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A summary of Wootrade and how it is disrupting the market of Global Liquidity. DISCLAIMER: I'm a big believer in this project and have been hodling Woo ever since. Don't take this as actual investment advice at face value, but rather a comprehensive summary I put together based upon my own findings, research, and personal insight about the project. As always, if you do wish to invest, please DYOR beforehand and make your investments based upon your own assessment of the project. I'm trying to put the fundamentals of Woo in layman's terms as I understand. The problem: While cryptocurrency trading has matured quickly over the last decade, liquidity is still an underdeveloped area amongst liquidity pools, transaction costs still remain high, and toxic trading practices are seemingly everywhere. This is in contrast to other established stock and futures markets, where trading fees, spreads, volume are in a race to the bottom. solves the liquidity, trading fees and ensures the trade execution quality to the highest for various exchanges, institutions, API traders, and (eventually) retail traders through the use of existing practices that are proven in other matured traditional markets. Wootrade What is Wootrade? Wootrade is a liquidity pool, a trading platform that offers significantly above-average liquidity, tighter spreads than the major exchanges, and zero (or even negative!) fees for professional API traders and trading platforms. Wootrade offer API for those institutions and professional trader to join the deep order books and the best trade execution. Wootrade Network is the only platform to offer zero trading fees AND robust liquidity for both spot & futures trading. WooX is another version for retail traders, where any user can directly take advantage of a fully customizable and zero fees trading interface. WooX is also currently available for limited registered beta users at https://x.woo.network/spot The best part is, unlike traditional exchanges, Wootrade/ WooX don’t charge users fees for making transactions and using the services. It’s free to use for the end-user. That’s right, zero-fees, while also maintaining the tightest spread possible and thick liquidity. How can Wootrade provide users/traders zero-fee trading? Similar to how stock trading platforms like WeBull and Robinhood have been doing, which offer zero commissions on trading. Wootrade monetizes this model is by Payment for Order Flow (PFOF), which is the compensation a broker gets for directing orders to different parties for trade execution. One of Wootrade’s biggest clients is their parent company, Kronos Research. Kronos Research is one of the biggest cryptocurrency quant trading firms in the world and trades between $1 billion and $2 billion per day ($45 billion - $60 billion per month) on various exchanges that they are designated market maker (Binance, FTX, Huobi, ...). They can offer significant rebates to Wootrade in exchange for providing more order flows. In this way, Wootrade earns from the big market-makers and uses those revenues to incentivize other flow providers (exchanges and traders) to route orders there. Kronos Research, casually grabbing #1 spot as a market maker for FTX: Read more into this here Woo tokenomics Okay we get it, Woo brings the tightest spread and offering liquidity for various traders, from institutions, exchanges, API traders (WooTrade) and for retail traders ( , ) with zero fee. But what does this means for Woo the token? WooX https://x.woo.network/spot Resource: https://woo.trade/token Woo Token distributions Woo Token Use cases Zero fee trading: Clients staking WOO can access the network for zero or even negative fees. There are already 47 million WOO tokens ($1.1m dollars) staked in the institutional staking wallet, with more clients looking to onboard. WooX will also required user to stake Woo to have access to the network and also for sweet APY bonuses. Discounts: Platform users will have discounts on additional financial services when using WOO as collateral or fee payment. Asset management: Institutional investors can receive reduced fees from Kronos Research on their quantitative trading strategies. Governance: Token holders will accrue voting points and govern increasingly core aspects of the ecosystem. Buying back and burning tokens: Slated to begin in Q1 2021, the team will use a portion of income to buy back tokens from the secondhand markets. You can track all bought back and burned Woo transactions here: https://etherscan.io/token/0x4691937a7508860f876c9c0a2a617e7d9e945d4b?a=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 WooX beta test staking details: https://medium.com/wootrade/woo-x-beta-testing-and-staking-preview-fd22dca4336b WooX beta staking program: First week of 31/03/2021, 14.5m $WOO got staked in WOOX BETA by approximately 200 participants, 93m/23% of circulation supply is currently stake by institutional and beta clients. Wootrade will add 200 beta clients each week until full launch June. https://twitter.com/wootraderS/status/1378733415843819521 Woo holders that staking their tokens in WooX will be receiving WOO Ventures token drop. The WOO Ventures token drop will return 50% of tokens received from the investment to WOO holders, either through WOO X, staking, or DeFi applications. Example: WOO Ventures will identify a promising blockchain startup. WOO tokens will be invested