Not for the faint of heart, Anne Hathaway&#x27;s red dress came with peek-a-boo cut-outs and a flattering bodycon fit

Anne Hathaway's Traffic-stopping Red Versace Dress Needs to Be on Your Wishlist

Donatella Versace dressed six celebrities for the 2024 Vanity Fair Oscar Party.

Versace @ 2024 Vanity Fair Oscar Party

America Ferrera, stylist Karla Welch, and Donatella Versace detail how the actor&#x27;s memorable 2024 Oscars look came to be.

How America Ferrera's Pink Versace Oscars Gown Served as a "Bye to 'Barbie'"

Margot Robbie ended her big Barbie award season run with one last red carpet look. Robbie wore a black sequined Versace gown on the Academy Awards red carpet tonight. She accessorized with a gold bangle and ring · Robbie has paid tribute to Barbie by channeling different iterations of the ...

Margot Robbie Forgoes Barbie Colors in a Black Versace Gown at the 2024 Oscars

The Barbie star wore a dress by Versace · Ahead of the Oscars on Sunday night, the only prediction fashion fans had thought they could make with some certainty was that Margot Robbie, star and producer of the £1 billion-grossing film Barbie, would wear hot pink

Margot Robbie wears funereal black Versace dress, Oscars 2024

Fashion Industry News, Designers, Runway Shows, Style Advice

Margot Robbie Mourns the End of Her 'Barbie' Era in Black Versace at the 
2024 Oscars

Margot Robbie wrapped up awards season with a brown Versace dress, putting Barbie pink behind her, at the 2024 Oscars. See her red carpet outfit here.

Margot Robbie Retires Barbie Pink for Brown Versace Gown at 2024 Oscars — and We Have a Guess as to Why

According to Donatella Versace, the best actor winner “understands and appreciates every stitch.”

Cillian Murphy’s Oscars Tux Had a Nod to His Native Ireland | GQ

Aside from her natural-looking Chanel blush and lipstick, the star and her stylist Andrew Mukamal opted not to arrive in the rose hue.

Margot Robbie's Final 'Barbie'-Inspired Look by Versace Was Free of Barbiecore Pink at the Oscars

HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA - MARCH 10: America Ferrera attends the 96th Annual Academy Awards on March 10, 2024 in Hollywood, California. (Photo by JC Olivera/Getty Images)

