I remember the excitement of the space race as a young child, excitement recently reawakened by the 50th anniversaries of the moon landings. No, my memories are not quite that old, instead they are of shuttles blasting off every few months and space stations being built. While my generation X childhood may not have had the excitement of the cold war space race, it was part of the exciting edge of the every day, and it was obvious then that the future involved exploring and colonising the solar system at the very least… And before long we’d surely have a whole galaxy to play with. As we all know, that didn’t go quite according to my childhood sci-fi dreams of the time, but it’s interesting how things do seem to be turning around. In parallel with the creation of a true hard currency, if nation states fail to provide, then free enterprise does so - and the expectations we all had of NASA are being realised by private finance, perhaps as that generation of entrepreneurs - my generation, give or take, but who made better life-decisions. Today’s billionaire business owners who were raised on the same space-race dreams now have the wherewithal to make it so. Richard Branson has been selling tickets for Virgin Intergalactic for many years in a process not unlike a lengthy ICO, including a pair of seats for the Winklevoss twins famously paid for in Bitcoin (at 2014 prices - ouch!). Elon Musk has is selling seats on SpaceX to circumnavigate the moon in 2023, and Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin has just announced the conceptual design phase of a large lunar lander that it says will provide reusable access to the moon's surface and its resources.  It won’t be long before we’ll get through the billionaire tourism phase, and more and more people - normal people - actually start to live and work on other bodies in our solar system. Just like we always knew they were going to, by 1999 or whenever. Looking for a moment beyond how simply mind-blowingly exciting this is, has anyone thought about what they’re going to do for money up there on the moon, or whilst travelling? What about when we get to Mars, or further afield? Interplanetary transactions How will value be accounted for and transferred from one party to another? In the global history of pioneering, merchants and traders have always simply set up their stalls where they found demand, and anyone off to homestead in a new area would first have had to consider a way to survive and feed their household. As settlements grew, specialisation and artisanal skills rapidly emerged, but if you were seeking your fortune over a mountain in the wild west then it was pretty easy - you brought your haul of dollars with you, or stash of gold. Everyone knew what they were worth, and even if local marketplaces for other scarcities emerged, there would have been an agreed unit of exchange. How are we going to manage when the nearest reserve bank is light years away though, and in an environment where securely making a deal could be a matter of life or death? Are we going to expect the SWIFT network to clear payments between a colony on Mars and a bank in New York? What about waiting for a cheque to clear, or getting your Paypal account verified? It’s going to take some thinking about. On which planet is your ‘trusted third party’ going to sit, in this scenario, capable of confirming both ends of a transaction with any meaningful reliability, at least over any acceptable timeframe? Interspace shipments themselves will attract such intensity of resources, that sending anything physical will need the utmost consideration and costing. Assuming we don’t crack teleportation any time soon, and that 3D printing will always have its limitations, we will need to consider the staggering resource implications of moving things with their own mass about. That applies to physical money too, not something we normally have to think about at a terrestrial scale… Old money is too "massive" A fascinating from India by Kartik Hegadekatti in 2016 points out that if you carry a $100 note into space at $1,000/Kg it will cost $1 (as a $100 bill weighs approximately 1g). It means that the value of $100 bill will then be $101. Getting out of the gravity of earth is just the first step though, because If it is carried to the Moon it will cost even more. If you carry it to Mars, it will cost even more than that. So a $100 bill may actually have a value of $150 on Mars (and never mind what inflation may have done to its value, in a journey potentially lasting years). paper We are going to have a bit of an arbitrage problem, I think, on top of everything else. There’s a very real chance that cryptocurrencies will provide a viable solution. If it takes approximately 10 minutes for a new block of transactions to be added to the Bitcoin blockchain, that’s something we’ve all learned to live with.  It then takes about 1 1/4 seconds for a signal to reach the Earth from the Moon - which doesn’t add any appreciable clearing time to those that we are used to. There is nothing in the traditional financial sector which comes close. Not necessarily for local transactions, which will be able to take place off-chain via closed systems, perhaps not unlike the lightning network. But what about if you need to order a new shipment of spacesuits to be sent up from earth, or an allocation of oxygen cylinders to be delivered from their construction base in the asteroid belt? You’d need a an airtight agreement (sorry!).  A smart contract on the Ethereum network would be the ideal way to escrow the significant sums involved, and ensure successful delivery of critical shipments, over vast distances - whilst the supply chain itself is mediated by blockchain technology, to ensure tamperproof handoff of vulnerable technology and lifesaving supplies. Scarcity is relative Above all we will need a money so hard that its value can be utterly depended upon across both time AND space, and one thing which is likely to rock the conventional last-resort store of value is access to new physical resources. To put it another way, the minute some party - whether it’s a private enterprise or a nation state - lands a mining rig on an asteroid made of gold, that’s the traditional banking sector utterly disrupted forever. Just as the famous were devalued by the arrival of modern quarrying tools and technology, the gold bullion which still underpins global interbank settlements derives its value in turn from its limited supply and cost of extraction, enabling it to hold its value long term. Only a significant external factor could rock that - such as the realisation of the alchemists’ dreams of synthesising gold from cheaper materials… Or sudden access, particularly asymmetric access, to a new line of supply. Rai stones of ancient Yap Back to the future It’s fun to think about the future, and if you’re reading this you surely have enough of an interest in blockchain and crypto to make you an extremely early adopter in tech terms anyway.  So let’s imagine - perhaps the ultimate solution will localised planetary blockchains, traded on an intergalactic exchange, because most commerce will as here and now take place within communities directly. Assuming continued projections of data volumes and Moore’s law, a lot will probably be on-chain in real time at speed we cannot yet conceive of… Meanwhile between the different colonies, there will doubtless be a competitive marketplace as long as humans are still in charge. So we may see that Marscoin is up 3 points against CryptoCeres today, but perhaps you have a hot tip on the start SiriusCoin?  Whether or not you and your correspondent are on the same bit of rock hurtling around the sun or not, you’ll still be able to make a deal. Interoperability will be found, and people will still want to do business with people. So whether or not you dreamed of going to Space Camp as a kid like I did, just being in the crypto ‘space’ makes you part of the journey towards the future. And it’s good to reach for the stars, just to see where you end up.

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