into the startup, as an incentive for the project to grow and support Wootrade while providing tokens for future services. The startup will vest tokens back to Wootrade, which will be given back to WOO tokenholders. https://medium.com/wootrade/woo-ventures-to-invest-in-projects-providing-strategic-value-to-wootrade-will-share-rewards-with-45c3a03f3987 Possible other use cases ideas sourced from the community for 2021: Binance Smart Chain integration - from @AllenLu and @Iamgreenpeas: Wootrade and the WOO token can start getting involved in the Binance Smart Chain and other Ethereum alternative ecosystems. The WOO token could be bridged to other networks, expanding its reach in the larger DeFi ecosystem. Secondary lending market - from @Brainchest: Lending is actually a significant pain point in the digital asset space right now. A future use case for the WOO token can be based on the creation of innovative debt or lending products. NFT marketplace — from @Betteror203: NFTs are an evolving ecosystem and we are currently watching it mature. We believe that NFTs will one day underpin a substantial part of the DeFi ecosystem and are finding traction in insurance and bonds. Wootrade Network is concerned with liquidity and it’s not too far off to think that we can provide liquidity even for NFTs In short, the more volume Wootrade Network has, there will be more bought back, burned Woo. Institutions that want to source their entire order book from Wootrade at zero cost will have to stake the WOO token as a right to access the network. Retails trader will also want to stake Woo to enjoy sweet APY and also zero-fee trading, Woo Venture 50% profit sharing token drops, NFTs airdrop in the future, ... What next for Woo? WooFi and the Wooracle DeFi had arrived and was changing the way people traded and interacted with cryptocurrencies. Decentralized swaps and exchanges were surpassing many Tier Two exchanges from the centralized world. Still, Uniswap/ Sushiswap or other decentralized exchanges still struggling with some of the same issues as of a CeX : lack of liquidity, high slippage, and sizable transaction fees. For DeFi to attract a more institutional audience, it was clear that some improvements would need to be made. Wooracle price data Wootrade can help all the DeFi exchanges out there with Wooracle price data by improving trade execution on DEX aggregators. Wootrade brought their liquidity on-chain, using a combination of liquidity pools, oracles, hedging strategies, and market-makers. The WooFi pools are a combination of DeFi swaps but use the more accurate pricing mechanisms from the Wootrade network itself. WooFi position in DeFi The goal is to be an ecosystem enabler that supports other protocols by connecting on-chain liquidity, robust pricing data, and trading-related services without charging large ‘middleman’ fees as a business model. The goal, as always, is to find ways to bring more flow to the Wootrade network by linking bridges between the projects and platforms building on the various layers and networks in both CeFi and DeFi. Yield opportunities for liquidity providers Strategic partnerships Increased WOO token burn rate (from buying back) DAO governance and benefits First-party products and services WooX The first testers entered WOO X Beta with some exclusive staking opportunities. The newly designed WOO X staking program allows Beta users to earn zero fees and up to 30% APY. Currently, 0% interest is charged on 2X margin, which will last throughout Beta testing. If you haven’t been invited, please be patient. More invite codes to enter the program will be sent out each week until launch. DODO, SUSHI, and UNI tokens were added to existing trading pairs on WOO X in March. WooX is currently available at: https://x.woo.network/spot : WooVentures WOO Ventures was set up to identify early-stage projects that, as they mature, can provide value to Wootrade, the WOO token, and the blockchain space in general. In 2020, the first WOO Ventures investment was made in DODO, a decentralized exchange and aggregator that is now one of the leading DEXs by daily volume, with a fast-growing userbase on Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain (BSC). WOO Ventures has also made two other investments which will be revealed at a later date. : Parnerships Integrated 5 WooFi pools on BSC: https://twitter.com/wootraderS/status/1378029021154316289 Wootrade partnered with SushiSwap and announced they would establish FranchisedPools (originally called SubPools) using the Mirin proposal coming out later in 2021: https://medium.com/wootrade/wootrade-to-bring-bottomless-liquidity-to-sushiswap-via-subpools-4b04a8beac30 Wootrade partnered with DODO, hitting almost $6 million right after the launch. Wootrade supplied price data to Big Data Protocol: https://twitter.com/wootraderS/status/1369109954716528644 Paraswap whitelisted the WOO token: https://twitter.com/wootraderS/status/1372476428298592256 dFuture announced using the Wooracle to obtain the most accurate price data: https://twitter.com/wootraderS/status/1375379579594940419 Further Reading & Resources Team: https://woo.trade/team Coingecko: https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/wootrade-network Litepaper: https://woo.trade/Litepaper.pdf Reddit: https://np.reddit.com/r/WOO_X/ Website: https://woo.network/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/wootraderS Medium: https://medium.com/wootrade