America Ferrera in Versace | Go Fug Yourself Go Fug Yourself

Versasec

versasec

SEC v. Ripple Court Filing, retrieved on July 13, 2023 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This part is 17 of 18. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here DISCUSSION II. Analysis C. Larsen’s and Garlinghouse’s Aiding and Abetting of Ripple’s Violations The SEC also moves for summary judgment on its aiding and abetting claim against Larsen and Garlinghouse. See SEC Mem. at 66. To establish liability for aiding and abetting a securities violation, the SEC must show: (1) the existence of a securities law violation by the primary (as opposed to the aiding and abetting) party; (2) knowledge of this violation on the part of the aider and abettor; and (3) substantial assistance by the aider and abettor in the achievement of the primary violation. SEC v. Apuzzo, 689 F.3d 204, 206 (2d Cir. 2012) (cleaned up). Courts cannot consider the three requirements in isolation from one another because “[s]atisfaction of the knowledge requirement will depend on the theory of primary liability, and there may be a nexus between the degree of knowledge and the requirement that the alleged aider and abettor render substantial assistance.” SEC v. Espuelas, 905 F. Supp. 2d 507, 517 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting SEC v. DiBella, 587 F.3d 553, 566 (2d Cir. 2009)). Indeed, courts have found that “‘[a] high degree of substantial assistance may lessen the SEC’s burden in proving scienter’ and vice versa.” SEC v. Wey, 246 F. Supp. 3d 894, 928 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (quoting Apuzzo, 689 F.3d at 215). As to the first requirement, the Court has already held that Ripple’s Institutional Sales constituted the unregistered offer and sale of investment contracts in violation of Section 5 of the Securities Act. See supra § II.B.1. With respect to the second requirement, to show knowledge of Ripple’s violations, the SEC must demonstrate Larsen’s and Garlinghouse’s “general awareness of their overall role in Ripple’s illegal scheme.” MTD Order at 15; see SEC v. Yorkville Advisors, LLC, 305 F. Supp. 3d 486, 511 (S.D.N.Y. 2018); Dodd-Frank Wall St. Reform & Consumer Protection Act, Pub. L. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376, § 929O (2010) (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78t(e)). The SEC need not demonstrate that Larsen and Garlinghouse were aware that Ripple’s transactions and schemes were illegal. See SEC v. Mattessich, 407 F. Supp. 3d 264, 272–73 (S.D.N.Y. 2019). Rather, the SEC must show that Larsen and Garlinghouse knew, or recklessly disregarded, the facts that made Ripple’s transactions and schemes illegal under statutory and caselaw. See id Based on the record, Defendants have raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Larsen and Garlinghouse knew or recklessly disregarded the facts that made Ripple’s scheme illegal. See MTD Order at 15. It is not clear whether Larsen and Garlinghouse knew or recklessly disregarded that securities laws, rather than laws under other regulatory regimes, applied to XRP. For instance, Larsen and Garlinghouse testified that they did not believe XRP was a security because multiple foreign regulators, including regulators in Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom, had determined that XRP was not a security. SEC Add. 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 1744, 1782. Larsen and Garlinghouse also stated that when the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Treasury Department’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network labeled XRP a “virtual currency” in 2015, they understood this as an “official United States government declaration that XRP [was] a currency” and “exempt from [U.S.] securities laws.” Id. ¶¶ 1734, 1759–60. Larsen further testified that he understood the 2018 speech by the then-Director of the SEC Division of Corporate Finance, Bill Hinman—in which he stated that neither bitcoin nor ether (another digital asset) were securities—to further reinforce the SEC’s position that XRP was not a security. See id. ¶¶ 1742–43. The October 2012 Perkins Coie memorandum, which Larsen reviewed, advises, “[a]lthough we believe that a compelling argument can be made that [XRP tokens] do not constitute ‘securities’ under the federal securities laws, given the lack of applicable [caselaw], we believe that there is some risk, albeit small, that the [SEC] disagrees with our analysis.” Defs. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 993; see ECF No. 846-30 at 6. Larsen testified that after receiving the memorandum, Ripple took specific steps to ensure compliance with the advice contained within the memorandum. Defs. 56.1 Resp. ¶ 1730. Likewise, Defendants have raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Larsen and Garlinghouse knew or recklessly disregarded facts about each of the Howey elements. For example, Defendants have adduced evidence that Larsen and Garlinghouse did not know that Ripple’s Institutional Sales of XRP satisfied the Howey “common enterprise” element because they did not believe that the proceeds from the sales were pooled and understood that Ripple did not manage, operate, or control the XRP Ledger or the broader “XRP ecosystem.” See id. ¶¶ 1748–50. Based on the disputed facts in the record, therefore, a reasonable juror could find that Larsen and Garlinghouse did not know or recklessly disregard Ripple’s Section 5 violations. See Apuzzo, 689 F.3d at 206. As to the third requirement, Defendants concede that Larsen, as Ripple’s CEO prior to 2017, provided substantial assistance, and Garlinghouse, after becoming Ripple’s CEO in January 2017, provided substantial assistance. See Defs. Opp. at 71. However, Larsen claims that he did not provide substantial assistance during his time as Executive Chairman of Ripple’s Board, starting in 2017. See id. To satisfy the substantial assistance component of aiding and abetting, the “SEC must show that the defendant in some sort associated himself with the venture, that he participated in it as in something that he wished to bring about, and that he sought by his action to make it succeed.” Apuzzo, 689 F.3d at 206 (cleaned up). In other words, the defendant must “consciously assist the commission of the specific crime in some active way.” SEC v. Mudd, 885 F. Supp. 2d 654, 670–71 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (cleaned up). Here, Larsen has raised a triable issue of material fact as to whether he provided “substantial assistance” beginning in 2017. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. The record establishes that, starting in 2017, Larsen moved away from a day-to-day operational role at Ripple. See SEC Add. 56.1 Resp. ¶¶ 1722–29. But after he stepped down as CEO, Larsen also continued his role on the XRP Sales Committee, which approved Ripple’s sales of XRP. See Defs. 56.1 Resp. Part 2 ¶ 1099, ECF No. 835-1. The Court concludes, therefore, that a reasonable jury could find that, starting in 2017, Larsen did not “consciously assist [Ripple’s Section 5 violations] in some active way.” Mudd, 885 F. Supp. 2d at 670–71 (cleaned up). Accordingly, the SEC’s motion for summary judgment on the aiding and abetting claim against Larsen and Garlinghouse is DENIED. Continue Reading . here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 1:20-cv-10832-AT-SN retrieved on September 7, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. dropbox

