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Thermodynamic Limits Around M-dwarf Stars: Acknowledgements

(1) Samir Chitnavis, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK & Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Empire House, Whitechapel E1 1HH, UK;
(2) Thomas J. Haworth, Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK;
(3) Edward Gillen, Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK;
(4) Conrad W. Mullineaux, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK;
(5) Christopher D. P. Duffy, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK & Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Empire House, Whitechapel E1 1HH, UK (Email: c.duffy@qmul.ac.uk). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Local spectral irradiance as a function of stellar temperature
2.2 Thermodynamic model of an oxygenic light-harvesting system
2.3 Lattice model of an oxygenic light-harvesting system
3 Results
3.1 Orbital distances and incident spectral fluxes
3.2 Thermodynamic antenna model: Increasing antenna size in limited PAR
3.3 Lattice antenna model: Increasing the size of a “flat” antenna in limited PAR
3.4 Lattice antenna model: Improving antenna efficiency with an energetic ’funnel’
4 Discussion
Acknowledgements, Author Contribution Statement, Authors disclosure statement and References 4 Discussion The results of our generalized antenna models suggest that the oxygenic photosynthesis is likely feasible on exo-planets orbiting low mass M-dwarf stars, though there are some restrictions. A light-harvesting system similar to PSII of vascular plants (but with a larger antenna) would be severely entropy-limited even before we factor in local limitations like water scarcity, atmospheric attenuation of light, etc. However, this reflects the fact that plants are evolved to deal with highly variable irradiance [Vialet-Chabrand et al., 2017, Li et al., 2021] rather than constant low light. One of the major risks to plants is actually excessive illumination which can cause oxidative damage to PSII, a metabolically costly phenomenon known as photoinhibition, and one that should be familiar to anyone who has suddenly moved a houseplant into full sun. To mitigate photoinhibition [Aro et al., 1993], plants possess regulatory mechanisms that suppress photon absorption and down-regulate the antenna [Ruban, 2016, Ruban and Wilson, 2021]. Therefore it is unsurprising that such a system does not perform well in severely PAR-depleted light. However, by introducing an energetic gradient to the antenna (the energy funnel) we were able to significantly improve antenna efficiency and electron output. Of the branched and hexagonal antenna topologies the former performs better, able to match the performance of the latter but with fewer LHC subunits and a shallower energetic gradient. Fewer LHC subunits is perhaps the most important factor as it is directly related to the metabolic “cost” of the antenna. Of course, there are countless other modifications that could be made to the antenna. For example, one could increase pigment density which would increase the overall cross-section of each LHC and enhance inter-pigment energy transfer. The pigment concentration in LHCII is already very high, approximately 1 mol dm−3 , and the protein scaffold enforces highly specific inter-pigment distances and relative orientations to avoid dissipative processes such as concentration quenching [Liu et al., 2004]. However, one could imagine an adaptation similar to the chlorosome antenna of green sulphur bacteria [Oostergetel et al., 2010]. This structure is a solid aggregate of ∼ 300, 000 BChls encapsulated in a membrane sheath, effectively the densest pigment packing possible, and it facilitates (anoxygenic) photosynthesis in extremely low illumination. It should be noted however that such as structure is is a significant metabolic investment and one that is not seen in any large multi-cellular organism. Alternatively, one could replace Chl a and b with pigments with larger intrinsic cross-sections and/or absorption widths, which would increase the rate of photon absorption, γi . Since intermolecular energy transfer depends on the oscillator strengths and spectral overlap of the pigments involved, this may also enhance the intrinsic transfer rates, (Ki,j ) −1 . Still, the branched, funnel antenna strategy is a plausible one because it explicitly addresses the fundamental thermodynamic limits inherent in light-harvesting. More importantly, such an antenna actually exists on in Earth in the form of the phycobilisome of oxygenic cyanobacteria [Saer and Blankenship, 2017]. Like our model, the phycobilisome is modular and can adapt to changes in irradiance. Kolodny et al. [2022] recently showed that cyanobacteria in deep water, where light is very blue-shifted, will lenghten their phycobilisome rods by adding more terminal PE subunits and will increase overall antenna efficiency, ϕF , by tuning pigment content (and possibly density). The most important result, however, is the recent work of Battistuzzi et al. [2023] who showed that cyanobacteria could comfortably adapt to the the light typical of M-dwarf stars. Moreover, they used a sophisticated starlight simulator setup which models atmospheric attenuation of light, meaning their cyanobacteria were likely subject to ever scanter illumination than we consider here. Interestingly, they also considered pure “far red” (700−800 nm) illumination and found that this retarded growth rate relative to the M-dwarf light, implying that, as in our model, the organism was adapting its antenna to intercept more photons in the depleted PAR region.It should be noted that they also considered on the red-adapted strains described in the introduction that fared equally well in M-dwarf and far red light. Strictly, both our modelling and the experimental work of Kolodny et al. [2022]. concerns the acclimation of an existing antenna to an unusual lightenvironment rather than the ground-up evolution of an antenna structure specifically optimized to it. Nevertheless, Kolodny’s work demonstrates that oxygenic photosynthesis is, in principle, possible around very low mass stars and our findings indicate that the key consideration is overcoming a fundamental entropic barrier to light-harvesting. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. (1) Samir Chitnavis, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK & Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Empire House, Whitechapel E1 1HH, UK; (2) Thomas J. Haworth, Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; (3) Edward Gillen, Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; (4) Conrad W. Mullineaux, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK; (5) Christopher D. P. Duffy, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK & Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Empire House, Whitechapel E1 1HH, UK (Email: c.duffy@qmul.ac.uk). (1) Samir Chitnavis, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK & Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Empire House, Whitechapel E1 1HH, UK; (2) Thomas J. Haworth, Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; (3) Edward Gillen, Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; (4) Conrad W. Mullineaux, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK; (5) Christopher D. P. Duffy, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK & Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Empire House, Whitechapel E1 1HH, UK (Email: c.duffy@qmul.ac.uk). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Local spectral irradiance as a function of stellar temperature 2.2 Thermodynamic model of an oxygenic light-harvesting system 2.3 Lattice model of an oxygenic light-harvesting system 3 Results 3.1 Orbital distances and incident spectral fluxes 3.2 Thermodynamic antenna model: Increasing antenna size in limited PAR 3.3 Lattice antenna model: Increasing the size of a “flat” antenna in limited PAR 3.4 Lattice antenna model: Improving antenna efficiency with an energetic ’funnel’ 4 Discussion Acknowledgements, Author Contribution Statement, Authors disclosure statement and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Local spectral irradiance as a function of stellar temperature 2.1 Local spectral irradiance as a function of stellar temperature 2.2 Thermodynamic model of an oxygenic light-harvesting system 2.2 Thermodynamic model of an oxygenic light-harvesting system 2.3 Lattice model of an oxygenic light-harvesting system 2.3 Lattice model of an oxygenic light-harvesting system 3 Results 3.1 Orbital distances and incident spectral fluxes 3.1 Orbital distances and incident spectral fluxes 3.2 Thermodynamic antenna model: Increasing antenna size in limited PAR 3.2 Thermodynamic antenna model: Increasing antenna size in limited PAR 3.3 Lattice antenna model: Increasing the size of a “flat” antenna in limited PAR 3.3 Lattice antenna model: Increasing the size of a “flat” antenna in limited PAR 3.4 Lattice antenna model: Improving antenna efficiency with an energetic ’funnel’ 3.4 Lattice antenna model: Improving antenna efficiency with an energetic ’funnel’ 4 Discussion 4 Discussion Acknowledgements, Author Contribution Statement, Authors disclosure statement and References Acknowledgements, Author Contribution Statement, Authors disclosure statement and References 4 Discussion The results of our generalized antenna models suggest that the oxygenic photosynthesis is likely feasible on exo-planets orbiting low mass M-dwarf stars, though there are some restrictions. A light-harvesting system similar to PSII of vascular plants (but with a larger antenna) would be severely entropy-limited even before we factor in local limitations like water scarcity, atmospheric attenuation of light, etc. However, this reflects the fact that plants are evolved to deal with highly variable irradiance [Vialet-Chabrand et al., 2017, Li et al., 2021] rather than constant low light. One of the major risks to plants is actually excessive illumination which can cause oxidative damage to PSII, a metabolically costly phenomenon known as photoinhibition, and one that should be familiar to anyone who has suddenly moved a houseplant into full sun. To mitigate photoinhibition [Aro et al., 1993], plants possess regulatory mechanisms that suppress photon absorption and down-regulate the antenna [Ruban, 2016, Ruban and Wilson, 2021]. Therefore it is unsurprising that such a system does not perform well in severely PAR-depleted light. However, by introducing an energetic gradient to the antenna (the energy funnel) we were able to significantly improve antenna efficiency and electron output. Of the branched and hexagonal antenna topologies the former performs better, able to match the performance of the latter but with fewer LHC subunits and a shallower energetic gradient. Fewer LHC subunits is perhaps the most important factor as it is directly related to the metabolic “cost” of the antenna. Of course, there are countless other modifications that could be made to the antenna. For example, one could increase pigment density which would increase the overall cross-section of each LHC and enhance inter-pigment energy transfer. The pigment concentration in LHCII is already very high, approximately 1 mol dm−3 , and the protein scaffold enforces highly specific inter-pigment distances and relative orientations to avoid dissipative processes such as concentration quenching [Liu et al., 2004]. However, one could imagine an adaptation similar to the chlorosome antenna of green sulphur bacteria [Oostergetel et al., 2010]. This structure is a solid aggregate of ∼ 300, 000 BChls encapsulated in a membrane sheath, effectively the densest pigment packing possible, and it facilitates (anoxygenic) photosynthesis in extremely low illumination. It should be noted however that such as structure is is a significant metabolic investment and one that is not seen in any large multi-cellular organism. Alternatively, one could replace Chl a and b with pigments with larger intrinsic cross-sections and/or absorption widths, which would increase the rate of photon absorption, γi . Since intermolecular energy transfer depends on the oscillator strengths and spectral overlap of the pigments involved, this may also enhance the intrinsic transfer rates, (Ki,j ) −1 . Still, the branched, funnel antenna strategy is a plausible one because it explicitly addresses the fundamental thermodynamic limits inherent in light-harvesting. More importantly, such an antenna actually exists on in Earth in the form of the phycobilisome of oxygenic cyanobacteria [Saer and Blankenship, 2017]. Like our model, the phycobilisome is modular and can adapt to changes in irradiance. Kolodny et al. [2022] recently showed that cyanobacteria in deep water, where light is very blue-shifted, will lenghten their phycobilisome rods by adding more terminal PE subunits and will increase overall antenna efficiency, ϕF , by tuning pigment content (and possibly density). The most important result, however, is the recent work of Battistuzzi et al. [2023] who showed that cyanobacteria could comfortably adapt to the the light typical of M-dwarf stars. Moreover, they used a sophisticated starlight simulator setup which models atmospheric attenuation of light, meaning their cyanobacteria were likely subject to ever scanter illumination than we consider here. Interestingly, they also considered pure “far red” (700−800 nm) illumination and found that this retarded growth rate relative to the M-dwarf light, implying that, as in our model, the organism was adapting its antenna to intercept more photons in the depleted PAR region.It should be noted that they also considered on the red-adapted strains described in the introduction that fared equally well in M-dwarf and far red light. Strictly, both our modelling and the experimental work of Kolodny et al. [2022]. concerns the acclimation of an existing antenna to an unusual lightenvironment rather than the ground-up evolution of an antenna structure specifically optimized to it. Nevertheless, Kolodny’s work demonstrates that oxygenic photosynthesis is, in principle, possible around very low mass stars and our findings indicate that the key consideration is overcoming a fundamental entropic barrier to light-harvesting. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Thermodynamic Limits Around M-dwarf Stars: Discussion 