Zero-Fee Trading, Global Liquidity, and The Many Woos of WooTrade

Mass can give off energy and energy can give off mass—only in the presence of the speed of light, squared—is a principle of fusion in particle physics. However, can this be remotely used to explain an aspect of the human mind, for rough similarities, towards how the brain works? Although the human brain does not have the speed of light, electrical signals have conduction velocity. While both are not equivalent, might a parallel partly apply, to explaining a mechanism of the human mind? In the brain, there are two common elements, electrical and chemical signals. Electrical signals are in relay and chemical signals are mostly stationed at synapses. Though chemical signals are in transport as well, they often move within a smaller perimeter in comparison to electrical signals that span the axonal length. It can, therefore, be assumed that given these differences, electrical signals are in an extensive motion, while chemical signals are in marginal motion. However, because chemical signals are mostly confined around synapses—which can be near stationary while active, at times—chemical signals can be said to be a comparatively slower mass, with some velocity as well, such that their total momentum [sets of electrical and chemical signals] is conserved, normally, without [say] a traumatic brain injury or something else. Neurons are often in clusters across circuits in the brain. It is theorized that these clusters allow electrical and chemical signals to work in loops or as sets. This means that when a function is mechanized in a certain cluster of neurons, it is the enterprise of the signals. The chemical signals [in set] are postulated to provide rations that make up a configuration or formation for the specificity of that function. Simply, because smells are different and smell is different from touch or vision, it means that the configuration of a set of chemical signals that specifies one is different from the other. These chemical signals are located within the range of the synapse, from the vesicles to the cleft to the receptors. Their configuration [in a set] for a function, conceptually, may be due [as established in brain science] to their volumes in the cleft or their exit sequence—through receptors, or getting taken back up, or cleared out by enzymes. Simply, chemical signals in a set, provide rations that make up the specificity of functions. Chemical signals are molecules, mostly dominated by neurotransmitters, though others like neurohormones and so forth are involved. Electrical signals are established in neuroscience to be ions, moving through the length of the axon, due to action potentials, from the voltage-gated channels. It is also established that ions have mass and molecules have mass. It is theorized that in a set, these ions carry the summaries of functions and features, from one destination—or set of chemical signals—to the next. Electrical signals deliver what they bear [to sets of electrical signals] and access what is available there, then proceed again, conceptually. A Human Mind Phase of Matter It is theorized that in a set, electrical signals strike to fuse briefly with chemical signals, to access the configuration in that set. Simply, chemical signals have rations that make up configurations, but in order to have those rations provided, they have to be struck by the mass of incoming ions. It is postulated that when [a set of] electrical signals strike, they fuse briefly, resulting in a mix that is partly ions, partly molecules, and a third transient phase, which is different from both. It is this phase, postulated to be a new state of matter, that keeps some of the configuration information and gives off the volumes of chemical signals needed. It is also what collects—or contains—some of the energy that is given off, preventing several concurrent interactions in the brain from causing disturbing experiences. Simply, for functions of the mind, it is postulated that [sets of] electrical and chemical signals have to interact. This interaction is the strike and fusion of both, giving off a new mix, with a part of it, as a different phase from both, which holds some configuration and collects the energy, conceptually. Sets of electrical and chemical signals both have mass and velocity. When they strike and fuse, they give off energy. Electrical signals have their conduction velocity, which is enough to produce a new phase of matter—within the biological environment. There are grades to the interaction or how they are qualified, resulting in features like attention, awareness, self and intent, or free will. Though the speed of light is necessary for energy and mass interchange, the interactions of [sets of] electrical and chemical signals of the mind let the conduction velocity act as a conversion factor of sorts. The velocity of [sets of] chemical signals may also play a role—or be a tad negligible in other instances. This implies that a parallel of the energy-momentum relation could be developed for sets of electrical and chemical signals, in a theoretical neurobiophysics equation. Sets of electrical signals with mass, incoming, striking to fuse with [sets of] chemical signals, which are masses too—near static—giving off energy which is collected in another phase and used also to access configurations for functions and features of the human mind, conceptually. The human mind is theorized to be the collection of all the electrical and chemical signals with their interactions and features, in sets, in clusters of neurons, across the central and peripheral nervous systems. There is a recent paper in Nature Communications Physics, Unveiling universal aspects of the cellular anatomy of the brain, where the authors wrote, "Here, we propose that statistical physics can provide a guiding framework for determining and quantifying additional structural features in the cellular complexity of the brain. By analyzing properties related to cell size, as well as pairwise and higher-order correlations in cellular-level volumetric partial brain reconstructions from multiple organisms, we show that the cellular structure of the brain displays signatures associated with collective phenomena close to criticality. Our results indicate that the cellular structure of the brains of multiple organisms show signatures of being at or close to a structural phase transition and that the corresponding critical exponents are consistent between organisms. If these structural properties of the brain are indeed critical and universal between organisms, we would expect to observe consistent exponents in the cellular structures of other organisms and brain regions." There is a recent article in The Conversation, Could quantum physics be the key that unlocks the secrets of human behaviour?, stating that, "Yet research has shown that human behaviour can’t be fully captured by these traditional or “classical” laws of probability. Could it instead be explained by the way probability works in the more mysterious world of quantum mechanics? Mathematical probability is also a vital component of quantum mechanics, the branch of physics that describes how nature behaves at the scale of atoms or sub-atomic particles. However, as we’ll see, in the quantum world, probabilities follow very different rules." Mass can give off energy and energy can give off mass—only in the presence of the speed of light, squared—is a principle of fusion in particle physics. However, can this be remotely used to explain an aspect of the human