SEC v. Ripple: Court Strikes Down SEC's Charge Against Ripple Founders

In the world of high fashion, few names resonate as strongly as Versace. While the brand itself has become synonymous with opulence and luxury, one name within its legacy stands out prominently – Donatella Versace. Beyond the shimmering fabrics and iconic designs, Donatella's life story unfolds as a testament to resilience, creativity, and the intersection of personal struggles with professional success. Donatella Versace: A Fashion Icon's Journey: Donatella Versace, born on May 2, 1955, in Reggio Calabria, Italy, was thrust into the limelight when her brother Gianni Versace founded the eponymous fashion house in 1978. Initially, she played a supporting role, contributing to the design process and managing the public relations aspect of the brand. However, tragedy struck in 1997 when Gianni was tragically murdered, leaving Donatella to step into the role of the creative force behind the fashion empire. Donatella's design aesthetic has been defined by boldness, sensuality, and a keen eye for innovation. Her creations often blur the lines between fashion and art, reflecting her fearless approach to design. From iconic red carpet gowns to cutting-edge ready-to-wear collections, Donatella's imprint on the fashion industry is indelible. Mental Health Struggles and Resilience: Behind the glamorous facade, Donatella Versace has openly discussed her struggles with mental health. The intense pressure of leading one of the world's most influential fashion houses, coupled with the grief from her brother's death, took a toll on her well-being. In interviews, Donatella has shared her journey of overcoming addiction, finding strength in vulnerability, and using her experiences to advocate for mental health awareness. Donatella's openness about her mental health challenges has shattered the stereotype that success in the fashion industry comes without personal costs. By sharing her story, she has become a beacon of hope for those grappling with similar issues, proving that vulnerability and strength are not mutually exclusive. Fashion as a Therapeutic Outlet: For Donatella Versace, fashion isn't just a career; it's a therapeutic outlet and a form of self-expression. Through her designs, she has channeled her emotions, creating pieces that resonate with power, resilience, and the beauty of overcoming adversity. The bold colors, intricate patterns, and daring silhouettes in her collections are not just fashion statements; they are declarations of strength and triumph over personal struggles. Mental Health Advocacy: Donatella Versace's journey through mental health challenges has also led her to become a vocal advocate for mental health awareness. She has used her platform to destigmatize mental health issues, encouraging open conversations and promoting understanding. In 2018, she collaborated with Lady Gaga on the "Versace on the Floor" campaign, . which aimed to raise funds for Gaga's Born This Way Foundation, which focused on mental health support Donatella Versace's life is a captivating narrative of resilience, creativity, and the intricate dance between personal struggles and professional triumphs. Through her contributions to the fashion world and her candid discussions about mental health, she has become a symbol of strength and authenticity. Donatella Versace's legacy is not only stitched into the fabric of high fashion but also etched into the ongoing conversation about mental health, reminding us that even in the glitzy world of couture, humanity remains at the core. Also published . here

Resilience in Couture: Donatella Versace's Journey Through Fashion and Mental Health

JWT stands for , and it is an authorization mechanism, not authentication. So let’s figure out what the difference between those two. JSON Web Token is the mechanism that allows verifying that the user is exactly the one he claims to be. It is a login process where a user provides a username and password, and the system verifies them. So authentication answers the question: who is the user? Authentication is the mechanism that allows verification of which access rights the user has to a certain resource.  It is a process of granting users some roles and a set of permissions a particular role has. So, authorization answers that question: what rights does the user have in the system? Authorization It is important to understand that Authentication always comes first and Authorization is second. In other words, you can’t get permission before you verify your identity. But what are the most popular authorization methods? There are two main approaches to handling authorization for the web application. Sessions A traditional approach on the web for authorization users is a cookie-based server-side session. The process starts when a user logs in and a server authenticates him. After that, the server creates a session with a Session ID and stores it somewhere in the server’s memory. The server sends back Session ID to the client and the client stores the Session ID in cookies. For every request, the client sends a Session ID as a part of the request, and the server verifies the Session ID in its memory and the user’s permissions related to this session. Tokens Another popular approach is using tokens for authorization. The process starts similarly when a user enters login, and passwords and a client sends a login request to a server. Instead of creating a session, the server generates a token signed with the secret token. Then, the server sends the token back to the client, and the client has to store it in a local storage. Similar to the session-based approach, the client has to send a token to the server for every request. However, the server does not store any additional information about the user session. The server has to validate that the token has not changed since it was created and signed with the secret key. Session vs Token Session-based authorization approach can be vulnerable to an attack known as Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF). It is a kind of attack when the attacker points to a site they are logged into to perform actions they didn’t intend to, like submitting a payment or changing a password. Another thing is that when using a session-based authorization approach creates a stateful session between a client and server. The problem is if a client wants to access different servers in the scope of the same application, those servers have to share a session state. In another case, the client will need to be authorized on each server since the session is going to be different. On the other hand, the token-based authorization approach does not require storing session data on the server side and may simplify authorization between multiple servers. However, tokens can still be stolen by an attacker and it also can be difficult to invalidate tokens. We will see the details and how to handle invalidation further in this article. JWT JSON Web Token (JWT) is an open standard that defines a compact and self-contained way for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object. This information can be verified and trusted because it is digitally signed. JWTs can be signed using a secret (with the algorithm) or a public/private key pair using or . HMAC RSA ECDSA JWT structure JSON Web Tokens consist of three parts separated by dots . Header {
  "alg": "HS256",
  "typ": "JWT"
} The header usually consists of two parts: the type of token, and the signing algorithm being used. Payload {
  "sub": "1234567890",
  "name": "John Doe",
  "admin": true
} The payload contains the claims, which are statements about the user. The payload is then encoded to form the second part of the JSON Web Token. You can find a description of standard fields that are used as claims . Base64Url here Signature HMACSHA256(
  base64UrlEncode(header) + "." +
  base64UrlEncode(payload),
  secret) To create the signature part, you have to take the encoded header, the encoded payload, a secret, and the algorithm specified in the header and sign that. The token typically looks like the following: xxxxx.yyyyy.zzzzz You can navigate to and debug a sample token or your own. Just paste your token into the field and select the of the token signature. jwt.io Encoded Algorithm .NET project Now that we have theoretical knowledge of how JWT works, we can apply it to the real-life project. Let’s assume we have a simple API that represents CRUD operations for the coffee entity. We are going to create an ASP.NET Core API project that represents Coffee API. After that, we will create another ASP.NET Core API project that would represent an Identity API that could generate JWT. In real life, you would probably use or , or for Authentication/Authorization purposes. However, we would create our own Identity API to demonstrate how to generate JWT. When Identity API is done, we can call its controller and generate JWT based on the user’s data. Also, we can protect the Coffee API with an authorization configuration that requires passing JWT with each request. Identity Server Okta Auth0 Coffee API First, we are going to create a simple ASP.NET Core API project that represents Coffee API. Here is the structure of this project: Let’s start with the in the folder. It is a simple entity with an and a properties. Coffee.cs Model Id Name namespace Hackernoon.Coffee.API.Model;

