Docker is fast until it is slow. As application growth in containers expands, image size and initial start time become sneaky performance bottlenecks. Here, in this post, I'll detail advanced-level Docker image optimization strategies that helped me reduce production images from nearly one gigabyte to under 200MB without loss of functionality. We'll leave multi-stage builds and Alpine images behind and cover debugging, benchmarking, and hard-earned, real-world experience learning from deployments. Why Optimize Docker Images? Why Optimize Docker Images? Docker image optimization is not just about saving space. Optimized images: Speed up deployments: Smaller images download, pull, and deploy faster, keeping CI/CD pipelines fast.
Conserving resource usage: Minimizing image sizes helps limit storage needs and bandwidth costs.
Reduce surface area: Lower image surface area means fewer vulnerabilities. Speed up deployments: Smaller images download, pull, and deploy faster, keeping CI/CD pipelines fast. Speed up deployments: Conserving resource usage: Minimizing image sizes helps limit storage needs and bandwidth costs. Conserving resource usage: Reduce surface area: Lower image surface area means fewer vulnerabilities. Reduce surface area: Advanced Techniques for Docker Optimization Advanced Techniques for Docker Optimization 1. Multi-Stage Builds Aren’t Optional 1. Multi-Stage Builds Aren’t Optional Docker supports multi-stage builds, which can by and of itself reduce image sizes by ensuring only runtime essentials are inlcuded in the final image. Before optimization: Before optimization: FROM node:18
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN npm install
RUN npm run build
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"] FROM node:18
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN npm install
RUN npm run build
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"] After optimization (multi-stage build): After optimization (multi-stage build): # Stage 1: Building
FROM node:18 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Stage 2: Production
FROM node:18-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=builder /app/node_modules ./node_modules
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"] # Stage 1: Building
FROM node:18 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Stage 2: Production
FROM node:18-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=builder /app/node_modules ./node_modules
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"] Result: Reduced image size from ~900MB to ~160MB. Result: 2. Minimizing Layers 2. Minimizing Layers Each Dockerfile instruction creates a layer. Excessive layers increase build times and image size. Group commands logically: RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    curl \
    libjemalloc2 \
    libvips42 && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/cache/apt/archives/* RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    curl \
    libjemalloc2 \
    libvips42 && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/cache/apt/archives/* 3. Using Minimal Base Images 3. Using Minimal Base Images Always select the smallest viable base image: Alpine Linux: Great for minimal applications (e.g., microservices).
Debian Slim: Ideal balance between minimal size and compatibility. Alpine Linux: Great for minimal applications (e.g., microservices). Alpine Linux: Debian Slim: Ideal balance between minimal size and compatibility. Debian Slim: Example: FROM ruby:3.4.1-slim FROM ruby:3.4.1-slim Compare base images: ruby:3.4.1-bookworm – 1.01GB
ruby:3.4.1-slim – 219MB
ruby:3.4.1-alpine – 99.1MB ruby:3.4.1-bookworm – 1.01GB
ruby:3.4.1-slim – 219MB
ruby:3.4.1-alpine – 99.1MB Your base image is significantly responsible for performance, compatibility, and the security posture. Your base image is significantly responsible for performance, compatibility, and the security posture. Base Image

Size

Security

Compatibility



node:18-alpine

~20MB

High

Some glibc issues



node:18-slim

~60MB

Medium

Good for most apps



distroless

~40MB

High

Best for production Base Image

Size

Security

Compatibility



node:18-alpine

~20MB

High

Some glibc issues



node:18-slim

~60MB

Medium

Good for most apps



distroless

~40MB

High

Best for production Base Image

Size

Security

Compatibility Base Image Base Image Base Image Size Size Size Security Security Security Compatibility Compatibility Compatibility node:18-alpine

~20MB

High

Some glibc issues node:18-alpine node:18-alpine node:18-alpine ~20MB ~20MB High High Some glibc issues Some glibc issues node:18-slim

~60MB

Medium

Good for most apps node:18-slim node:18-slim node:18-slim ~60MB ~60MB Medium Medium Good for most apps Good for most apps distroless

