Authors: (1) Savvas Petridis, Google Research, New York, New York, USA; (2) Ben Wedin, Google Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; (3) James Wexler, Google Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; (4) Aaron Donsbach, Google Research, Seattle, Washington, USA; (5) Mahima Pushkarna, Google Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; (6) Nitesh Goyal, Google Research, New York, New York, USA; (7) Carrie J. Cai, Google Research, Mountain View, California, USA; (8) Michael Terry, Google Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Table Of Links Abstract & Introduction Related Work Formative Study Constitution Maker Implementation User Study Findings Discussion Conclusion and References 9 CONCLUSION This paper presents ConstitutionMaker, a tool for interactively refining LLM outputs by converting users’ intuitive feedback into principles. ConstitutionMaker’s design is informed by a formative study, where we also collected and classified the types of principles users wanted to write. ConstitutionMaker incorporates three principle-elicitation features: kudos, critique, and rewrite. In a user study with 14 industry professionals, participants felt that ConstitutionMaker helped them (1) write principles that effectively guided the chatbot, (2) convert their feedback into principles more easily, and (3) write principles more efficiently, with (4) less mental demand than the baseline. This was due to ConstitutionMaker supporting their thought processes, including helping them to: identify ways to improve the bot’s responses, convert their intuition into verbal feedback, and phrase their feedback as specific principles. There are many avenues of future work, including supporting users in iterating on and clarifying their principles, organizing larger sets of principles and supporting multiple writers, and helping users test chatbots across multiple user journeys. Together, these findings inform future tools that support interactively customizing LLM outputs. REFERENCES [1] Yuntao Bai, Saurav Kadavath, Sandipan Kundu, Amanda Askell, Jackson Kernion, Andy Jones, Anna Chen, Anna Goldie, Azalia Mirhoseini, Cameron McKinnon, Carol Chen, Catherine Olsson, Christopher Olah, Danny Hernandez, Dawn Drain, Deep Ganguli, Dustin Li, Eli Tran-Johnson, Ethan Perez, Jamie Kerr, Jared Mueller, Jeffrey Ladish, Joshua Landau, Kamal Ndousse, Kamile Lukosuite, Liane Lovitt, Michael Sellitto, Nelson Elhage, Nicholas Schiefer, Noemi Mercado, Nova DasSarma, Robert Lasenby, Robin Larson, Sam Ringer, Scott Johnston, Shauna Kravec, Sheer El Showk, Stanislav Fort, Tamera Lanham, Timothy TelleenLawton, Tom Conerly, Tom Henighan, Tristan Hume, Samuel R. Bowman, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Ben Mann, Dario Amodei, Nicholas Joseph, Sam McCandlish, Tom Brown, and Jared Kaplan. 2022. Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback. arXiv:2212.08073 [cs.CL] [2] Svetlin Bostandjiev, John O’Donovan, and Tobias Höllerer. 2012. TasteWeights: A Visual Interactive Hybrid Recommender System. In Proceedings of the Sixth ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (Dublin, Ireland) (RecSys ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1145/ 2365952.2365964 [3] Stephen Brade, Bryan Wang, Mauricio Sousa, Sageev Oore, and Tovi Grossman. 2023. Promptify: Text-to-Image Generation through Interactive Prompt Exploration with Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST). https: //doi.org/10.1145/3586183.3606725 arXiv:2304.09337 [cs.HC] [4] Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020. Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, H. Larochelle, M. Ranzato, R. Hadsell, M.F. Balcan, and H. Lin (Eds.), Vol. 33. Curran Associates, Inc., 1877–1901. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2020/file/ 1457c0d6bfcb4967418bfb8ac142f64a-Paper.pdf [5] Sébastien Bubeck, Varun Chandrasekaran, Ronen Eldan, Johannes Gehrke, Eric Horvitz, Ece Kamar, Peter Lee, Yin Tat Lee, Yuanzhi Li, Scott Lundberg, Harsha Nori, Hamid Palangi, Marco Tulio Ribeiro, and Yi Zhang. 2023. Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4. arXiv:2303.12712 [cs.CL] [6] Ernie Chang, Xiaoyu Shen, Hui-Syuan Yeh, and Vera Demberg. 2021. On Training Instance Selection for Few-Shot Neural Text Generation. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 8–13. https: //doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-short.2 [7] Qiaochu Chen, Xinyu Wang, Xi Ye, Greg Durrett, and Isil Dillig. 2020. MultiModal Synthesis of Regular Expressions. In Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (London, UK) (PLDI 2020). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1145/3385412.3385988 [8] Katy Ilonka Gero, Vivian Liu, and Lydia Chilton. 2022. Sparks: Inspiration for Science Writing Using Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Virtual Event, Australia) (DIS ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1002–1019. https: //doi.org/10.1145/3532106.3533533 [9] Sandra G. Hart and Lowell E. Staveland. 1988. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research. In Human Mental Workload, Peter A. Hancock and Najmedin Meshkati (Eds.). Advances in Psychology, Vol. 52. North-Holland, 139–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166- 4115(08)62386-9 [10] Jeremy Howard and Sebastian Ruder. 2018. Universal Language Model Finetuning for Text Classification. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Melbourne, Australia, 328–339. https://doi.org/ 10.18653/v1/P18-1031 [11] Jiyou Jia. 2009. CSIEC: A computer assisted English learning chatbot based on textual knowledge and reasoning. Knowledge-Based Systems 22, 4 (2009), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2008.09.001 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Blended Learning. [12] Ellen Jiang, Kristen Olson, Edwin Toh, Alejandra Molina, Aaron Donsbach, Michael Terry, and Carrie J Cai. 2022. PromptMaker: Prompt-Based Prototyping with Large Language Models. In Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI EA ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 35, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3503564 [13] Ellen Jiang, Edwin Toh, Alejandra Molina, Aaron Donsbach, Carrie J Cai, and Michael Terry. 2021. GenLine and GenForm: Two Tools for Interacting with Generative Language Models in a Code Editor. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Virtual Event, USA) (UIST ’21 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 145–147. https://doi.org/10.1145/3474349.3480209 [14] Ellen Jiang, Edwin Toh, Alejandra Molina, Kristen Olson, Claire Kayacik, Aaron Donsbach, Carrie J Cai, and Michael Terry. 2022. Discovering the Syntax and Strategies of Natural Language Programming with Generative Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 386, 19 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501870 [15] Daniel Kahneman. 2011. Thinking, fast and slow. macmillan. [16] Tae Soo Kim, Yoonjoo Lee, Minsuk Chang, and Juho Kim. 2023. Cells, Generators, and Lenses: Design Framework for Object-Oriented Interaction with Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. ACM. 1–18. [17] Johannes Kunkel, Benedikt Loepp, and Jürgen Ziegler. 2017. A 3D Item Space Visualization for Presenting and Manipulating User Preferences in Collaborative Filtering. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (Limassol, Cyprus) (IUI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025171.3025189 [18] Peter Lee, Sebastien Bubeck, and Joseph Petro. 2023. Benefits, Limits, and Risks of GPT-4 as an AI Chatbot for Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 388, 13 (2023), 1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr2214184 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr2214184 PMID: 36988602. [19] Brian Lester, Rami Al-Rfou, and Noah Constant. 2021. The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, 3045–3059. https: //doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.243 [20] Michael Xieyang Liu, Advait Sarkar, Carina Negreanu, Benjamin Zorn, Jack Williams, Neil Toronto, and Andrew D. Gordon. 2023. “What It Wants Me To Say”: Bridging the Abstraction Gap Between End-User Programmers and CodeGenerating Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 598, 31 pages. https: //doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580817 [21] Vivian Liu, Han Qiao, and Lydia Chilton. 2022. Opal: Multimodal Image Generation for News Illustration. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Bend, OR, USA) (UIST ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 73, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3526113.3545621 [22] Vivian Liu, Jo Vermeulen, George Fitzmaurice, and Justin Matejka. 2023. 3DALLE: Integrating Text-to-Image AI in 3D Design Workflows. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) (DIS ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1955–1977. https://doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3596098 [23] Aditi Mishra, Utkarsh Soni, Anjana Arunkumar, Jinbin Huang, Bum Chul Kwon, and Chris Bryan. 2023. PromptAid: Prompt Exploration, Perturbation, Testing and Iteration using Visual Analytics for Large Language Models. arXiv:2304.01964 [cs.HC] [24] Joon Sung Park, Joseph C. O’Brien, Carrie J. Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S. Bernstein. 2023. Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior. arXiv:2304.03442 [cs.HC] [25] Savvas Petridis, Nediyana Daskalova, Sarah Mennicken, Samuel F Way, Paul Lamere, and Jennifer Thom. 2022. TastePaths: Enabling Deeper Exploration and Understanding of Personal Preferences in Recommender Systems. In 27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (Helsinki, Finland) (IUI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 120–133. https: //doi.org/10.1145/3490099.3511156 [26] Savvas Petridis, Nicholas Diakopoulos, Kevin Crowston, Mark Hansen, Keren Henderson, Stan Jastrzebski, Jeffrey V Nickerson, and Lydia B Chilton. 2023. AngleKindling: Supporting Journalistic Angle Ideation with Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 225, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548. 3580907 [27] Reid Pryzant, Dan Iter, Jerry Li, Yin Tat Lee, Chenguang Zhu, and Michael Zeng. 2023. Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Search. arXiv:2305.03495 [cs.CL] [28] Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2019. Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI blog 1, 8 (2019), 9. [29] Kiran Ramesh, Surya Ravishankaran, Abhishek Joshi, and K. Chandrasekaran. 2017. A Survey of Design Techniques for Conversational Agents. In Information, Communication and Computing Technology, Saroj Kaushik, Daya Gupta, Latika Kharb, and Deepak Chahal (Eds.). Springer Singapore, Singapore, 336–350. [30] Emily Reif, Minsuk Kahng, and Savvas Petridis. 2023. Visualizing Linguistic Diversity of Text Datasets Synthesized by Large Language Models. arXiv:2305.11364 [cs.CL] [31] Laria Reynolds and Kyle McDonell. 