public class Coffee
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
} We need to store our entities while working with the API. So, let’s introduce a simple in-memory storage. It is located in the file in the folder. Storage.cs Data namespace Hackernoon.Coffee.API.Data;

public static class Storage
{
    private static readonly List<Model.Coffee> Data = new();

    public static List<Model.Coffee> GetAll()
    {
        return Data;
    }
    
    public static bool Create(Model.Coffee model)
    {
        if (Data.Any(c => c.Id == model.Id || c.Name == model.Name))
            return false;
        
        Data.Add(new Model.Coffee
        {
            Id = model.Id, 
            Name = model.Name
        });

        return true;
    }
    
    public static bool Delete(int id)
    {
        if (Data.All(c => c.Id != id))
            return false;
        
        Data.Remove(Storage.Data.First(c => c.Id == id));
        return true;
    }
    
    public static bool Update(Model.Coffee model)
    {
        if (Data.All(c => c.Id != model.Id))
            return false;
        
        Data.First(c => c.Id == model.Id).Name = model.Name;
        return true;
    }
} We need a class that would represent requests to the Coffee API. So, let’s create in the folder. CoffeeRequest.cs Contracts namespace Hackernoon.Coffee.API.Contracts;

public class CoffeeRequest
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
} When it is done, we can implement in the folder that represents CRUD operations for the coffee entity. CoffeeController.cs Controller using Hackernoon.Coffee.API.Contracts;
using Hackernoon.Coffee.API.Data;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace Hackernoon.Coffee.API.Controllers;

[Route("coffee")]
[ApiController]
public class CoffeeController : ControllerBase
{
    [HttpGet]
    public IList<Model.Coffee> GetAll()
    {
        return Storage.GetAll();
    }
    
    [HttpPost]
    public IActionResult Create([FromBody]CoffeeRequest request)
    {
        var model = new Model.Coffee
        {
            Id = request.Id,
            Name = request.Name
        };

        if (!Storage.Create(model))
            return new BadRequestResult();

        return new OkResult();
    }

    [HttpDelete]
    public IActionResult Delete(int id)
    {
        if (!Storage.Delete(id))
            return new BadRequestResult();

        return new OkResult();
    }

    [HttpPut]
    public IActionResult Update([FromBody] CoffeeRequest request)
    {
        var model = new Model.Coffee()
        {
            Id = request.Id,
            Name = request.Name
        };
        
        if (!Storage.Update(model))
            return new BadRequestResult();

        return new OkResult();
    }
} Coffee API is done, and we can run the project and see Swagger UI as follows: Identity API Let’s create another ASP.NET Core API project that represents Identity API. Here is the structure of this project: Let’s start with the in folder, which represents the request for the generation of a new JWT with and properties. TokenGenerationRequest.cs Contracts Email Password namespace Hackernoon.Identity.API.Contracts;

public class TokenGenerationRequest
{
    public string Email { get; set; }
    public string Password { get; set; }
} We need to implement only that represents the logic of generation JWT. But before we do that NuGet package needs to be installed. TokenController.cs Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Text;
using Hackernoon.Identity.API.Contracts;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;

namespace Hackernoon.Identity.API.Controllers;

[Route("token")]
public class TokenController : ControllerBase
{
    private const string SecretKey = "VerySecretAndLongKey-NeedMoreSymbolsHere-123";
    private const string Issuer = "IdentityServerIssuer";
    private const string Audience = "IdentityServerClient";
    private static readonly TimeSpan Lifetime = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(20); 
        
    [HttpPost]
    public string Create([FromBody]TokenGenerationRequest request)
    {
        var claims = new List<Claim> {new Claim(ClaimTypes.Email, request.Email) };

        var jwt = new JwtSecurityToken(
            issuer: Issuer,
            audience: Audience,
            claims: claims,
            expires: DateTime.UtcNow.Add(Lifetime),
            signingCredentials: CreateSigningCredentials());
            
        return new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwt);
    }

    private static SigningCredentials CreateSigningCredentials()
    {
        return new SigningCredentials(
            new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(SecretKey)), 
            SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);
    }
} Note that sensitive const such as , , and have to be put somewhere in the configuration. They are hardcoded just for simplifying this test project. The field is set to 20 minutes, which means that the token will be valid for that time. You also might configure this parameter. SecretKey Issuer Audience Lifetime Now we can run the project and see Swagger UI as follows: Let’s make a call to the endpoint and generate a new JWT. Try the following payload: /token {
  "email": "john.doe@gmail.com",
  "password": "password"
} Identity API will generate the corresponding JWT: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9lbWFpbGFkZHJlc3MiOiJqb2huLmRvZUBnbWFpbC5jb20iLCJJc0dvdXJtZXQiOiJmYWxzZSIsImV4cCI6MTcwNzc4Mzk4MCwiaXNzIjoiSWRlbnRpdHlTZXJ2ZXJJc3N1ZXIiLCJhdWQiOiJJZGVudGl0eVNlcnZlckNsaWVudCJ9.4odXsbWak1C0uK3Ux-n7f58icYQQwlHjM54OjgMCVPM Enabling Authorization in Coffee API Now, when Identity API is ready and provides us with tokens, we can guard Coffee API with authorization. Again NuGet package needs to be installed. Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer We need to register the required services by authentication services. Add the following code to the file right after creating a builder. Program.cs var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
    .AddJwtBearer(options =>
    {
        options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
        {
            ValidateIssuer = true,
            ValidIssuer = "IdentityServerIssuer",
            ValidateAudience = true,
            ValidAudience = "IdentityServerClient",
            ValidateLifetime = true,
            IssuerSigningKey = 
                new SymmetricSecurityKey(
                    Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("VerySecretAndLongKey-NeedMoreSymbolsHere-123")),
            ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
        };
    });

builder.Services.AddAuthorization(); It is important to remember that order in middleware is important. We enable authentication by calling method and specifying as an authentication schema. It is a constant that contains a value. AddAuthentication() JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme Bearer namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer
{
  /// <summary>Default values used by bearer authentication.</summary>
  public static class JwtBearerDefaults
  {
    /// <summary>
    /// Default value for AuthenticationScheme property in the JwtBearerAuthenticationOptions
    /// </summary>
    public const string AuthenticationScheme = "Bearer";
  }
} We need to specify that describes which parameters of JWT will be validated during the authorization. We also specify similar to the in Identity API to verify the JWT signature. Check more details about . TokenValidationParameters IssuerSigningKey signingCredentials TokenValidationParameters here The next piece of code adds middleware to the builder that enables authentication and authorization capabilities. It should be added between the and methods. UseHttpsRedirection() MapControllers() app.UseHttpsRedirection();

app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();