mind, for rough similarities, towards how the brain works? Although the human brain does not have the speed of light, electrical signals have conduction velocity. While both are not equivalent, might a parallel partly apply, to explaining a mechanism of the human mind? In the brain, there are two common elements, electrical and chemical signals. Electrical signals are in relay and chemical signals are mostly stationed at synapses. Though chemical signals are in transport as well, they often move within a smaller perimeter in comparison to electrical signals that span the axonal length. It can, therefore, be assumed that given these differences, electrical signals are in an extensive motion, while chemical signals are in marginal motion. However, because chemical signals are mostly confined around synapses—which can be near stationary while active, at times —chemical signals can be said to be a comparatively slower mass, with some velocity as well, such that their total momentum [sets of electrical and chemical signals] is conserved, normally, without [say] a traumatic brain injury or something else. near stationary while active, at times Neurons are often in clusters across circuits in the brain. It is theorized that these clusters allow electrical and chemical signals to work in loops or as sets. This means that when a function is mechanized in a certain cluster of neurons, it is the enterprise of the signals . it is the enterprise of the signals The chemical signals [in set] are postulated to provide rations that make up a configuration or formation for the specificity of that function. Simply, because smells are different and smell is different from touch or vision, it means that the configuration of a set of chemical signals that specifies one is different from the other. These chemical signals are located within the range of the synapse, from the vesicles to the cleft to the receptors. Their configuration [in a set] for a function, conceptually, may be due [as established in brain science] to their volumes in the cleft or their exit sequence— through receptors, or getting taken back up, or cleared out by enzymes . through receptors, or getting taken back up, or cleared out by enzymes Simply, chemical signals in a set, provide rations that make up the specificity of functions. Chemical signals are molecules, mostly dominated by neurotransmitters, though others like neurohormones and so forth are involved. Electrical signals are established in neuroscience to be ions, moving through the length of the axon, due to action potentials, from the voltage-gated channels. It is also established that ions have mass and molecules have mass. It is theorized that in a set , these ions carry the summaries of functions and features, from one destination—or set of chemical signals—to the next. Electrical signals deliver what they bear [to sets of electrical signals] and access what is available there, then proceed again, conceptually. It is theorized that in a set A Human Mind Phase of Matter A Human Mind Phase of Matter It is theorized that in a set, electrical signals strike to fuse briefly with chemical signals, to access the configuration in that set. Simply, chemical signals have rations that make up configurations, but in order to have those rations provided, they have to be struck by the mass of incoming ions. It is postulated that when [a set of] electrical signals strike, they fuse briefly, resulting in a mix that is partly ions, partly molecules, and a third transient phase, which is different from both. It is this phase, postulated to be a new state of matter , that keeps some of the configuration information and gives off the volumes of chemical signals needed. It is also what collects—or contains—some of the energy that is given off, preventing several concurrent interactions in the brain from causing disturbing experiences. postulated to be a new state of matter Simply, for functions of the mind, it is postulated that [sets of] electrical and chemical signals have to interact. This interaction is the strike and fusion of both, giving off a new mix, with a part of it, as a different phase from both, which holds some configuration and collects the energy, conceptually. Sets of electrical and chemical signals both have mass and velocity. When they strike and fuse, they give off energy. Electrical signals have their conduction velocity, which is enough to produce a new phase of matter—within the biological environment. There are grades to the interaction or how they are qualified, resulting in features like attention, awareness , self and intent, or free will. attention, awareness Though the speed of light is necessary for energy and mass interchange, the interactions of [sets of] electrical and chemical signals of the mind let the conduction velocity act as a conversion factor of sorts. The velocity of [sets of] chemical signals may also play a role—or be a tad negligible in other instances. This implies that a parallel of the energy-momentum relation could be developed for sets of electrical and chemical signals, in a theoretical neurobiophysics equation. tad Sets of electrical signals with mass, incoming, striking to fuse with [sets of] chemical signals, which are masses too—near static—giving off energy which is collected in another phase and used also to access configurations for functions and features of the human mind, conceptually. The human mind is theorized to be the collection of all the electrical and chemical signals with their interactions and features, in sets , in clusters of neurons, across the central and peripheral nervous systems. their interactions and features, in sets There is a recent paper in Nature Communications Physics , Unveiling universal aspects of the cellular anatomy of the brain , where the authors wrote, "Here, we propose that statistical physics can provide a guiding framework for determining and quantifying additional structural features in the cellular complexity of the brain. By analyzing properties related to cell size, as well as pairwise and higher-order correlations in cellular-level volumetric partial brain reconstructions from multiple organisms, we show that the cellular structure of the brain displays signatures associated with collective phenomena close to criticality. Our results indicate that the cellular structure of the brains of multiple organisms show signatures of being at or close to a structural phase transition and that the corresponding critical exponents are consistent between organisms. If these structural properties of the brain are indeed critical and universal between organisms, we would expect to observe consistent exponents in the cellular structures of other organisms and brain regions." Nature Communications Physics Unveiling universal aspects of the cellular anatomy of the brain There is a recent article in The Conversation , Could quantum physics be the key that unlocks the secrets of human behaviour? , stating that, "Yet research has shown that human behaviour can’t be fully captured by these traditional or “classical” laws of probability. Could it instead be explained by the way probability works in the more mysterious world of quantum mechanics? Mathematical probability is also a vital component of quantum mechanics, the branch of physics that describes how nature behaves at the scale of atoms or sub-atomic particles. However, as we’ll see, in the quantum world, probabilities follow very different rules." The Conversation Could quantum physics be the key that unlocks the secrets of human behaviour?

