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PIECHAIN Demo: Exploring a Practical Blockchain Interoperability Framework

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PIECHAIN-Demo: Erkundung eines praktischen Blockchain-Interoperabilitätsrahmens

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Démo PIECHAIN : Explorer un cadre pratique d'interopérabilité de la blockchain

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Demonstração PIECHAIN: Explorando uma estrutura prática de interoperabilidade Blockchain

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PIECHAIN 演示：探索实用的区块链互操作性框架

Systems Interoperability Types: The Conclusion to Our Tertiary Study

581 Stories To Learn About Non Fiction

Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . GIBRALTAR. here GIBRALTAR. The point or rock known as Gibraltar is a promontory two and one-half miles long and from a quarter to three-quarters of a mile wide. It rises abruptly from the sandy shore to a height at its highest point of 1,408 ft. It is composed of gray limestone, honeycombed with caves and subterranean passages, some of which contain most beautiful stalactites in the form of massive pillars. Gibraltar is emphatically a fortress, and in some respects its fortifications are unique. On the eastern side the rock needs no defense beyond its own precipitous cliffs, and in all other directions it has been rendered practically impregnable. Besides a sea wall extending at intervals round the western base of the rock, and strengthened by curtains and bastions and three formidable forts, there are batteries in all available positions from the sea wall up to the summit, 1,350 feet above the sea, and a remarkable series of galleries has been hewn out of the solid face of the rock toward the north and northwest. These galleries have an aggregate length of between two and three miles, and their breadth is sufficient to let a carriage pass. Portholes are cut at intervals of twelve yards, so contrived that the gunners are safe from the shot of any possible assailants. At the end of one of the galleries hollowed out in a prominent part of the cliff is St. George's Hall, 50 feet long by 85 feet wide, in which the governor was accustomed to give fetes. Alterations, extensions, and improvements are continually taking place in the defensive system, and new guns of the most formidable sort are gradually displacing or supplementing the old fashioned ordnance. The whole population of Gibraltar, whether civil or military, is subjected to certain stringent rules. For even a day's sojourn the alien must obtain a pass from the town major, and if he wish to remain longer, a consul or householder must become security for his good behavior. Licenses of residence are granted only for short periods—ten, fifteen, or twenty days—but they can be renewed if occasion require. Military officers may introduce a stranger for thirty days. A special permit is necessary if the visitor wishes to sketch. Though the town of Gibraltar may be said to date from the fourteenth century, it has preserved very little architectural evidence of its antiquity. Rebuilt on an enlarged and improved plan after its almost complete destruction during the great siege, it is still, on the whole, a mean-looking town, with narrow streets and lanes and an incongruous mixture of houses after the English and the Spanish types. As a proprietor may at any moment be called upon to give up his house and ground at the demand of the military authorities, he is naturally deterred from spending his money on substantial or sumptuous erections. The area of the town is about one hundred acres. Gibraltar was known to the Greek and Roman geographers as Calpe or Alybe, the two names being probably corruptions of the same local (perhaps Phenician) word. The eminence on the African coast near Ceuta, which bears the modern English name of Apes' Hill, was then designated Abyla; and Calpe and Abyla, at least according to an ancient and widely current interpretation, formed the renowned pillars of Hercules (Herculis columnæ), which for centuries were the limits of enterprise to the seafaring peoples of the Mediterranean world. The strategic importance of the rock appears to have been first discovered by the Moors, who, when they crossed over from Africa in the eighth century, selected it as the site of a fortress. From their leader, Tarik Ibn Zeyad, it was called Gebel Tarik or Tarik's Hill; and, though the name had a competitor in Gebel af Futah, or Hill of the Entrance, it gradually gained acceptance, and still remains sufficiently recognizable in the corrupted form of the present day. The first siege of the rock was in 1309, when it was taken by Alonzo Perez de Guzman for Ferdinand IV. of Spain, who, in order to attract inhabitants to the spot, offered an asylum to swindlers, thieves, and murderers, and promised to levy no taxes on the import or export of goods. The attack of Ismail Ben Ferez, in 1315 (second siege), was frustrated; but in 1333 Vasco Paez de Meira, having allowed the fortifications and garrison to decay, was obliged to capitulate to Mahomet IV. (third siege). Alphonso's attempts to recover possession (fourth siege) were futile, though pertinacious and heroic, and he was obliged to content himself with a