How the Moon Impacts Subsea Communication Cables: Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References

Author: (1) Lothar Moeller, SubCom, Eatontown, NJ 07724, USA, lmoeller@subcom.com. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction GPS Long-Term Stabilized RF Phase Meter Simple and Accurate models for tides Latency Variations on Transpacific Cable Poisson effect on pressurized cables Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References 6. CONCLUSIONS For the first time we experimentally studied arrival phase variations of an RF signal on an optically looped-back carrier between Japan and the US. Our measurement suggests that cable length variations induced by water pressure, which depends on the tides across the pacific, stretch the fiber. This contradicts a ‘loose tube model’ for cables. The inherent coupling between the fibers and the loose tube, though this friction is very small, allows for transmittal of tension and tinily stretches them by a few ppb. We found a strong correlation between averaged tide levels and the arrival phase over daily periods. Larger offsets appear during weeklong recordings. It is surprising how long-term stable cables are but, then again, it’s remarkable how much tides cycle their length on a daily basis. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank R. Ray, W. Patterson, S. Bernstein, S. Abbott, B. Bakhshi, and S. Hunziker for supporting this work. 7. REFERENCES [1] G. Marra, C. Clivati, R. Luckett, A. Tampellini, J. Kronjäger, L. Wright, A. Mura, F. Levi, S. Robinson, A. Xuereb, B. Baptie, D. Calonico, “Ultrastable laser interferometry for earthquake detection with terrestrial and submarine cables.” Science, eaat4458, (2018). [2] M. Newland, M. Cantono, M. Salsi, V. Kamalov, V. Vusirikala, Z. Zhan, “SubHertz Spectral Analysis of Polarization of Light in a Transcontinental Submarine Cable,” ECOC 2020, Brussels, (2020). [3] Li Wang, Y. Wang, J. Wang , F. LI, “A High Spatial Resolution FBG Sensor Array for Measuring Ocean Temperature and Depth,” Photonic Sensors, (2018). [4] B. Howe, B. Arbic, J. Aucan, C. Barnes et al. “SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation,” Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 424 (2019). https://www.osti.gov/pages/servlets/purl/15 58213 [5] Z. Zhan, “Distributed Acoustic Sensing Turns Fiber‐Optic Cables into Sensitive Seismic Antennas,” Seismological Research Letters. 91, pp.1–15, (2020). [6] R.D. Ray, (2013), “Precise comparisons of bottom-pressure and altimetric ocean tides,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, pp. 4570– 4584, (2013) doi:10.1002/jgrc.20336. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ epdf/10.1002/jgrc.20336 [7] R.D. Ray, “A Global Ocean Tide Model From TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry: GOT99.2,” NASA/TM-1999-209478, (1999) https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19990089548. [8] A. Bertholds, R. Dandliker, “Deformation of Single-Mode Optical Fibers UnderStatic Longitudinal Stress,” JLT, vol. LT-5, No. 7, pp. 895-900, (1987). [9] Richard G. Budynas and Ali M. Sadegh, “Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain,” McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN 9781260453751. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Author: (1) Lothar Moeller, SubCom, Eatontown, NJ 07724, USA, lmoeller@subcom.com. Author: Author: (1) Lothar Moeller, SubCom, Eatontown, NJ 07724, USA, lmoeller@subcom.com. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction GPS Long-Term Stabilized RF Phase Meter GPS Long-Term Stabilized RF Phase Meter Simple and Accurate models for tides Simple and Accurate models for tides Latency Variations on Transpacific Cable Latency Variations on Transpacific Cable Poisson effect on pressurized cables Poisson effect on pressurized cables Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References 6. CONCLUSIONS For the first time we experimentally studied arrival phase variations of an RF signal on an optically looped-back carrier between Japan and the US. Our measurement suggests that cable length variations induced by water pressure, which depends on the tides across the pacific, stretch the fiber. This contradicts a ‘loose tube model’ for cables. The inherent coupling between the fibers and the loose tube, though this friction is very small, allows for transmittal of tension and tinily stretches them by a few ppb. We found a strong correlation between averaged tide levels and the arrival phase over daily periods. Larger offsets appear during weeklong recordings. It is surprising how long-term stable cables are but, then again, it’s remarkable how much tides cycle their length on a daily basis. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank R. Ray, W. Patterson, S. Bernstein, S. Abbott, B. Bakhshi, and S. Hunziker for supporting this work. 7. REFERENCES [1] G. Marra, C. Clivati, R. Luckett, A. Tampellini, J. Kronjäger, L. Wright, A. Mura, F. Levi, S. Robinson, A. Xuereb, B. Baptie, D. Calonico, “Ultrastable laser interferometry for earthquake detection with terrestrial and submarine cables.” Science, eaat4458, (2018). [2] M. Newland, M. Cantono, M. Salsi, V. Kamalov, V. Vusirikala, Z. Zhan, “SubHertz Spectral Analysis of Polarization of Light in a Transcontinental Submarine Cable,” ECOC 2020, Brussels, (2020). [3] Li Wang, Y. Wang, J. Wang , F. LI, “A High Spatial Resolution FBG Sensor Array for Measuring Ocean Temperature and Depth,” Photonic Sensors, (2018). [4] B. Howe, B. Arbic, J. Aucan, C. Barnes et al. “SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation,” Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 424 (2019). https://www.osti.gov/pages/servlets/purl/15 58213 [5] Z. Zhan, “Distributed Acoustic Sensing Turns Fiber‐Optic Cables into Sensitive Seismic Antennas,” Seismological Research Letters. 91, pp.1–15, (2020). [6] R.D. Ray, (2013), “Precise comparisons of bottom-pressure and altimetric ocean tides,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, pp. 4570– 4584, (2013) doi:10.1002/jgrc.20336. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ epdf/10.1002/jgrc.20336 [7] R.D. Ray, “A Global Ocean Tide Model From TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry: GOT99.2,” NASA/TM-1999-209478, (1999) https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19990089548. [8] A. Bertholds, R. Dandliker, “Deformation of Single-Mode Optical Fibers UnderStatic Longitudinal Stress,” JLT, vol. LT-5, No. 7, pp. 895-900, (1987). [9] Richard G. Budynas and Ali M. Sadegh, “Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain,” McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN 9781260453751. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

How the Moon Impacts Subsea Communication Cables: Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References

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How the Moon Impacts Subsea Communication Cables: Poisson effect on pressurized cables