app.MapControllers(); Now, we can use the attribute over the controller or its actions. By applying this code, now all the actions in are protected with an authorization mechanism, and JWT has to be sent as a part of the request. Authorize CoffeeController [Route("coffee")]
[ApiController]
[Authorize]
public class CoffeeController : ControllerBase
{
  .. If we make a call to any endpoint of the Coffee API, we can debug and see that it is populated and has an with claims we have specified in JWT. It is an important thing in understanding how ASP.NET Core handles Authorization under the hood. HttpContext.User Identity Add Authorization to Swagger UI We did great work to protect Coffee API with the authorization. But if you run the Coffee API project and open Swagger UI, you won’t be able to send JWT as a part of the request. To fix that, we need to update the file with the following code: Program.cs builder.Services.AddSwaggerGen(option =>
{
    option.AddSecurityDefinition("Bearer", new OpenApiSecurityScheme
    {
        In = ParameterLocation.Header,
        Description = "Please enter a valid token",
        Name = "Authorization",
        Type = SecuritySchemeType.Http,
        BearerFormat = "JWT",
        Scheme = "Bearer"
    });
    option.AddSecurityRequirement(new OpenApiSecurityRequirement
    {
        {
            new OpenApiSecurityScheme
            {
                Reference = new OpenApiReference
                {
                    Type=ReferenceType.SecurityScheme,
                    Id="Bearer"
                }
            },
            new string[]{}
        }
    });
}); After that, we will be able to see the button at the right top corner: Authorize When you click on the button you will be able to enter JWT as follows: Authorize Use Postman for testing You can not limit yourself to using Swagger UI and can perform testing of the API through the Postman tool. Let’s call endpoint of the Identity API first. We need to specify header with the value in the section since we are going to use JSON as a payload. /token Content-Type application/json Headers After that, we can call endpoint and get a new JWT. /token Now, we can copy JWT and use it to call Coffee API. We need to specify header similar to the Identity API if we want to test, create, and update endpoints. header also has to be set with the value . After that, just hit button and see the result. Content-Type Authorization Bearer [your JWT value] Send Role-based authorization As you remember, the payload part of JWT is a set of claims with values that are exactly key-value pairs. Role-based authorization allows you to differentiate access to application resources depending on the role to which the user belongs. If we update the method in the file in Identity API with the code that adds a new claim for the role; we can handle role-based authentication in the Coffee API. is a predefined name of the role claim. Create() TokenController.cs ClaimTypes.Role var claims = new List<Claim>
{
    new Claim(ClaimTypes.Email, request.Email),
    new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "Barista")
}; Update the attribute in the file specifying the role name: Authorize CoffeeController.cs [Authorize(Roles = "Barista")] Now, all users who make a call to Coffee API have to have the role claim with the value. Otherwise, they will get status code. Barista 403 Forbidden Claim-based authorization An attribute can easily handle role-based authentication. But what if it is not enough, and we want to differentiate access based on some user properties like age or any other? You have probably already guessed that you can add your claims to JWT and use them to build authorization logic. Role-based authorization itself is a special case of claims-based authorization, just as a role is the same claim object of a predefined type. Authorize Let’s update the method in the file in Identity API with the code that adds a new claim . Create() TokenController.cs IsGourmet var claims = new List<Claim>
{
    new Claim(ClaimTypes.Email, request.Email),
    new Claim("IsGourmet", "true")
}; In the Program.cs file in Coffee API, we need to create a policy that verifies a claim and can be used in the attribute. The following code has to be added right after the method call. Authorize AddAuthentication() builder.Services.AddAuthorization(opts => {
    opts.AddPolicy("OnlyForGourmet", policy => {
        policy.RequireClaim("IsGourmet", "true");
    });
}); Update the attribute in the file specifying the policy name: Authorize CoffeeController.cs [Authorize(Policy = "OnlyForGourmet")] Summary Congratulations! You made a great effort in learning JWT in .NET. Now, you have to have a solid understanding of JWT principles and why it is important to use it to perform authorization in .NET applications. But we just scratched the surface in the area of authentication and authorization in ASP.NET Core applications. I suggest looking into Microsoft documentation regarding the topics we discussed in this article. There are also a lot of built-in capabilities for authorization and role management in the .NET platform. A good addition to this article could be Microsoft about authorization. documentation

Why do you need JWT in your ASP.NET Core project?

কেন আপনার ASP.NET কোর প্রকল্পে JWT দরকার?