Particle Physics Neuroscience: Does e = mc^2 Have an Equivalent for the Human Mind?

Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . LAVENDER AND ITS VARIETIES. here LAVENDER AND ITS VARIETIES. By J. CH. SAWER, F.L.S. Lavender—technically . This name is generally considered to be derived from the word , gerund of the verb , "to wash" or "to bathe," and to originate from the ancient Roman custom of perfuming baths with the flowers of this plant. Lavandula lavando lavare The general aspect of the various species which compose this genus of labiate plants, although presenting very characteristic differences, merges gradually from one species to another; all are, in their native habitat, small ligneous undershrubs of from one to two feet in height, with a thin bark, which detaches itself in scales; the leaves are linear, persistent, and covered with numerous hairs, which give the plant a hoary appearance. The flowers, which are produced on the young shoots, approximate into terminal simple spikes, which are, in vigorous young plants, branched at the base and usually naked under the spikes. As a rule, lavender is a native of the countries bordering on the great basin of the Mediterranean—at least eight out of twelve species are there found to be indigenous on mountain slopes. The most commonly known species are and . Commercially the is the most valuable by reason of the superior delicacy of its perfume; it is found on the sterile hills and stony declivities at the foot of the Alps of Provence, the lower Alps of Dauphiné and Cevannes (growing in some places at an altitude of 4,500 feet above the sea level), also northward, in exposed situations, as far as Monton, near Lyons, but not beyond the 46th degree of latitude; in Piedmont as far as Tarantaise, and in Switzerland, in Lower Vallais, near Nyon, in the canton of Vaud, and at Vuilly. It has been gathered between Nice and Cosni, in the neighborhood of Limoné, on the elevated slopes of the mountains of western Liguria, and in Etruria on hills near the sea. The , which is the only species besides hardy in this country, was formerly considered only a variety of ; it is distinguished by its lower habit, much whiter color, the leaves more congested at the base of the branches, the spikes denser and shorter, the floral leaves lanceolate or linear, and the presence of linear and subulate bractes. L. vera, L. spica L stæchas L. vera L. spica L. vera L. vera It yields by distillation an oil termed "oil of spike," or, to distinguish it from oil of , "true oil of spike." It is darker in color than the oil of , and much less grateful in odor, reminding one of turpentine and rancid coker nut oil. It is used by painters on porcelain, and in the manufacture of varnishes. It is often largely admixed with essence of turpentine. L. stæchas L. vera (Stichas) was discovered prior to the year 50 A.D. in the Stæchades Islands (now the Islands of Hyères), hence the name. At present it is found wild in the South of Europe and North of Africa, also at Teneriffe. The leaves are oblong linear, about half an inch long (sometimes an inch long when cultivated), with revolute edges and clothed with hoary tomentum on both surfaces; the spike is tetragonal, compact, with a tuft of purple leaves at the top; the calyces are ovate and slightly shorter than the tube of the corolla. The whole plant has a strong aromatic and agreeable flavor. There is a variety of this species ( ) native of Corsica, Sicily, and Naples, which has broader leaves and thicker octagonal spikes. L. Stæchas L. macrostàchya is known in Spain as "Romero Santo" (sacred rosemary). Its essential oil (also that of ) is there obtained for household use by suspending the fresh flowering stalks, flowers downward, in closed bottles and exposing them for some time in the sun's rays; a mixture of water and essential oil collects at the bottom, which is used as a hæmostatic and for cleansing wounds. L. stæchas L. dentata The specific gravity of Spanish oil of is 0.942 at 15° C. It boils between 180° and 245°. The odor of this oil is not at all suggestive of that of lavender, but resembles more that of oil of rosemary, possessing also the camphoraceous odor of that oil. In India this oil is much prized as an expectorant and antispasmodic. L. stæchas (From photographs of the plants. Natural size.) The other species which are distinctly characterized are , and . L. pedunculata, L. viridis, L. dentata, L. heterophylla, L. pyrenaica, L. pinnata, L. coronopifolia, L. abrotonoides, L. Lawii L. multifida The is synonymous with . In Spain the therapeutic properties of are alleged to be even more marked than in the oils of any of the other species of lavender. It is said to promote the healing of sluggish wounds, and when used in the form of inhalation to have given good results in cases of severe catarrh, and even in cases of diphtheria. In odor this oil strongly suggests rosemary and camphor. Its specific gravity is 0.926 at 15° C. It distills almost completely between 170° and 200°. L. multifida L. Burmanii L. dentata The specific gravity of the oil of (according to Flückiger and Hanbury, ) ranges between 0.87 and 0.94. The same authorities state that in a tube of 50 millimeters the plane of polarization is diverted 4.2° to the left. L. vera Pharmacographia Dr. Gladstone found ( , xviii., 3) that a sample of pure oil of , obtained from Dr. S. Piesse, indicated a specific gravity of 0.8903 at 15° C., and that its power of rotating the plane of polarization (observed with a tube ten inches long) was -20°. Compared with these results he found the sp. gr. of oil of turpentine to be 0.8727, and the rotatory power -79°. Jnl. Ch. Soc. L. vera Although was well known to the ancients, no allusion unquestionably referring to has been found in the writings of classical authors, the earliest mention of this latter plant being in the twelfth century, by the Abbess Hildegard, who lived near Bergen-on-the-Rhine. Under the name of or , it was known to the Welsh physicians as a medicinal plant in the thirteenth century. The best variety of —and there are several, although unnamed—improved by cultivation in England, presents the appearance of an evergreen undershrub of about two feet in height, with grayish green linear leaves, rolled under at the edges, when young; the branches are erect and give a bushy appearance to the plant; the flowers are borne on a terminal spike, at the summit of along naked stalk, the spike being composed of six to ten verticillasters, more widely separated toward the base of the spike; in young plants two or four sub-spikes will branch alternately in pairs from the main stalk; this indicates great vigor in the plant, and occurs rarely after the second year of the plant's growth. The floral leaves are rhomboidal, acuminate, and membraneous, the upper ones being shorter than the calyces, bracteas obovate; the calyces are bluish, nearly cylindrical, contracted toward the mouth, and ribbed with many veins. The corolla is of a pale bluish violet, of a deeper tint on the inner surface than the outer, tubular, two-lipped, the upper lip with two and the lower with three lobes. Both the corolla and calyx are covered with stellate