How Online Stores Know What You’ll Buy Next: The Math Behind “Frequently Bought Together”

Amazon and other online retailers seem to know exactly what you’ll add to your cart next. How? In physical stores, products are organized into sections, aisles, and shelves, making it easy to find related items together. This real-world experience was missing from early digital stores, where breadcrumbs were the only way to navigate categories. E-commerce sites have only recently begun to replicate the convenience of finding similar products grouped together, just like in a physical store. breadcrumbs You're back-to-school shopping and add a notebook to your cart. Suddenly, you're shown pens, glue sticks, backpacks, printer ink, and scissors all the essentials, right there in one swipeable carousel. So convenient, way better than hunting them down aisle by aisle at Walmart. But how do eCommerce sites know exactly what to show you? know 🎉 Drumroll... Enter Association Rule Mining the behind-the-scenes magic of data mining that finds patterns, relationships, and "frequently bought together" combos across massive datasets. Drumroll... Association Rule Mining Even though these products are made, shipped, and sold by totally different suppliers, this tech connects the dots — making your shopping experience smarter and smoother. Association Rule Mining helps computers find these patterns automatically from huge amounts of data, so businesses can use them to make better decisions like showing related products online or organizing store shelves smarter. Think of it like this: "If X, then Y" that's the heart of association rule mining. "If X, then Y" The Apriori Algorithm is a classic method used in Association Rule Mining to find items that frequently appear together in large datasets like in shopping carts, web clicks, or user behaviors. So, if we have seen previous patterns where products being bought together are used as guiding tools to create these associations. Apriori Algorithm Association Rule Mining The Apriori Algorithm Explanation Purpose: Identify frequent itemsets and derive association rules.Steps:Identify all itemsets that meet a minimum support threshold.Generate larger itemsets from smaller frequent itemsets.Derive association rules from frequent itemsets that meet minimum confidence.Mathematical Intuition:Support: Frequency of itemset in dataset.Confidence: Likelihood of consequent given antecedent.Lift: How much more likely the consequent is, given the antecedent, compared to random chance. Purpose: Identify frequent itemsets and derive association rules. Steps: Identify all itemsets that meet a minimum support threshold. Generate larger itemsets from smaller frequent itemsets. Derive association rules from frequent itemsets that meet minimum confidence. Mathematical Intuition: Support: Frequency of itemset in dataset. Confidence: Likelihood of consequent given antecedent. Lift: How much more likely the consequent is, given the antecedent, compared to random chance. Mental map TermMeaningIn Plain EnglishantecedentsThe "if" part of the ruleWhat the customer has bought alreadyconsequentsThe "then" part of the ruleWhat the customer is likely to buy nextsupportFrequency of this item combination in the whole datasetHow common this rule is overallconfidenceHow often the rule has been trueIf people buy A, how often they also buy BliftHow much more likely B is given A (vs. just randomly buying B)Measures strength of the rule (Lift > 1 is good) TermMeaningIn Plain EnglishantecedentsThe "if" part of the ruleWhat the customer has bought alreadyconsequentsThe "then" part of the ruleWhat the customer is likely to buy nextsupportFrequency of this item combination in the whole datasetHow common this rule is overallconfidenceHow often the rule has been trueIf people buy A, how often they also buy BliftHow much more likely B is given A (vs. just randomly buying B)Measures strength of the rule (Lift > 1 is good) TermMeaningIn Plain EnglishantecedentsThe "if" part of the ruleWhat the customer has bought alreadyconsequentsThe "then" part of the ruleWhat the customer is likely to buy nextsupportFrequency of this item combination in the whole datasetHow common this rule is overallconfidenceHow often the rule has been trueIf people buy A, how often they also buy BliftHow much more likely B is given A (vs. just randomly buying B)Measures strength of the rule (Lift > 1 is good) TermMeaningIn Plain English Term Term Meaning Meaning In Plain English In Plain English antecedentsThe "if" part of the ruleWhat the customer has bought already antecedents antecedents antecedents The "if" part of the rule The "if" part of the rule What the customer has bought already What the customer has bought already has bought consequentsThe "then" part of the ruleWhat the customer is likely to buy next consequents consequents consequents The "then" part of the rule The "then" part of the rule What the customer is likely to buy next What the customer is likely to buy next likely to buy next supportFrequency of this item combination in the whole datasetHow common this rule is overall support support support Frequency of this item combination in the whole dataset Frequency of this item combination in the whole dataset How common this rule is overall How common this rule is overall common confidenceHow often the rule has been trueIf people buy A, how often they also buy B confidence confidence confidence How often the rule has been true How often the rule has been true If people buy A, how often they also buy B If people buy A, how often they also buy B often liftHow much more likely B is given A (vs. just randomly buying B)Measures strength of the rule (Lift > 1 is good) lift lift lift How much more likely B is given A (vs. just randomly buying B) How much more likely B is given A (vs. just randomly buying B) Measures strength of the rule (Lift > 1 is good) Measures strength of the rule (Lift > 1 is good) strength Data Preprocessing & Visualization Data Preprocessing & Visualization The table below shows the likelihood of items being purchased together. For example, if a customer buys a SPACEBOY LUNCH BOX, they are also likely to buy a DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX. This pattern suggests that parents may be purchasing lunch boxes for both their son and daughter. Similarly, if someone buys all these ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER then they are likely to buy Green one as well to complete color combination of the teasets. antecedentsconsequentssupportconfidenceliftALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE REDALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN0.0290.60414.198ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREENALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED0.0290.67214.198ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE REDALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINK0.0210.45213.654ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINKALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED0.0210.64613.654SPACEBOY LUNCH BOXDOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX0.0230.60218.123DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOXSPACEBOY LUNCH