Among many innovations there is a very intriguing topic that has been in trend these days of “Quantum AI” . It promises to revolutionize how we process information and solve complex problems. Quantum AI leverages these quantum principles to enhance the capabilities of AI. Therefore, to understand the concept of Quantum AI, we need to understand Quantum mechanics first. What is Quantum Mechanics? Traditional computers that we use nowadays are based on the concept of bits, which can take a value of 0 or 1 based on the requirements. The operations involved are primarily based out of OR, AND, or NOT gates. Whereas, this basic foundation changes when it comes to quantum mechanics, which uses Quantum Bits (qubits). The difference is that qubits can hold 0, 1, or both 0 and 1 at the same time until they are measured. Qubits use a physical property of superposition. Taking an example of flipping a coin, in classic computer it takes a value of heads or tails. Whereas in quantum mechanics, its value can be heads or tails until you observe it. Quantum mechanics works on three basic concepts: Superposition


Entanglement


Tunneling Superposition Superposition allows a qubit to be in multiple states simultaneously. Superposition is crucial because it allows quantum computers to process a vast amount of information simultaneously. A perfect example here is of Schrödinger's Cat. Imagine a cat being placed in a sealed box with a radioactive atom, Geiger counter, a vial of poison, and a hammer. If the Geiger counter detects radiation (which depends on the random decay of the atom), it triggers the hammer to break the vial, releasing the poison and killing the cat. Quantum mechanics suggests that until one is opened and observed, the atom is in a superposition of being decayed or not being decayed. A similar concept holds for the cat as well. Until we open the box, the cat could be dead or alive. Entanglement If two particles are interconnected, in classical physics, they carry properties of each other as long as they are in connection with each other. As the distance between the particles increases, their interconnected properties start fading. Opposite of this happens in quantum mechanics, no matter how far away the particles are from each other, one of the particle can directly influence the star of other particle. To simplify, if one measures the state of one particle, one automatically knows the state of another particle regardless of the distance between them. This instantaneous correlation occurs because the particles share a combined quantum state. Tunneling It is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where a particle can pass through a barrier that it classically shouldn't be able to cross. A simple example is a ball rolling up a hill. In the classical case, if the ball does not contain enough energy to climb up the hill, it will roll back. Whereas, if this is created in quantum mechanics, the ball has the probability of traveling through the tunnel and will reach the other side of the hill even if it does not have enough energy. Please note that Tunneling is a probabilistic event. The particle doesn't always tunnel through the barrier, but there is a certain probability that it will. The concept of quantum mechanics is a new field and is a difficult topic to understand. In the next blog, gates in quantum mechanics will be explained which level up the difficulty of the blog. Please stay tuned! Among many innovations there is a very intriguing topic that has been in trend these days of “Quantum AI” . It promises to revolutionize how we process information and solve complex problems. Quantum AI leverages these quantum principles to enhance the capabilities of AI. Therefore, to understand the concept of Quantum AI, we need to understand Quantum mechanics first. What is Quantum Mechanics? Traditional computers that we use nowadays are based on the concept of bits, which can take a value of 0 or 1 based on the requirements. The operations involved are primarily based out of OR, AND, or NOT gates. Whereas, this basic foundation changes when it comes to quantum mechanics, which uses Quantum Bits (qubits). The difference is that qubits can hold 0, 1, or both 0 and 1 at the same time until they are measured. Qubits use a physical property of superposition. Taking an example of flipping a coin, in classic computer it takes a value of heads or tails. Whereas in quantum mechanics, its value can be heads or tails until you observe it. Quantum mechanics works on three basic concepts: Superposition Entanglement Tunneling Superposition Superposition Entanglement Entanglement Tunneling Tunneling Superposition Superposition allows a qubit to be in multiple states simultaneously. Superposition is crucial because it allows quantum computers to process a vast amount of information simultaneously. A perfect example here is of Schrödinger's Cat . Imagine a cat being placed in a sealed box with a radioactive atom, Geiger counter, a vial of poison, and a hammer. If the Geiger counter detects radiation (which depends on the random decay of the atom), it triggers the hammer to break the vial, releasing the poison and killing the cat. Schrödinger's Cat Quantum mechanics suggests that until one is opened and observed, the atom is in a superposition of being decayed or not being decayed. A similar concept holds for the cat as well. Until we open the box, the cat could be dead or alive. Entanglement If two particles are interconnected, in classical physics, they carry properties of each other as long as they are in connection with each other. As the distance between the particles increases, their interconnected properties start fading. Opposite of this happens in quantum mechanics, no matter how far away the particles are from each other, one of the particle can directly influence the star of other particle. To simplify, if one measures the state of one particle, one automatically knows the state of another particle regardless of the distance between them. This instantaneous correlation occurs because the particles share a combined quantum state. Tunneling It is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where a particle can pass through a barrier that it classically shouldn't be able to cross. A simple example is a ball rolling up a hill. In the classical case, if the ball does not contain enough energy to climb up the hill, it will roll back. Whereas, if this is created in quantum mechanics, the ball has the probability of traveling through the tunnel and will reach the other side of the hill even if it does not have enough energy. Please note that Tunneling is a probabilistic event. The particle doesn't always tunnel through the barrier, but there is a certain probability that it will. The concept of quantum mechanics is a new field and is a difficult topic to understand. In the next blog, gates in quantum mechanics will be explained which level up the difficulty of the blog. Please stay tuned!

Basics of Quantum Artificial Intelligence: Qubits

Since the inception of The Naked Collector in 2021, I’ve been one of the leading voices in Web3 consumer and specifically Web3 fashion research. My , has attracted a loyal following from industry giants, including  H&M, Harvard Business School, Adidas, JP Morgan and Coinbase. private newsletter Today, I'm thrilled to unveil the enigmatic world of Web3 fashion and corporate (Web2) NFTs to a wider audience. As a recognized authority in this niche, I've had the unique privilege of observing and shaping emerging trends, which positions me ideally to present these awards. The awards represent the innovative spirit and transformative potential of Web3. They serve to acknowledge remarkable contributions and groundbreaking advancements in this rapidly evolving field. Best Web3 Success Story: Pudgy Penguins In April 2022, Pudgy Penguins was considered a dead project. However, under the new leadership of Luca Netz, the brand has undergone remarkable innovation and growth. This resurgence is best exemplified by the introduction of Pudgy Penguin Toys, now shelved in 2000 Walmart stores. These toys not only offer physical enjoyment but also unlock unique NFT traits, including clothing, which users can interact with and trade online. A key to their success is the strategic use of NFTs as Intellectual Property (IP) to generate revenue. Pudgy Penguins from May to the end of the year, demonstrating a lucrative intersection between physical products and digital assets. What sets them apart is their approach to community engagement; Pudgy Toys are licensed directly from the community, marking a pioneering move in the market. anticipates toy sales to reach approximately $10 million In 2023, the brand expanded its portfolio by launching Pudgy Toys and the IGLOO fashion line. Looking ahead to 2024, Pudgy Penguins is set to join the ranks of BAYC, Azuki, and RTFKT by launching its own metaverse, "Pudgy World." Best Web2* (Fashion) Success Story: PUMA Puma NFT collections went largely under the radar but amassed 4th largest volume among Web2 brand NFTs (after DraftKings, Nike and Porsche). Notably, while PUMA's revenue in the traditional sportswear market reached only 35% of Adidas' revenue, its 2023 NFT sales volume impressively exceeded that of Adidas by 450%. Furthermore, PUMA's Web3 royalties achieved 73% of Adidas' figures. A notable aspect of PUMA's NFT success is its ability to attract new participants in the digital asset space. Approximately 33% of its NFT buyers were beginners (wallets with less than 10 transactions), compared to the average of 18% across both Web3 fashion and other Web2 brand NFT collections. This statistic underscores PUMA's role in expanding the reach and appeal of NFTs beyond the traditional market. Best Web2 (Non-Fashion) Success Story: DraftKings DraftKings has emerged as a leader in the non-fashion Web2 space, thanks to its NFT-enabled fantasy games, including Reignmakers Football, UFC, & PGA Tour. The NFTs are minted on the Polygon blockchain and DraftKings games have amassed the largest NFT volume in 2023 among all Web2 brands. According to CryptoSlam data, the collections accumulated a total volume of $251,409,713 since February (as of December 2023). This achievement ranks them as the 25th most traded NFT collection of all time in less than a year, with over 120,000 holders. Notably, the collection also secured the highest royalties among Web2 brands, totaling $25 million. A key strategy of DraftKings has been targeting regular users, especially those not native to the Web3 space. By trading on the Polygon blockchain and simplifying the process – such as allowing payment for NFTs with credit cards and minimizing Web3 complexities like gas fees and cryptocurrencies – they have made their platform more accessible. Additionally, DraftKings' ownmarketplace facilitates these trades, from which the company garners a 10% marketplace fee. Given the projected growth of the U.S. online sports betting market – estimated to reach an annual $12.5 billion by 2025, up from $6.8 billion in 2022 (Stifel Research) – and the inherent suitability of NFTs for fantasy sports, DraftKings' volume is expected to continue its upward trajectory. Web2 Brand With Most Holders (Users): Reddit As of December 2023, Reddit had the most NFT holders with 24.9M, according to Polygon Analytics). For comparison, below is the holder situation in October 2023, from . The Naked Collector Fashion in Web3 Industry Report Biggest Disappointment: RTFKT Despite being at the forefront of merging Web3 with fashion technology and gaining publicity through endorsements from celebrities, RTFKT emerges as the year's biggest disappointment, primarily due to the lofty expectations placed upon it. While Nike’s own native dotSWOOSH ID collection saw 376,000 holders mint the ID, RTFKT saw its performance numbers decline. While RTFKT continued to dominate the fashion volume charts for the second consecutive year, the market witnessed a significant decline in the value of its collections. The Clone X floor price, for instance, plummeted from $8.5K in February 2023 (and an all-time high of $67K in April 2022) to just over $3K by December 2023. The most affected were holders of secondary collections such as CryptoKicks, EVO X Vials, MNLTHs, Trillium Lace Engines and Loot Pods, primarily due to their redeemable nature — a development that caught many by surprise. some of which lost nearly all value RTFKT’s downturn can be partly attributed to delays in production processes. However, a larger factor was the misalignment between holder expectations and project delivery, exacerbated by insufficient communication (from many holders’ point of view). The floor price, a reflection of current and projected sentiment, suggests that if RTFKT successfully advances its Wear to Earn technology and metaverse ecosystem, it could positively influence both the floor prices and the overall sentiment around the project. There have also been glimpses of RTFKT’s potential for mainstream adoption, evidenced by LeBron James wearing theRTFKT x Nike Air Force 1 - Genesis sneakers and DJ Khaled sporting the Nike x RTFKT AR Hoodie. Whether the same holders who supported RTFKT from the beginning will still be here, is another question. Most Surprising Web2 Brand Entry: Maison Margiela Maison Margiela marked its entry into the Web3 space with a unique and surprising move, launching its first gamified minting experience on October 24. Participants were given the chance to collect 24 distinctly numbered digital tokens, numbered from 0 to 23. This innovative endeavor utilized "Polygon Soul-Bound Tokens," which are non-transferable and allowed each participant to mint only one of each type. The experience was gas-free, emphasizing user accessibility and ease. The competition, designed to be fast-paced and equitable, was set to conclude once all 100 numbers were minted. Despite its intriguing approach to gamifying FOMO (fear of missing out), the minting experience garnered some negative feedback, particularly concerning its perceived difficulty. Biggest Fashion Trend: Phygitals one of the most significant trends in fashion NFTs this year has been the rise of 'phygitals' – physical fashion items linked to NFTs through embedded NFC or RFID chips. This trend aligns with the growing narrative around RWAs (real-world assets) within the broader crypto space, indicating a continuing expansion in the future. As predicted in 2022, In 2023, underscoring their rising popularity. The next evolution of this trend is expected to involve the integration of real-world data, such as ESG and sports data, through oracles. Other anticipated developments include the collateralization of high-value items, like luxury watches, and the introduction of physical-to-digital perks, exempli ed by concepts like 'wear to earn.' phygitals emerged as the most popular product release category among Web2 fashion brands, (From The Naked Collector Fashion in Web3 Industry Report) Largest Avg. Profit in 2023 (Web2 fashion collection):Nike/RTFKT CloneX Mintvial ($1,751) Largest Avg. ROI in 2023 (Web3 fashion collection): A Kid Called Beast ($684) The "A Kid Called Beast" (AKCB) collection has emerged as a standout in the 2023 Web3 fashion sector. This collection features 9,999 unique, 3D characters that are ready for augmented reality, hosted on the Ethereum blockchain. Each character belongs to one of 20 distinct "beasthoods," symbolizing various personality traits and emphasizing the collection's focus on fashion and cultural representation. Gaining traction on platforms like OpenSea, AKCB's innovative approach to distribution and its strong identity as a Web3 brand have been pivotal in fostering a robust community around these digital collectibles. Secondary Volume in 2023 (Web2 vs. Web3 Fashion) We can see that Web2 brands dominated the fashion NFT volume in 2023. This dominance was evident not only in the absolute volume of transactions but also in the average volume per collection. The data analyzed included 46 Web2 and 31 Web3 NFT collections, representing an 11% difference in the number of collections. However, the disparity in volume was far more significant, with a 106% higher volume for Web2 brands compared to their Web3 counterparts. This substantial difference underscores the prevailing influence of Web2 entities in the fashion NFT space. Secondary Volume in 2023 (All Web2 brands) When it comes to Web2 brand volume in 2023 (including non-fashion NFTs), DraftKings and Nike/RTFKT have established a clear lead over their competitors. Their performance notably overshadowed even the highly publicized Starbucks collection. It's important to acknowledge that both DraftKings and Nike/RTFKT bene ted from having a substantial supply of collections, a factor that likely contributed to their dominant positions in the market. Brand Primary Volume (Web2 Fashion) Nike is not only leading in secondary volume but primary (or mint) volume as well. Phygital Fashion Secondary Volume in 2023 (Web2 & Web3 Fashion) Nike/RTFKT is also the leader in phygital NFT secondary volume having three of their collections in the top 5. The most noteworthy is their Clone X Forging SZN 1, which saw 45.4K items forged, making it the largest phygital collection to date in terms of both volume and size. Additionally, their collaboration with RIMOWA for a phygital luggage collection ranked third in volume. The innovative cIRL sneakers, equipped with Wear to Earn functionality, placed fourth. 10KTF, a Web3 native brand, also made its mark in the top 5 with their Kagami phygital digital displays linked to their parent PFP collection. Meanwhile, PUMA's Materializer, an NFT representing a physical pair of shoes claimable in 2023, topped off the list. Highest Royalties in 2023 (All Web2 Brands): DraftKings ($25.1M) DraftKings had the highest Web2 royalties despite having the second largest volume, mainly due to their 10% marketplace fee. Highest Royalties in 2023 (Web3 Fashion): A Kid Called Beast ($1.8M) Want to Read More? Go to , to read how you can access the full report including Web3 user insights. https://thenakedcollector.substack.com/p/2023-recap-2023-2024-data-based-web3 Disclaimer The data in this report was generated directly by me through SQL queries on the Flipside Crypto platform This report is for informational purposes only. The information is as of its publication date and may change without notice. The publisher accepts no liability for any actions taken on the basis of the information provided. You are encouraged to share this report with others! The only request is to attribute the work to the author, The Naked Collector, in any sharing or reproduction of this material. When sharing digitally, please tag The Naked Collector or reference this work by citing the author properly. This report promotes the respectful exchange of information and acknowledges the hard work and expertise that went into creating this report. Thank you for your cooperation and understanding. Also published . here