hairs, among which are embedded shining oil glands, to which the fragrance of the plant is due. The was identified in 1541, and introduced into England in 1568, flourishing remarkably well under cultivation, and yielding an oil far superior in delicacy of fragrance to that obtained from the wild plant, or to that obtained from the same plant cultivated in any other country. L. stæchas L. vera Llafant Llafantly L. vera L. vera When it is remembered that north of the 50th degree of latitude the vine yields little but garlands of leaves, and that we should attempt in vain to cultivate the olive north of the 44th degree, it may seem strange that the , which is a native of about the same climate as these, should resist, unprotected, the vigorous frosts of this country. Even at Upsala, latitude 59° 51' N., in the Botanic Garden, it merely requires the shelter of a few branches to protect it in the winter; but this hardiness may be accounted for by several physiological reasons. Like all fruticulose labiates which have a hard compact tissue and contain much oily matter, the lavender absorbs less moisture than herbs which are soft and spongy, and, as it always prefers a dry calcareous, even stony, soil, the northern cultivators find that by selecting such localities the tissues of the plant take up so little water that the frost does not injure them. Lavandula vera In a northern climate the length of the days in summer, and the natural dryness of the air, compensate in some measure the reduction of temperature, and mature the plant only to the extent sufficient for the purpose for which it is grown. Perhaps the suspension of vital action during winter, which must be more complete in northern latitudes, as our frosts are more severe, tends to preserve certain plants, native of the south, for it is observed that all plants are more sensitive to cold when vegetation is active than when it is at rest. The vine is an instance of this. On the other hand, when the plant is cultivated further south than its natural boundary, the same causes seem to exert their influence, but in the reverse sense. Lavender is cultivated on the mountains of Yemen, in Arabia; the humidity, increasing inversely to the latitude, compensates the exhaling force of the sun's rays, and the elevation of the locality the effects of the heat. Thus is confirmed, both in north and south, the law of vegetable physiology observed by De Candolle, in the temperate climates of France, and published in his "Essai de Geographie Botanique," that "plants can best resist the effects of cold in a dry atmosphere, and the effects of heat in a humid atmosphere." A mild, damp winter, like the one of 1889-1890, does more harm than a hard, seasonable frost, as the plants are apt to make green shoots prematurely, and the late frosts nip off these tender portions, each of which would otherwise have produced a flower spike. The very severe winter of 1890-1891 did not kill so many plants as the one of 1889-1890. The stems and branches of lavender being ligneous and strong are able to resist the force of the wind, and the plant thrives best in a perfectly open locality, where the air circulates freely; the oil and resin which it contains in abundance enable it to resist the parching action of the wind and sun. Thus, on the most arid and sterile ground on the mountain sides in the south, and especially in Spain, plants of this genus flourish with more vigor in the season when most other vegetation is scorched up by the ardent rays of the sun, and the seems to have a predilection for such spots. Lavandula vera Certainly the plants then assume a more stunted appearance than in richer soil, but at the same time the perfume is stronger and sweeter. The calyces become charged with oil glands, and yield a greater abundance of volatile oil. In a very moist soil the water penetrates too much into the tissues, detaches the bark, the plant blackens at the root, and a white fungus attaches to the main stem and lower branches; it becomes feeble, diseased, and dies. A rich soil furnishes too much nutriment, the plant grows very large and herbaceous, becomes overcharged with water relative to its assimilating and elaboratory power, especially if growing in a cold climate, and the equilibrium of the chemical proportions necessary for the formation of natural juices becomes deranged at the expense of quantity and quality of the volatile oil produced. These facts, long ago pointed out by Linnæus, have been verified in England. Some years ago a disease manifested itself in most of the plantations, which, not being understood by the growers, was not remedied (in fact, is not generally understood and remedied at the present time), the acreage under cultivation decreased, and, partly owing to this and a scarcity occasioned by a failure in the crop, the price of the oil rapidly rose from 50s. to 200s. per lb. Consequently, with the continually increasing demand and the continued rise in price, manufacturers of lavender water and of compound perfumes in which oil of lavender is a necessary ingredient commenced to buy the French oil, and venders of the English oil commenced to adulterate largely the English with the French oil. By degrees the French oil become almost entirely substituted in England for the English, and at present it is difficult to purchase true English lavender water of a quality equal to that vended twenty years ago, except at a few first class houses. The exorbitant profits demanded by chemists and druggists, and the incomprehensible will of the public to buy anything , however bad, have encouraged a marvelous increase in the figures of the imports of French (and German, which is worse) oil. cheap In 1880, when the price had reached 125s. per lb., it was pointed out by an eminent London firm that unless the cultivation in England were extended, the price would become prohibitive, inferior oils would be introduced into the market, and so destroy the popularity of this beautiful perfume. The price still rising did, in fact, induce this importation, and to this day the bulk of chemists and perfumers continue to use these foreign oils, notwithstanding the fall in the price of the English oil. The constant demand, however, in America (where people will have things good) will yet support the price of the genuine article—that is, of the English oil, which is the finest the world produces. Attempts were made by a French manufacturing perfumer to establish a plantation in the south of France of plants taken from parent stems grown in England. The result was that the young plants deteriorated to their original condition—even there in their native habitat. The character of a plant and the character of its produce depend even on more than a similarity of soil and geographical position. It is asserted that a good judge can distinguish between the oils produced by two adjacent fields, and the difference in odor is very apparent between the oils produced in Hertfordshire and in Surrey. The oil produced in Sussex is different from both.— . Chemist and Druggist About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/11649/pg11649-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

