ACCOUNT = 70020 [(error_code_detail_option) = { error_type: ERROR_TYPE_DISABlED_ACCOUNT, grpc_code: PERMISSION_DENIED, http_code: 403, // Forbidden message: "account is disabled", user_title: "Account is disabled", user_message: "Your account is disabled. Please contact support for more information.", }]; Ba code mpe UNEXPECTED UNKNOWN Couche moko na moko ezalaka mingi mingi na 2 code générique na . Bazali kokokisa mwa mikano ekeseni: UNEXPECTED UNKNOWN Code esalelamaka mpo na mabunga oyo esengeli kosalema ata moke te. UNEXPECTED Code esalelamaka mpo na mabunga oyo esimbami polele te. UNKNOWN Mapping ya ba erreurs na code ya sika Ntango ozali kozwa libunga oyo ezongisami uta na fonction, esengeli osimba yango: kobongola mabunga ya bato ya misato na mabunga ya esika ya nkombo ya kati mpe ba code ya libunga ya kosala carte uta na ba couches ya kati kino na ba couches ya libanda. Bobongola mabunga ya bato ya misato na mabunga ya esika ya nkombo ya kati Ndenge nini osimbaka mabunga etali: nini ensemble ya bato mosusu ezongisaka mpe nini application na yo esengeli na yango. Ndakisa, ntango ozali kosimba mabunga ya base de données to ya API ya libanda: switch { case errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows): // map a database "no rows" error to an internal "not found" error return nil, PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND.Wrap(ctx, err, "user not found") case errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded): // map a context deadline exceeded error to a timeout error return nil, PRFL.USR.TIMEOUT.Wrap(ctx, err, "query timeout") default: // wrap any other error as unknown return nil, PRFL.USR.UNKNOWN.Wrap(ctx, err, "unexpected error") } Kosalela basalisi mpo na mabunga ya esika ya nkombo ya kati : Ezali kotala soki libunga ezali na moko ya ba code oyo elakisami. IsErrorCode(err, CODES...) : Zongisa solo soki libunga ezali ya lisanga ya bokotisi. IsErrorGroup(err, GROUP) Motindo ya kosalela oyo momeseno: user, err := queryUser(ctx, userReq) switch { case err == nil: // continue case IsErrorCode(PRL.USR.REPO.NOT_FOUND): // check for specific error code and convert to external code // and return as HTTP 400 Not Found return nil, PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND.Wrap(ctx, err, "user not found") case IsGroup(PRL.USR): // errors belong to the PRFL.USR group are returned as is return nil, err default: return nil, PRL.USR.UNKNOWN.Wrap(ctx, err, "failed to query user") } MapError() mpo na kokoma code ya cartographie na pete: Lokola kosala cartographie ya ba codes ya erreur ezali modèle oyo esalemaka mingi, ezali na mosungi mpo na kosala code ya kokoma noki. Code oyo ezali likolo ekoki kokomama lisusu lokola: MapError() user, err := queryUser(ctx, userReq) if err != nil { return nil, MapError(ctx, err). Map(PRL.USR.REPO.NOT_FOUND, PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND, "user not found"). KeepGroup(PRF.USR). Default(PRL.USR.UNKNOWN, "failed to query user") } Okoki kosala formatage ya ba arguments pe kobakisa ba paires ya clé/valeur ndenge ezalaka: return nil, MapError(ctx, err). Map(PRL.USR.REPO.NOT_FOUND, PRFL.USR.NOT_FOUND, "user %v not found", username, l.String("flag", flag)). KeepGroup(PRF.USR). Default(PRL.USR.UNKNOWN, "failed to query user", l.Any("retries", retryCount)) Komeka na esika ya nkombo s Error Komeka ezali na ntina mingi mpo na base ya code nyonso ya makasi. Cadre epesaka ba aides spécialisés lokola pona kosala que kokoma pe ko asserter ba conditions ya erreur na ba tests ezala facile pe expressive. ΩxError() // 👉 return true if the error contains the message ΩxError(err).Contains("not found") // 👉 return true if the error does not contain the message ΩxError(err).NOT().Contains("not found") Ezali na mayele mosusu mingi, mpe okoki mpe kokanga yango na minyɔlɔlɔ: ΩxError(err). MatchCode(DEPS.PG.NOT_FOUND). // match any code in top or wrapped errors TopErrorMatchCode(PRFL.TPL.NOT_FOUND) // only match code from the top error MatchAPICode(API_CODE.WABA_TEMPLATE_NOTE_FOUND). // match errorpb.ErrorCode MatchExact("exact message to match") ? Mpo na nini kosalela ba méthodes na esika ya Ω(err).To(testing.MatchCode()) Po ba méthodes ezalaka plus découvertes. Ntango ozali kokutana na ebele ya misala lokola , ezali mpasi mpo na koyeba oyo ekosala na s mpe oyo ekosala te. Na ba méthodes, okoki kaka kokoma point , mpe IDE na yo ekotanga ba méthodes nionso oyo ezali oyo ebongisami spécifiquement pona ko asserter s. testing.MatchValues() Error . Error Kokende na mikili mosusu Cadre ezali kaka ndambo ya lisolo. Kokoma code? Yango nde eteni ya pete. Mokakatano ya solosolo ebandaka ntango osengeli komema yango na codebase moko monene, ya bomoi epai wapi ebele ya ba ingénieurs bazali kotindika mbongwana mokolo na mokolo, bakiliya bazali kozela ete makambo nyonso esalaka malamu mpenza, mpe système ekoki kaka te kotika kotambola. Migration eyaka na