tribute for the rock from Abdul Melek of Granada; but after his successful attack on Algeciras in 1344 he was encouraged to try his fortune again at Gibraltar. In 1349 he invested the rock, but the siege (fifth siege) was brought to an untimely close by his death from the plague in February, 1350. The next or sixth siege resulted simply in the transference of the coveted position from the hands of the King of Morocco to those of Yussef III. of Granada; and the seventh, undertaken by the Spanish Count of Niebla, Enrico de Guzman, proved fatal to the besieger and his forces. In 1462, however, success attended the efforts of Alphonso de Arcos (eighth siege), and in August the rock passed once more under Christian sway. The Duke of Medina Sidonia, a powerful grandee who had assisted in its capture, was anxious to get possession of the fortress, and though Henry IV. at first managed to maintain the claims of the crown, the duke ultimately made good his ambition by force of arms (ninth siege), and in 1469 the king was constrained to declare his son and his heirs perpetual governors of Gibraltar. In 1479 Ferdinand and Isabella made the second duke Marquis of Gibraltar, and in 1492 the third duke, Don Juan, was reluctantly allowed to retain the fortress. At length, in 1501, Garcilaso de la Vega was ordered to take possession of the place in the king's name, and it was formally incorporated with the domains of the crown. After Ferdinand and Isabella were both dead the duke, Don Juan, tried in 1506 to recover possession, and added a tenth to the list of sieges. Thirty-four years afterward the garrison had to defend itself against a much more formidable attack (eleventh siege)—the pirates of Algiers having determined to recover the rock for Mahomet and themselves. The conflict was severe, but resulted in the repulse of the besiegers. After this the Spaniards made great efforts to strengthen the place, and they succeeded so well that throughout Europe Gibraltar was regarded as impregnable. In the course of the war of the Spanish succession, however, it was taken by a combined English and Dutch fleet under Sir George Rooke, assisted by a body of troops under Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt. The captors had ostensibly fought in the interests of Charles Archduke of Austria (afterward Charles III.), but, though his sovereignty over the rock was proclaimed on July 24, 1704, Sir George Rooke on his own responsibility caused the English flag to be hoisted, and took possession in name of Queen Anne. It is hardly to the honor of England that it was both unprincipled enough to sanction and ratify the occupation and ungrateful enough to leave unrewarded the general to whose unscrupulous patriotism the acquisition was due. The Spaniards keenly felt the injustice done to them, and the inhabitants of the town of Gibraltar in great numbers abandoned their homes rather than recognize the authority of the invaders. In October, 1704, the rock was invested by sea and land; but the Spanish ships were dispersed by Sir John Leake, and the Marquis of Villadarias fared so ill with his forces that he was replaced by Marshal Tesse, who was at length compelled to raise the siege in April, 1705. During the next twenty years there were endless negotiations for the peaceful surrender of the fortress, and in 1726 the Spaniards again appealed to arms. But the Conde de la Torres, who had the chief command, succeeded no better than his predecessors, and the defense of the garrison under General Clayton and the Earl of Portmore was so effectual that the armistice of June 23 practically put a close to the siege, though two years elapsed before the general pacification ensued. The most memorable siege of Gibraltar, indeed one of the most memorable of all sieges, was that which it sustained from the combined land and sea forces of France and Spain during the years 1779-1783. The grand attack on the place was made on the 13th September, 1782, and all the resources of power and science were exhausted by the assailants in the fruitless attempt. On the side of the sea they brought to bear against the fortress forty-six sail of the line and a countless fleet of gun and mortar boats. But their chief hope lay in the floating batteries planned by D'Arcon, an eminent French engineer, and built at the cost of half a million sterling. They were so constructed as to be impenetrable by the red hot shot which it was foreseen the garrison would employ; and such hopes were entertained of their efficiency that they were styled invincible. The Count D'Artois (afterward Charles X.) hastened from Paris to witness the capture of the place. He arrived in time to see the total destruction of the floating batteries and a considerable portion of the combined fleet by the English fire. Despite this disaster, however, the siege continued till brought to a close by the general pacification, February 2, 1783. The history of the four eventful years' siege is fully detailed in the work of Drinkwater, who himself took part in the defense, and in the life of its gallant defender Sir George Augustus Eliott, afterward Lord Heathfield, whose military skill and moral courage place him among the best soldiers and noblest men whom Europe produced during the 18th century. Since 1783 the history of Gibraltar has been comparatively uneventful. In the beginning of 1801 there were rumors of a Spanish and French attack, but the Spanish ships were defeated off Algeciras in June by Admiral Saumarez. Improvements in the fortifications, maintenance of military discipline, and legislation in regard to trade and smuggling are the principal matters of recent interest. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16972/pg16972-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The point or rock known as Gibraltar is a promontory two and one-half miles long

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402 Stories To Learn About History

Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE RED SEA here CHAPTER IV: THE RED SEA In the course of the day of the 29th of January, the island of Ceylon disappeared under the horizon, and the , at a speed of twenty miles an hour, slid into the labyrinth of canals which separate the Maldives from the Laccadives. It coasted even the Island of Kiltan, a land originally coraline, discovered by Vasco da Gama in 1499, and one of the nineteen principal islands of the Laccadive Archipelago, situated between 10° and 14° 30′ N. lat., and 69° 50′ 72″ E. long. Nautilus We had made 16,220 miles, or 7,500 (French) leagues from our starting-point in the Japanese Seas. The next day (30th January), when the went to the surface of the ocean there was no land in sight. Its course was N.N.E., in the direction of the Sea of Oman, between Arabia and the Indian Peninsula, which serves as an outlet to the Persian Gulf. It was evidently a block without any possible egress. Where was Captain Nemo taking us to? I could not say. This, however, did not satisfy the Canadian, who that day came to me asking where we were going. Nautilus “We are going where our Captain’s fancy takes us, Master Ned.” “His fancy cannot take us far, then,” said the Canadian. “The Persian Gulf has no outlet: and, if we do go in, it will not be long before we are out again.” “Very well, then, we will come out again, Master Land; and if, after the Persian Gulf, the would like to visit the Red Sea, the Straits of Bab-el-mandeb are there to give us entrance.” Nautilus “I need not tell you, sir,” said Ned Land, “that the Red Sea is as much closed as the Gulf, as the Isthmus of Suez is not yet cut; and, if it was, a boat as mysterious as ours would not risk itself in a canal cut with sluices. And again, the Red Sea is not the road to take us back to Europe.” “But I never said we were going back to Europe.” “What do you suppose, then?” “I suppose that, after visiting the curious coasts of Arabia and Egypt, the will go down the Indian Ocean again, perhaps cross the Channel of Mozambique, perhaps off the Mascarenhas, so as to gain the Cape of Good Hope.” Nautilus “And once at the Cape of Good Hope?” asked the Canadian, with peculiar emphasis. “Well, we shall penetrate into that Atlantic which we do not yet know. Ah! friend Ned, you are getting tired of this journey under the sea; you are surfeited with the incessantly varying spectacle of submarine wonders. For my part, I shall be sorry to see the end of a voyage which it is given to so few men to make.” For four days, till the 3rd of February, the scoured the Sea of Oman, at various speeds and at various depths. It seemed to go at random, as if hesitating as to which road it should follow, but we never passed the Tropic of Cancer. Nautilus In quitting this sea we sighted Muscat for an instant, one of the most important towns of the country of Oman. I admired its strange aspect, surrounded by black rocks upon which its white houses and forts stood in relief. I saw the rounded domes of its mosques, the elegant points of its minarets, its fresh and verdant terraces. But it was only a vision! The soon sank under the waves of that part of the sea. Nautilus We passed along the Arabian coast of Mahrah and Hadramaut, for a distance of six miles, its undulating line of mountains being occasionally relieved by some ancient ruin. The 5th of February we at last entered the Gulf of Aden, a perfect funnel introduced into the neck of Bab-el-mandeb, through which the Indian waters entered the Red Sea. The 6th of February, the floated in sight of Aden, perched upon a promontory which a narrow isthmus joins to the mainland, a kind of inaccessible Gibraltar, the fortifications of which were rebuilt by the English after taking possession in 1839. I caught a glimpse of the octagon minarets of this town, which was at one time the richest commercial magazine on the coast. Nautilus I certainly thought that Captain Nemo, arrived at this point, would back out again; but I was mistaken, for he did no such thing, much to my surprise. The next day, the 7th of February, we entered the Straits of Bab-el-mandeb, the name of which, in the Arab tongue, means The Gate of Tears. To twenty miles in breadth, it is only thirty-two in length. And for the , starting at full speed, the crossing was scarcely the work of an hour. But I saw nothing, not even the Island of Perim, with which the British Government has fortified the position of Aden. There were too many English or French steamers of the line of Suez to Bombay, Calcutta to Melbourne, and from Bourbon to the Mauritius, furrowing this narrow passage, for