With the boom of social media, the growing need for authenticity in brand communications and the recent changes in advertising personal data policies, brands are shifting budgets from traditional media and social platforms to influencer marketing

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Authors:
(1) Shadab Ahamed, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. He was also a Mitacs Accelerate Fellow (May 2022 - April 2023) with Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA (e-mail: shadabahamed1996@gmail.com);
(2) Yixi Xu, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA;
(3) Claire Gowdy, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(4) Joo H. O, St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea;
(5) Ingrid Bloise, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(6) Don Wilson, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(7) Patrick Martineau, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(8) Franc¸ois Benard, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(9) Fereshteh Yousefirizi, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(10) Rahul Dodhia, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA;
(11) Juan M. Lavista, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA;
(12) William B. Weeks, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA;
(13) Carlos F. Uribe, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(14) Arman Rahmim, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Related Work
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion and References VI. CONCLUSION In this study, we assessed various neural network architectures for automating lymphoma lesion segmentation in PET/CT images across multiple datasets. We examined the reproducibility of lesion measures, revealing differences among networks, highlighting their suitability for specific clinical uses. Additionally, we introduced three lesion detection criteria to assess network performance at a per-lesion level, emphasizing their clinical relevance. Lastly, we discussed challenges related to ground truth consistency and stressed the importance of having well-defined protocol for segmentation. This work provides valuable insights into deep learning’s potentials and limitations in lymphoma lesion segmentation and emphasizes the need for standardized annotation practices to enhance research validity and clinical applications. REFERENCES [1] S. F. Barrington et al. “FDG PET for therapy monitoring in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas”. In: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 44.1 (Aug. 2017), pp. 97–110. ISSN: 1619- 7089. [2] K. Okuyucu et al. “Prognosis estimation under the light of metabolic tumor parameters on initial FDG-PET/CT in patients with primary extranodal lymphoma”. en. In: Radiol. Oncol. 50.4 (Dec. 2016), pp. 360–369. [3] N. Wu et al. “Deep Neural Networks Improve Radiologists’ Performance in Breast Cancer Screening”. In: IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 39.4 (2020), pp. 1184–1194. [4] C. Yuan et al. “Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma segmentation in PET-CT images via hybrid learning for feature fusion”. In: Medical Physics 48.7 (2021), pp. 3665– 3678. [5] H. Hu et al. “Lymphoma Segmentation in PET Images Based on Multi-view and Conv3D Fusion Strategy”. In: 2020 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI). 2020, pp. 1197–1200. [6] H. Li et al. “DenseX-Net: An End-to-End Model for Lymphoma Segmentation in Whole-Body PET/CT Images”. In: IEEE Access 8 (2020), pp. 8004–8018. [7] L. Liu et al. “Improved Multi-modal Patch Based Lymphoma Segmentation with Negative Sample Augmentation and Label Guidance on PET/CT Scans”. In: Multiscale Multimodal Medical Imaging. Ed. by X. Li et al. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022, pp. 121–129. ISBN: 978-3-031-18814-5. [8] C. S. Constantino et al. “Evaluation of Semiautomatic and Deep Learning–Based Fully Automatic Segmentation Methods on [18F]FDG PET/CT Images from Patients with Lymphoma: Influence on Tumor Characterization”. In: Journal of Digital Imaging 36.4 (Aug. 2023), pp. 1864–1876. ISSN: 1618-727X. [9] A. J. Weisman et al. “Comparison of 11 automated PET segmentation methods in lymphoma”. English. In: Physics in medicine & biology 65.23 (2020), pp. 235019–235019. [10] A. J. Weisman et al. “Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated PET/CT Detection of Diseased Lymph Node Burden in Patients with Lymphoma”. In: Radiology: Artificial Intelligence 2.5 (2020), e200016. [11] C. Jiang et al. “Deep learning–based tumour segmentation and total metabolic tumour volume prediction in the prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients in 3D FDG-PET images”. In: European Radiology 32.7 (July 2022), pp. 4801–4812. ISSN: 1432-1084. [12] P. Blanc-Durand et al. “Fully automatic segmentation of diffuse large B cell lymphoma lesions on 3D FDGPET/CT for total metabolic tumour volume prediction using a convolutional neural network.” In: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 48.5 (May 2021), pp. 1362–1370. ISSN: 1619-7089. [13] S. Ahamed et al. “A U-Net Convolutional Neural Network with Multiclass Dice Loss for Automated Segmentation of Tumors and Lymph Nodes from Head and Neck Cancer PET/CT Images”. In: Head and Neck Tumor Segmentation and Outcome Prediction. Ed. by V. Andrearczyk et al. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023, pp. 94–106. ISBN: 978-3-031-27420-6. [14] S. Gatidis et al. “A whole-body FDG-PET/CT Dataset with manually annotated Tumor Lesions”. In: Scientific Data 9.1 (Oct. 2022), p. 601. ISSN: 2052-4463. [15] M. Pop et al. “Left-Ventricle Quantification Using Residual U-Net”. English. In: vol. 11395. Statistical Atlases and Computational Models of the Heart. Atrial Segmentation and LV Quantification Challenges. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2019, pp. 371–380. ISBN: 0302-9743. [16] A. Myronenko. “3D MRI Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Autoencoder Regularization”. English. In: Brainlesion: Glioma, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injuries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp. 311–320. ISBN: 0302-9743. [17] F. Isensee et al. “nnU-Net: a self-configuring method for deep learning-based biomedical image segmentation”. In: Nature Methods 18.2 (Dec. 2020), pp. 203–211. [18] A. Hatamizadeh et al. “Swin UNETR: Swin Transformers for Semantic Segmentation of Brain Tumors in MRI Images”. English. In: (2022). [19] M. J. Cardoso et al. MONAI: An open-source framework for deep learning in healthcare. 2022. arXiv: 2211. 02701 [cs.LG]. [20] S. Ahamed et al. “Towards enhanced lesion segmentation using a 3D neural network trained on multiresolution cropped patches of lymphoma PET images”. In: Journal of Nuclear Medicine 64.supplement 1 (2023), P1360–P1360. ISSN: 0161-5505. [21] J. L. Fleiss. “Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters”. English. In: Psychological bulletin 76.5 (1971), pp. 378–382. [22] A. K. Jha et al. “Nuclear Medicine and artificial intelligence: Best practices for evaluation (the RELAINCE guidelines)”. en. In: J. Nucl. Med. 63.9 (Sept. 2022), pp. 1288–1299. [23] N. Hasani et al. “Artificial Intelligence in Lymphoma PET Imaging: A Scoping Review (Current Trends and Future Directions)”. In: PET clinics 17.1 (Jan. 1), pp. 145–174. ISSN: 1556-8598. [24] S. K. Warfield et al. “Simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE): an algorithm for the validation of image segmentation”. en. In: IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 23.7 (July 2004), pp. 903–921. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Shadab Ahamed, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. He was also a Mitacs Accelerate Fellow (May 2022 - April 2023) with Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA (e-mail: shadabahamed1996@gmail.com); (2) Yixi Xu, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (3) Claire Gowdy, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (4) Joo H. O, St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; (5) Ingrid Bloise, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (6) Don Wilson, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (7) Patrick Martineau, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (8) Franc¸ois Benard, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (9) Fereshteh Yousefirizi, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (10) Rahul Dodhia, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (11) Juan M. Lavista, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (12) William B. Weeks, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (13) Carlos F. Uribe, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (14) Arman Rahmim, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Authors: Authors: (1) Shadab Ahamed, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. He was also a Mitacs Accelerate Fellow (May 2022 - April 2023) with Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA (e-mail: shadabahamed1996@gmail.com); (2) Yixi Xu, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (3) Claire Gowdy, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (4) Joo H. O, St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; (5) Ingrid Bloise, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (6) Don Wilson, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (7) Patrick Martineau, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (8) Franc¸ois Benard, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (9) Fereshteh Yousefirizi, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (10) Rahul Dodhia, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (11) Juan M. Lavista, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (12) William B. Weeks, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (13) Carlos F. Uribe, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (14) Arman Rahmim, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Related Work Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Related Work Related Work Materials and Methods Materials and Methods Results Results Discussion Discussion Conclusion and References Conclusion and References VI. CONCLUSION In this study, we assessed various neural network architectures for automating lymphoma lesion segmentation in PET/CT images across multiple datasets. We examined the reproducibility of lesion measures, revealing differences among networks, highlighting their suitability for specific clinical uses. Additionally, we introduced three lesion detection criteria to assess network performance at a per-lesion level, emphasizing their clinical relevance. Lastly, we discussed challenges related to ground truth consistency and stressed the importance of having well-defined protocol for segmentation. This work provides valuable insights into deep learning’s potentials and limitations in lymphoma lesion segmentation and emphasizes the need for standardized annotation practices to enhance research validity and clinical applications. REFERENCES [1] S. F. Barrington et al. “FDG PET for therapy monitoring in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas”. In: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 44.1 (Aug. 2017), pp. 97–110. ISSN: 1619- 7089. [2] K. Okuyucu et al. “Prognosis estimation under the light of metabolic tumor parameters on initial FDG-PET/CT in patients with primary extranodal lymphoma”. en. In: Radiol. Oncol. 50.4 (Dec. 2016), pp. 360–369. [3] N. Wu et al. “Deep Neural Networks Improve Radiologists’ Performance in Breast Cancer Screening”. In: IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 39.4 (2020), pp. 1184–1194. [4] C. Yuan et al. “Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma segmentation in PET-CT images via hybrid learning for feature fusion”. In: Medical Physics 48.7 (2021), pp. 3665– 3678. [5] H. Hu et al. “Lymphoma Segmentation in PET Images Based on Multi-view and Conv3D Fusion Strategy”. In: 2020 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI). 2020, pp. 1197–1200. [6] H. Li et al. “DenseX-Net: An End-to-End Model for Lymphoma Segmentation in Whole-Body PET/CT Images”. In: IEEE Access 8 (2020), pp. 8004–8018. [7] L. Liu et al. “Improved Multi-modal Patch Based Lymphoma Segmentation with Negative Sample Augmentation and Label Guidance on PET/CT Scans”. In: Multiscale Multimodal Medical Imaging. Ed. by X. Li et al. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022, pp. 121–129. ISBN: 978-3-031-18814-5. [8] C. S. Constantino et al. “Evaluation of Semiautomatic and Deep Learning–Based Fully Automatic Segmentation Methods on [18F]FDG PET/CT Images from Patients with Lymphoma: Influence on Tumor Characterization”. In: Journal of Digital Imaging 36.4 (Aug. 2023), pp. 1864–1876. ISSN: 1618-727X. [9] A. J. Weisman et al. “Comparison of 11 automated PET segmentation methods in lymphoma”. English. In: Physics in medicine & biology 65.23 (2020), pp. 235019–235019. [10] A. J. Weisman et al. “Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated PET/CT Detection of Diseased Lymph Node Burden in Patients with Lymphoma”. In: Radiology: Artificial Intelligence 2.5 (2020), e200016. [11] C. Jiang et al. “Deep learning–based tumour segmentation and total metabolic tumour volume prediction in the prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients in 3D FDG-PET images”. In: European Radiology 32.7 (July 2022), pp. 4801–4812. ISSN: 1432-1084. [12] P. Blanc-Durand et al. “Fully automatic segmentation of diffuse large B cell lymphoma lesions on 3D FDGPET/CT for total metabolic tumour volume prediction using a convolutional neural network.” In: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 48.5 (May 2021), pp. 1362–1370. ISSN: 1619-7089. [13] S. Ahamed et al. “A U-Net Convolutional Neural Network with Multiclass Dice Loss for Automated Segmentation of Tumors and Lymph Nodes from Head and Neck Cancer PET/CT Images”. In: Head and Neck Tumor Segmentation and Outcome Prediction. Ed. by V. Andrearczyk et al. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023, pp. 94–106. ISBN: 978-3-031-27420-6. [14] S. Gatidis et al. “A whole-body FDG-PET/CT Dataset with manually annotated Tumor Lesions”. In: Scientific Data 9.1 (Oct. 2022), p. 601. ISSN: 2052-4463. [15] M. Pop et al. “Left-Ventricle Quantification Using Residual U-Net”. English. In: vol. 11395. Statistical Atlases and Computational Models of the Heart. Atrial Segmentation and LV Quantification Challenges. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2019, pp. 371–380. ISBN: 0302-9743. [16] A. Myronenko. “3D MRI Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Autoencoder Regularization”. English. In: Brainlesion: Glioma, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injuries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp. 311–320. ISBN: 0302-9743. [17] F. Isensee et al. “nnU-Net: a self-configuring method for deep learning-based biomedical image segmentation”. In: Nature Methods 18.2 (Dec. 2020), pp. 203–211. [18] A. Hatamizadeh et al. “Swin UNETR: Swin Transformers for Semantic Segmentation of Brain Tumors in MRI Images”. English. In: (2022). [19] M. J. Cardoso et al. MONAI: An open-source framework for deep learning in healthcare. 2022. arXiv: 2211. 02701 [cs.LG]. [20] S. Ahamed et al. “Towards enhanced lesion segmentation using a 3D neural network trained on multiresolution cropped patches of lymphoma PET images”. In: Journal of Nuclear Medicine 64.supplement 1 (2023), P1360–P1360. ISSN: 0161-5505. [21] J. L. Fleiss. “Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters”. English. In: Psychological bulletin 76.5 (1971), pp. 378–382. [22] A. K. Jha et al. “Nuclear Medicine and artificial intelligence: Best practices for evaluation (the RELAINCE guidelines)”. en. In: J. Nucl. Med. 63.9 (Sept. 2022), pp. 1288–1299. [23] N. Hasani et al. “Artificial Intelligence in Lymphoma PET Imaging: A Scoping Review (Current Trends and Future Directions)”. In: PET clinics 17.1 (Jan. 1), pp. 145–174. ISSN: 1556-8598. [24] S. K. Warfield et al. “Simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE): an algorithm for the validation of image segmentation”. en. In: IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 23.7 (July 2004), pp. 903–921. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