BOX0.0230.68818.123GARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALMGARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEA0.0250.61217.877GARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEAGARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALM0.0250.72917.877LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.0.0230.4237.455LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.0.0220.4558.016LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0220.3898.016LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGN0.0210.3026.464LUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0210.4496.464LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT0.0230.4428.801LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOTLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0230.4598.801LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0250.4746.823LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0250.3566.823LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0210.4057.594LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0210.3967.594LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0210.4048.324LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0210.4348.324LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOTLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0280.5628.084LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT0.0280.4068.084LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0250.3636.802LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0250.4736.802LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0240.5017.204LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0240.3497.204LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG WOODLAND0.0230.3367.599LUNCH BAG WOODLANDLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0230.5287.599LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0200.4207.888LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0200.3837.888LUNCH BAG WOODLANDLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0220.4949.266LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG WOODLAND0.0220.4109.266PAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMASPAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMAS0.0240.46012.239PAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMASPAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMAS0.0240.64712.239PARTY BUNTINGSPOTTY BUNTING0.0210.2825.209SPOTTY BUNTINGPARTY BUNTING0.0210.3885.209ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERPINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0240.55718.564PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0240.78418.564WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDERRED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER0.0250.2316.302RED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDERWHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER0.0250.6706.302REGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0230.2465.835ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERREGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIER0.0230.5365.835WOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISHWOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITE0.0250.53412.211WOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITEWOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISH0.0250.57712.211ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERGREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.89423.995GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.84820.071ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERPINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.72124.033PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.70124.033ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERGREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.49820.071GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.56423.995 antecedentsconsequentssupportconfidenceliftALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE REDALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN0.0290.60414.198ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREENALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED0.0290.67214.198ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE REDALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINK0.0210.45213.654ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINKALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED0.0210.64613.654SPACEBOY LUNCH BOXDOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX0.0230.60218.123DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOXSPACEBOY LUNCH BOX0.0230.68818.123GARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALMGARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEA0.0250.61217.877GARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEAGARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALM0.0250.72917.877LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.0.0230.4237.455LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.0.0220.4558.016LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0220.3898.016LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGN0.0210.3026.464LUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0210.4496.464LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT0.0230.4428.801LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOTLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0230.4598.801LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0250.4746.823LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0250.3566.823LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0210.4057.594LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0210.3967.594LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0210.4048.324LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0210.4348.324LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOTLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0280.5628.084LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT0.0280.4068.084LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0250.3636.802LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0250.4736.802LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0240.5017.204LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0240.3497.204LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG WOODLAND0.0230.3367.599LUNCH BAG WOODLANDLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0230.5287.599LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0200.4207.888LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0200.3837.888LUNCH BAG WOODLANDLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0220.4949.266LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG WOODLAND0.0220.4109.266PAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMASPAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMAS0.0240.46012.239PAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMASPAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMAS0.0240.64712.239PARTY BUNTINGSPOTTY BUNTING0.0210.2825.209SPOTTY BUNTINGPARTY