And the Web3 Award Goes To...

এবং Web3 অ্যাওয়ার্ড যায়...

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Y el premio Web3 es para...

Et le prix Web3 est décerné à...

और Web3 पुरस्कार जाता है...

そしてWeb3賞は…

그리고 Web3 상은 다음으로 향합니다...

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Ve Web3 Ödülünün Sahibi...

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Web3 奖颁发给...

We held a council, to decide on our future movements

Wives and Daughters by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . FATHER AND SONS. here CHAPTER XXVII. FATHER AND SONS. Things were not going on any better at Hamley Hall. Nothing had occurred to change the state of dissatisfied feeling into which the Squire and his eldest son had respectively fallen; and the long continuance merely of dissatisfaction is sure of itself to deepen the feeling. Roger did all in his power to bring the father and son together; but sometimes wondered if it would not have been better to leave them alone; for they were falling into the habit of each making him their confidant, and so defining emotions and opinions which would have had less distinctness if they had been unexpressed. There was little enough relief in the daily life at the Hall to help them all to shake off the gloom; and it even told on the health of both the Squire and Osborne. The Squire became thinner, his skin as well as his clothes began to hang loose about him, and the freshness of his colour turned to red streaks, till his cheeks looked like Eardiston pippins, instead of resembling "a Katherine pear on the side that's next the sun." Roger thought that his father sate indoors and smoked in his study more than was good for him, but it had become difficult to get him far afield; he was too much afraid of coming across some sign of the discontinued drainage works, or being irritated afresh by the sight of his depreciated timber. Osborne was wrapt up in the idea of arranging his poems for the press, and so working out his wish for independence. What with daily writing to his wife—taking his letters himself to a distant post-office, and receiving hers there—touching up his sonnets, &c., with fastidious care—and occasionally giving himself the pleasure of a visit to the Gibsons, and enjoying the society of the two pleasant girls there, he found little time for being with his father. Indeed, Osborne was too self-indulgent or "sensitive," as he termed it, to bear well with the Squire's gloomy fits, or too frequent querulousness. The consciousness of his secret, too, made Osborne uncomfortable in his father's presence. It was very well for all parties that Roger was not "sensitive," for, if he had been, there were times when it would have been hard to bear little spurts of domestic tyranny, by which his father strove to assert his power over both his sons. One of these occurred very soon after the night of the Hollingford charity-ball. Roger had induced his father to come out with him; and the Squire had, on his son's suggestion, taken with him his long unused spud. The two had wandered far afield; perhaps the elder man had found the unwonted length of exercise too much for him; for, as he approached the house, on his return, he became what nurses call in children "fractious," and ready to turn on his companion for every remark he made. Roger understood the case by instinct, as it were, and bore it all with his usual sweetness of temper. They entered the house by the front door; it lay straight on their line of march. On the old cracked yellow-marble slab, there lay a card with Lord Hollingford's name on it, which Robinson, evidently on the watch for their return, hastened out of his pantry to deliver to Roger. "His lordship was very sorry not to see you, Mr. Roger, and his lordship left a note for you. Mr. Osborne took it, I think, when he passed through. I asked his lordship if he would like to see Mr. Osborne, who was indoors, as I thought. But his lordship said he was pressed for time, and told me to make his excuses." "Didn't he ask for me?" growled the Squire. "No, sir; I can't say as his lordship did. He would never have thought of Mr. Osborne, sir, if I hadn't named him. It was Mr. Roger he seemed so keen after." "Very odd," said the Squire. Roger said nothing, although he naturally felt some curiosity. He went into the drawing-room, not quite aware that his father was following him. Osborne sate at a table near the fire, pen in hand, looking over one of his poems, and dotting the 's, crossing the 's, and now and then pausing over the alteration of a word. i t "Oh, Roger!" he said, as his brother came in, "here's been Lord Hollingford wanting to see you." "I know," replied Roger. "And he's left a note for you. Robinson tried to persuade him it was for my father, so he's added a 'junior' (Roger Hamley, Esq., junior) in pencil." The Squire was in the room by this time, and what he had overheard rubbed him up still more the wrong way. Roger took his unopened note and read it. "What does he say?" asked the Squire. Roger handed him the note. It contained an invitation to dinner to meet M. Geoffroi St. H——, whose views on certain subjects Roger had been advocating in the article Lord Hollingford had spoken about to Molly, when he danced with her at the Hollingford ball. M. Geoffroi St. H—— was in England now, and was expected to pay a visit at the Towers in the course of the following week. He had expressed a wish to meet the author of the paper which had already attracted the attention of the French comparative anatomists; and Lord Hollingford added a few words as to his own desire to make the acquaintance of a neighbour whose tastes were so similar to his own; and then followed a civil message from Lord and Lady Cumnor. Lord Hollingford's hand was cramped and rather illegible. The squire could not read it all at once, and was enough put out to decline any assistance in deciphering it. At last he made it out. "So my lord lieutenant is taking some notice of the Hamleys at last. The election is coming on, is it? But I can tell him we're not to be got so easily. I suppose this trap is set for you, Osborne? What's this you've been writing that the French mounseer is so taken with?" "It is not me, sir!" said Osborne. "Both note and call are for Roger." "I don't understand it," said the Squire. "These Whig fellows have never done their duty by me; not that I want it of them. The Duke of Debenham used to pay the Hamleys a respect due to 'em—the oldest landowners in the county—but since he died, and this shabby Whig lord has succeeded him, I've never dined at the lord lieutenant's—no, not once." "But I think, sir, I've heard you say Lord Cumnor used to invite you,—only you did not choose to go," said Roger. "Yes. What d'ye mean by that? Do you suppose I was going to desert the principles of my family, and curry favour with the Whigs? No! leave that to them. They can ask the heir of the Hamleys fast enough when a county election is coming on." "I tell you, sir," said Osborne, in the irritable tone he sometimes used when his father was particularly unreasonable, "it is not me Lord Hollingford is inviting; it is Roger. Roger is making himself known for what he is, a first-rate fellow," continued Osborne—a sting of self-reproach mingling with his generous pride in his brother—"and he's getting himself a name; he's been writing about these new French theories and discoveries, and this foreign very naturally wants to make his acquaintance, and so Lord Hollingford asks him to dine. It's as clear as can be," lowering his tone, and addressing himself to Roger; "it has nothing to do with politics, if my father would but see it." savant Of course the Squire heard this little aside with the unlucky uncertainty of hearing which is a characteristic of the beginning of deafness; and its effect on him was perceptible in the increased acrimony of his next speech. "You young men think you know everything. I tell you it's a palpable Whig trick. And what business has Roger—if it is Roger the man wants—to go currying favour with the French? In my day we were content to hate 'em and to lick 'em. But it's just like your conceit, Osborne, setting yourself up to say it's your younger brother they're asking, and not you; I tell you it's you. They think the eldest son was sure to be called after his father, Roger—Roger Hamley, junior. It's as plain as a pike-staff. They know they can't catch me with chaff, but they've got up this French dodge. What business had you to go writing about the French, Roger? I should have thought you were too sensible to take any notice of their fancies and theories; but if it is you they've asked, I'll not have you going and meeting these foreigners at a Whig house. They ought to have asked Osborne. He's the representative of the Hamleys, if I'm not; and they can't get me, let 'em try ever so. Besides, Osborne has got a bit of the mounseer about him, which he caught with being so fond of going off to the Continent, instead of coming back to his good old English home." He went on repeating much of what he had said before, till he left the room. Osborne had kept on replying to his unreasonable grumblings, which had only added to his anger; and as soon as the Squire was fairly gone, Osborne turned to Roger, and said,— "Of course you'll go, Roger? ten to one he'll be in another mind to-morrow." "No," said Roger, bluntly enough—for he was extremely disappointed; "I won't run the chance of vexing him. I shall refuse." "Don't be such a fool!" exclaimed Osborne. "Really, my father is too unreasonable. You heard how he kept contradicting himself; and such a man as you to be kept under like a child by—" "Don't let us talk any more about it, Osborne," said Roger, writing away fast. When the note was written, and sent off, he came and put his hand caressingly on Osborne's shoulder, as he sate pretending to read, but in reality vexed with both his father and his brother, though on very different grounds. "How go the poems, old fellow? I hope they're nearly ready to bring out." "No, they're not; and if it weren't for the money, I shouldn't care if they were never published. What's the use of fame, if one mayn't reap the fruits of it?" "Come, now, we'll have no more of that; let's talk about the money. I shall be going up for my Fellowship examination next week, and then we'll have a purse in common, for they'll never think of not giving me a Fellowship now I'm senior wrangler. I'm short enough myself at present, and I don't like to bother my father; but when I'm Fellow, you shall take me down to Winchester, and introduce me to the little wife." "It will be a month next Monday since I left her," said Osborne, laying down his papers and gazing into the fire, as if by so doing he could call up her image. "In her letter this morning she bids me give you such a pretty message. It won't bear translating into English; you must read it for yourself," continued he, pointing out a line or two in a letter he drew from his pocket. Roger suspected that one or two of the words were wrongly spelt; but their purport was so gentle and loving, and had such a touch of simple, respectful gratitude in them, that he could not help being drawn afresh to the little unseen sister-in-law, whose acquaintance Osborne had made by helping her to look for some missing article of the children's, whom she was taking for their daily walk in Hyde Park. For Mrs. Osborne Hamley had been nothing more than a French , very pretty, very graceful, and very much tyrannized over by the rough little boys and girls she had in charge. She was a little orphan girl, who had charmed the heads of a travelling English family, as she had brought madame some articles of lingerie at an hotel; and she had been hastily engaged by them as to their children, partly as a pet and plaything herself, partly because it would be so good for the children to learn French from a native (of Alsace!). By-and-by her mistress ceased to take any particular notice of Aimée in the bustle of London and London gaiety; but though feeling more and more forlorn in a strange land every day, the French girl strove hard to do her duty. One touch of kindness, however, was enough to set the fountain gushing; and she and Osborne naturally fell into an ideal state of love, to be rudely disturbed by the indignation of the mother, when accident discovered to her the attachment existing between her children's and a young man of an entirely different class. Aimée answered truly to all her mistress's questions; but no worldly wisdom, nor any lesson to be learnt from another's experience, could in the least disturb her entire faith in her lover. Perhaps Mrs. Townshend did no more than her duty in immediately sending Aimée back to Metz, where she had first met with her, and where such relations as remained to the girl might be supposed to be residing. But, altogether, she knew so little of the kind of people or life to which she was consigning her deposed protégée that Osborne, after listening with impatient indignation to the lecture which Mrs. Townshend gave him when he insisted on seeing her in order to learn what had become of his love, that the young man set off straight for Metz in hot haste, and did not let the grass grow under his feet until he had made Aimée his wife. All this had occurred the previous autumn, and Roger did not know of the step his brother had taken until it was irrevocable. Then came the mother's death, which, besides the simplicity of its own overwhelming sorrow, brought with it the loss of the kind, tender mediatrix, who could always soften and turn his father's heart. It is doubtful, however, if even she could have succeeded in this, for the Squire looked high, and over high, for the wife of his heir; he detested all foreigners, and overmore held all Roman Catholics in dread and abomination something akin to our ancestors' hatred of witchcraft. All these prejudices were strengthened by his grief. Argument would always have glanced harmless away off his shield of utter unreason; but a loving impulse, in a happy moment, might have softened his heart to what he most detested in the former days. But the happy moments came not now, and the loving impulses were trodden down by the bitterness of his frequent remorse, not less than by his growing irritability; so Aimée lived solitary in the little cottage near Winchester in which Osborne had installed her when she first came to England as his wife, and in the dainty furnishing of which he had run himself so deeply into debt. For Osborne consulted his own fastidious taste in his purchases rather than her simple childlike wishes and wants, and looked upon the little Frenchwoman rather as the future mistress of Hamley Hall than as the wife of a man who was wholly dependent on others at present. He had chosen a southern county as being far removed from those midland shires where the name of Hamley of Hamley was well and widely known; for he did not wish his wife to assume, if only for a time, a name which was not justly and legally her own. In all these arrangements he had willingly striven to do his full duty by her; and she repaid him with passionate devotion and admiring reverence. If his vanity had met with a check, or his worthy desires for college honours had been disappointed, he knew where to go for a comforter; one who poured out praise till her words were choked in her throat by the rapidity of her thoughts, and who poured out the small vials of her indignation on every one who did not acknowledge and bow down to her husband's merits. If she ever wished to go to the château—that was his home—and to be introduced to his family, Aimée never hinted a word of it to him. Only she did yearn, and she did plead, for a little more of her husband's company; and the good reasons which had convinced her of the necessity of his being so much away when he was present to urge them, failed in their efficacy when she tried to reproduce them to herself in his absence. bonne bonne bonne The afternoon of the day on which Lord Hollingford called Roger was going upstairs, three steps at a time, when, at a turn on the landing, he encountered his father. It was the first time he had seen him since their conversation about the Towers' invitation to dinner. The Squire stopped his son by standing right in the middle of the passage. "Thou'rt going to meet the mounseer, my lad?" said he, half as affirmation, half as question. "No, sir; I sent off James almost immediately with a note declining it. I don't care about it—that's to say, not to signify." "Why did you take me up so sharp, Roger?" said his father pettishly. "You all take me up so hastily now-a-days. I think it's hard when a man mustn't be allowed a bit of crossness when he's tired and heavy at heart—that I do." "But, father, I should never like to go to a house where they had slighted you." "Nay, nay, lad," said the Squire, brightening up a little; "I think I slighted them. They asked me to dinner, after my lord was made lieutenant, time after time, but I never would go near 'em. I call that my slighting them." And no more was said at the time; but the next day the Squire again stopped Roger. "I've been making Jem try on his livery-coat that he hasn't worn this three or four years,—he's got too stout for it now." "Well, he needn't wear it, need he? and Morgan's lad will be glad enough of it,—he's sadly in want of clothes." "Ay, ay; but who's to go with you when you call at the Towers? It's but polite to call after Lord What's-his-name has taken the trouble to come here; and I shouldn't like you to go without a groom." "My dear father! I shouldn't know what to do with a man riding at my back. I can find my way to the stable-yard for myself, or there'll be some man about to take my horse. Don't trouble yourself about that." "Well, you're not Osborne, to be sure. Perhaps it won't strike 'em as strange for you. But you must look up, and hold your own, and remember you're one of the Hamleys, who've been on the same land for hundreds of years, while they're but trumpery Whig folk who only came into the county in Queen Anne's time." About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (2003). Wives and Daughters. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4274/pg4274-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

FATHER AND SONS.

A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School by Catharine Esther Beecher, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON THE CARE OF THE SICK. here CHAPTER XXI. ON THE CARE OF THE SICK. Every woman who has the care of young children, or of a large family, is frequently called upon, to advise what shall be done, for some one who is indisposed; and often, in circumstances where she must trust solely to her own judgement. In such cases, some err, by neglecting to do any thing at all, till the patient is quite sick; but a still greater number err, from excessive and injurious dosing. The two great causes of the ordinary slight attacks of illness, in a family, are, sudden chills, which close the pores of the skin, and thus affect the throat, lungs, or bowels; and the excessive or improper use of food. In most cases, of illness from the first cause, bathing the feet, and some aperient drink to induce perspiration, are suitable remedies. A slight cathartic, also, is often serviceable. In case of illness from improper food, or excess in eating, , for one or two meals, to give the system time and chance to relieve itself, is the safest remedy. Sometimes, a gentle cathartic may be needful; but it is best first to try fasting. fasting The following extract from a discourse of Dr. Burne, before the London Medical Society, contains important information. "In civilized life, the causes, which are most generally and continually operating in the production of diseases, are, affections of the mind, improper diet, and retention of the intestinal excretions. The undue retention of excrementitious matter, allows of the absorption of its more liquid parts, which is a cause of great impurity to the blood, and the excretions, thus rendered hard and knotty, act more or less as extraneous substances, and, by their irritation, produce a determination of blood to the intestines and to the neighboring viscera, which ultimately ends in inflammation. It also has a great effect on the whole system; causes a determination of blood to the head, which oppresses the brain and dejects the mind; deranges the functions of the stomach; causes flatulency; and produces a general state of discomfort." Dr. Combe remarks, on this subject, "In the natural and healthy state, under a proper system of diet, and with sufficient exercise, the bowels are relieved regularly, once every day." "is powerful in modifying the result, and in sustaining healthy action when once fairly established. Hence the obvious advantage of observing as much regularity, in relieving the system, as in taking our meals." It is often the case that soliciting Nature at a regular period, once a day, will remedy constipation, without medicine, and induce a regular and healthy state of the bowels. "When,[Pg 236] however, as most frequently happens, the constipation arises from the absence of all assistance from the abdominal and respiratory muscles, the first step to be taken, is, again to solicit their aid; first, by removing all impediments to free respiration, such as stays, waistbands and belts; secondly, by resorting to such active exercises, as shall call the muscles into full and regular action; and, lastly, by proportioning the quantity of food to the wants of the system, and the condition of the digestive organs. If we employ these means, systematically and perseveringly, we shall rarely fail in at last restoring the healthy action of the bowels, with little aid from medicine. But if we neglect these modes, we may go on, for years, adding pill to pill, and dose to dose, without ever attaining the end at which we aim." There is no point, in which a woman needs more knowledge and discretion, than in administering remedies for what seem slight attacks, which are not supposed to require the attention of a physician. It is little realized, that purgative drugs are unnatural modes of stimulating the internal organs, tending to exhaust them of their secretions, and to debilitate and disturb the animal economy. For this reason, they should be used as little as possible; and fasting, and perspiration, and the other methods pointed out, should always be first resorted to. When medicine must be given, it should be borne in mind, that there are various classes of purgatives, which produce very diverse effects. Some, like salts, operate to thin the blood, and reduce the system; others are stimulating; and others have a peculiar operation on certain organs. Of course, great discrimination and knowledge is needed, in order to select the kind, which is suitable to the particular disease, or to the particular constitution of the invalid. This shows the folly of using the many kinds of pills, and other quack medicines, where no knowledge can be had of their composition. Pills which are good for one kind of disease, might operate as poison in another state of the system. It is wise to keep always on hand some simple cathartic, for family use, in slight attacks; and always to resort to medical advice, whenever powerful remedies seem to be demanded. It is very common, in cases of colds which affect the lungs or throat, to continue to try one dose after another, for relief. It will be well to bear in mind, at such times, that all which goes into the stomach, must be first absorbed into the blood, before it can reach the diseased part; and that there is some danger of injuring the stomach, or other parts of the system, by such a variety of doses, many of which, it is probable, will be directly contradictory in their nature, and thus neutralize any supposed benefit they might separately impart. Habit [Q] It is very unwise, to tempt the appetite of a person who is indisposed. The cessation of appetite is the warning of Nature, that the system is in such a state, that food cannot be digested. The following suggestions may be found useful, in regard to nursing the sick. As nothing contributes more to the restoration of health, than pure air, it should be a primary object, to keep a sick-room well ventilated. At least twice in the twenty-four hours, the patient should be well covered, and fresh air freely admitted from out of doors. After this, if need be, the room should be restored to a proper temperature, by the aid of a fire. Bedding and clothing should also be well aired, and frequently changed; as the exhalations from the body, in sickness, are peculiarly deleterious. Frequent ablutions, of the whole body, if possible, are very useful; and for these, warm water may be employed. The following, are useful directions for dressing a blister. Spread thinly, on a linen cloth, an ointment, composed of one third of beeswax to two thirds of tallow; lay this upon a linen cloth, folded many times. With a sharp pair of scissors, make an aperture in the lower part of the bag of water, with a little hole, above, to give it vent. Break the raised skin as little as possible. Lay on the cloth, spread as directed. The blister, at first, should be dressed as often as three times in a day, and the dressing renewed each time. A sick-room should always be kept very neat, and in perfect order; and all haste, noise, and bustle, should be avoided. In order to secure neatness, order, and quiet, in case of long illness, the following arrangements should be made. Keep a large box for fuel, which will need to be filled only twice in twenty-four hours. Provide, also, and keep in the room, or an adjacent closet, a small teakettle, a saucepan, a pail of water, for drinks and ablutions, a pitcher, a covered porringer, two pint bowls, two tumblers, two cups and saucers, two wine glasses, two large and two small spoons; also, a dish in which to wash these articles; a good supply of towels, and a broom. Keep a slop-bucket, near by, to receive the wash of the room. Procuring all these articles at once, will save much noise and confusion. Whenever medicine or food is given, spread a clean towel over the person or bedclothing, and get a clean handkerchief, as nothing is more annoying to a weak stomach, than the stickiness and soiling produced by medicine and food. Keep the fireplace neat, and always wash all articles, and put them in order, as soon as they are out of use. A sick person has nothing to do, but look about the room; and when every thing is neat and in order, a feeling of comfort is induced, while disorder, filth, and neglect, are constant objects of annoyance, which, if not complained of, are yet felt. Always prepare food for the sick, in the neatest and most careful manner. It is in sickness, that the senses of smell and taste are most susceptible of annoyance; and often, little mistakes or negligences, in preparing food, will take away all appetite. Food for the sick, should be cooked on coals, that no smoke may have access to it; and great care must be taken, to prevent any adherence to the bottom, as this always gives a disagreeable taste. Keeping clean handkerchiefs and towels at hand, cooling the pillows, sponging the hands with water, swabbing the mouth with a clean linen rag, on the end of a stick, are modes of increasing the comfort of the sick. Always throw a shawl over a sick person, when raised up. Be careful to understand a physician's directions, and . If it be supposed that any other person knows better about the case, than the physician, dismiss the physician, and employ that person in his stead. to obey them implicitly In nursing the sick, always speak gently and cheeringly; and, while you express sympathy for their pain and trials, stimulate them to bear all with fortitude, and with resignation to Him who has appointed the trial. Offer to read the Bible, or other devotional books, whenever it is suitable, and will not be deemed obtrusive. It is always best to consult the physician, as to where medicines shall be purchased, and to show the articles to him before using them, as great impositions are practised in selling old, useless, and adulterated drugs. Always put labels on vials of medicine, and keep them out of the reach of children. Be careful to label all powders, and particularly all ; as many poisonous medicines, in this form, are easily mistaken for others which are harmless. white powders About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Catharine Esther Beecher (2007). A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21829/pg21829-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ON THE CARE OF THE SICK.

MRS. HURTLE AT LOWESTOFT

Phineas Redux by Anthony Trollope, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . "PURITY OF MORALS, FINN." here "PURITY OF MORALS, FINN." Mr. Quintus Slide was now, as formerly, the editor of the People's Banner, but a change had come over the spirit of his dream. His newspaper was still the People's Banner, and Mr. Slide still professed to protect the existing rights of the people, and to demand new rights for the people. But he did so as a Conservative. He had watched the progress of things, and had perceived that duty called upon him to be the organ of Mr. Daubeny. This duty he performed with great zeal, and with an assumption of consistency and infallibility which was charming. No doubt the somewhat difficult task of veering round without inconsistency, and without flaw to his infallibility, was eased by Mr. Daubeny's newly-declared views on Church matters. The People's Banner could still be a genuine People's Banner in reference to ecclesiastical policy. And as that was now the subject mainly discussed by the newspapers, the change made was almost entirely confined to the lauding of Mr. Daubeny instead of Mr. Turnbull. Some other slight touches were no doubt necessary. Mr. Daubeny was the head of the Conservative party in the kingdom, and though Mr. Slide himself might be of all men in the kingdom the most democratic, or even the most destructive, still it was essential that Mr. Daubeny's organ should support the Conservative party all round. It became Mr. Slide's duty to speak of men as heaven-born patriots whom he had designated a month or two since as bloated aristocrats and leeches fattened on the blood of the people. Of course remarks were made by his brethren of the press,—remarks which were intended to be very unpleasant. One evening newspaper took the trouble to divide a column of its own into double columns, printing on one side of the inserted line remarks made by the People's Banner in September respecting the Duke of ——, and the Marquis of ——, and Sir —— ——, which were certainly very harsh; and on the other side remarks equally laudatory as to the characters of the same titled politicians. But a journalist, with the tact and experience of Mr. Quintus Slide, knew his business too well to allow himself to be harassed by any such small stratagem as that. He did not pause to defend himself, but boldly attacked the meanness, the duplicity, the immorality, the grammar, the paper, the type, and the wife of the editor of the evening newspaper. In the storm of wind in which he rowed it was unnecessary for him to defend his own conduct. "And then," said he at the close of a very virulent and successful article, "the hirelings of —— dare to accuse me of inconsistency!" The readers of the People's Banner all thought that their editor had beaten his adversary out of the field. Mr. Quintus Slide was certainly well adapted for his work. He could edit his paper with a clear appreciation of the kind of matter which would best conduce to its success, and he could write telling leading articles himself. He was indefatigable, unscrupulous, and devoted to his paper. Perhaps his great value was shown most clearly in his distinct appreciation of the low line of public virtue with which his readers would be satisfied. A highly-wrought moral strain would he knew well create either disgust or ridicule. "If there is any beastliness I 'ate it is 'igh-faluting," he has been heard to say to his underlings. The sentiment was the same as that conveyed in the "Point de zèle" of Talleyrand. "Let's 'ave no d——d nonsense," he said on another occasion, when striking out from a leading article a passage in praise of the patriotism of a certain public man. "Mr. Gresham is as good as another man, no doubt; what we want to know is whether he's along with us." Mr. Gresham was not along with Mr. Slide at present, and Mr. Slide found it very easy to speak ill of Mr. Gresham. Mr. Slide one Sunday morning called at the house of Mr. Bunce in Great Marlborough Street, and asked for Phineas Finn. Mr. Slide and Mr. Bunce had an old acquaintance with each other, and the editor was not ashamed to exchange a few friendly words with the law-scrivener before he was shown up to the member of Parliament. Mr. Bunce was an outspoken, eager, and honest politician,—with very little accurate knowledge of the political conditions by which he was surrounded, but with a strong belief in the merits of his own class. He was a sober, hardworking man, and he hated all men who were not sober and hardworking. He was quite clear in his mind that all nobility should be put down, and that all property in land should be taken away from men who were enabled by such property to live in idleness. What should be done with the land when so taken away was a question which he had not yet learnt to answer. At the present moment he was accustomed to say very hard words of Mr. Slide behind his back, because of the change which had been effected in the People's Banner, and he certainly was not the man to shrink from asserting in a person's presence aught that he said in his absence. "Well, Mr. Conservative Slide," he said, stepping into the little back parlour, in which the editor was left while Mrs. Bunce went up to learn whether the member of Parliament would receive his visitor. "None of your chaff, Bunce." "We have enough of your chaff, anyhow; don't we, Mr. Slide? I still sees the Banner, Mr. Slide,—most days; just for the joke of it." "As long as you take it, Bunce, I don't care what the reason is." "I suppose a heditor's about the same as a Cabinet Minister. You've got to keep your place;—that's about it, Mr. Slide." "We've got to tell the people who's true to 'em. Do you believe that Gresham 'd ever have brought in a Bill for doing away with the Church? Never;—not if he'd been Prime Minister till doomsday. What you want is progress." "That's about it, Mr. Slide." "And where are you to get it? Did you ever hear that a rose by any other name 'd smell as sweet? If you can get progress from the Conservatives, and you want progress, why not go to the Conservatives for it? Who repealed the corn laws? Who gave us 'ousehold suffrage?" "I think I've been told all that before, Mr. Slide; them things weren't given by no manner of means, as I look at it. We just went in and took 'em. It was hall a haccident whether it was Cobden or Peel, Gladstone or Disraeli, as was the servants we employed to do our work. But Liberal is Liberal, and Conservative is Conservative. What are you, Mr. Slide, to-day?" "If you'd talk of things, Bunce, which you understand, you would not talk quite so much nonsense." At this moment Mrs. Bunce entered the room, perhaps preventing a quarrel, and offered to usher Mr. Slide up to the young member's room. Phineas had not at first been willing to receive the gentleman, remembering that when they had last met the intercourse had not been pleasant,—but he knew that enmities are foolish things, and that it did not become him to perpetuate a quarrel with such a man as Mr. Quintus Slide. "I remember him very well, Mrs. Bunce." "I know you didn't like him, Sir." "Not particularly." "No more don't I. No more don't Bunce. He's one of them as 'd say a'most anything for a plate of soup and a glass of wine. That's what Bunce says." "It won't hurt me to see him." "No, sir; it won't hurt you. It would be a pity indeed if the likes of him could hurt the likes of you." And so Mr. Quintus Slide was shown up into the room. The first greeting was very affectionate, at any rate on the part of the editor. He grasped the young member's hand, congratulated him on his seat, and began his work as though he had never been all but kicked out of that very same room by its present occupant. "Now you want to know what I'm come about; don't you?" "No doubt I shall hear in good time, Mr. Slide." "It's an important matter;—and so you'll say when you do hear. And it's one in which I don't know whether you'll be able to see your way quite clear." "I'll do my best, if it concerns me." "It does." So saying, Mr. Slide, who had seated himself in an arm-chair by the fireside opposite to Phineas, crossed his legs, folded his arms on his breast, put his head a little on one side, and sat for a few moments in silence, with his eyes fixed on his companion's face. "It does concern you, or I shouldn't be here. Do you know Mr. Kennedy,—the Right Honourable Robert Kennedy, of Loughlinter, in Scotland?" "I do know Mr. Kennedy." "And do you know Lady Laura Kennedy, his wife?" "Certainly I do." "So I supposed. And do you know the Earl of Brentford, who is, I take it, father to the lady in question?" "Of course I do. You know that I do." For there had been a time in which Phineas had been subjected to the severest censure which the People's Banner could inflict upon him, because of his adherence to Lord Brentford, and the vials of wrath had been poured out by the hands of Mr. Quintus Slide himself. "Very well. It does not signify what I know or what I don't. Those preliminary questions I have been obliged to ask as my justification for coming to you on the present occasion. Mr. Kennedy