2021. Prompt Programming for Large Language Models: Beyond the Few-Shot Paradigm. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI EA ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 314, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451760 [32] Taylor Shin, Yasaman Razeghi, Robert L. Logan IV, Eric Wallace, and Sameer Singh. 2020. AutoPrompt: Eliciting Knowledge from Language Models with Automatically Generated Prompts. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 4222–4235. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020. emnlp-main.346 [33] Hendrik Strobelt, Albert Webson, Victor Sanh, Benjamin Hoover, Johanna Beyer, Hanspeter Pfister, and Alexander M. Rush. 2023. Interactive and Visual Prompt Engineering for Ad-hoc Task Adaptation with Large Language Models. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 29, 1 (2023), 1146–1156. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2022.3209479 [34] Hongjin Su, Jungo Kasai, Chen Henry Wu, Weijia Shi, Tianlu Wang, Jiayi Xin, Rui Zhang, Mari Ostendorf, Luke Zettlemoyer, Noah A. Smith, and Tao Yu. 2022. Selective Annotation Makes Language Models Better Few-Shot Learners. arXiv:2209.01975 [cs.CL] [35] Gust Verbruggen, Vu Le, and Sumit Gulwani. 2021. Semantic Programming by Example with Pre-Trained Models. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 5, OOPSLA, Article 100 (oct 2021), 25 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3485477 [36] Sitong Wang, Savvas Petridis, Taeahn Kwon, Xiaojuan Ma, and Lydia B Chilton. 2023. PopBlends: Strategies for Conceptual Blending with Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 435, 19 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548. [37] Yunlong Wang, Shuyuan Shen, and Brian Y Lim. 2023. RePrompt: Automatic Prompt Editing to Refine AI-Generative Art Towards Precise Expressions. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 22, 29 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581402 [38] Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, brian ichter, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, and Denny Zhou. 2022. Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, S. Koyejo, S. Mohamed, A. Agarwal, D. Belgrave, K. Cho, and A. Oh (Eds.), Vol. 35. Curran Associates, Inc., 24824–24837. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2022/file/ 9d5609613524ecf4f15af0f7b31abca4-Paper-Conference.pdf [39] Sherry Wu, Hua Shen, Daniel S Weld, Jeffrey Heer, and Marco Tulio Ribeiro. 2023. ScatterShot: Interactive In-Context Example Curation for Text Transformation. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (Sydney, NSW, Australia) (IUI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1145/3581641.3584059 [40] Tongshuang Wu, Ellen Jiang, Aaron Donsbach, Jeff Gray, Alejandra Molina, Michael Terry, and Carrie J Cai. 2022. PromptChainer: Chaining Large Language Model Prompts through Visual Programming. In Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI EA ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 359, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519729 [41] Tongshuang Wu, Michael Terry, and Carrie Jun Cai. 2022. AI Chains: Transparent and Controllable Human-AI Interaction by Chaining Large Language Model Prompts. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 385, 22 pages. https: //doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517582 [42] Yu Wu, Wei Wu, Chen Xing, Ming Zhou, and Zhoujun Li. 2017. Sequential Matching Network: A New Architecture for Multi-turn Response Selection in RetrievalBased Chatbots. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Vancouver, Canada, 496–505. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P17-1046 [43] Anbang Xu, Zhe Liu, Yufan Guo, Vibha Sinha, and Rama Akkiraju. 2017. A New Chatbot for Customer Service on Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3506–3510. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025496 [44] Ann Yuan, Andy Coenen, Emily Reif, and Daphne Ippolito. 2022. Wordcraft: Story Writing With Large Language Models. In 27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (Helsinki, Finland) (IUI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 841–852. https://doi.org/10.1145/3490099.3511105 [45] J.D. Zamfirescu-Pereira, Heather Wei, Amy Xiao, Kitty Gu, Grace Jung, Matthew G Lee, Bjoern Hartmann, and Qian Yang. 2023. Herding AI Cats: Lessons from Designing a Chatbot by Prompting GPT-3. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) (DIS ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2206–2220. https://doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3596138 [46] J.D. Zamfirescu-Pereira, Richmond Y. Wong, Bjoern Hartmann, and Qian Yang. 2023. Why Johnny Can’t Prompt: How Non-AI Experts Try (and Fail) to Design LLM Prompts. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 437, 21 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/ 3544548.3581388 [47] Tianyi Zhang, London Lowmanstone, Xinyu Wang, and Elena L. Glassman. 2020. Interactive Program Synthesis by Augmented Examples. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Virtual Event, USA) (UIST ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 627–648. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379337.3415900 [48] Hao Zhou, Minlie Huang, Tianyang Zhang, Xiaoyan Zhu, and Bing Liu. 2018. Emotional Chatting Machine: Emotional Conversation Generation with Internal and External Memory. arXiv:1704.01074 [cs.CL] This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

How ConstitutionMaker Utilizes LLMs for Chatbot Behavior Crafting

Interactively Critiquing LLMs by Converting Feedback into Principle— Conclusion and References

About Author

Comments

TOPICS

THIS ARTICLE WAS FEATURED IN

Related Stories

A Detailed Analysis of Inter-Annotator Agreement

Comparing ConstitutionMaker to Baseline: User Study Unveils Insights into Chatbot Principle Writing

ConstitutionMaker: Revolutionizing Chatbot Design Through User-Guided Principles

Efficiency and Intuition: Key Factors in User Preference for ConstitutionMaker

Formative Study Illuminates the Path to Intuitive Chatbot Customization

How ConstitutionMaker Utilizes LLMs for Chatbot Behavior Crafting

A Detailed Analysis of Inter-Annotator Agreement

Comparing ConstitutionMaker to Baseline: User Study Unveils Insights into Chatbot Principle Writing

ConstitutionMaker: Revolutionizing Chatbot Design Through User-Guided Principles

Efficiency and Intuition: Key Factors in User Preference for ConstitutionMaker

Formative Study Illuminates the Path to Intuitive Chatbot Customization

How ConstitutionMaker Utilizes LLMs for Chatbot Behavior Crafting

Light-Mode

Classic

Newspaper

Minty

Dark-Mode

Neon Noir

Minty

HN StartUps