BUNTING0.0210.3885.209ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERPINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0240.55718.564PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0240.78418.564WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDERRED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER0.0250.2316.302RED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDERWHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER0.0250.6706.302REGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0230.2465.835ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERREGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIER0.0230.5365.835WOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISHWOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITE0.0250.53412.211WOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITEWOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISH0.0250.57712.211ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERGREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.89423.995GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.84820.071ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERPINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.72124.033PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.70124.033ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERGREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.49820.071GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.56423.995 antecedentsconsequentssupportconfidenceliftALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE REDALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN0.0290.60414.198ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREENALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED0.0290.67214.198ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE REDALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINK0.0210.45213.654ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINKALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED0.0210.64613.654SPACEBOY LUNCH BOXDOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX0.0230.60218.123DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOXSPACEBOY LUNCH BOX0.0230.68818.123GARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALMGARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEA0.0250.61217.877GARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEAGARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALM0.0250.72917.877LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.0.0230.4237.455LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.0.0220.4558.016LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0220.3898.016LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGN0.0210.3026.464LUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0210.4496.464LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT0.0230.4428.801LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOTLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0230.4598.801LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0250.4746.823LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0250.3566.823LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0210.4057.594LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0210.3967.594LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0210.4048.324LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0210.4348.324LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOTLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0280.5628.084LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT0.0280.4068.084LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0250.3636.802LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0250.4736.802LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0240.5017.204LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0240.3497.204LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG WOODLAND0.0230.3367.599LUNCH BAG WOODLANDLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0230.5287.599LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0200.4207.888LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0200.3837.888LUNCH BAG WOODLANDLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0220.4949.266LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG WOODLAND0.0220.4109.266PAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMASPAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMAS0.0240.46012.239PAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMASPAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMAS0.0240.64712.239PARTY BUNTINGSPOTTY BUNTING0.0210.2825.209SPOTTY BUNTINGPARTY BUNTING0.0210.3885.209ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERPINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0240.55718.564PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0240.78418.564WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDERRED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER0.0250.2316.302RED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDERWHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER0.0250.6706.302REGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0230.2465.835ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERREGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIER0.0230.5365.835WOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISHWOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITE0.0250.53412.211WOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITEWOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISH0.0250.57712.211ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERGREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.89423.995GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.84820.071ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERPINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.72124.033PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.70124.033ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERGREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.49820.071GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.56423.995 antecedentsconsequentssupportconfidencelift antecedents antecedents consequents consequents support support confidence confidence lift lift ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE REDALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN0.0290.60414.198 ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN 0.029 0.029 0.604 0.604 14.198 14.198 ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREENALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED0.0290.67214.198 ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED 0.029 0.029 0.672 0.672 14.198 14.198 ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE REDALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINK0.0210.45213.654 ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINK ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINK 0.021 0.021 0.452 0.452 13.654 13.654 ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINKALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED0.0210.64613.654 ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINK ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE PINK ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED 0.021 0.021 0.646 0.646 13.654 13.654 SPACEBOY LUNCH BOXDOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX0.0230.60218.123 SPACEBOY LUNCH BOX SPACEBOY LUNCH BOX DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX 0.023 0.023 0.602 0.602 18.123 18.123 DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOXSPACEBOY LUNCH BOX0.0230.68818.123 DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX SPACEBOY LUNCH BOX SPACEBOY LUNCH BOX 0.023 0.023 0.688 