LAVENDER AND ITS VARIETIES

“Changing the world, one at a time” is a mantra that fits into the picture of socialism, the greatest social experiment of the 20th century. But the question is, would Karl Marx, the father of socialism, embrace Bitcoin if he were to be alive today? Bitcoin I would reply in the affirmative and to be clear let's go back in time to 1917. It’s the year 1917. The Bolsheviks, by their thousands, are storming the Winter Palace with guns in their hands and a socialist ideology in their heads. The bloody overthrow of the Romanov dynasty is inevitable and it is only a matter of months before Tsar Nicholas II, alongside his family, is brutally killed. Fast forward to 17 July 1918, the Tsar and his family are dead and so is Tsar Russia. The Bolsheviks take over the country, crush the White Army and set a new order in motion. While historians might argue over the inevitability of the , it remains a historical fact that the event of 1917 led to the overthrow of one of Europe's longest-reigning and most powerful monarchies, the Romanovs. Russian Revolution The social and economic conditions of Russia, an agrarian country in a technologically advanced Europe, would partly justify the revolution and the entrenchment of socialism which was the prevalent ideology in Europe at the time. "Workers of the world, unite!" cried Karl Marx at the end of his co-authored book, the Communist Manifesto. According to Marx, ''they have a world to win and they have nothing but their chains to lose". These ending lines from the Communist Manifesto got me thinking about what Marx's view would have been about Bitcoin, which, fast forward to today, has a similar appeal in both the social and economic context of the existing global order. The Russian Revolution was the whirlwind of the seed planted by Karl Mark when the Communist Manifesto was published in 1848, sixty -nine years before the Revolution. The momentum it gathered, up to the time the last shot was fired, indicated that there was nothing that was going to stop an idea whose time had finally arrived. In 19th-century Europe, the conditions that would have made Karl Mark embrace Bitcoin were readily present, and if it did exist in the in the 20th century, the Bolsheviks revolutionaries, who fought the Tsar’s armies tooth and nail, would have weaponized it to further their agenda. In short, Karl Marx would have been a Bitcoiner in deed and in words because Bitcoin would have primarily been a tool that could be used to tear capitalism to shreds, and, what's more, Marx's entire life was unapologetically devoted to that cause. Both Bitcoin and Socialism have their roots in the social economic conditions of their respective eras and in the disenchantment that their inventors expressed toward them in their writings. In 2009, a solitary Satoshi was sowing the wind of what would later be known as Bitcoin, as the world was further sliding into one of history's biggest financial crises. Similarly, in the chaos, despair, and hopelessness that characterized 19th-century Europe, an enraged disillusioned Marx found the calmness to dissect the prevailing conditions of the world, and in response, he offered an alternative world–one full of hope and promises–and beckoned on the masses to make it happen. Therefore, it's safe to deduce that not only are Bitcoin and socialism compatible ideologies but also that both Marx and Satoshi Nakamoto would be on the same wavelength if they ever met. Why Marx May Embrace Bitcoin There are three key features of Bitcoin that may likely appeal to the 19th-century philosopher Karl Marx, namely: decentralization, transparency, and scarcity. Decentralization Bitcoin’s decentralized nature is very much similar to Marx’s belief in a classless society where the means of production are owned by the workers themselves. Bitcoin is not controlled by any central authority, and its transactions are verified by a network of computers. Socialism also advocates for a decentralized economy, where businesses are owned and controlled by the workers themselves. Transparency The fact that all Bitcoin transactions are recorded on a public ledger, where anyone can see how much Bitcoin is being transferred and to whom, is likely to appeal to Marx's belief in the importance of transparency in an economic system that allows everyone to know how their money is being used. Scarcity Bitcoin not only advocates the redistribution of wealth but also there is a limited amount of Bitcoin that can ever be created. This makes it very compelling to see Marx embracing Bitcoin as socialism also advocates for policies that redistribute wealth, such as progressive taxation and social welfare programs. Conclusion Bitcoin and socialism are decentralized systems. It's safe to deduce not only are they compatible ideologies to a large extent but also that both Marx and Satoshi Nakamoto would be on the same wavelength if they ever met. Finally, whether or not Marx would embrace Bitcoin would depend on his personal conviction of the cryptocurrency's potential to achieve socialism’s goals of social justice and economic equality.

Bitcoin and Socialism

বিটকয়েন এবং সমাজতন্ত্র

Bitcoin und Sozialismus

Bitcoin y el socialismo

Bitcoin et socialisme

बिटकॉइन और समाजवाद

ビットコインと社会主義

비트코인과 사회주의

Bitcoin e Socialismo

Bitcoin ve Sosyalizm

Bitcoin và chủ nghĩa xã hội

比特币和社会主义

$Trump token is currently trending on JuiceBox and may likely go viral in a few weeks. I stumbled upon a rather bizarre discovery last night on JuiceBox, the Ethereum-based fundraising protocol. At first sight, it had me in stitches, and then it felt like I was having a funny dream. But as soon as I finally came to terms with it, I stayed put to learn more about it. My discovery, as you already know, is Donald Trump DAO and it is not a comic relief. It is not yet mainstream news that a Decentralised Autonomous Organisation(DAO) is raising funds on JuiceBox for the re-election of Donald J. Trump in 2024, but truth is that Donald Trump DAO is already trending on JuiceBox, an Ethereum-based fundraising protocol and it already has its own Twitter account. A Donald Trump DAO does not sound like something you want to scoff at considering how much decline the approval rating of President Joe Biden has recently seen. If you already did, it might interest you to know that it has so far raised $68 and it might just be on its way to gaining momentum with anonymous donations worth millions of dollars piling up. (Donald Trump DAO on Twitter) For educational purposes, Donald Trump DAO accentuates the power of blockchain technology to shape political campaigns and fundraising activities, and it also gives complete anonymity to people who really want to declare their support for their political candidates without being taunted or bullied for doing so. Potentially, this solves a recurring problem. That of political censorship. And we are left to wonder what would have happened if this fundraising effort was launched on the old Twitter or any other platform noted for the anti-Trump political sentiment. Your guess is as good as mine! WHO NEEDS A $TRUMP TOKEN? The supporters of embattled former US president Donald Trump spread across various crypto communities are likely to stuff their wallets with $Trump tokens as they throw their weight behind his Republican candidature in the next general election. This funding medium also introduces a global audience to America’s political fundraising activity through cryptocurrency pushing its politics beyond its borders and ushering in a new era where millions of people across the world can support their political icons through crypto donations.

A Donald Trump Dao Is Here! Who Needs It?

