What is the best measure of overall value created by crypto? As our interest in cryptonomics deepens, we’ve started thinking about different crypto value propositions. This applies to individual coins or tokens — such as, ? what is the intrinsic worth or valuation of crypto instrument X Crypto valuation analysis also extends to broader metrics of worth, such as the strength of a core developer network, the development status of various level 2 projects, a given network’s posture in ongoing governance debates, and so on. As analysis moves from superficial indicators of worth (like price), towards the valuation of certain intangible assets (like a blockchain project’s IP), one sees that crypto valuation today is far more art than science. Crypto market capitalization analysis says far less about the underlying crypto project(s) under review and far more about the breadth and/or limitations of the crypto-economic methodology being applied. In effort to make crypto valuation more robust, . we propose that the budding field of adopt a metric of the overall value added to the current global economy by crypto: Gross Crypto Product (GCP) cryptoeconomics What is Gross Crypto Product? As an economic measure, our conception of Gross Crypto Product (GCP) is expressly modeled on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). ( ) is the monetary value of final goods and services — that are bought by the final user — produced in a country in a given period of time (say a quarter or a year). Gross Domestic Product GDP Extending the metric to crypto, here’s one possible definition: ( ) is the monetary value of final goods and services — that are bought by the final user — produced using crypto instruments, networks, and/or assets in a country in a given period of time (say a quarter or a year). Gross Crypto Product GCP Immediately, the proposed metric can be attacked as overbroad and/or too narrow. Among other reasons, the proposed metric is overbroad because country-wide analysis fails to differentiate the value added on particular networks. The metric is too narrow and fragmented because information networks produce maximum value at global scales; thus, a country-by-country GCP methodology fails to capture the true global economic impact of crypto. These critiques are well taken. But they are not unique to this proposed crypto economic measure. The same methodological and empirical problems exist in GDP measurement as well. This is why we have measures like , , and why we have competing GDP measurement methodologies. nominal GDP GDP per capita PPP A map of world economies by size of GDP (nominal) in USD, _(_2014) (Source: Wikipedia) World Bank As with GDP measures, we expect the emergence of competing GCP methodologies. Our working definition of GCP is not meant to be preemptive or comprehensive. We need other definitions and methodologies, and look forward to helping develop them. For instance, although we advance GCP on a per-country basis, we do so as a heuristic device; that is how GDP is traditionally defined. Our analysis shows that country-specific methodologies could be useful for country-specific policy deliberations and/or comparative regulatory analysis. But far better models are possible and desirable for different analytical needs, such as questions of global governance. Why Have a GCP? As a measure of economic value, GCP helps us understand the real impact of crypto economic activities. This is useful for many ongoing debates, such as: of crypto environmentalist critiques ongoing crypto regulatory debates ongoing debates blockchain governance The core reason we need more complex valuation models is that valuation pegged to market capitalization for individual crypto coins or tokens — or even total market capitalization — fails to adequately capture the reality of the crypto economy. Here’s a screenshot from Coinmarketcap.com from October 31, 2018: Here’s a screenshot in the morning of Monday, November 19, 2018: Here’s a screenshot in the evening of Monday, November 19, 2018: Crude price modeling would suggest that some thing(s) happened in these intervening three weeks that wiped out $30B+ of overall crypto value. Then, on November 19, something rattled crypto’s value proposition such that crypto lost another $10B in market capitalization, just between morning and eve. Did something fundamentally bad happen? Not really. The crypto world was in the midst of its usual turbulent news cycle. Some big stories from this timeframe that could explain a downturn were things like the SEC’s announcement of a settlement with the creator of a decentralized Ethereum-based exchange — . Additionally, Bitcoin Cash (BCH) underwent a hard fork, splitting the coin in two. EtherDelta On the plus side of the valuation ledger, Christine Lagarde (Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund) extended an . As far as crypto news go, this was as encouraging and legitimating a development as it gets. Yet, if we look at price action, the story is radically different. open invitation to crypto to essentially create global public-private partnerships So, better quantitative metrics of crypto value are possible and desperately needed. These include: (valuation metrics that incorporate market price, but focus on the core economic value of the activity happening on a given blockchain) GCP measures for individual coins (e.g., (a) total value of goods and services in the crypto decentralized cloud storage market; (b) total value of goods and services produced in the blockchain ‘level 1’ platform (e.g., ‘crypto OS’) market; (c) valuation of different crypto money markets (e.g., CryptoLending, , et al.), etc.) GCP sectoral measures crypto debt collection (e.g., regional or state-wide assessments, especially for tightly-territorially-regulated coin use cases, like online gambling; this is extremely useful for understanding the effects and potential of crypto vis-a-vis economic development) GCP geographic measures (including models that can serve as functional equivalent to , Gross National Crypto Product (GNCP)); GCP global measures Gross National Product (GNP) a la etc. Sample GCP Measures You might be surprised to learn this, but there are several existing attempts to define something like Gross Crypto Product. Right now, there are very broad GCP measures and there are GCP measures that are very narrowly construed. After surveying these two approaches, we propose a balanced middle path. GCP: Broadly Construed The broadest conception of crypto economic outputs hails from the Economic Space Agency (ECSA). The ECSA does not use the term GCP in its work (as far as we can tell), but on sum, GCP is precisely what the are trying to model. (‘ ’ .) econauts Econauts is what members of the Economic Space Agency collective call themselves The ECSA , so we encourage everyone to brew a big pot of tea prior to delving into it. But generally, the key point is that we all benefit from inclusive crypto economic spaces and measures of crypto economic value that go far beyond price. cryptoeconomic argument is very complex The key insight developed and deployed by Economic Space Agency theorists is that crypto price is a rather poor indicator of the economic value produced in a given period of time. Price-based analysis is also a very poor predictive analytical tool for understanding the intrinsic value (& potential value) of different crypto instruments. GCP: Narrowly Construed The term Gross Crypto Product also has more narrow definitions. In our research, we find the first usage of the term in August 2017 by a crypto trader — . hirounsung Here’s in the hiro’s own words: hirounsung Without claiming to have a clear answer, using a different metric to market cap. Instead, using a “gross crypto product”. The GCP would let us understand if crypto is a bubble by how much wealth is created each period. The concept of the GCP lies on the production, which comes from staking, mining, etc. and the price at which these coins are being produced. Trying to find out the origin of the wealth created by coin creation is the core problem to be solved. For this, we can tell that the basic cost comes from electrical expenses, as well as equipment cost. Hirounsung’s insight is a brilliant one. We use it above as the basis for our first type of GCP measure: . GCP measures for individual coins ’s framework seems to be focused on the value of the inputs and outputs (as captured in a given crypto instrument’s price & other indicators). The model outlined by illustrates the importance of adding the cost of crypto mining inputs, and other inputs for “coin creation.” These metrics are certainly relevant at any scale, but they apply chiefly to mining-based blockchain projects. Hirounsung hirounsung As the blockchain space moves increasingly towards different proof-of-stake (POS) and other validation models, GCP measures would need to shift to other estimates of coin cost (such as, perhaps, the operational cost of interest necessary to run validator nodes in a POS environment). ’s framework is a narrow one, but it is useful in particular contexts precisely it is narrowly tailored. Hirounsung because GCP: Platform Valuation is an alternative middle path between the broad and narrow conceptions of GCP outlined above. The basic valuation question here is: ? GCP platform valuation what’s the total value of goods and services produced on, say, the Ethereum network in a given time period (2018) Price theorists and market fundamentalists could point to Ethereum’s market capitalization in a given point in time (or average it over a given time frame, like a quarter or year). One answer to the question above is that the value of the Ethereum network is reflected in the market price of Ethereum. The basic rationale for equating price with value is that “the market” accounts for all of the diverse material and immaterial, subjective and objective, intrinsic and extrinsic factors that weigh into valuation. Thus, today’s roughly $16B market capitalization of Ethereum already factors in things like legal risk (outstanding & potential liabilities), market risk, technical risk, regulatory risk, etc. Maybe crypto price already captures the full range of on-chain dynamics and off-chain risk factors and market realities. But maybe it doesn’t. For Ethereum, a crypto platform that has expressly positioned itself as a crypto base layer — something like a technical enabler or incubator for other budding crypto projects — alternative valuation models seem very desirable. For instance, in real material terms, the economic value of meek @Littercoin, an Ethereum-based blockchain reward for generating geo-spatial data, seems directly relevant to the overall valuation of Ethereum. The same is true for the thousands of other Ethereum-based token schemes that are already generating value globally. GCP Methodology Challenges GCP modeling is a big undertaking. Fortunately, classification work by , , and now, , is proof that crypto has many brilliant minds with the capacity to tackle a problem of this caliber. Parallel Industries Mattereum the IMF We’re mindful of the difficulty of building valuation methodologies that incorporate market price also focus on the core economic value of the activity happening on a given blockchain. (Gross Car Product = the total value of goods and services produced using Ford cars in a given year). and Asking what is Ethereum GCP is akin to asking what is Ford’s GCP But in contrast to Ford’s GCP, our intuition is that crypto-platform valuation methodologies can actually be based on . rigorous quantitative data Tracking the myriad ways in which Fords are used is inherently difficult. Understanding the myriad uses of Ethereum by different — and, often, competing — development teams is also difficult. But because the whole point of crypto is to keep track of economic activity on robust verifiable ledgers, something like an seems far easier to construct, refine, and optimize than something like a . Ethereum GCP Ford GCP Everyone knows Ford is a driver of economic growth. But nobody really knows how much growth is traceable directly to Ford. Public global blockchain projects are also drivers of economic growth, and nobody knows how much growth crypto is currently generating. While it is hard to measure crypto-economic impact, it is a lot easier than modeling the economic impact of Ford cars on the road. Crypto theorists should see the immense value of empirically-based pan-crypto, macrocrypto, and microcrypto economic analysis and Gross Crypto Product‘s place in that analysis. Lastly, advancements in blockchain forensic/auditing technologies suggest that complex GCP-like models may already be in use. If so, we hope the developers of these models open them up for public deliberation, peer-review, and adoption. What’s Next for Gross Crypto Product? We hope crypto theorists, economists, and crypto accountancies (like ’s ) engage with the Gross Crypto Product idea. Megan Knab Veriledger The value of deploying robust sets of valuation methodologies is that they allow us to understand how crypto contributes to the overall functioning of the global economy. That level of insight seems to be a prerequisite to the development, promulgation, and/or adoption of any global regulatory or governance framework. without stopping to analyze may drastically curtail crypto’s full potential. Rushing to regulate

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