Crypto has always defied normal patterns. However, some events were so anomalous that we decided to throw some light on that. 1. Predictable trading patterns on Kraken Kraken’s BTC-USD perpetual swap trading has noticeable automated activity. Both minute- and second- time of trade distributions show trade count spikes in predictable intervals. Number of executed trades by seconds and minutes . Futures market on Kraken, BTC/USD, Dec’19-Dec’20. Source: N​Terminal​ 2. Signs of fraudulent market activity reporting on Poloniex Trades on the DASH/USDT spot market have signs of falsified numbers. Overuse of 3s as the first digit has been observed on Poloniex. Below are distributions of leading, second, and third digits in trade sizes as compared to expected distributions. Benford’s law First, second, third digit distribution of size of trades executed on Poloniex exchange, DASH–USDT, Sept–Dec, 2020 Source: N​Terminal​ According to documentation for the fraud examiners, “Fraud examiners are concerned with the over-usage of digits, because fraudsters, when inventing numbers, tend to overuse certain digit patterns. The digits that occur fewer times than Benford Law predicted result primarily from the over usage of 3.” ACFE BCH trading volumes on Binance US do not conform to expected distribution patterns Raw trade-size distribution analysis of 3 exchanges showed significant deviations of Binance US published trade volumes from the expected . power-law distribution Typically, frequency distributions for logged trade volumes have a near linear relationship with a negative slope, and a long tail (at the high end of trade size). As an example, in comparing BCH trading activity, the distribution on Binance US stands out when compared to Binance and Huobi. Frequency distribution of trading volumes of Bitcoin Cash (BCH) on Binance, Binance US, Huobi exchange, Aug–Nov, 2020. Source: N​Terminal​ Abnormal trade patterns on HitBTC are a seemingly regular occurrence, and the exchange frequently reports trading patterns whichthat are distinct from the other market venues. For several months, 0.4 etherETH trade size s on the ETH–USDT spot market are strongly prevails on HitBTC. Abnormal trade patterns on HitBTC Trading volume distribution on HitBTC exchange, ETH–USDT, 1 Dec — 15 Dec 2020. Source: N​Terminal​ At the time of theour analysis of trading volumes, the amount of 0.4 etherETH was not equivalent at the exchange rate to any round number that would be convenient to deposit and trade. This alone makes human’s factors unlikely to be the reason for the outstanding spike. Bid-ask offers of 0.4 size, 1min order book snapshot on HitBTC, ETH–USDT, May-Dec, 2020. Source: N​Terminal​ Subsequent analysis found that bids and asks for exactly 0.4 ETH were being published concurrently. This trading pattern lasted for about 3 months, starting with a sharp increase and ending with an instant decline. This wash trading hypothesis is also supported by average transaction size deviations and spikes, which show outstanding trade volumes executed at suspiciously low volatility periods. This is a commonly observed scenario offor the way . NTerminal Inflated Volume Score exchanges demonstrate fake activity NTerminal Inflated Volume Score: HitBTC, Binance, Huobi, OKEx, ETH–USDT, May-Dec, 2020. Source: N​Terminal​ All said above proves the manipulative nature of the average transaction size deviation on HitBTC exchange. Average transaction size on HitBTC, Binance, OKEx, Huobi, ETH–USDT, May-Dec, 2020. Source: N​Terminal​ Suspicious rounded trades on Huobi The Huobi exchange shows suspicious distribution of trades by their degree of rounding. Trades with at most 2 significant digits prevail suspiciously and contradict the common trend amid other exchanges. The same could be said about HitBTC — the anomalous spike appears within 4 significant digits. Percentage of trades by degree of rounding, ETH–USDT, 7 days. Source: N​Terminal​

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