In 2021, Collins Dictionary ranked NFT as the word of the year. Today, it has remained a focal point in web 3 — thanks to its army of critics. Given the bad media publicity, we should begin to wonder how NFT is able to dominate the web 3 conversation. After all, the latest in a long list of coordinated attacks on NFT is the recent #Godhatesnfts campaign that trended recently on Twitter. CRITICIZING NFTs The villainization of NFT began shortly after it went mainstream in the first quarter of 2021,not only because the NFT boom inspired more greed than creativity but also because it sparked a controversial debate about the activities surrounding it as well. One of the many concerns that have continued to set tongues waggling to this day is the environmental impact of minting tons of NFTs daily, and as with the mining of cryptocurrencies, the proliferation of NFTs on the various blockchains has added another ammunition to the critics’ arsenal. Although it is such a good impression that NFT represents a shift in the trajectory of digital art and in the creation of a layer of digital security for assets that can be tokenized, we can not help but to pay attention to the growing anti-NFT movement that is fast gaining momentum on the internet. Moreover, with NFT representing a radical shift in the way society values things that are capable of being owned and in how to put them behind a ‘firewall” in blockchain, there can be no doubt about its potential to become one of the web 3 tools that would onboard the mass of mankind to the era of decentralization. But were are still very much in the early days where the criticisms leveled against NFT are as controversial, as they were, when they were first popularised by NFT critics, and to these, we shall turn in the succeeding paragraphs. THE OWNERSHIP ARGUMENT Critics who debate the wisdom behind the storing of NFTs or “worthless jpegs” on the blockchain believe that such leverage is fraudulent in the first place and can do little to prevent NFTs from getting randomly duplicated. The key point about this line of argument is that NFTs are merely a function of Right-Click & Save, a shortcut function that is used to download the duplicated copy of an NFT. While this raises little or no concern for an artist whose NFT collection may face a possible risk, those who hold on to this argument have always failed to prove their understanding of the workings of the blockchain technology, which in fairness, means they lack an understanding of how duplicating or downloading a copy of an NFT does not confer blockchain ownership. Furthermore, as of today, there is only one known Jack Dorsey’s NFT Tweet, the counterfeit of which has neither been found nor sold anywhere on the planet, and that means only one thing: while NFTs can change hands, they remain the exclusive digital assets of the verified owners whose details are searchable on the blockchain. This also clearly shows that a click & save a copy of Jack’s minted NFT is incapable of establishing real ownership, nor would the owner have the bragging rights attached to the original version. THE RUG-PULL ARGUMENT In a futile attempt to popularise this line of argument, critics have mounted a loaded cannon of words that are usually fired at NFT whenever a rug-pull is reported in the crypto media. They use such words as scam, “crook,” “rug,” “too-good-to-be-true, etc., whenever the opportunity to make a case against NFT presents itself. For example, the renowned British artist David Hockney had once described Christie’s auctioned Beeple NFTs as ‘silly little things,’ while taking aim at NFT as the “domain of international crooks and swindlers”. Hockney’s skepticism is well-known and could be the most vociferous of all, given his prestige as the highest valued living British painter in the world. It also reflects his zero interest in NFT and implies that his criticisms and opinions about it will always garner media attention effortlessly. However, to be fair to the 85-year-old artist, who has probably seen the best of what the traditional world of art can offer, it would be ridiculous if he allowed himself to be swayed by the ongoing crypto art craze which tactically aims to gain as much respectability as possible in the art industry. It is understandable that Hockney should consider digital art a silly break from traditional art. But it is not clear whether he has a fixed opinion on the future of crypto art that is fast gaining traction in the digital art industry, which surmises that technology has had such a tremendous amount of impact on art itself. In this era, the digital artist has the potential to edge out the traditional artist by leveraging a digital technology that improves the quality of art by significantly reducing the tendency for man-made errors or inefficiencies. THE ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ARGUMENT This argument is simple: NFTs are a menace to the environment or blockchain itself is the culprit responsible for the carbon footprint. In addition to making for eye-catching headlines, it is also unintentionally creating an unintended byproduct that is keeping environmentalists awake at night, haunted by ideas of ecological extinction. NFTs are just network-based tokens that are part of the blockchain system, despite the social buzz. Platforms that sell NFTs often require purchasers to make purchases using proper decentralized payment methods. According to some energy auditing specialists, the digital token already consumes almost the same amount of electricity as the entire country of Libya. More NFT transactions and higher demand suggest profit prospects for miners, which could lead to higher emissions. The basic idea is that NFTs might greatly increase the value of the needed cryptic token, incentivizing more intensive, and thus energy-intensive, mining for profit and thus raising the number of machines miners use. It is true that the environmental impact of NFTs is expected to be significant as their popularity develops and trading momentum intensifies. With current talks about climate change, meshed global heat signatures, and sustainability, the increasing adoption of NFTs makes the issue of blockchain technology’s energy consumption and the carbon emissions that arise from it more real and important. While the issue of NFT-caused emissions has been almost completely overshadowed by the allure of wealth creation, it comes at a time when environmental activists and climate professionals have been warning about the unprecedented rise in temperature, sea level, species extinction, severe weather events, and other signs of global warming. HOW SCARY IS THIS? A single Ethereum transaction requires more than 70.32 kWh, enough to power a single US family for 2.5 days, according to the Digiconomist website. This corresponds to a carbon footprint of around 34 kg of CO2 (CO2). This carbon footprint is the equivalent of over 5,700 hours of YouTube video or over 76,000 credit card transactions when compared to traditional methods of consumption. According to some experts, Ethereum uses more energy per year than Denmark and has a carbon footprint comparable to that of Lithuania. However, thanks to those who argue that the carbon footprint of NFTs is not significant enough to impact the environment negatively, we can now assert the fact that the climate change issue has much longer been around and that the much-awaited Merge by Ethereum, one of the leading blockchains in the world, promises to significantly reduce crypto energy consumption. CONCLUSION While summoning the evidence of the dark sides of NFT remains a valid way to establish a thesis, there exists a strong likelihood for NFT critics to unwittingly exaggerate the ugly situation, and much of the energy that has been expended by critics on picking holes in the entire architecture of blockchain technology reflects the vanity of being on the side of Luddite. Also Published Here

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