0.688 18.123 18.123 GARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALMGARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEA0.0250.61217.877 GARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALM GARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALM GARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEA GARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEA 0.025 0.025 0.612 0.612 17.877 17.877 GARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEAGARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALM0.0250.72917.877 GARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEA GARDENERS KNEELING PAD CUP OF TEA GARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALM GARDENERS KNEELING PAD KEEP CALM 0.025 0.025 0.729 0.729 17.877 17.877 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.0.0230.4237.455 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL. LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL. 0.023 0.023 0.423 0.423 7.455 7.455 LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.0.0220.4558.016 LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL. LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL. 0.022 0.022 0.455 0.455 8.016 8.016 LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL.LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0220.3898.016 LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL. LUNCH BAG BLACK SKULL. LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN 0.022 0.022 0.389 0.389 8.016 8.016 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGN0.0210.3026.464 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGN LUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGN 0.021 0.021 0.302 0.302 6.464 6.464 LUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0210.4496.464 LUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGN LUNCH BAG APPLE DESIGN LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT 0.021 0.021 0.449 0.449 6.464 6.464 LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT0.0230.4428.801 LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT 0.023 0.023 0.442 0.442 8.801 8.801 LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOTLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0230.4598.801 LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE 0.023 0.023 0.459 0.459 8.801 8.801 LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0250.4746.823 LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT 0.025 0.025 0.474 0.474 6.823 6.823 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0250.3566.823 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE 0.025 0.025 0.356 0.356 6.823 6.823 LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0210.4057.594 LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN 0.021 0.021 0.405 0.405 7.594 7.594 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0210.3967.594 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE 0.021 0.021 0.396 0.396 7.594 7.594 LUNCH BAG CARS BLUELUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0210.4048.324 LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN 0.021 0.021 0.404 0.404 8.324 8.324 LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG CARS BLUE0.0210.4348.324 LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE LUNCH BAG CARS BLUE 0.021 0.021 0.434 0.434 8.324 8.324 LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOTLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0280.5628.084 LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT 0.028 0.028 0.562 0.562 8.084 8.084 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT0.0280.4068.084 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT LUNCH BAG PINK POLKADOT 0.028 0.028 0.406 0.406 8.084 8.084 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0250.3636.802 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN 0.025 0.025 0.363 0.363 6.802 6.802 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0250.4736.802 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT 0.025 0.025 0.473 0.473 6.802 6.802 LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0240.5017.204 LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT 0.024 0.024 0.501 0.501 7.204 7.204 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0240.3497.204 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN 0.024 0.024 0.349 0.349 7.204 7.204 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOTLUNCH BAG WOODLAND0.0230.3367.599 LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG WOODLAND LUNCH BAG WOODLAND 0.023 0.023 0.336 0.336 7.599 7.599 LUNCH BAG WOODLANDLUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT0.0230.5287.599 LUNCH BAG WOODLAND LUNCH BAG WOODLAND LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT 0.023 0.023 0.528 0.528 7.599 7.599 LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGNLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0200.4207.888 LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN 0.020 0.020 0.420 0.420 7.888 7.888 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN0.0200.3837.888 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN LUNCH BAG SUKI DESIGN 0.020 0.020 0.383 0.383 7.888 7.888 LUNCH BAG WOODLANDLUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN0.0220.4949.266 LUNCH BAG WOODLAND LUNCH BAG WOODLAND LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN 0.022 0.022 0.494 0.494 9.266 9.266 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGNLUNCH BAG WOODLAND0.0220.4109.266 LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG SPACEBOY DESIGN LUNCH BAG WOODLAND LUNCH BAG WOODLAND 0.022 0.022 0.410 0.410 9.266 9.266 PAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMASPAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMAS0.0240.46012.239 PAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMAS PAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMAS PAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMAS PAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMAS 0.024 0.024 0.460 0.460 12.239 12.239 PAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMASPAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMAS0.0240.64712.239 PAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMAS PAPER CHAIN KIT VINTAGE CHRISTMAS PAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMAS PAPER CHAIN KIT 50'S CHRISTMAS 0.024 0.024 0.647 0.647 12.239 12.239 PARTY BUNTINGSPOTTY BUNTING0.0210.2825.209 PARTY BUNTING PARTY BUNTING SPOTTY BUNTING SPOTTY BUNTING 0.021 0.021 0.282 0.282 5.209 5.209 SPOTTY BUNTINGPARTY BUNTING0.0210.3885.209 SPOTTY BUNTING SPOTTY BUNTING PARTY BUNTING PARTY BUNTING 0.021 0.021 0.388 0.388 5.209 5.209 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERPINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0240.55718.564 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER 0.024 0.024 0.557 0.557 18.564 18.564 PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0240.78418.564 PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER 0.024 0.024 0.784 0.784 18.564 18.564 WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDERRED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER0.0250.2316.302 WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER RED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER RED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER 0.025 0.025 