has I believe been greatly wronged." "I am not prepared to talk about Mr. Kennedy's affairs," said Phineas gravely. "But unfortunately he is prepared to talk about them. That's the rub. He has been ill-used, and he has come to the People's Banner for redress. Will you have the kindness to cast your eye down that slip?" Whereupon the editor handed to Phineas a long scrap of printed paper, amounting to about a column and a half of the People's Banner, containing a letter to the editor dated from Loughlinter, and signed Robert Kennedy at full length. "You don't mean to say that you're going to publish this," said Phineas before he had read it. "Why not?" "The man is a madman." "There's nothing in the world easier than calling a man mad. It's what we do to dogs when we want to hang them. I believe Mr. Kennedy has the management of his own property. He is not too mad for that. But just cast your eye down and read it." Phineas did cast his eye down, and read the whole letter;—nor as he read it could he bring himself to believe that the writer of it would be judged to be mad from its contents. Mr. Kennedy had told the whole story of his wrongs, and had told it well,—with piteous truthfulness, as far as he himself knew and understood the truth. The letter was almost simple in its wailing record of his own desolation. With a marvellous absence of reticence he had given the names of all persons concerned. He spoke of his wife as having been, and being, under the influence of Mr. Phineas Finn;—spoke of his own former friendship for that gentleman, who had once saved his life when he fell among thieves, and then accused Phineas of treachery in betraying that friendship. He spoke with bitter agony of the injury done him by the Earl, his wife's father, in affording a home to his wife, when her proper home was at Loughlinter. And then declared himself willing to take the sinning woman back to his bosom. "That she had sinned is certain," he said; "I do not believe she has sinned as some sin; but, whatever be her sin, it is for a man to forgive as he hopes for forgiveness." He expatiated on the absolute and almost divine right which it was intended that a husband should exercise over his wife, and quoted both the Old and New Testament in proof of his assertions. And then he went on to say that he appealed to public sympathy, through the public press, because, owing to some gross insufficiency in the laws of extradition, he could not call upon the magistracy of a foreign country to restore to him his erring wife. But he thought that public opinion, if loudly expressed, would have an effect both upon her and upon her father, which his private words could not produce. "I wonder very greatly that you should put such a letter as that into type," said Phineas when he had read it all. "Why shouldn't we put it into type?" "You don't mean to say that you'll publish it." "Why shouldn't we publish it?" "It's a private quarrel between a man and his wife. What on earth have the public got to do with that?" "Private quarrels between gentlemen and ladies have been public affairs for a long time past. You must know that very well." "When they come into court they are." "In court and out of court! The morale of our aristocracy,—what you call the Upper Ten,—would be at a low ebb indeed if the public press didn't act as their guardians. Do you think that if the Duke of —— beats his wife black and blue, nothing is to be said about it unless the Duchess brings her husband into court? Did you ever know of a separation among the Upper Ten, that wasn't handled by the press one way or the other? It's my belief that there isn't a peer among 'em all as would live with his wife constant, if it was not for the press;—only some of the very old ones, who couldn't help themselves." "And you call yourself a Conservative?" "Never mind what I call myself. That has nothing to do with what we're about now. You see that letter, Finn. There is nothing little or dirty about us. We go in for morals and purity of life, and we mean to do our duty by the public without fear or favour. Your name is mentioned there in a manner that you won't quite like, and I think I am acting uncommon kind by you in showing it to you before we publish it." Phineas, who still held the slip in his hand, sat silent thinking of the matter. He hated the man. He could not endure the feeling of being called Finn by him without showing his resentment. As regarded himself, he was thoroughly well inclined to kick Mr. Slide and his Banner into the street. But he was bound to think first of Lady Laura. Such a publication as this, which was now threatened, was the misfortune which the poor woman dreaded more than any other. He, personally, had certainly been faultless in the matter. He had never addressed a word of love to Mr. Kennedy's wife since the moment in which she had told him that she was engaged to marry the Laird of Loughlinter. Were the letter to be published he could answer it, he thought, in such a manner as to defend himself and her without damage to either. But on her behalf he was bound to prevent this publicity if it could be prevented;—and he was bound also, for her sake, to allow himself to be called Finn by this most obnoxious editor. "In the ordinary course of things, Finn, it will come out to-morrow morning," said the obnoxious editor. "Every word of it is untrue," said Phineas. "You say that, of course." "And I should at once declare myself willing to make such a statement on oath. It is a libel of the grossest kind, and of course there would be a prosecution. Both Lord Brentford and I would be driven to that." "We should be quite indifferent. Mr. Kennedy would hold us harmless. We're straightforward. My showing it to you would prove that." "What is it you want, Mr. Slide?" "Want! You don't suppose we want anything. If you think that the columns of the People's Banner are to be bought, you must have opinions respecting the press of the day which make me pity you as one grovelling in the very dust. The daily press of London is pure and immaculate. That is, the morning papers are. Want, indeed! What do you think I want?" "I have not the remotest idea." "Purity of morals, Finn;—punishment for the guilty;—defence for the innocent;—support for the weak;—safety for the oppressed;—and a rod of iron for the oppressors!" "But that is a libel." "It's very heavy on the old Earl, and upon you, and upon Lady Laura;—isn't it?" "It's a libel,—as you know. You tell me that purity of morals can be supported by such a publication as this! Had you meant to go on with it, you would hardly have shown it to me." "You're in the wrong box there, Finn. Now I'll tell you what we'll do,—on behalf of what I call real purity. We'll delay the publication if you'll undertake that the lady shall go back to her husband." "The lady is not in my hands." "She's under your influence. You were with her over at Dresden not much more than a month ago. She'd go sharp enough if you told her." "You never made a greater mistake in your life." "Say that you'll try." "I certainly will not do so." "Then it goes in to-morrow," said Mr. Quintus Slide, stretching out his hand and taking back the slip. "What on earth is your object?" "Morals! Morals! We shall be able to say that we've done our best to promote domestic virtue and secure forgiveness for an erring wife. You've no notion, Finn, in your mind of what will soon be the hextent of the duties, privileges, and hinfluences of the daily press;—the daily morning press, that is; for I look on those little evening scraps as just so much paper and ink wasted. You won't interfere, then?" "Yes, I will;—if you'll give me time. Where is Mr. Kennedy?" "What has that to do with it? Do you write over to Lady Laura and the old lord and tell them that if she'll undertake to be at Loughlinter within a month this shall be suppressed. Will you do that?" "Let me first see Mr. Kennedy." Mr. Slide thought a while over that matter. "Well," said he at last, "you can see Kennedy if you will. He came up to town four or five days ago, and he's staying at an hotel in Judd Street." "An hotel in Judd Street?" "Yes;—Macpherson's in Judd Street. I suppose he likes to keep among the Scotch. I don't think he ever goes out of the house, and he's waiting in London till this thing is published." "I will go and see him," said Phineas. "I shouldn't wonder if he murdered you;—but that's between you and him." "Just so." "And I shall hear from you?" "Yes," said Phineas, hesitating as he made the promise. "Yes, you shall hear from me." "We've got our duty to do, and we mean to do it. If we see that we can induce the lady to go back to her husband, we shall habstain from publishing, and virtue will be its own reward. I needn't tell you that such a letter as that would sell a great many copies, Finn." Then, at last, Mr. Slide arose and departed. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (2006). Phineas Redux. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18640/pg18640-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

"PURITY OF MORALS, FINN."

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