~40MB

High

Best for production distroless distroless distroless ~40MB ~40MB High High Best for production Best for production ✅ For apps with native deps: prefer node:18-slim
✅ For minimal attack surface: gcr.io/distroless/nodejs ✅ For apps with native deps: prefer node:18-slim ✅ prefer node:18-slim ✅ For minimal attack surface: gcr.io/distroless/nodejs ✅ gcr.io/distroless/nodejs 4. Use .dockerignore Aggressively 4. Use .dockerignore Aggressively Even seasoned developers often forget to do it. Here’s a basic .dockerignore: .dockerignore .git/
node_modules/
.env
log/
tmp/
*.log .git/
node_modules/
.env
log/
tmp/
*.log This prevents us from accidentally including sensitive or unnecessary files and helps further shrink the image. Anything not needed at runtime should very simply, be ignored. 5. Clean Up After Yourself 5. Clean Up After Yourself Inside the build stage, clear temporary files: RUN npm ci && npm cache clean --force && rm -rf /tmp/* RUN npm ci && npm cache clean --force && rm -rf /tmp/* This prevents bloated layers and unused files from creeping in. Dockerfile Anti-Patterns that should be Avoided! Dockerfile Anti-Patterns that should be Avoided! Dockerfile Anti-Patterns that should be Avoided! Here are some common traps: ❌ Using the latest tag can break the ability to reproduce
❌ Installing unnecessary tools in the final image (e.g., curl, git)
❌ Forgetting to create a .dockerignore file
❌ Using ADD instead of COPY without having the intent to compress ❌ Using the latest tag can break the ability to reproduce ❌ Installing unnecessary tools in the final image (e.g., curl, git) ❌ Forgetting to create a .dockerignore file ❌ Using ADD instead of COPY without having the intent to compress ✅ Remember to always build for purpose and not just for convenience. AI-Powered Dockerfile Linting: A Sneak Peek AI-Powered Dockerfile Linting: A Sneak Peek Docker’s Smart AI Agent (introduced in Docker Desktop 4.40) is changing how we write Dockerfiles. It scans your Dockerfile and provides helpful suggestions like: Helping remove unused build tools
It tries to split RUN steps for caching
It suggests the usage of multi-stage builds Helping remove unused build tools It tries to split RUN steps for caching RUN It suggests the usage of multi-stage builds You can enable it in Docker Desktop > Settings > AI Suggestions. Desktop > Settings > AI Suggestions. Benchmarking and Validation Benchmarking and Validation Try to use Dive or DockerSlim to analyze image contents: dive myapp:latest dive myapp:latest Or inspect your layer sizes: docker history myapp:latest docker history myapp:latest Make sure at runtime: time docker run --rm myapp:latest time docker run --rm myapp:latest Always track Docker startup latency, and this is especially key in serverless platforms. Printable Cheatsheet: Docker Image 10 Commandments Printable Cheatsheet: Docker Image 10 Commandments You should utilize multi-stage builds
You should delete temporary files and cache
You should use .dockerignore
You should not run containers as root
You should use healthchecks
You should not use the latest tags
You should pin base image versions
You should divide RUN steps logically
You should test image-related cold start times
You should always be monitoring, examining, and refining You should utilize multi-stage builds You should utilize multi-stage builds You should delete temporary files and cache You should delete temporary files and cache You should use .dockerignore You should use .dockerignore You should not run containers as root You should not run containers as root You should use healthchecks You should use healthchecks You should not use the latest tags You should not use the latest tags You should pin base image versions You should pin base image versions You should divide RUN steps logically You should divide RUN steps logically You should test image-related cold start times You should test image-related cold start times You should always be monitoring, examining, and refining You should always be monitoring, examining, and refining Write it out and post it on your terminal. Integrating Docker Image Metrics with Observability Tools Once you've got your Docker images tuned, you'll want to make their performance visible over time. Having image size, build time, and container launch time in your CI dashboard or observability product is how you ensure you're detecting regressions. We paired GitHub Actions with Prometheus + Grafana at the workplace to monitor build size and cold start time on each commit. That gave us a visual alert whenever somebody committed an enormous dependency or misconfigured a layer. You can get Docker layer sizes from docker inspect and plot them as trends as well. Real-World Debugging: When Optimization Saved Us in Production Real-World Debugging: When Optimization Saved Us in Production A single service was booting in over 2 minutes in one production release due to an incredibly large image and missing healthcheck. Scaling operations were timing out, and user traffic was being dropped. We were able to achieve boot time reduction to 10 seconds by refactoring using multi-stage builds and opting to switch to node:18-slim. That one alteration brought about autoscaling again and halved error rates. node:18-slim Optimization is not necessarily about beauty, occasionally, it is about uptime. Optimization is not necessarily about beauty, occasionally, it is about uptime. Conclusion: Build Lean and Ship Fast Conclusion: Build Lean and Ship Fast Image optimization is an undercover superpower. It boosts security, boot time, costs, and dependability. This is most often achieved without changing a line of application code. Image optimization is an undercover superpower. It boosts security, boot time, costs, and dependability. This is most often achieved without changing a line of application code. By embracing such methods: We reduced image size by 80%.
Increased CI/CD speeds
Improved production resilience We reduced image size by 80%. Increased CI/CD speeds Improved production resilience And this was not theoretical - these were lessons gleaned on concrete infrastructure. Happy shipping. Light, fast, secure.

This story contains new, firsthand information uncovered by the writer.

Aren

Docker Is Fast — Until It Isn’t: How I Cut Image Size by 80%

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