0.231 0.231 6.302 6.302 RED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDERWHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER0.0250.6706.302 RED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER RED HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER 0.025 0.025 0.670 0.670 6.302 6.302 REGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0230.2465.835 REGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIER REGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER 0.023 0.023 0.246 0.246 5.835 5.835 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERREGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIER0.0230.5365.835 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER REGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIER REGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIER 0.023 0.023 0.536 0.536 5.835 5.835 WOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISHWOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITE0.0250.53412.211 WOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISH WOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISH WOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITE WOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITE 0.025 0.025 0.534 0.534 12.211 12.211 WOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITEWOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISH0.0250.57712.211 WOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITE WOODEN FRAME ANTIQUE WHITE WOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISH WOODEN PICTURE FRAME WHITE FINISH 0.025 0.025 0.577 0.577 12.211 12.211 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERGREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.89423.995 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER 0.021 0.021 0.894 0.894 23.995 23.995 GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.84820.071 GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER 0.021 0.021 0.848 0.848 20.071 20.071 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERPINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.72124.033 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER 0.021 0.021 0.721 0.721 24.033 24.033 PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.70124.033 PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER 0.021 0.021 0.701 0.701 24.033 24.033 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERGREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.49820.071 ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER, PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER 0.021 0.021 0.498 0.498 20.071 20.071 GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCERROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER0.0210.56423.995 GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER GREEN REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER ROSES REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER , PINK REGENCY TEACUP AND SAUCER 0.021 0.021 0.564 0.564 23.995 23.995 Interpretation Interpretation antecedents: The item(s) on the left side of the rule (the "if" part). For example, (ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED ) means the rule is considering transactions that include this item.consequents: The item(s) on the right side of the rule (the "then" part). For example, (ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN) means the rule is predicting that this item is also likely to be present.support: The proportion of transactions that contain both the antecedent and the consequent. For example, 0.028593 means about 2.86% of all transactions contain both items.confidence: The probability that the consequent is present given the antecedent is present. For example, 0.604333 means that if a transaction contains the antecedent, there is a 60.4% chance it also contains the consequent.lift: How much more likely the consequent is to appear with the antecedent than it would be by chance. A lift greater than 1 means the rule is useful; for example, 14.197612 means the items appear together about 14 times more often than if they were independent. antecedents: The item(s) on the left side of the rule (the "if" part). For example, (ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE RED ) means the rule is considering transactions that include this item. consequents: The item(s) on the right side of the rule (the "then" part). For example, (ALARM CLOCK BAKELIKE GREEN) means the rule is predicting that this item is also likely to be present. support: The proportion of transactions that contain both the antecedent and the consequent. For example, 0.028593 means about 2.86% of all transactions contain both items. confidence: The probability that the consequent is present given the antecedent is present. For example, 0.604333 means that if a transaction contains the antecedent, there is a 60.4% chance it also contains the consequent. lift: How much more likely the consequent is to appear with the antecedent than it would be by chance. A lift greater than 1 means the rule is useful; for example, 14.197612 means the items appear together about 14 times more often than if they were independent. Support: Proportion of transactions containing the itemset. Confidence: Probability of consequent given antecedent.Lift: Ratio of observed support to expected support if independent.Conviction: Measure of implication strength. Confidence: Probability of consequent given antecedent. Lift: Ratio of observed support to expected support if independent. Conviction: Measure of implication strength. Retailers use association rule mining to optimize product placement and promotions. For example, if analysis shows that customers who buy a SPACEBOY LUNCH BOX often also buy a DOLLY GIRL LUNCH BOX, the store can place these items together on shelves or offer bundle discounts. This increases the likelihood of customers purchasing both items, boosting sales and improving click count on their page. Try Next: Try Next: We have used the Apriori algorithm to discover associations, but there are other effective options such as FP-Growth and Eclat. By creating a pipeline that runs the data through all these algorithms and applies a scoring system, we can select rules that are identified by at least two methods and have strong metrics. This approach increases confidence in the reliability of the discovered associations. Practical Retail Application: Digital Shelf Optimization Practical Retail Application: Digital Shelf Optimization This approach can be used to pre-populate related products in an online system, allowing users to quickly find complementary items when searching for a product. In a physical store, this is similar to placing frequently bought-together items side by side on shelves. By replicating this model digitally, we streamline the shopping experience, saving users time and effort while increasing the likelihood of additional purchases. References- UCI Machine Learning Repository: Online Retailmlxtend documentation: http://rasbt.github.io/mlxtend/Han, J., Kamber, M., & Pei, J. (2012). Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. UCI Machine Learning Repository: Online Retail mlxtend documentation: http://rasbt.github.io/mlxtend/ http://rasbt.github.io/mlxtend/ Han, J., Kamber, M., & Pei, J. (2012). Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques.