News used to be behind a paywall, or not. But then a publication figured out how to do both. “I don’t know if we could have done it or not, Paul, but the fact is, maybe it was a lack of imagination, but at least at the time the thinking was very binary. Either you were going to be free or you were going to be pay.” , former CEO of New York Times Digital and former SVP of Digital Operations at . He worked at the newspaper from its early experiments with the web back in 1995 until he retired in 2011. The challenge posed to him by in that interview was by Paul Sagan, who asked whether or not the , when it first launched, could have went entirely behind a paywall like it’s spiritual competitor had. That’s Martin Nisenholtz New York Times New York Times Wall Street Journal Nisenholtz was pretty insistent that they couldn’t have. That if they moved behind a paywall, nobody would’ve came, and the NYT would not have become the digital force that it is today. Looking at results over the arc of his career, he’s probably right. But he also points to the strict dichotomy of the time. Publications were either free or behind a paywall. It felt as if there were no other choices. At least for the first couple of decades or so. “Content is king” was a common refrain in the media-driven early web. It was seen as uncouth to for content. Content was meant to be free and wildly distributed. So most magazines, newspapers, and online publishers made content on the web freely available and supported by ads, even if their print subscriptions were paid. There were some that bucked the trend though. The earliest example of a paywall on the web is likely the , a newspaper that tends to be on the cutting edge of technology thanks to their proximity to Silicon Valley. When they launched in 1994, they charged visitors $5 a month for access. charge San Jose Mercury News But was the first major Internet publication to begin charging subscriptions for their online edition when they launched in 1995. The prevailing theory at the time was that was unique in that it targeted businesses rather than individual consumers, and had a reason to go against the grain and go behind a paywall. But most believed that charging for online content risked blocking out one’s potential audience (and their associated ad revenue) all at once. The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal Some publications experimented with paid sections. , an online only magazine, tried that approach in 1998, offering exclusive content to paid subscribers. even tried it at various points, putting exclusive columns, crosswords, and online games behind a special paywall. But by and large, and except for a few, notable paywall exceptions, online news was free in the first two decades of the web. Slate The New York Times The came online about as early as any other publication, in 1995. Their first website was a brief subset of their print publication; some general information about global financial news. But they quicly experimented with new designs and content, launching version after version as they fleshed out their vision for the web. Financial Times In 2002, the launched a new redesign that brought even more content to the web. But a section of the site—in-depth information on global businesses, advanced search, and instant access to print content—was moved behind a paywall for digital subscribers. They had plans that ranged from £75 to  £200 a year. Financial Times But that approach ended up only minimally successful. Publications in the mid-2000’s found themselves stuck in a gordian knot of discovery. With millions of websites to compete with, search was becoming a reliable and widespread, and social media networks were gaining traction. News stories—and the audiences they could bring—spread across the web on the waves of these innovations. But any content behind a paywall wasn’t discoverable. In order to be accessible across the web, content had to be free. But a glut of content had shrunk advertising revenues, making loyal, digital subscribers willing to pay for content the holy grail. The , like most other news organizations, found themselves stuck in the middle of freely available and discoverable open sites and potentially more lucrative but inaccessible paywalls. Until they proposed an alternative, what they called in their initial announcements a “third way.” Starting in 2007, the made their content free—with a limit. Visitors to the site were able to read 30 (at launch) articles for free a month. After that, they’d be locked out until the next month unless they were a subscriber. In between, there were all sorts of opportunities to gently nudge readers towards a paid subscription. Financial Times Financial Times It was called the metered model. Every visitor had a certain number of tokens they could feed the meter with each month to access stories. But once the meter was empty, no more reading for free. People could still share articles on social media, and search engines could still pick it up. But recurring readers were expected to pay for the privilege. In the years that followed its initial launch, the metered model was picked up by several other publications, including the and a few UK based media companies. But it wasn’t until 2011, in Nisenholtz’s retirement year, that the would begin to adopt the model—marking it in the process not as simply a pioneering experiment, but a imminent best practice. Economicist New York Times In the case of the NYT, they made some modifications. Specifically, they made the metered paywall somewhat more “porous” by design. The NYT paywall initially let users pass through when they came from search engines or social media sites, even if their meter was full for the month. It made content even more findable across the web for most people, but users that came directly to the site were limited to 20 articles a month before they were locked out of future articles and prompted to switch to a subscription. Over time, that limit tightened—at the NYT, at the and all over the web. Twenty free articles became ten. It became a bit of business calculation: What is the least amount of content that can be offered for free that was still able to drive new paid subscriptions. But the math was often in the favor of publishers. After they launched, significantly. Within a few months, they had signed on hundreds of thousands of digital subscribers. Financial Times, The New York TImes saw 20% less page views, but it boosted their subscribers And as the model became more proven out, other publications adopted it. By 2013, major publications like the and the were implementing their own version of the metered paywall. Even Slate, an online magazine who had tried and failed to put their site behind a paywall in the ’90’s, adopted the metered paywall in 2015 for global readers. Washington Post Telegraph As a decade or more has passed since the introduction of the metered paywall, it’s hard not to call it ubiquitious. Any publication not strictly behind a paywall has likely implemented some version of it. This post introduced 3 milestones to the Timeline. The Financial Times Introduces a Metered Model Oct 1 2007 October 1, 2007 The relaunch features what would be referred to as the "metered model" for online content distribution. Visitors to the site were given a certain number of free articles that they can read each month. After that, a paywall was lifted until the end of the month. The goal of the metered model, which would become widely adopted, was to prompt users to become digital subscribers. Financial Times NYTimes.com Launch Jan 22 1996 January 22, 1996 The launches its first venture on the web. Though it did have a registration baked in, visitors were given free access to most of the material available in the print version at launch. Over the years, the site would go through several evolutions. New York Times Mercury Center Web Jan 20 1995 January 20, 1995 San Jose's officially launches their website after beta testing for several months. It would be the first public news site on the web, with full access to the site restricted to paying digital subscribers. The site would act as a blueprint for other early news ventures on the web, and it's paywall model would influence online distribution for years. Mercury News View the Full Timeline Sources Alan Selby and Alex Wynick. "Timeline: How charging for online news in the UK has moved into the mainstream since 2007." Press Gazette. April 4, 2017. https://pressgazette.co.uk/timeline-how-charging-for-online-news-in-the-uk-has-moved-into-the-mainstream-since-2007/ Paul Sawers. "Slate slides behind a metered paywall as global readers are asked to pay $5/month." Venture Beat. June 6, 2015. https://venturebeat.com/2015/06/08/slate-slides-behind-a-paywall-as-global-readers-are-asked-to-pay-5month-to-read-more-than-5-articles/ "Martin Nisenholtz." Digital Riptide. 2012. https://www.digitalriptide.org/person/martin-nisenholtz/ Felix Salmon. "How The New York Times Paywall Is Working." Wired. August 8, 2011. https://www.wired.com/2011/08/new-york-times-paywall/ Peter Preston. "A paywall that pays? Only in America." The Guardian. August 8, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/aug/07/paywall-that-pays-only-in-america Tyler Shores. "The Economist and Reinventing The Newspaper." Medium. July 7, 2011. https://medium.com/reading-onscreen-reading-in-print/the-economist-and-reinventing-the-newspaper-44f29a4bf705 "FT.com to launch improved website with new content and services for users, subscribers and advertisers." Pearson. April 4, 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20131015160115/http://www.pearson.com/news/2002/april/ftcom-to-launch-improved-website-with-new-content-and-services.html?article=true Laurie Flynn. "Wall Street Journal Bets Internet Readers Will Pay a Fee." NY Times. April 4, 1996. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/29/business/wall-street-journal-bets-internet-readers-will-pay-a-fee.html First Published . Here

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