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THE CIONUS

The Life of the Weevil by Jean-Henri Fabre and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE IRIS-WEEVIL Chapter XIV. THE IRIS-WEEVIL Plants, with their fruits, have been and still are the main sustenance of mankind. The ancient Paradise of which the eastern legends tell us had no other food-resources. It was a delicious garden with cool rivulets and fruits of every kind, including the apple that was to be so fatal to us. On the other hand, from a very early period, our ills sought to obtain relief by the virtues of simples, virtues that were sometimes real and sometimes, indeed most frequently, imaginary. Our knowledge of plants is thus as old as our infirmities and our need of food. Our knowledge of insects, on the contrary, is quite recent. The ancients knew nothing of the lesser animals, did not even deign to glance at them. This disdain is by no means extinct. We are vaguely familiar with the work of the Bee and the Silk-worm; we have heard people speak of the industry of the Ant; we know that the Cicada sings, without having a very exact notion of the singer, who is confused with others; we have perhaps vouchsafed a careless glance to the splendours of the Butterflies; and with this, for [ ]the immense majority, entomology begins and ends. What layman would risk naming an insect, even one of the more remarkable? 236 The Provençal peasant, who is pretty quick at observing things that have to do with the land, has a dozen expressions at the very most to denominate indiscriminately the vast world of insects, though he possesses a very rich vocabulary by which to describe plants. This or that bit of weed which one would think was known only to the botanists is to him a familiar object and bears a special name of its own. Now the vegetarian insect is, as a rule, scrupulously faithful to its food-plant, so that, with botany and entomology going hand in hand, the beginner is spared many a hesitation. The plant exploited gives the name of the exploiting insect. Who, for instance, does not know the splendid yellow iris? The green cutlasses of its leaves and its yellow cluster of flowers are mirrored in the brooks. The pretty, green Tree-frog, swelling his throat into a bagpipe, sits and croaks in it at the approach of rain. Come nearer. On its trivalvular capsules, which the heat of June is beginning to ripen, we shall see a curious sight. Here, a restless company of thick-set, rusty-red Weevils are embracing, separating and coming together again. They are working with their beaks and are busy mating. This shall be our subject for to-day.[ ] 237 Our current language has not given them a name, but history has inflicted on them the fantastic appellation of Mononychus pseudo-acori, Fab. Literally interpreted and amplified, this means ‘the one-nailed insect of the mock acorus,’ acorus in its turn being derived from α, privative, and κόρη, the pupil of the eye. The grammarian’s scalpel, searching and dissecting the entrails of words, is liable, like the anatomist’s scalpel, to meet with strange adventures. Let us explain this scientific jargon, which at first sight seems utterly meaningless. The plant helpful to those without pupils—that is to say, the weak-sighted—is the acorus, or sweet flag, which the medical science of antiquity prescribed for certain affections of the eyes. Its sword-shaped leaves bear some resemblance to those of the yellow iris. Ours, therefore, is the false acorus, a deceptive image of the famous medicinal plant. As for the one nail, this is explained by the tarsi, the insect’s six fingers, each of which is armed with a single claw instead of the usual two. This strange exception certainly deserved to be pointed out; all the same, any one must prefer Iris-weevil to Mononychus pseudo-acori. Neglecting all pomp and ostentation, the everyday name does not topsy-turvify the mind and makes straight for the insect. In June, I pluck some stems of yellow iris surmounted by their bunch of capsules, which are [ ]already large and keep fresh and green for a long time. The exploiting Weevil goes with them. In captivity, under the trellis-work of a wire-gauze cover, the work proceeds just as it does beside the brook. Most of the insects, singly or in groups, stand at convenient points. With their rostrum plunged into the green hull, they sip and sup indefinitely. When they retire sated, a drop of gum oozes out which, after drying on the orifice of the well, marks the spot which they have drained. 238 Others are grazing. They attack the tender capsules and skin them almost down to the seeds. Despite their tiny size, they nibble gluttonously; when several of them are feasting together, they gnaw large areas; but they do not actually reach the seeds, the food reserved for the larvæ. Many of them stroll about, seem not to care for eating. They meet, tease one another for a moment and couple. I do not succeed in observing the method of laying, which, however, must be much the same as that of the other Weevils who use a sound. The mother apparently bores a well with her rostrum; she then turns and places the egg in position by means of her oviscapt. I have seen larvæ quite recently hatched. The vermin occupy the interior of a seed whose substance is becoming organized and beginning to grow firm. At the end of July, I open some capsules brought [ ]on the same day from the banks of the stream. In most of them the insect occurs in the three forms of larva, nymph and adult. Each of the three cells of the fruit contains a row of some fifteen seeds, flat and pressed tightly one against the other. The grub’s portion consists of three contiguous seeds. The one in the middle is entirely consumed, excepting the husk, which is too tough; the two at either end are simply bitten into. The result is a house with three rooms, the central one shaped like a ring, the two outer ones dug cup-wise. 239 With its fifteen seeds, each compartment of the fruit is therefore able to shelter five larvæ at most, providing them with a fitting ration and a detached villa which does not interfere with the neighbours. However, on the back of the capsule, we count, for each cell, about twenty perforations, the edge of which is marked by a little wart either of gum or of some brown substance. These are so many soundings made by the Weevil’s rostrum. Some of these have to do with the feeding: they are the refreshment-bars at which the colonists of the capsule have taken a snack. The others relate to the laying of the eggs and the placing of them, one by one, in the midst of the victuals. Outwardly there is nothing to distinguish the speck which marks a refreshment-bar from that which marks a cradle; therefore it is impossible, by merely counting the borings, to tell exactly how [ ]many eggs have been confided to the capsule. Let us strike an average. Of the twenty punctures in one shell, let us consider ten as relating to the eggs. These would be twice as many as the cell could feed. What then has become of the surplus? 