the to venture to show itself. So it remained prudently below. At last about noon, we were in the waters of the Red Sea. Nautilus Nautilus I would not even seek to understand the caprice which had decided Captain Nemo upon entering the gulf. But I quite approved of the entering it. Its speed was lessened: sometimes it kept on the surface, sometimes it dived to avoid a vessel, and thus I was able to observe the upper and lower parts of this curious sea. Nautilus The 8th of February, from the first dawn of day, Mocha came in sight, now a ruined town, whose walls would fall at a gunshot, yet which shelters here and there some verdant date-trees; once an important city, containing six public markets, and twenty-six mosques, and whose walls, defended by fourteen forts, formed a girdle of two miles in circumference. The then approached the African shore, where the depth of the sea was greater. There, between two waters clear as crystal, through the open panels we were allowed to contemplate the beautiful bushes of brilliant coral and large blocks of rock clothed with a splendid fur of green variety of sites and landscapes along these sandbanks and algæ and fuci. What an indescribable spectacle, and what variety of sites and landscapes along these sandbanks and volcanic islands which bound the Libyan coast! But where these shrubs appeared in all their beauty was on the eastern coast, which the soon gained. It was on the coast of Tehama, for there not only did this display of zoophytes flourish beneath the level of the sea, but they also formed picturesque interlacings which unfolded themselves about sixty feet above the surface, more capricious but less highly coloured than those whose freshness was kept up by the vital power of the waters. Nautilus Nautilus What charming hours I passed thus at the window of the saloon! What new specimens of submarine flora and fauna did I admire under the brightness of our electric lantern! The 9th of February the floated in the broadest part of the Red Sea, which is comprised between Souakin, on the west coast, and Komfidah, on the east coast, with a diameter of ninety miles. Nautilus That day at noon, after the bearings were taken, Captain Nemo mounted the platform, where I happened to be, and I was determined not to let him go down again without at least pressing him regarding his ulterior projects. As soon as he saw me he approached and graciously offered me a cigar. “Well, sir, does this Red Sea please you? Have you sufficiently observed the wonders it covers, its fishes, its zoophytes, its parterres of sponges, and its forests of coral? Did you catch a glimpse of the towns on its borders?” “Yes, Captain Nemo,” I replied; “and the is wonderfully fitted for such a study. Ah! it is an intelligent boat!” Nautilus “Yes, sir, intelligent and invulnerable. It fears neither the terrible tempests of the Red Sea, nor its currents, nor its sandbanks.” “Certainly,” said I, “this sea is quoted as one of the worst, and in the time of the ancients, if I am not mistaken, its reputation was detestable.” “Detestable, M. Aronnax. The Greek and Latin historians do not speak favourably of it, and Strabo says it is very dangerous during the Etesian winds and in the rainy season. The Arabian Edrisi portrays it under the name of the Gulf of Colzoum, and relates that vessels perished there in great numbers on the sandbanks and that no one would risk sailing in the night. It is, he pretends, a sea subject to fearful hurricanes, strewn with inhospitable islands, and ‘which offers nothing good either on its surface or in its depths.’” “One may see,” I replied, “that these historians never sailed on board the .” Nautilus “Just so,” replied the Captain, smiling; “and in that respect moderns are not more advanced than the ancients. It required many ages to find out the mechanical power of steam. Who knows if, in another hundred years, we may not see a second Progress is slow, M. Aronnax.” Nautilus? “It is true,” I answered; “your boat is at least a century before its time, perhaps an era. What a misfortune that the secret of such an invention should die with its inventor!” Captain Nemo did not reply. After some minutes’ silence he continued: “You were speaking of the opinions of ancient historians upon the dangerous navigation of the Red Sea.” “It is true,” said I; “but were not their fears exaggerated?” “Yes and no, M. Aronnax,” replied Captain Nemo, who seemed to know the Red Sea by heart. “That which is no longer dangerous for a modern vessel, well rigged, strongly built, and master of its own course, thanks to obedient steam, offered all sorts of perils to the ships of the ancients. Picture to yourself those first navigators venturing in ships made of planks sewn with the cords of the palmtree, saturated with the grease of the seadog, and covered with powdered resin! They had not even instruments wherewith to take their bearings, and they went by guess amongst currents of which they scarcely knew anything. Under such conditions shipwrecks were, and must have been, numerous. But in our time, steamers running between Suez and the South Seas have nothing more to fear from the fury of this gulf, in spite of contrary trade-winds. The captain and passengers do not prepare for their departure by offering propitiatory sacrifices; and, on their return, they no longer go ornamented with wreaths and gilt fillets to thank the gods in the neighbouring temple.” “I agree with you,” said I; “and steam seems to have killed all gratitude in the hearts of sailors. But, Captain, since you seem to have especially studied this sea, can you tell me the origin of its name?” “There exist several explanations on the subject, M. Aronnax. Would you like to know the opinion of a chronicler of the fourteenth century?” “Willingly.” “This fanciful writer pretends that its name was given to it after the passage of the Israelites, when Pharaoh perished in the waves which closed at the voice of Moses.” “A poet’s explanation, Captain Nemo,” I replied; “but I cannot content myself with that. I ask you for your personal opinion.” “Here it is, M. Aronnax. According to my idea, we must see in this appellation of the Red Sea a translation of the Hebrew word ‘Edom’; and if the ancients gave it that name, it was on account of the particular colour of its waters.” “But up to this time I have seen nothing but transparent waves and without any particular colour.” “Very likely; but as we advance to the bottom of the gulf, you will see this singular appearance. I remember seeing the Bay of Tor entirely red, like a sea of blood.” “And you attribute this colour to the presence of a microscopic seaweed?” “Yes.” “So, Captain Nemo, it is not the first time you have overrun the Red Sea on board the ” Nautilus? “No, sir.” “As you spoke a while ago of the passage of the Israelites and of the catastrophe to the Egyptians, I will ask whether you have met with the traces under the water of this great historical fact?” “No, sir; and for a good reason.” “What is it?” “It is that the spot where Moses and his people passed is now so blocked up with sand that the camels can barely bathe their legs there. You can well understand that there would not be water enough for my .” Nautilus “And the spot?” I asked. “The spot is situated a little above the Isthmus of Suez, in the arm which formerly made a deep estuary, when the Red Sea extended to the Salt Lakes. Now, whether this passage were miraculous or not, the Israelites, nevertheless, crossed there to reach the Promised Land, and Pharaoh’s army perished precisely on that spot; and I think that excavations made in the middle of the sand would bring to light a large number of arms and instruments of Egyptian origin.” “That is evident,” I replied; “and for the sake of archaeologists let us hope that these excavations will be made sooner or later, when new towns are established on the isthmus, after the construction of the Suez Canal; a canal, however, very useless to a vessel like the .” Nautilus “Very likely; but useful to the whole world,” said Captain Nemo. “The ancients well understood the utility of a communication between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean for their commercial affairs: but they did not think of digging a canal direct, and took the Nile as an intermediate. Very probably the canal which united the Nile to the Red Sea was begun by Sesostris, if we may believe tradition. One thing is certain, that in the year 615 before Jesus Christ, Necos undertook the works of an alimentary canal to the waters of the Nile across the plain of Egypt, looking towards Arabia. It took four days to go up this canal, and it was so wide that two triremes could go abreast. It was carried on by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, and probably finished by Ptolemy II. Strabo saw it navigated: but its decline from the point of departure, near Bubastes, to the Red Sea was so slight that it was only navigable for a few months in the year. This canal answered all commercial purposes to the age of Antonius, when it was abandoned and blocked up with sand. Restored by order of the Caliph Omar, it was definitely destroyed in 761 or 762 by Caliph Al-Mansor, who wished to prevent the arrival of provisions to Mohammed-ben-Abdallah, who had revolted against him. During the expedition into Egypt, your General Bonaparte discovered traces of the works in the Desert of Suez; and, surprised by the tide, he nearly perished before regaining Hadjaroth, at the very place where Moses had encamped three thousand years before him.” “Well, Captain, what the ancients dared not undertake, this junction between the two seas, which will shorten the road from Cadiz to India, M. Lesseps has succeeded in doing; and before long he will have changed Africa into an immense island.” “Yes, M. Aronnax; you have the right to be proud of your countryman. Such a man brings more honour to a nation than great captains. He began, like so many others, with disgust and rebuffs; but he has triumphed, for he has the genius of will. And it is sad to think that a work like that, which ought to have been an international work and which would have sufficed to make a reign illustrious, should have succeeded by the energy of one man. All honour to M. Lesseps!” “Yes! honour to the great citizen,” I replied, surprised by the manner in which Captain Nemo had just spoken. “Unfortunately,” he continued, “I cannot take you through the Suez Canal; but you will be able to see the long jetty of Port Said after to-morrow, when we shall be in the Mediterranean.” “The Mediterranean!” I