Deep Neural Networks to Detect and Quantify Lymphoma Lesions: Conclusion and References

ডিপ নিউরাল নেটওয়ার্ক লিম্ফোমা ক্ষত সনাক্ত এবং পরিমাপ করার জন্য: উপসংহার এবং রেফারেন্স

Tiefe neuronale Netzwerke zur Erkennung und Quantifizierung von Lymphomläsionen: Schlussfolgerung und Referenzen

Redes neuronales profundas para detectar y cuantificar lesiones de linfoma: conclusiones y referencias

Réseaux de neurones profonds pour détecter et quantifier les lésions de lymphome : conclusion et références

लिम्फोमा घावों का पता लगाने और मात्रा निर्धारित करने के लिए डीप न्यूरल नेटवर्क: निष्कर्ष और संदर्भ

リンパ腫病変の検出と定量化のためのディープニューラルネットワーク：結論と参考文献

림프종 병변을 검출하고 정량화하기 위한 심층 신경망: 결론 및 참고 문헌

Redes Neurais Profundas para Detectar e Quantificar Lesões de Linfoma: Conclusão e Referências

Глубокие нейронные сети для обнаружения и количественной оценки поражений лимфомой: заключение и ссылки

Lenfoma Lezyonlarını Tespit Etmek ve Ölçmek İçin Derin Sinir Ağları: Sonuç ve Referanslar

Mạng lưới thần kinh sâu để phát hiện và định lượng tổn thương ung thư hạch: Kết luận và tài liệu tham khảo

深度神经网络检测和量化淋巴瘤病变：结论和参考文献

Authors:
(1) Shadab Ahamed, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. He was also a Mitacs Accelerate Fellow (May 2022 - April 2023) with Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA (e-mail: shadabahamed1996@gmail.com);
(2) Yixi Xu, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA;
(3) Claire Gowdy, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(4) Joo H. O, St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea;
(5) Ingrid Bloise, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(6) Don Wilson, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(7) Patrick Martineau, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(8) Franc¸ois Benard, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(9) Fereshteh Yousefirizi, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(10) Rahul Dodhia, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA;
(11) Juan M. Lavista, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA;
(12) William B. Weeks, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA;
(13) Carlos F. Uribe, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
(14) Arman Rahmim, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Related Work
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion and References II. RELATED WORK Numerous works have explored the application of deep learning methods for segmenting lymphoma in PET/CT images. Yuan et al. [4] developed a feature fusion technique to utilize the complementary information from multi-modality data. Hu et al. [5] proposed fusing a combination of 3D ResUNet trained on volumetric data and three 2D ResUNet trained on 2D slices from three orthogonal directions for enhancing segmentation performance. Li et al. [6] proposed DenseX-Net trained in an end-to-end fashion integrating supervised and unsupervised methods for lymphoma detection and segmentation. Liu et al. [7] introduced techniques such as patch-based negative sample augmentation and label guidance for training a 3D Residual-UNet for lymphoma segmentation. A major limitation of all these works was that they were developed on relatively smaller-sized datasets (less than 100 images). Moreover, most of these methods did not compare the performance of their proposed methods with other baselines or with the performance of physicians. Constantino et al. [8] compared the performances of 7 semi-automated and 2 deep learning segmentation methods, while Weisman et al. [9] compared 11 automated segmentation techniques, although both these studies were performed on smaller datasets of sizes 65 and 90 respectively. Weisman et al. [10] compared the segmentation performances of automated 3D Deep Medic method with that of physician although even this study included just 90 lymphoma cases. Except for [10], none of these studies reported model generalization on out-ofdistribution dataset (such as on data collected from different centers), limiting their robustness quantification and external validity. Jiang et al. [11] used a relatively larger dataset as compared to the above studies with 297 images to train a 3D UNet. They even performed out-of-distribution testing on 117 images collected from a different center. To the best of our knowledge, the largest lymphoma PET/CT dataset for deep learning-based lesion segmentation ever reported is the work by Blanc-Durand et al. [12] who used 639 images for model development and 94 for external testing; however, this study only used standard segmentation evaluation metrics and assessed their model’s ability for predicting accurate TMTV. Both the studies [11] and [12] are limited by the fact that their datasets exclusively consisted of patients diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), representing only a single subtype of lymphoma. Most of the existing studies on deep learning-based lymphoma segmentation report their performances on generic segmentation metrics such as Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), intersection-over-union (IoU), sensitivity, etc. In the presence of large segmented lesions, very small missed lesions or small false positives do not contribute much to the DSC value. Hence, there is a need to report the volumes of false positives and false negatives. It will also be beneficial to evaluate the detection performances on a per-lesion basis (number of connected components detected vs missed), since automated detection of even a few voxels of all lesions can help physicians quickly locate the regions of interest, even if the DSC is low. Moreover, the difficulty of the segmentation/detection task is often not assessed via inter- or intra-observer agreement analysis. Our study aims to address these limitations. We trained and validated four deep neural networks on lymphoma PET/CT datasets from three cohorts, encompassing two distinct subtypes of lymphoma: DLBCL and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL). (i) We performed both in (images coming from same cohorts as the training/validation set) and out-of-distribution or external (images from a fourth cohort not used for training/validation) testing to evaluate the robustness of our models. (ii) We reported the performance using DSC, volumes of false positives and negatives, and evaluated the performance dependence on six different types of lesion measures. (iii) We also evaluated the ability of our networks to reproduce these ground truth lesion measures and computed networks’ error in predicting them. (iv) We proposed three types of detection criteria for our use-case and evaluate model’s performance on these metrics. (v) Finally, we evaluated the intra- and inter-observer agreement to give a measure of the difficulty of lesion segmentation task on our datasets. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Shadab Ahamed, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. He was also a Mitacs Accelerate Fellow (May 2022 - April 2023) with Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA (e-mail: shadabahamed1996@gmail.com); (2) Yixi Xu, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (3) Claire Gowdy, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (4) Joo H. O, St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; (5) Ingrid Bloise, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (6) Don Wilson, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (7) Patrick Martineau, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (8) Franc¸ois Benard, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (9) Fereshteh Yousefirizi, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (10) Rahul Dodhia, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (11) Juan M. Lavista, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (12) William B. Weeks, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (13) Carlos F. Uribe, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (14) Arman Rahmim, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Authors: Authors: (1) Shadab Ahamed, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. He was also a Mitacs Accelerate Fellow (May 2022 - April 2023) with Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA (e-mail: shadabahamed1996@gmail.com); (2) Yixi Xu, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (3) Claire Gowdy, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (4) Joo H. O, St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; (5) Ingrid Bloise, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (6) Don Wilson, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (7) Patrick Martineau, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (8) Franc¸ois Benard, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (9) Fereshteh Yousefirizi, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (10) Rahul Dodhia, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (11) Juan M. Lavista, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (12) William B. Weeks, Microsoft AI for Good Lab, Redmond, WA, USA; (13) Carlos F. Uribe, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (14) Arman Rahmim, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Related Work Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Related Work Related Work Materials and Methods Materials and Methods Results Results Discussion Discussion Conclusion and References Conclusion and References II. RELATED WORK Numerous works have explored the application of deep learning methods for segmenting lymphoma in PET/CT images. Yuan et al. [4] developed a feature fusion technique to utilize the complementary information from multi-modality data. Hu et al. [5] proposed fusing a combination of 3D ResUNet trained on volumetric data and three 2D ResUNet trained on 2D slices from three orthogonal directions for enhancing segmentation performance. Li et al. [6] proposed DenseX-Net trained in an end-to-end fashion integrating supervised and unsupervised methods for lymphoma detection and segmentation. Liu et al. [7] introduced techniques such as patch-based negative sample augmentation and label guidance for training a 3D Residual-UNet for lymphoma segmentation. A major limitation of all these works was that they were developed on relatively smaller-sized datasets (less than 100 images). Moreover, most of these methods did not compare the performance of their proposed methods with other baselines or with the performance of physicians. Constantino et al. [8] compared the performances of 7 semi-automated and 2 deep learning segmentation methods, while Weisman et al. [9] compared 11 automated segmentation techniques, although both these studies were performed on smaller datasets of sizes 65 and 90 respectively. Weisman et al. [10] compared the segmentation performances of automated 3D Deep Medic method with that of physician although even this study included just 90 lymphoma cases. Except for [10], none of these studies reported model generalization on out-ofdistribution dataset (such as on data collected from different centers), limiting their robustness quantification and external validity. Jiang et al. [11] used a relatively larger dataset as compared to the above studies with 297 images to train a 3D UNet. They even performed out-of-distribution testing on 117 images collected from a different center. To the best of our knowledge, the largest lymphoma PET/CT dataset for deep learning-based lesion segmentation ever reported is the work by Blanc-Durand et al. [12] who used 639 images for model development and 94 for external testing; however, this study only used standard segmentation evaluation metrics and assessed their model’s ability for predicting accurate TMTV. Both the studies [11] and [12] are limited by the fact that their datasets exclusively consisted of patients diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), representing only a single subtype of lymphoma. Most of the existing studies on deep learning-based lymphoma segmentation report their performances on generic segmentation metrics such as Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), intersection-over-union (IoU), sensitivity, etc. In the presence of large segmented lesions, very small missed lesions or small false positives do not contribute much to the DSC value. Hence, there is a need to report the volumes of false positives and false negatives. It will also be beneficial to evaluate the detection performances on a per-lesion basis (number of connected components detected vs missed), since automated detection of even a few voxels of all lesions can help physicians quickly locate the regions of interest, even if the DSC is low. Moreover, the difficulty of the segmentation/detection task is often not assessed via inter- or intra-observer agreement analysis. Our study aims to address these limitations. We trained and validated four deep neural networks on lymphoma PET/CT datasets from three cohorts, encompassing two distinct subtypes of lymphoma: DLBCL and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL). (i) We performed both in (images coming from same cohorts as the training/validation set) and out-of-distribution or external (images from a fourth cohort not used for training/validation) testing to evaluate the robustness of our models. (ii) We reported the performance using DSC, volumes of false positives and negatives, and evaluated the performance dependence on six different types of lesion measures. (iii) We also evaluated the ability of our networks to reproduce these ground truth lesion measures and computed networks’ error in predicting them. (iv) We proposed three types of detection criteria for our use-case and evaluate model’s performance on these metrics. (v) Finally, we evaluated the intra- and inter-observer agreement to give a measure of the difficulty of lesion segmentation task on our datasets. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Deep Neural Networks to Detect and Quantify Lymphoma Lesions: Related Work

ডিপ নিউরাল নেটওয়ার্ক লিম্ফোমা ক্ষত সনাক্ত এবং পরিমাপ করতে: সম্পর্কিত কাজ

Tiefe neuronale Netzwerke zur Erkennung und Quantifizierung von Lymphomläsionen: Verwandte Arbeiten

Redes neuronales profundas para detectar y cuantificar lesiones de linfoma: trabajo relacionado

Réseaux de neurones profonds pour détecter et quantifier les lésions de lymphome : travaux connexes

लिम्फोमा घावों का पता लगाने और उनकी मात्रा निर्धारित करने के लिए डीप न्यूरल नेटवर्क: संबंधित कार्य

リンパ腫病変の検出と定量化のためのディープニューラルネットワーク: 関連研究

림프종 병변을 탐지하고 정량화하기 위한 심층 신경망: 관련 연구

Redes Neurais Profundas para Detectar e Quantificar Lesões de Linfoma: Trabalho Relacionado

Глубокие нейронные сети для обнаружения и количественной оценки поражений лимфомой: соответствующая работа

Lenfoma Lezyonlarını Tespit ve Ölçmek İçin Derin Sinir Ağları: İlgili Çalışma

Mạng lưới thần kinh sâu để phát hiện và định lượng tổn thương ung thư hạch: Công việc liên quan

深度神经网络检测和量化淋巴瘤病变：相关工作

Odd thought - climate change is real but accelerated by the appearance of humans and industrialization. We see the effects and the extremities because we're a global species with the technologies to view and record it happening. No other species did in the past, so they were never aware of it, nor the great extinction events that were taking place. These took millions of years, and it's still incomprehensible for humans to think along those timeframes. Change on a planetary scale isn't going to be altered by some man-made doohickery or planting trees; it's an unstoppable force of nature at work that will last beyond human civilization. The chances are that every species that has lived or will ever live on Earth has and will be a part of this cycle, and we're just one of them with the capacity to grasp what is happening and the audacity to believe we can stop it. In a million years, the surface of the Earth could be an arid wasteland with oceans choked with plastic and an atmosphere that isn't breathable. It could take another hundred million years to become habitable again with new life that might not be human anymore. Who knows? No-one does. The point is, what we think we can do now with all our fancy promises about carbon emissions in 2050 and technologies we can chat to will have absolutely no effect on a chain of events that takes thousands upon thousands of years to unfold. We're just not prepared to accept it. Think about the evolutionary cycles the planet has already witnessed in 4 billion years and will witness again. Our involvement has only hurried some of that along by wiping out species by our own actions, but arguably, they could have been wiped out anyway. Or maybe that species would have been the seed for another evolutionary cycle that would have driven life to emerge again, and in destroying them, we've removed the chance for life to survive this next cataclysm. The Earth ends up like Mars. What’s also pretty clear is that the “Climate Scam” people are partially correct, but not in the way they believe. The Truth About Climate Change There is climate change. It's coming. It's happening and will continue to happen over millennia. The real 'scam' is the narrative that any human impact can be mitigated with political will and increased taxation to slow/ reverse/ halt/ alter the trajectory of something this big. It's sheer nonsense. As is the Stop Oil bullshit performance art. Not even science can explain what happened in the past accurately as much as it can project accurately what will happen over the next 10 million years. Plastics can take anywhere from 20 to 500 years to decompose, depending on the material and structure, and it takes 1,000 years for a plastic bag to degrade in a landfill. Unfortunately, the bags don't break down completely but instead photo-degrade, becoming microplastics that absorb toxins and continue to pollute the environment. But even in that timeframe, that's just yet another blip in terms of how long this planet's climate will take to recycle to its eventual conclusion and bring around another extinction and evolutionary beginning as it has done many times before. The climate tech market that is worth $20bn is absolutely meaningless, nothing more than feel-good technologies to ease the troubled mind and make it appear we’re doing something impactful. There is no impact here, no moving of a planetary-sized needle by tiny hands. We will try; we can’t even claim that we’ll try our best because we don’t. We do enough to signal that we made an effort and no more, all the while burning more resources to make products and technologies that really do fuck all in the grand scheme of things. Venture capitalists who claim to look for exponential ideas or concepts to accelerate humanity really don’t stand by any of it. Gotta love VCs whose investment thesis revolves around funding technologies that accelerate humanity while civilization is on the brink thanks to the collapse of the climate caused by funding technologies that accelerate humanity. The chances are, that when this extinction event is finished, there will be nothing left to show we existed, no wonderous technologies or buildings, nor anything in terms of new life that will emerge that can make sense of any of it. It’s funny to think that humanoids are at the top of the evolutionary process and possess the ability to harness the world around them, even funnier to consider that they all get one shot with the planet they inhabit. The Fermi Paradox may well be explained not just by distance and time but by the fact that every life-bearing planet went through several evolutionary extinctions to produce a humanoid species capable of understanding and intelligence only for them to fuck it all up every single time. Who knows, there may well be an infinitely small percentage that makes it, that don’t make the same mistakes we do and are, like us at this moment in time, searching for themselves elsewhere in the Universe. Read World Without Us by Alan Weisman then go live your best life. The dinosaurs certainly did. Also published here

Climate Change: There Is Nothing You Can Do About It - Part 1

Emphatic words must stand in emphatic positions

HOLLINGFORD GOSSIPS.

Now—soft awhile—have I arrived so near the end?

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures by Charles Babbage is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Registering Operations here Chapter 8. Registering Operations One great advantage which we may derive from machinery is from the check which it affords against the inattention, the idleness, or the dishonesty of human agents. Few occupations are more wearisome than counting a series of repetitions of the same fact; the number of paces we walk affords a tolerably good measure of distance passed over, but the value of this is much enhanced by possessing an instrument, the pedometer, which will count for us the number of steps we have made. A piece of mechanism of this kind is sometimes applied to count the number of turns made by the wheel of a carriage, and thus to indicate the distance travelled: an instrument, similar in its object, but differing in its construction, has been used for counting the number of strokes made by a steam-engine, and the number of coins struck in a press. One of the simplest instruments for counting any series of operations, was contrived by Mr Donkin.(1*) Another instrument for registering is used in some establishments for calendering and embossing. Many hundred thousand yards of calicoes and stuffs undergo these operations weekly; and as the price paid for the process is small, the value of the time spent in measuring them would bear a considerable proportion to the profit. A machine has, therefore, been contrived for measuring and registering the length of the goods as they pass rapidly through the hands of the operator, by which all chance of erroneous counting is avoided. Perhaps the most useful contrivance of this kind, is one for ascertaining the vigilance of a watchman. It is a piece of mechanism connected with a clock placed in an apartment to which the watchman has not access; but he is ordered to pull a string situated in a certain part of his round once in every hour. The instrument, aptly called a tell-tale, informs the owner whether the man has missed any, and what hours during the night. It is often of great importance, both for regulations of excise as well as for the interest of the proprietor, to know the quantity of spirits or of other liquors which have been drawn off by those persons who are allowed to have access to the vessels during the absence of the inspectors or principals. This may be accomplished by a peculiar kind of stop-cock—which will, at each opening, discharge only a certain measure of fluid the number of times the cock has been turned being registered by a counting apparatus accessible only to the master. The time and labour consumed in gauging the contents of casks partly filled, has led to an improvement which, by the simplest means, obviates a considerable inconvenience, and enables any person to read off, on a scale, the number of gallons contained in any vessel, as readily as he does the degree of heat indicated by his thermometer. A small stop-cock connects the bottom of the cask with a glass tube of narrow bore fixed to a scale on the side of the cask, and rising a little above its top. The plug of the cock may be turned into three positions: in the first, it cuts off all communication with the cask: in the second, it opens a communication between the cask and the glass tube: and, in the third. It cuts off the connection between the cask and the tube, and opens a communication between the tube and any vessel held beneath the cock to receive its contents. The scale of the tube is graduated by pouring into the cask successive quantities of water, while the communication between the cask and the tube is open. Lines are then drawn on the scale opposite the places in the tube to which the water rises at each addition, and the scale being thus formed by actual measurement,(2*) the contents of each cask are known by inspection, and the tedious process of gauging is altogether dispensed with. Other advantages accrue from this simple contrivance, in the great economy of time which it introduces in making mixtures of different spirits, in taking stock, and in receiving spirit from the distiller. The gas-meter, by which the quantity of gas used by each consumer is ascertained, is another instrument of this kind. They are of various forms, but all of them intended to register the number of cubic feet of gas which has been delivered. It is very desirable that these meters should be obtainable at a moderate price, and that every consumer should employ them; because, by making each purchaser pay only for what he consumes, and by preventing that extravagant waste of gas which we frequently observe, the manufacturer of gas will be enabled to make an equal profit at a diminished price to the consumer. The sale of water by the different companies in London, might also, with advantage, be regulated by a meter. If such a system were adopted, much water which is now allowed to run to waste would be saved, and an unjust inequality between the rates charged on different houses by the same company be avoided. Another most important object to which a meter might be applied, would be to register the quantity of water passing into the boilers of steam-engines. Without this, our knowledge of the quantity evaporated by different boilers, and with fireplaces of different constructions, as well as our estimation of the duty of steam-engines, must evidently be imperfect. Another purpose to which machinery for registering operations is applied with much advantage is the determination of the average effect of natural or artificial agents. The mean height of the barometer, for example, is ascertained by noting its height at a certain number of intervals during the twenty-four hours. The more these intervals are contracted, the more correctly will the mean be ascertained; but the true mean ought to be influenced by each momentary change which has occurred. Clocks have been proposed and made with this object, by which a sheet of paper is moved, slowly and uniformly, before a pencil fixed to a float upon the surface of the mercury in the cup of the barometer. Sir David Brewster proposed, several years ago to suspend a barometer, and swing it as a pendulum. The variations in the atmosphere would thus alter the centre of oscillation, and the comparison of such an instrument with a good clock, would enable us to ascertain the mean altitude of the barometer during any interval of the observer's absence.(3*) An instrument for measuring and registering the quantity of rain, was invented by Mr John Taylor, and described by him in the Philosophical Magazine. It consists of an apparatus in which a vessel that receives the rain falling into the reservoir tilts over as soon as it is full, and then presents another similar vessel to be filled, which in like manner, when full, tilts the former one back again. The number of times these vessels are emptied is registered by a train of wheels; and thus, without the presence of the observer, the quantity of rain falling during a whole year may be measured and recorded. Instruments might also be contrived to determine the average force of traction of horses—of the wind—of a stream or of any irregular and fluctuating effort of animal or other natural force. Clocks and watches may be considered as instruments for registering the number of vibrations performed by a pendulum or a balance. The mechanism by which these numbers are counted is technically called a scapement. It is not easy to describe: but the various contrivances which have been adopted for this purpose, are amongst the most interesting and most ingenious to which mechanical science has given birth. Working models, on an enlarged scale, are almost necessary to make their action understood by the unlearned reader; and, unfortunately, these are not often to be met with. A very fine collection of such models exists amongst the collection of instruments at the University of Prague. Instruments of this kind have been made to extend their action over considerable periods of time, and to register not merely the hour of the day, but the days of the week, of the month, of the year, and also to indicate the occurrence of several astronomical phenomena. Repeating clocks and watches may be considered as instruments for registering time, which communicate their information only when the owner requires it, by pulling a string, or by some similar application. An apparatus has recently been applied to watches, by which the hand which indicates seconds leaves a small dot of ink on the dial-plate whenever a certain stop or detent is pushed in. Thus, whilst the eye is attentively fixed on the phenomenon to be observed, the finger registers on the face of the watch-dial the commencement and the end of its appearance. Several instruments have been contrived for awakening the attention of the observer at times previously fixed upon. The various kinds of alarums connected with clocks and watches are of this kind. In some instances it is desirable to be able to set them so as to give notice at many successive and distant points of time, such as those of the arrival of given stars on the meridian. A clock of this kind is used at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. An earthquake is a phenomenon of such frequent occurrence, and so interesting, both from its fearful devastations as well as from its connection with geological theories, that it becomes important to possess an instrument which shall, if possible, indicate the direction of the shock, as well as its intensity. An observation made a few years since at Odessa, after an earthquake which happened during the night, suggests a simple instrument by which the direction of the shock may be determined. A glass vase, partly filled with water, stood on the table of a room in a house at Odessa; and, from the coldness of the glass, the inner part of the vessel above the water was coated with dew. Several very perceptible shocks of an earthquake happened between three and four o'clock in the morning; and when the observer got up, he remarked that the dew was brushed off at two opposite sides of the glass by a wave which the earthquake had caused in the water. The line joining the two highest points of this wave was, of course, that in which the shock travelled. This circumstance, which was accidentally noticed by an engineer at Odessa,(4*) suggests the plan of keeping, in countries subject to earthquakes, glass vessels partly filled with treacle, or some unctuous fluid, so that when any lateral motion is communicated to them from the earth, the adhesion of the liquid to the glass shall enable the observer, after some interval of time, to determine the direction of the shock. In order to obtain some measure of the vertical oscillation of the earth, a weight might be attached to a spiral spring, or a pendulum might be sustained in a horizontal position, and a sliding index be moved by either of them, so that the extreme deviations should be indicated by it. This, however, would not give even the comparative measure accurately, because a difference in the velocity of the rising or falling of the earth's surface would affect the instrument. NOTES: Transactions of the Society of Arts, 1819, p. 116. The contrivance is due to Mr Hencky, of High Holborn, in whose establishment it is in constant use. About seven or eight years since, without being aware of Sir David Brewster's proposal. I adapted a barometer, as a pendulum, to the works of a common eight day clock: it remained in my library for several months, but I have mislaid the observations which were made. Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de Petersburgh, 6e serie, tom. i. p. 4. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Babbage (2003). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4238/pg4238.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Registering Operations

THE MORTAL IMMORTAL

MAKING FRIENDSHIP.

How it Works by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . PREFACE here PREFACE. How does it work? This question has been put to me so often by persons young and old that I have at last decided to answer it in such a manner that a much larger public than that with which I have personal acquaintance may be able to satisfy themselves as to the principles underlying many of the mechanisms met with in everyday life. In order to include steam, electricity, optics, hydraulics, thermics, light, and a variety of detached mechanisms which cannot be classified under any one of these heads, within the compass of about 450 pages, I have to be content with a comparatively brief treatment of each subject. This brevity has in turn compelled me to deal with principles rather than with detailed descriptions of individual devices—though in several cases recognized types are examined. The reader will look in vain for accounts of the Yerkes telescope, of the latest thing in motor cars, and of the largest locomotive. But he will be put in the way of understanding the essential nature of telescopes, motors, and steam-engines so far as they are at present developed, which I think may be of greater ultimate profit to the uninitiated. all While careful to avoid puzzling the reader by the use of mysterious phraseology I consider that the parts of a machine should be given their technical names wherever possible. To prevent misconception, many of the diagrams accompanying the letterpress have words as well as letters written on them. This course also obviates the wearisome reference from text to diagram necessitated by the use of solitary letters or figures. I may add, with regard to the diagrams of this book, that they are purposely somewhat unconventional, not being drawn to scale nor conforming to the canons of professional draughtsmanship. Where advisable, a part of a machine has been exaggerated to show its details. As a rule solid black has been preferred to fine shading in sectional drawings, and all unnecessary lines are omitted. I would here acknowledge my indebtedness to my draughtsman, Mr. Frank Hodgson, for his care and industry in preparing the two hundred or more diagrams for which he was responsible. Four organs of the body—the eye, the ear, the larynx, and the heart—are noticed in appropriate places. The eye is compared with the camera, the larynx with a reed pipe, the heart with a pump, while the ear fitly opens the chapter on acoustics. The reader who is unacquainted with physiology will thus be enabled to appreciate the better these marvellous devices, far more marvellous, by reason of their absolutely automatic action, than any creation of human hands. A.W. Uplands, Stoke Poges, Bucks. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2009). How it Works. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/28553/pg28553-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

How does it work?

CURIOUS IF TRUE

A VISIT TO THE HAMLEYS.

A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School by Catharine Esther Beecher, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON DOMESTIC EXERCISE. here CHAPTER XI. ON DOMESTIC EXERCISE. In the preceding chapters, we have noticed the various causes, which, one or all, operate to produce that melancholy delicacy and decay of the female constitution, which are the occasion of so much physical and mental suffering throughout this Country. These, in a more condensed form, may be enumerated thus: A want of exercise, inducing softness in the bones, weakness in the muscles, inactivity in the digestive organs, and general debility in the nervous system: A neglect of the care of the skin, whereby the blood has not been properly purified, and the internal organs have been weakened: A violation of the laws of health, in regard to food, by eating too much, too fast, and too often; by using stimulating food and drinks; by using them too warm or too cold; and by eating that which the power of the stomach is not sufficient to digest: A neglect of the laws of health, in regard to clothing, by dressing too tight, and by wearing too little covering, in cold and damp weather, and especially by not sufficiently protecting the feet: A neglect to gain a proper supply of pure air, in sleeping apartments and schoolrooms, and too great a confinement to the house: The pursuit of exciting amusements at unseasonable hours, and the many exposures involved at such times: And lastly, sleeping by day, instead of by night, and protracting the hours of sleep, beyond the period of repose demanded for rest; thus exhausting, instead of recruiting, the energies of the system. But all the other causes, combined, probably, do not produce one half the evils, which result from a want of proper exercise. A person who keeps all the functions of the system in full play, by the active and frequent use of every muscle, especially if it be in the open air, gains a power of constitution, which can resist many evils that would follow from the other neglects and risks detailed. This being the case, there can be no subject, more important for mothers and young ladies to understand, than the influence on the health, both of body and mind, of the neglect or abuse of the muscular system. It has been shown, in the previous pages, that all the muscles have nerves and blood-vessels, running in larger trunks, or minute branches, to every portion of the body. The experiments of Sir Charles Bell and others, have developed the curious fact, that each apparently single nerve, in reality consists of two distinct portions, running together in the same covering. One portion, is the nerve of or , the other, the nerve of . The nerves of sensation are those which are affected by the emotions and volitions of the mind; and the nerves of motion are those which impart moving power to the muscles. Experiments show, that, where the nerves issue from the spine, the nerve of sensation may be cut off without severing the nerve of motion, and then the parts, to which this nerve extends, lose the power of feeling, while the power of motion continues; and so, on the other hand, the nerve of motion may be divided, and, the nerve of sensation remaining uninjured, the power of feeling is retained, and the power of motion is lost. sensation feeling motion In certain nervous diseases, sometimes a limb loses its power of feeling, and yet retains the power of motion; in other cases, the power of motion is lost, and the power of sensation is retained; and in other cases, still, when a limb is , both the power of motion and of sensation are lost. paralysed Now, the nerves, like all other parts of the body, gain and lose strength, according as they are exercised. If they have too much, or too little, exercise, they lose strength; if they are exercised to a proper degree, they gain strength. When the mind is continuously excited, by business, study, or the imagination, the nerves of feeling are kept in constant action, while the nerves of motion are unemployed. If this is continued, for a long time, the nerves of sensation lose their strength, from over action, and the nerves of motion lose their power, from inactivity. In consequence, there is a morbid excitability of the nervous, and a debility of the muscular, system, which make all exertion irksome and wearisome. The only mode of preserving the health of these systems, is, to keep up in them an equilibrium of action. For this purpose, occupations must be sought, which exercise the muscles, and interest the mind; and thus the equal action of both kinds of nerves is secured. This shows why exercise is so much more healthful and invigorating, when the mind is interested, than when it is not. As an illustration, let a person go a shopping, with a friend, and have nothing to do, but look on; how soon do the continuous walking and standing weary! But suppose one, thus wearied, hears of the arrival of a very dear friend: she can instantly walk off a mile or two, to meet her, without the least feeling of fatigue. By this is shown the importance of furnishing, for young persons, exercise in which they will take an interest. Long and formal walks, merely for exercise, though they do some good, in securing fresh air and some exercise of the muscles, would be of triple benefit, if changed to amusing sports, or to the cultivation of fruits and flowers, in which it is impossible to engage, without acquiring a great interest. It shows, also, why it is far better to trust to useful domestic exercise, at home, than to send a young person out to walk, for the mere purpose of exercise. Young girls can seldom be made to realize the value of health, and the need of exercise to secure it, so as to feel much interest in walking abroad, when they have no other object. But, if they are brought up to minister to the comfort and enjoyment of themselves and others, by performing domestic duties, they will constantly be interested and cheered in their exercise, by the feeling of usefulness, and the consciousness of having performed their duty. There are few young persons, it is hoped, who are brought up with such miserable habits of selfishness and indolence, that they cannot be made to feel happier, by the consciousness of being usefully employed. And those who have never been accustomed to think or care for any one but themselves, and who seem to feel little pleasure in making themselves useful, by wise and proper influences, can often be gradually awakened to the new pleasure of benevolent exertion to promote the comfort and enjoyment of others. And the more this sacred and elevating kind of enjoyment is tasted, the greater is the relish induced. Other enjoyments, often cloy; but the heavenly pleasure, secured by virtuous industry and benevolence, while it satisfies, at the time, awakens fresh desires for so ennobling a good. But, besides the favorable influence on the nervous and muscular system, thus gained, it has been shown, that exercise imparts fresh strength and vitality to all parts of the body. The exertion of the muscles quickens the flow of the blood, which thus ministers its supplies faster to every part of the body, and, of course, loses a portion of its nourishing qualities. When this is the case, the stomach issues its mandate of , calling for new supplies. When these are furnished, the action of the muscles again hastens a full supply to every organ, and thus the nerves, the muscles, the bones, the skin, and all the internal organs, are invigorated, and the whole body developes its powers, in fair proportions, fresh strength and full beauty. All the cosmetics of trade, all the labors of mantuamakers, milliners, makers of corsets, shoemakers, and hairdressers, could never confer so clear and pure a skin, so fresh a color, so finely moulded a form, and such cheerful health and spirits, as would be secured by training a child to obey the laws of the benevolent Creator, in the appropriate employment of body and mind in useful domestic exercise. And the present habits of the wealthy, and even of those without wealth, which condemn young girls so exclusively to books or sedentary pursuits, are as destructive to beauty and grace, as they are to health and happiness. hunger Every allowance should be made for the mistakes of mothers and teachers, to whom the knowledge which would have saved them from the evils of such a course has never been furnished; but as information, on these matters, is every year becoming more abundant, it is to be hoped, that the next generation, at least, may be saved from the evils which afflict those now on the stage. What a change would be made in the happiness of this Country, if all the pale and delicate young girls should become blooming, healthful, and active, and all the enfeebled and care-worn mothers should be transformed into such fresh, active, healthful, and energetic matrons, as are so frequently found in our mother land! It has been stated, that the excessive use of the muscles, as much as their inactivity, tends to weaken them. Nothing is more painful, than the keeping a muscle constantly on the stretch, without any relaxation or change. This can be realized, by holding out an arm, perpendicularly to the body, for ten or fifteen minutes, if any one can so long bear the pain. Of course, confinement to one position, for a great length of time, tends to weaken the muscles thus strained. This shows the evil of confining young children to their seats, in the schoolroom, so much and so long as is often done. Having no backs to their seats, as is generally the case, the muscles, which are employed in holding up the body, are kept in a state of constant tension, till they grow feeble from overworking. Then, the child begins to grow crooked, and the parents, to remedy the evil, sometimes put on bracers or corsets. These, instead of doing any good, serve to prevent the use of those muscles, which, if properly exercised, would hold the body straight; and thus they grow still weaker, from entire inactivity. If a parent perceives that a child is growing crooked, the proper remedy is, to withdraw it from all pursuits which tax one particular set of muscles, and turn it out to exercise in sports, or in gardening, in the fresh air, when all the muscles will be used, and the whole system strengthened. Or, if this cannot be done, sweeping, dusting, running of errands, and many household employments, which involve lifting, stooping, bending, and walking, are quite as good, and, on some accounts, better, provided the house is properly supplied with fresh air. Where persons have formed habits of inactivity, some caution is necessary, in attempting a change; this must be made gradually; and the muscles must never be excessively fatigued at any time. If this change be not thus gradually made, the weakness, at first caused by inactivity, will be increased by excessive exertion. A distinguished medical gentleman gives this rule, to direct us in regard to the amount of fatigue, which is safe and useful. A person is never too much fatigued, if one night of repose gives sufficient rest, and restores the usual strength. But, if the sleep is disturbed, and the person wakes with a feeling of weariness and languor, it is a sure indication that the exercise has been excessive. No more fatigue, then, should be allowed, than one night's rest will remedy. Some persons object to sweeping, on account of the dust inhaled. But free ventilation, frequent sweeping, and the use of damp sand, or damp Indian meal, or damp tea leaves, for carpets, will secure a more clear atmosphere than is often found in the streets of cities. And the mother, who will hire domestics, to take away this and other domestic employments, which would secure to her daughters, health, grace, beauty, and domestic virtues, and the young ladies, who consent to be deprived of these advantages, will probably live to mourn over the languor, discouragement, pain, and sorrow, which will come with ill health, as the almost inevitable result. The following are extracts from 'The Young Ladies' Friend,' on this subject:— "Whether rich or poor, young or old, married or single, a woman is always liable to be called to the performance of every kind of domestic duty, as well as to be placed at the head of a family; and nothing, short of a knowledge of the details of housekeeping, can ever make those duties easy, or render her competent to direct others in the performance of them. practical "All moral writers on female character, treat of Domestic Economy as an indispensable part of female education; and this, too, in the old countries of Europe, where an abundant population, and the institutions of society, render it easy to secure the services of faithful domestics." "All female characters that are held up to admiration, whether in fiction or biography, will be found to possess these domestic accomplishments; and, if they are considered indispensable in the Old World, how much more are they needed, in this land of independence, where riches cannot exempt the mistress of a family from the difficulty of procuring efficient aid, and where perpetual change of domestics, renders perpetual instruction and superintendence necessary. "Since, then, the details of good housekeeping must be included in a good female education, it is very desirable that they should be acquired when young, and so practised as to become easy, and to be performed dexterously and expeditiously." "The elegant and accomplished Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who figured in the fashionable, as well as the literary, circles of her time, has said, that 'the most minute details of household economy become elegant and refined, when they are ennobled by sentiment;' and they are truly ennobled, when we do them either from a sense of duty, or consideration for a parent, or love to a husband. 'To furnish a room,' continues this lady, 'is no longer a commonplace affair, shared with upholsterers and cabinet-makers; it is decorating the place where I am to meet a friend or lover. To order dinner is not merely arranging a meal with my cook; it is preparing refreshment for him whom I love. These necessary occupations, viewed in this light, by a person capable of strong attachment, are so many pleasures, and afford her far more delight, than the games and shows which constitute the amusements of the world.' "Such is the testimony of a titled lady of the last century, to the sentiment that may be made to mingle in the most homely occupations. I will now quote that of a modern female writer and traveller, who, in her pleasant book, called 'Six Weeks on the Loire,' has thus described the housewifery of the daughter of a French nobleman, residing in a superb chateau on that river. The travellers had just arrived, and been introduced, when the following scene took place. "'The bill of fare for dinner was discussed in my presence, and settled, , with that delightful frankness and gayety, which, in the French character, gives a charm to the most trifling occurrence. Mademoiselle Louise then begged me to excuse her for half an hour, as she was going to make some creams, and some . I requested that I might accompany her, and also render myself useful; we accordingly went together to the dairy. I made tarts , whilst she made confections and , and all manner of pretty things, with as much ease as if she had never done any thing else, and as much grace as she displayed in the saloon. I could not help thinking, as I looked at her, with her servants about her, all cheerful, respectful, and anxious to attend upon her, how much better it would be for the young ladies in England, if they would occasionally return to the habits of their grandmammas, and mingle the animated and endearing occupations of domestic life, and the modest manners and social amusements of home, with the perpetual practising on harps and pianos, and the incessant efforts at display, and search after gayety, which, at the present day, render them any thing but what an amiable man, of a reflecting mind and delicate sentiments, would desire in the woman he might wish to select as the companion of his life.'" sans façon [I] pastilles [J] à l'Anglaise [K] bonbons [L] About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Catharine Esther Beecher (2007). A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21829/pg21829-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ON DOMESTIC EXERCISE.

Christian Science by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . MORE SELF-PROTECTIONS here MORE SELF-PROTECTIONS The Hymnal. There is a Christian Science Hymnal. Entrance to it was closed in 1898. Christian Science students who make hymns nowadays may possibly get them sung in the Mother-Church, “but not unless approved by the Pastor Emeritus.” Art. XXVII, Sec. 2. Solo Singers. Mrs. Eddy has contributed the words of three of the hymns in the Hymnal. Two of them appear in it six times altogether, each of them being set to three original forms of musical anguish. Mrs. Eddy, always thoughtful, has promulgated a By-law requiring the singing of one of her three hymns in the Mother Church “as often as once each month.” It is a good idea. A congregation could get tired of even Mrs. Eddy's muse in the course of time, without the cordializing incentive of compulsion. We all know how wearisome the sweetest and touchingest things can become, through rep-rep-repetition, and still rep-rep-repetition, and more rep-rep-repetition-like “the sweet by-and-by, in the sweet by-and-by,” for instance, and “Tah-rah-rah boom-de-aye”; and surely it is not likely that Mrs. Eddy's machine has turned out goods that could outwear those great heart-stirrers, without the assistance of the lash. “O'er Waiting Harpstrings of the Mind” is pretty good, quite fair to middling—the whole seven of the stanzas—but repetition would be certain to take the excitement out of it in the course of time, even if there were fourteen, and then it would sound like the multiplication table, and would cease to save. The congregation would be perfectly sure to get tired; in fact, did get tired—hence the compulsory By-law. It is a measure born of experience, not foresight. The By-laws say that “if a solo singer shall neglect or refuse to sing alone” one of those three hymns as often as once a month, and oftener if so directed by the Board of Directors—which is Mrs. Eddy—the singer's salary shall be stopped. It is circumstantial evidence that some soloists neglected this sacrament and others refused it. At least that is the charitable view to take of it. There is only one other view to take: that Mrs. Eddy did really foresee that there would be singers who would some day get tired of doing her hymns and proclaiming the authorship, unless persuaded by a Bylaw, with a penalty attached. The idea could of course occur to her wise head, for she would know that a seven-stanza break might well be a calamitous strain upon a soloist, and that he might therefore avoid it if unwatched. He could not curtail it, for the whole of anything that Mrs. Eddy does is sacred, and cannot be cut. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Christian Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3187/pg3187-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

MORE SELF-PROTECTIONS

Burgo Fitzgerald

The Mysterious Island by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Chapter XIV here Chapter XIV Three years had passed away since the escape of the prisoners from Richmond, and how often during those three years had they spoken of their country, always present in their thoughts! They had no doubt that the civil war was at an end, and to them it appeared impossible that the just cause of the North had not triumphed. But what had been the incidents of this terrible war? How much blood had it not cost? How many of their friends must have fallen in the struggle? They often spoke of these things, without as yet being able to foresee the day when they would be permitted once more to see their country. To return thither, were it but for a few days, to renew the social link with the inhabited world, to establish a communication between their native land and their island, then to pass the longest, perhaps the best, portion of their existence in this colony, founded by them, and which would then be dependent on their country, was this a dream impossible to realize? There were only two ways of accomplishing it—either a ship must appear off Lincoln Island, or the colonists must themselves build a vessel strong enough to sail to the nearest land. “Unless,” said Pencroft, “our good genius, himself provides us with the means of returning to our country.” And, really, had any one told Pencroft and Neb that a ship of 300 tons was waiting for them in Shark Gulf or at Port Balloon, they would not even have made a gesture of surprise. In their state of mind nothing appeared improbable. But Cyrus Harding, less confident, advised them to confine themselves to fact, and more especially so with regard to the building of a vessel—a really urgent work, since it was for the purpose of depositing, as soon as possible, at Tabor Island a document indicating Ayrton’s new residence. As the “Bonadventure” no longer existed, six months at least would be required for the construction of a new vessel. Now winter was approaching, and the voyage would not be made before the following spring. “We have time to get everything ready for the fine season,” remarked the engineer, who was consulting with Pencroft about these matters. “I think, therefore, my friend, that since we have to rebuild our vessel it will be best to give her larger dimensions. The arrival of the Scotch yacht at Tabor Island is very uncertain. It may even be that, having arrived several months ago, she has again sailed after having vainly searched for some trace of Ayrton. Will it not then be best to build a ship which, if necessary, could take us either to the Polynesian Archipelago or to New Zealand? What do you think?” “I think, captain,” answered the sailor; “I think that you are as capable of building a large vessel as a small one. Neither the wood nor the tools are wanting. It is only a question of time.” “And how many months would be required to build a vessel of from 250 to 300 tons?” asked Harding. “Seven or eight months at least,” replied Pencroft. “But it must not be forgotten that winter is drawing near, and that in severe frost wood is difficult to work. We must calculate on several weeks delay, and if our vessel is ready by next November we may think ourselves very lucky.” “Well,” replied Cyrus Harding, “that will be exactly the most favorable time for undertaking a voyage of any importance, either to Tabor Island or to a more distant land.” “So it will, captain,” answered the sailor. “Make out your plans then; the workmen are ready, and I imagine that Ayrton can lend us a good helping hand.” The colonists, having been consulted, approved the engineer’s plan, and it was, indeed, the best thing to be done. It is true that the construction of a ship of from two to three hundred tons would be great labor, but the colonists had confidence in themselves, justified by their previous success. Cyrus Harding then busied himself in drawing the plan of the vessel and making the model. During this time his companions employed themselves in felling and carting trees to furnish the ribs, timbers, and planks. The forest of the Far West supplied the best oaks and elms. They took advantage of the opening already made on their last excursion to form a practicable road, which they named the Far West Road, and the trees were carried to the Chimneys, where the dockyard was established. As to the road in question, the choice of trees had rendered its direction somewhat capricious, but at the same time it facilitated the access to a large part of the Serpentine Peninsula. It was important that the trees should be quickly felled and cut up, for they could not be used while yet green, and some time was necessary to allow them to get seasoned. The carpenters, therefore, worked vigorously during the month of April, which was troubled only by a few equinoctial gales of some violence. Master Jup aided them dexterously, either by climbing to the top of a tree to fasten the ropes or by lending his stout shoulders to carry the lopped trunks. All this timber was piled up under a large shed, built near the Chimneys, and there awaited the time for use. The month of April was tolerably fine, as October often is in the northern zone. At the same time other work was actively continued, and soon all trace of devastation disappeared from the plateau of Prospect Heights. The mill was rebuilt, and new buildings rose in the poultry-yard. It had appeared necessary to enlarge their dimensions, for the feathered population had increased considerably. The stable now contained five onagers, four of which were well broken, and allowed themselves to be either driven or ridden, and a little colt. The colony now possessed a plow, to which the onagers were yoked like regular Yorkshire or Kentucky oxen. The colonists divided their work, and their arms never tired. Then who could have enjoyed better health than these workers, and what good humor enlivened the evenings in Granite House as they formed a thousand plans for the future! As a matter of course Ayrton shared the common lot in every respect, and there was no longer any talk of his going to live at the corral. Nevertheless he was still sad and reserved, and joined more in the work than in the pleasures of his companions. But he was a valuable workman at need—strong, skilful, ingenious, intelligent. He was esteemed and loved by all, and he could not be ignorant of it. In the meanwhile the corral was not abandoned. Every other day one of the settlers, driving the cart or mounted on an onager, went to look after the flock of musmons and goats and bring back the supply of milk required by Neb. These excursions at the same time afforded opportunities for hunting. Therefore Herbert and Gideon Spilett, with Top in front, traversed more often than their companions the road to the corral, and with the capital guns which they carried, capybaras, agouties, kangaroos, and wild pigs for large game, ducks, grouse, jacamars, and snipe for small game, were never wanting in the house. The produce of the warren, of the oyster-bed, several turtles which were taken, excellent salmon which came up the Mercy, vegetables from the plateau, wild fruit from the forest, were riches upon riches, and Neb, the head cook, could scarcely by himself store them away. The telegraphic wire between the corral and Granite House had of course been repaired, and it was worked whenever one or other of the settlers was at the corral and found it necessary to spend the night there. Besides, the island was safe now and no attacks were to be feared, at any rate from men. However, that which had happened might happen again. A descent of pirates, or even of escaped convicts, was always to be feared. It was possible that companions or accomplices of Bob Harvey had been in the secret of his plans, and might be tempted to imitate him. The colonists, therefore, were careful to observe the sea around the island, and every day their telescope covered the horizon enclosed by Union and Washington Bays. When they went to the corral they examined the sea to the west with no less attention, and by climbing the spur their gaze extended over a large section of the western horizon. Nothing suspicious was discerned, but still it was necessary for them to be on their guard. The engineer one evening imparted to his friends a plan which he had conceived for fortifying the corral. It appeared prudent to him to heighten the palisade and to flank it with a sort of blockhouse, which, if necessary, the settlers could hold against the enemy. Granite House might, by its very position, be considered impregnable; therefore the corral with its buildings, its stores, and the animals it contained, would always be the object of pirates, whoever they were, who might land on the island, and should the colonists be obliged to shut themselves up there they ought also to be able to defend themselves without any disadvantage. This was a project which might be left for consideration, and they were, besides, obliged to put off its execution until the next spring. About the 15th of May the keel of the new vessel lay along the dockyard, and soon the stem and stern-post, mortised at each of its extremities, rose almost perpendicularly. The keel, of good oak, measured 110 feet in length, this allowing a width of five-and-twenty feet to the midship beam. But this was all the carpenters could do before the arrival of the frosts and bad weather. During the following week they fixed the first of the stern timbers, but were then obliged to suspend work. During the last days of the month the weather was extremely bad. The wind blew from the east, sometimes with the violence of a tempest. The engineer was somewhat uneasy on account of the dockyard shed—which besides, he could not have established in any other place near to Granite House—for the islet only imperfectly sheltered the shore from the fury of the open sea, and in great storms the waves beat against the very foot of the granite cliff. But, very fortunately, these fears were not realized. The wind shifted to the southeast, and there the beach of Granite House was completely covered by Flotsam Point. Pencroft and Ayrton, the most zealous workmen at the new vessel, pursued their labor as long as they could. They were not men to mind the wind tearing at their hair, nor the rain wetting them to the skin, and a blow from a hammer is worth just as much in bad as in fine weather. But when a severe frost succeeded this wet period, the wood, its fibers acquiring the hardness of iron, became extremely difficult to work, and about the 10th of June shipbuilding was obliged to be entirely discontinued. Cyrus Harding and his companions had not omitted to observe how severe was the temperature during the winters of Lincoln Island. The cold was comparable to that experienced in the States of New England, situated at almost the same distance from the equator. In the northern hemisphere, or at any rate in the part occupied by British America and the north of the United States, this phenomenon is explained by the flat conformation of the territories bordering on the pole, and on which there is no intumescence of the soil to oppose any obstacle to the north winds; here, in Lincoln Island, this explanation would not suffice. “It has even been observed,” remarked Harding one day to his companions, “that in equal latitudes the islands and coast regions are less tried by the cold than inland countries. I have often heard it asserted that the winters of Lombardy, for example, are not less rigorous than those of Scotland, which results from the sea restoring during the winter the heat which it received during the summer. Islands are, therefore, in a better situation for benefiting by this restitution.” “But then, Captain Harding,” asked Herbert, “why does Lincoln Island appear to escape the common law?” “That is difficult to explain,” answered the engineer. “However, I should be disposed to conjecture that this peculiarity results from the situation of the island in the Southern Hemisphere, which, as you know, my boy, is colder than the Northern Hemisphere.” “Yes,” said Herbert, “and icebergs are met with in lower latitudes in the south than in the north of the Pacific.” “That is true,” remarked Pencroft, “and when I have been serving on board whalers I have seen icebergs off Cape Horn.” “The severe cold experienced in Lincoln Island,” said Gideon Spilett, “may then perhaps be explained by the presence of floes or icebergs comparatively near to Lincoln Island.” “Your opinion is very admissible indeed, my dear Spilett,” answered Cyrus Harding, “and it is evidently to the proximity of icebergs that we owe our rigorous winters. I would draw your attention also to an entirely physical cause, which renders the Southern colder than the Northern Hemisphere. In fact, since the sun is nearer to this hemisphere during the summer, it is necessarily more distant during the winter. This explains then the excess of temperature in the two seasons, for, if we find the winters very cold in Lincoln Island, we must not forget that the summers here, on the contrary, are very hot.” “But why, if you please, captain,” asked Pencroft, knitting his brows, “why should our hemisphere, as you say, be so badly divided? It isn’t just, that!” “Friend Pencroft,” answered the engineer, laughing, “whether just or not, we must submit to it, and here lies the reason for this peculiarity. The earth does not describe a circle around the sun, but an ellipse, as it must by the laws of rational mechanics. Now, the earth occupies one of the foci of the ellipse, and so at one point in its course is at its apogee, that is, at its farthest from the sun, and at another point it is at its perigee, or nearest to the sun. Now it happens that it is during the winter of the southern countries that it is at its most distant point from the sun, and consequently, in a situation for those regions to feel the greatest cold. Nothing can be done to prevent that, and men, Pencroft, however learned they may be, can never change anything of the cosmographical order established by God Himself.” “And yet,” added Pencroft, “the world is very learned. What a big book, captain, might be made with all that is known!” “And what a much bigger book still with all that is not known!” answered Harding. At last, for one reason or another, the month of June brought the cold with its accustomed intensity, and the settlers were often confined to Granite House. Ah! how wearisome this imprisonment was to them, and more particularly to Gideon Spilett. “Look here,” said he to Neb one day, “I would give you by notarial deed all the estates which will come to me some day, if you were a good enough fellow to go, no matter where, and subscribe to some newspaper for me! Decidedly the thing that is most essential to my happiness is the knowing every morning what has happened the day before in other places than this!” Neb began to laugh. “‘Pon my word,” he replied, “the only thing I think about is my daily work!” The truth was that indoors as well as out there was no want of work. The colony of Lincoln Island was now at its highest point of prosperity, achieved by three years of continued hard work. The destruction of the brig had been a new source of riches. Without speaking of the complete rig which would serve for the vessel now on the stocks, utensils and tools of all sorts, weapons and ammunition, clothes and instruments, were now piled in the storerooms of Granite House. It had not even been necessary to resort again to the manufacture of the coarse felt materials. Though the colonists had suffered from cold during their first winter, the bad season might now come without their having any reason to dread its severity. Linen was plentiful also, and besides, they kept it with extreme care. From chloride of sodium, which is nothing else than sea salt, Cyrus Harding easily extracted the soda and chlorine. The soda, which it was easy to change into carbonate of soda, and the chlorine, of which he made chloride of lime, were employed for various domestic purposes, and especially in bleaching linen. Besides, they did not wash more than four times a year, as was done by families in the olden times, and it may be added, that Pencroft and Gideon Spilett, while waiting for the postman to bring him his newspaper, distinguished themselves as washermen. So passed the winter months, June, July, and August. They were severe, and the average observations of the thermometer did not give more than eight degrees of Fahrenheit. It was therefore lower in temperature than the preceding winter. But then, what splendid fires blazed continually on the hearths of Granite House, the smoke marking the granite wall with long, zebra-like streaks! Fuel was not spared, as it grew naturally a few steps from them. Besides, the chips of the wood destined for the construction of the ship enabled them to economize the coal, which required more trouble to transport. Men and animals were all well. Master Jup was a little chilly, it must be confessed. This was perhaps his only weakness, and it was necessary to make him a well-padded dressing-gown. But what a servant he was, clever, zealous, indefatigable, not indiscreet, not talkative, and he might have been with reason proposed as a model for all his biped brothers in the Old and New Worlds! “As for that,” said Pencroft, “when one has four hands at one’s service, of course one’s work ought to be done so much the better!” And indeed the intelligent creature did it well. During the seven months which had passed since the last researches made round the mountain, and during the month of September, which brought back fine weather, nothing was heard of the genius of the island. His power was not manifested in any way. It is true that it would have been superfluous, for no incident occurred to put the colonists to any painful trial. Cyrus Harding even observed that if by chance the communication between the unknown and the tenants of Granite House had ever been established through the granite, and if Top’s instinct had as it were felt it, there was no further sign of it during this period. The dog’s growling had entirely ceased, as well as the uneasiness of the orang. The two friends—for they were such—no longer prowled round the opening of the inner well, nor did they bark or whine in that singular way which from the first the engineer had noticed. But could he be sure that this was all that was to be said about this enigma, and that he should never arrive at a solution? Could he be certain that some conjuncture would not occur which would bring the mysterious personage on the scene? who could tell what the future might have in reserve? At last the winter was ended, but an event, the consequences of which might be serious occurred in the first days of the returning spring. On the 7th of September, Cyrus Harding, having observed the crater, saw smoke curling round the summit of the mountain, its first vapors rising in the air. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1998). The Mysterious Island. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1268/1268-h/1268-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Three years had passed away since the escape of the prisoners from Richmond

St. Ewold's Parsonage

Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 1 by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Joan Persuades Her Inquisitors here Joan Persuades Her Inquisitors WHEN JOAN told the King what that deep secret was that was torturing his heart, his doubts were cleared away; he believed she was sent of God, and if he had been let alone he would have set her upon her great mission at once. But he was not let alone. Tremouille and the holy fox of Rheims knew their man. All they needed to say was this—and they said it: “Your Highness says her Voices have revealed to you, by her mouth, a secret known only to yourself and God. How can you know that her Voices are not of Satan, and she his mouthpiece?—for does not Satan know the secrets of men and use his knowledge for the destruction of their souls? It is a dangerous business, and your Highness will do well not to proceed in it without probing the matter to the bottom.” That was enough. It shriveled up the King’s little soul like a raisin, with terrors and apprehensions, and straightway he privately appointed a commission of bishops to visit and question Joan daily until they should find out whether her supernatural helps hailed from heaven or from hell. The King’s relative, the Duke of Alencon, three years prisoner of war to the English, was in these days released from captivity through promise of a great ransom; and the name and fame of the Maid having reached him—for the same filled all mouths now, and penetrated to all parts—he came to Chinon to see with his own eyes what manner of creature she might be. The King sent for Joan and introduced her to the Duke. She said, in her simple fashion: “You are welcome; the more of the blood of France that is joined to this cause, the better for the cause and it.” Then the two talked together, and there was just the usual result: when they departed, the Duke was her friend and advocate. Joan attended the King’s mass the next day, and afterward dined with the King and the Duke. The King was learning to prize her company and value her conversation; and that might well be, for, like other kings, he was used to getting nothing out of people’s talk but guarded phrases, colorless and non-committal, or carefully tinted to tally with the color of what he said himself; and so this kind of conversation only vexes and bores, and is wearisome; but Joan’s talk was fresh and free, sincere and honest, and unmarred by timorous self-watching and constraint. She said the very thing that was in her mind, and said it in a plain, straightforward way. One can believe that to the King this must have been like fresh cold water from the mountains to parched lips used to the water of the sun-baked puddles of the plain. After dinner Joan so charmed the Duke with her horsemanship and lance practice in the meadows by the Castle of Chinon whither the King also had come to look on, that he made her a present of a great black war-steed. Every day the commission of bishops came and questioned Joan about her Voices and her mission, and then went to the King with their report. These pryings accomplished but little. She told as much as she considered advisable, and kept the rest to herself. Both threats and trickeries were wasted upon her. She did not care for the threats, and the traps caught nothing. She was perfectly frank and childlike about these things. She knew the bishops were sent by the King, that their questions were the King’s questions, and that by all law and custom a King’s questions must be answered; yet she told the King in her naive way at his own table one day that she answered only such of those questions as suited her. The bishops finally concluded that they couldn’t tell whether Joan was sent by God or not. They were cautious, you see. There were two powerful parties at Court; therefore to make a decision either way would infallibly embroil them with one of those parties; so it seemed to them wisest to roost on the fence and shift the burden to other shoulders. And that is what they did. They made final report that Joan’s case was beyond their powers, and recommended that it be put into the hands of the learned and illustrious doctors of the University of Poitiers. Then they retired from the field, leaving behind them this little item of testimony, wrung from them by Joan’s wise reticence: they said she was a “gentle and simple little shepherdess, very candid, but not given to talking.” It was quite true—in their case. But if they could have looked back and seen her with us in the happy pastures of Domremy, they would have perceived that she had a tongue that could go fast enough when no harm could come of her words. So we traveled to Poitiers, to endure there three weeks of tedious delay while this poor child was being daily questioned and badgered before a great bench of—what? Military experts?—since what she had come to apply for was an army and the privilege of leading it to battle against the enemies of France. Oh no; it was a great bench of priests and monks—profoundly leaned and astute casuists—renowned professors of theology! Instead of setting a military commission to find out if this valorous little soldier could win victories, they set a company of holy hair-splitters and phrase-mongers to work to find out if the soldier was sound in her piety and had no doctrinal leaks. The rats were devouring the house, but instead of examining the cat’s teeth and claws, they only concerned themselves to find out if it was a holy cat. If it was a pious cat, a moral cat, all right, never mind about the other capacities, they were of no consequence. Joan was as sweetly self-possessed and tranquil before this grim tribunal, with its robed celebrities, its solemn state and imposing ceremonials, as if she were but a spectator and not herself on trial. She sat there, solitary on her bench, untroubled, and disconcerted the science of the sages with her sublime ignorance—an ignorance which was a fortress; arts, wiles, the learning drawn from books, and all like missiles rebounded from its unconscious masonry and fell to the ground harmless; they could not dislodge the garrison which was within—Joan’s serene great heart and spirit, the guards and keepers of her mission. She answered all questions frankly, and she told all the story of her visions and of her experiences with the angels and what they said to her; and the manner of the telling was so unaffected, and so earnest and sincere, and made it all seem so lifelike and real, that even that hard practical court forgot itself and sat motionless and mute, listening with a charmed and wondering interest to the end. And if you would have other testimony than mine, look in the histories and you will find where an eyewitness, giving sworn testimony in the Rehabilitation process, says that she told that tale “with a noble dignity and simplicity,” and as to its effect, says in substance what I have said. Seventeen, she was—seventeen, and all alone on her bench by herself; yet was not afraid, but faced that great company of erudite doctors of law and theology, and by the help of no art learned in the schools, but using only the enchantments which were hers by nature, of youth, sincerity, a voice soft and musical, and an eloquence whose source was the heart, not the head, she laid that spell upon them. Now was not that a beautiful thing to see? If I could, I would put it before you just as I saw it; then I know what you would say. As I have told you, she could not read. “One day they harried and pestered her with arguments, reasonings, objections, and other windy and wordy trivialities, gathered out of the works of this and that and the other great theological authority, until at last her patience vanished, and she turned upon them sharply and said: “I don’t know A from B; but I know this: that I am come by command of the Lord of Heaven to deliver Orleans from the English power and crown the King of Rheims, and the matters ye are puttering over are of no consequence!” Necessarily those were trying days for her, and wearing for everybody that took part; but her share was the hardest, for she had no holidays, but must be always on hand and stay the long hours through, whereas this, that, and the other inquisitor could absent himself and rest up from his fatigues when he got worn out. And yet she showed no wear, no weariness, and but seldom let fly her temper. As a rule she put her day through calm, alert, patient, fencing with those veteran masters of scholarly sword-play and coming out always without a scratch. One day a Dominican sprung upon her a question which made everybody cock up his ears with interest; as for me, I trembled, and said to myself she is done this time, poor Joan, for there is no way of answering this. The sly Dominican began in this way—in a sort of indolent fashion, as if the thing he was about was a matter of no moment: “You assert that God has willed to deliver France from this English bondage?” “Yes, He has willed it.” “You wish for men-at-arms, so that you may go to the relief of Orleans, I believe?” “Yes—and the sooner the better.” “God is all-powerful, and able to do whatsoever thing He wills to do, is it not so?” “Most surely. None doubts it.” The Dominican lifted his head suddenly, and sprung that question I have spoken of, with exultation: “Then answer me this. If He has willed to deliver France, and is able to do whatsoever He wills, where is the need for men-at-arms?” There was a fine stir and commotion when he said that, and a sudden thrusting forward of heads and putting up of hands to ears to catch the answer; and the Dominican wagged his head with satisfaction, and looked about him collecting his applause, for it shone in every face. But Joan was not disturbed. There was no note of disquiet in her voice when she answered: “He helps who help themselves. The sons of France will fight the battles, but He will give the victory!” You could see a light of admiration sweep the house from face to face like a ray from the sun. Even the Dominican himself looked pleased, to see his master-stroke so neatly parried, and I heard a venerable bishop mutter, in the phrasing common to priest and people in that robust time, “By God, the child has said true. He willed that Goliath should be slain, and He sent a child like this to do it!” Another day, when the inquisition had dragged along until everybody looked drowsy and tired but Joan, Brother Seguin, professor of theology at the University of Poitiers, who was a sour and sarcastic man, fell to plying Joan with all sorts of nagging questions in his bastard Limousin French—for he was from Limoges. Finally he said: “How is it that you understand those angels? What language did they speak?” “French.” “In-deed! How pleasant to know that our language is so honored! Good French?” “Yes—perfect.” “Perfect, eh? Well, certainly you ought to know. It was even better than your own, eh?” “As to that, I—I believe I cannot say,” said she, and was going on, but stopped. Then she added, almost as if she were saying it to herself, “Still, it was an improvement on yours!” I knew there was a chuckle back of her eyes, for all their innocence. Everybody shouted. Brother Seguin was nettled, and asked brusquely: “Do you believe in God?” Joan answered with an irritating nonchalance: “Oh, well, yes—better than you, it is likely.” Brother Seguin lost his patience, and heaped sarcasm after sarcasm upon her, and finally burst out in angry earnest, exclaiming: “Very well, I can tell you this, you whose belief in God is so great: God has not willed that any shall believe in you without a sign. Where is your sign?—show it!” This roused Joan, and she was on her feet in a moment, and flung out her retort with spirit: “I have not come to Poitiers to show signs and do miracles. Send me to Orleans and you shall have signs enough. Give me men-at-arms—few or many—and let me go!” The fire was leaping from her eyes—ah, the heroic little figure! can’t you see her? There was a great burst of acclamations, and she sat down blushing, for it was not in her delicate nature to like being conspicuous. This speech and that episode about the French language scored two points against Brother Seguin, while he scored nothing against Joan; yet, sour man as he was, he was a manly man, and honest, as you can see by the histories; for at the Rehabilitation he could have hidden those unlucky incidents if he had chosen, but he didn’t do it, but spoke them right out in his evidence. On one of the latter days of that three-weeks session the gowned scholars and professors made one grand assault all along the line, fairly overwhelming Joan with objections and arguments culled from the writings of every ancient and illustrious authority of the Roman Church. She was well-nigh smothered; but at last she shook herself free and struck back, crying out: “Listen! The Book of God is worth more than all these ye cite, and I stand upon it. And I tell ye there are things in that Book that not one among ye can read, with all your learning!” From the first she was the guest, by invitation, of the dame De Rabateau, wife of a councilor of the Parliament of Poitiers; and to that house the great ladies of the city came nightly to see Joan and talk with her; and not these only, but the old lawyers, councilors and scholars of the Parliament and the University. And these grave men, accustomed to weigh every strange and questionable thing, and cautiously consider it, and turn it about this way and that and still doubt it, came night after night, and night after night, falling ever deeper and deeper under the influence of that mysterious something, that spell, that elusive and unwordable fascination, which was the supremest endowment of Joan of Arc, that winning and persuasive and convincing something which high and low alike recognized and felt, but which neither high nor low could explain or describe, and one by one they all surrendered, saying, “This child is sent of God.” All day long Joan, in the great court and subject to its rigid rules of procedure, was at a disadvantage; her judges had things their own way; but at night she held court herself, and matters were reversed, she presiding, with her tongue free and her same judges there before her. There could not be but one result: all the objections and hindrances they could build around her with their hard labors of the day she would charm away at night. In the end, she carried her judges with her in a mass, and got her great verdict without a dissenting voice. The court was a sight to see when the president of it read it from his throne, for all the great people of the town were there who could get admission and find room. First there were some solemn ceremonies, proper and usual at such times; then, when there was silence again, the reading followed, penetrating the deep hush so that every word was heard in even the remotest parts of the house: “It is found, and is hereby declared, that Joan of Arc, called the Maid, is a good Christian and a good Catholic; that there is nothing in her person or her words contrary to the faith; and that the King may and ought to accept the succor she offers; for to repel it would be to offend the Holy Spirit, and render him unworthy of the air of God.” The court rose, and then the storm of plaudits burst forth unrebuked, dying down and bursting forth again and again, and I lost sight of Joan, for she was swallowed up in a great tide of people who rushed to congratulate her and pour out benedictions upon her and upon the cause of France, now solemnly and irrevocably delivered into her little hands. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 1. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2874/pg2874-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Joan Persuades Her Inquisitors

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