240 Here we are reminded of the Weevil who scatters over her pea-pod an excessive number of eggs, out of all proportion to the provisions which it contains. In the same way, on the iris, the pregnant mother takes no stock of the rations; she peoples the already populated and fills the overflowing. Her procreative fury does not reckon with the future. Let those thrive who may. We can understand Verbascum thapsus allowing itself forty-eight thousand seeds when the germination of a single one would suffice to maintain the species: its distaff is a treasure-house of food by which a host of consumers will profit. But we cannot understand the Pea-weevil, the Iris-weevil and many others who, though not exposed to a serious thinning, nevertheless produce excessive families without taking into account the resources at their disposal. For lack of room on the seed-capsule of the iris, of the ten guests in one shell four or five at most will survive. As for the disappearance of the rest, we need not seek the cause in the massacring of rivals, though the struggle for existence is fruitful in such crimes. The Weevil’s grub is too pacific [ ]a creature to wring the neck of those which get in its way. I prefer the explanation which I gave in the case of the Pea-weevil. The late-comers, finding the best places taken, allow themselves to die without striving to dislodge the others. For those first installed, a plentiful board and life; for those which lag behind, famine and death. 241 In August the adults begin to appear outside the seed-pods of the iris. The larva has not the talent which the Pea-weevil’s grub possesses: it does not, by patient nibbling, make any sort of preparation for the exodus. It is the perfect insect itself that contrives the exit-way, which consists of a round hole bored through the tough husk of the seed and the thick wall of the fruit. Finally, in September, the capsules of the iris turn brown and the three valves become unfastened; the house threatens to fall to pieces. Before it becomes untenable, the last occupants hasten to clear out, each by its round window. They will spend the winter in the neighbourhood, under some kind of shelter; then, when spring returns and the iris is yellow with flowers, the colonizing of the capsules will begin all over again. The flora of my district, not far from the spots frequented by our insect, in addition to the yellow iris comprises three other species. On the neighbouring hills, among the rock-roses and the rosemaries, the dwarf iris abounds (I. chamæiris, Bertol.), with flowers of varying colour: they [ ]are sometimes purple, sometimes yellow or white and sometimes attired in a mixture of the three hues. The plant is barely a hand’s-breadth in height, but its flowers are quite as large as those of the other species. 242 On the same hills, at points where the rains have left a little moisture, the spurious iris (I. spuria) forms a glorious carpet. It is tall, slender-leaved and decked with flowers of rare beauty. Lastly, near the brook where I have been observing the Iris-weevil, is the Gladwyn iris, or leg-of-mutton iris (I. fœtidissiina, Lin.), whose leaves, when bruised, give a faint scent of mutton and garlic. Its seeds are a fine orange-red, a specific characteristic which recurs not elsewhere. Altogether, without counting such foreigners as may have found their way into the flower-gardens around, we see four varieties of native iris at the Weevil’s disposal. They have the same sort of capsules, all equally bulky and equally rich in seeds, whose properties as food cannot differ much. Moreover the four plants flower at the same season. And of these four, which would permit her greatly to extend her race, the Weevil invariably selects the yellow iris. I have never found the insect established in the capsules of one of the other three. For what reasons does she prefer niggardly uniformity to varied abundance? The tastes of the adult insect and those of the larva must have [ ]something to say to the choice. The adult feeds on the fleshy hull of the capsules; the grub, on the other hand, lives entirely on the seeds, which are not yet hardened and are full of juice. Are the appetites of the adult insect satisfied with the fruit of any kind of iris? This can be tested. 243 Under the trellis-work of a wire cover, I place before the Weevil some green capsules of different origins. Jumbled up with the fruits of the yellow iris are those of the dwarf iris, the leg-of-mutton iris and the spurious iris. To these I add some foreign capsules, those of the pale Turkey iris (I. pallida, Lam.) and of the great bulbous iris (I. xiphoides, Ehrh.), which differs so greatly from the others by the bulb which takes the place of the usual rhizome. Well, all these fruits are accepted as eagerly as those of the yellow iris. The Weevil riddles them with punctures, strips them bare, pierces them with windows. The capsules of my choosing and those from the banks of the stream, which are normally used, often lie side by side; the consumer makes no distinction between them, but goes without hesitation from one to the other, attacking them with a zeal which is in no wise impaired by the novelty of the dish. It considers everything good to eat, so long as it comes from an iris of some sort or other. And this is not, as one might reasonably suppose, [ ]an aberration caused by the tedium of captivity. I have found in the harmas on the tall stalks of the pale Turkey iris, a group of our Weevils feeding together on the green capsules. Whence came they, these pilgrims observed for the first time between my four walls? How did they learn, these colonists from the moist river-banks, that an iris which provided excellent eating was flowering amid the aridities of my acre of pebbles? At any rate, they left no part of the young capsules intact. The food discovered suited them very well. It was therefore impossible for me to profit by this windfall in order to ascertain whether the unfamiliar plant would serve for the establishment of the family. 244 1 Apart from the genus Iris, are there any other plants, its near botanical relations, whose fruits are accepted? I have vainly tried the trivalvular capsules of the corn-flag (Gladiolus segetum, Gawl.) and the globular capsules of two asphodels (Asphodelus luteus, Lin. and A. cerasiferus, Gay). The Weevil would have none of them. At most she dipped her rostrum into the green capsules of the yellow asphodel, the common Jacob’s staff. She tasted and then moved away. The dish was not to her liking; and hunger was unable to overcome her obstinate disdain. She would die of starvation [ ]sooner than touch victuals unhallowed by tradition. 245 It goes without saying that I found nothing in the way of eggs on the corn-flag or the two asphodels. What the insect regards as unfit for its own consumption is a fortiori refused when the grub’s food is concerned. Nor was I any luckier with the various irises which I tried, the yellow iris excepted. Are we to attribute this refusal to the insect’s captivity? No, for the capsules of the yellow iris were colonized fairly well under my wire covers. The fact is that, as soon as the establishment of the family comes into question, the Weevil abstains entirely from anything that is contrary to habit and remains firmly faithful to the laws and customs of the ancients. In short, I have never found the Weevil established elsewhere than in the capsules of the yellow iris, however appetizing the appearance of the others, especially those of the dwarf iris, which are exceedingly fleshy and very numerous in the spring. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos (2021). The Life of the Weevil. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/66844/pg66844-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

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