responsabilité. Ezali mpo na kokabola na bokebi biteni mikemike ya code, kosala mbongwana ya mikemike na mbala moko, kobuka tonne ya mimekano na nzela. Na sima ko inspecter manuellement pe ko bongisa bango moko moko, kosangisa na filiale principale, ko déployer na production, kotala ba journals na ba alertes. Kozongela yango mbala na mbala... suki Talá mwa batoli mpo na kokende na mikili mosusu oyo toyekolaki na nzela: Bandá na kozongisa ba modèles ya kala na cadre ya sika. Bongisa ba problèmes nionso ya compilation oyo ebimaka na processus oyo. Bandá na koluka mpe kozongisa: Ndakisa, zongisa nyonso na kati ya liboke oyo na . error Error type ProfileController interface { LoginUser(req *LoginRequest) (*LoginResponse, error) QueryUser(req *QueryUserRequest) (*QueryUserResponse, error) } Code ya sika ekozala boye: import . "connectly.ai/go/pkgs/errors" type ProfileController interface { LoginUser(req *LoginRequest) (*LoginResponse, Error) QueryUser(req *QueryUserRequest) (*QueryUserResponse, Error) } Bandá na ba paquets ya niveau ya se mpe sala nzela na yo likolo. Na ndenge wana, okoki kosala ete ba paquets ya niveau ya se ezala mobimba migré avant ya kokende na oyo ya niveau ya likolo. Migrate forfait moko na mbala moko: Soki biteni ya codebase ezangi ba tests, bakisa yango. Soki ozali na elikya te na mbongwana na yo, bakisa ba tests mosusu. Bazali na litomba mpo na kosala ete mbongwana na yo ebuka te misala oyo ezali. Bakisa ba tests unitaires oyo ezangi: Tala kobongola ba fonctions oyo etali yango na DEPRECATED sima bakisa ba fonctions ya sika na type ya sika . Soki paquet na yo etali kobenga ba paquets ya niveau ya likolo: Error Kanisa ete ozali kosala migration ya ensemble ya base de données, oyo ezali na méthode : Transaction() package database func (db *DB) Transaction(ctx context.Context, fn func(tx *gorm.DB) error) error { return db.gorm.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error { return fn(tx) }) } Mpe esalelamaka na kati ya ensemble ya service ya mosaleli: err = s.DB(ctx).Transaction(func(tx *database.DB) error { user, usrErr := s.repo.CreateUser(ctx, tx, user) if usrErr != nil { return usrErr } } Lokola ozali kosala migration ya liboso forfait , kotika mpe ba douzaines ya ba paquets mosusu lokola yango. Libenga ezongisaka kaka lolenge ya ya kala ntango lolenge ya esengeli kozongisa lolenge ya ya sika. Okoki kobongola lolenge ya na mpe kobakisa lolenge ya sika : database user s.repo.CreateUser() error Transaction() Error Transaction() DEPRECATED TransactionV2() package database // DEPRECATED: use TransactionV2 instead func (db *DB) Transaction_DEPRECATED(ctx context.Context, fn func(tx *gorm.DB) error) error { return db.gorm.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error { return fn(tx) }) } func (db *DB) TransactionV2(ctx context.Context, fn func(tx *gorm.DB) error) Error { err := db.gorm.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error { return fn(tx) }) return adaptToErrorV2(err) } : Tango okutani na erreur oyo ekoti te na oyo ezali, bakisa code ya sika. Yango ekosalisa yo otonga ensemble complète ya ba codes ya erreur na tango. Ba codes oyo ewutaka na ba forfaits misusu ezalaka toujours lokola ba références. Bakisa ba code ya sika ya erreur tango ozali kokende Maloba ya nsuka Kosimba mabunga na Go ekoki koyoka pete na ebandeli —zongisela kaka mpe kokende liboso. Kasi lokola codebase na biso ekolaki, bopete wana ebongwanaki mobulu ya kokangama ya ba journals vagues, manipulation inconsistente, mpe ba sessions ya débogage oyo ezangi nsuka. error Na kozonga sima mpe kokanisa lisusu lolenge nini tosimbaka mabunga, totongaki système oyo esalaka mpo na biso, kasi contre biso te. Ba code ya esika ya nkombo oyo esalemi na esika ya nkombo mpe oyo ebongisami epesaka biso polele, nzokande bisaleli mpo na kosala cartographie, kozinga, mpe komeka mabunga esalaka ete bomoi na biso ezala pete. Na esika ya kobɛta mai na mbu ya mabaya, tozali sikawa na mabunga ya ntina, oyo ekoki kolandama oyo ezali koyebisa biso nini ezali mabe mpe esika nini tosengeli kotala. Cadre oyo ezali kaka te mpo na kosala ete code na biso ezala pɛto; ezali mpo na kobomba ntango, kokitisa kozanga bosepeli, mpe kosalisa biso tómilengela mpo na makambo oyo eyebani te. Ezali kaka ebandeli ya mobembo — tozali naino kozwa ba modèles mingi — kasi mbano ezali système oyo ekoki na lolenge moko to mosusu komema kimia ya makanisi na kosimba mabunga. Na elikya, ekoki kobimisa mwa makanisi mpo na misala na yo mpe! 😊 Mokomi Nazali Oliver Nguyen. Mosali ya logiciel oyo asalaka mingi na Go na JavaScript. Nasepelaka koyekola mpe komona lolenge moko ya malamu koleka ya ngai moko mokolo na mokolo. Tango mosusu spin off ba projets ya sika ya source ouverte. Kabola boyebi mpe makanisi na boumeli ya mobembo na ngai. Poste yango ebimi pe na na 👋 blog.connectly.ai olivernguyen.io

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