exclaimed. “Yes, sir; does that astonish you?” “What astonishes me is to think that we shall be there the day after to-morrow.” “Indeed?” “Yes, Captain, although by this time I ought to have accustomed myself to be surprised at nothing since I have been on board your boat.” “But the cause of this surprise?” “Well! it is the fearful speed you will have to put on the , if the day after to-morrow she is to be in the Mediterranean, having made the round of Africa, and doubled the Cape of Good Hope!” Nautilus “Who told you that she would make the round of Africa and double the Cape of Good Hope, sir?” “Well, unless the sails on dry land, and passes above the isthmus——” Nautilus “Or beneath it, M. Aronnax.” “Beneath it?” “Certainly,” replied Captain Nemo quietly. “A long time ago Nature made under this tongue of land what man has this day made on its surface.” “What! such a passage exists?” “Yes; a subterranean passage, which I have named the Arabian Tunnel. It takes us beneath Suez and opens into the Gulf of Pelusium.” “But this isthmus is composed of nothing but quick sands?” “To a certain depth. But at fifty-five yards only there is a solid layer of rock.” “Did you discover this passage by chance?” I asked more and more surprised. “Chance and reasoning, sir; and by reasoning even more than by chance. Not only does this passage exist, but I have profited by it several times. Without that I should not have ventured this day into the impassable Red Sea. I noticed that in the Red Sea and in the Mediterranean there existed a certain number of fishes of a kind perfectly identical. Certain of the fact, I asked myself was it possible that there was no communication between the two seas? If there was, the subterranean current must necessarily run from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, from the sole cause of difference of level. I caught a large number of fishes in the neighbourhood of Suez. I passed a copper ring through their tails, and threw them back into the sea. Some months later, on the coast of Syria, I caught some of my fish ornamented with the ring. Thus the communication between the two was proved. I then sought for it with my I discovered it, ventured into it, and before long, sir, you too will have passed through my Arabian tunnel!” Nautilus; About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1994). Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/164/164-h/164-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE RED SEA

The Boy's Hakluyt: English Voyages of Adventure and Discovery by Richard Hakluyt is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . VENTURES IN THE CABOTS’ TRACK VENTURES IN THE CABOTS’ TRACK In the illustrious year of 1498, which witnessed Sebastian Cabot’s westward discoveries along North America, and Columbus’s sighting of South America, Vasco da Gama, pursuing his eastward navigations, crossed the Indian Ocean, dropped anchor off the city of Calicut, on the Malagar coast, and set up on shore a marble pillar as proof of his discovery of India by an ocean highway. Thus Portugal offset Spain’s claim to the West Indies by priority of discovery, with a claim through first discovery to the East Indies, and stood ready to assert it, while England allowed her right, by the same token, in the North American continent to lapse. Spain and Portugal continued in sharp rivalry during the half decade immediately following. In 1499 the coast of South America was touched at about Surinam by the Spaniard Alonzo de Ojeda and the Florentine Amerigo Vespucci, sailing for Spain. The same year the coast of Brazil was discovered by a Portuguese navigator, Vincente Yarez Pinzon. He had been a companion of Columbus. The next year possession of Brazil was taken for the crown of Portugal by Pedro Alvarez Cabral, a Portuguese commander, who was driven to its coast by adverse winds when making a voyage to India by Vasco da Gama’s course. Three years later a settlement was begun there by Amerigo Vespucci, now in the service of Portugal. In 1500 Gaspar de Cortereal, Portuguese, attempted to follow the Cabots’ track of discovery opened in the northwest. Coming upon the coast of Labrador he explored it for six hundred miles. He discovered Nova Scotia, the St. Lawrence, and also Hudson’s Strait. Then he returned to Lisbon with his two caravals freighted with natives—men, women, and children—whom he had captured and brought home for slavery. The next year Cortereal departed on a second voyage for further discovery and presumably more slaves, and was never more heard from. His brother, Michael de Cortereal, sailed in search of him, and also was lost. Then two armed ships were sent out by the king of Portugal to search for both brothers; but no trace of either could be found. It was finally assumed that both fell victims to the vengeance of the natives for the thefts of their people. Upon the strength of Gaspar de Cortereal’s voyages Portugal attempted to establish a claim to the discovery of Newfoundland and the adjacent coast of North America. But in this she was not successful. Spain, however, held firmly to all of her American possessions, indefinitely defined. England remained passive till 1501, when a new movement was started in the Cabots’ home city of Bristol. Three Bristol merchants—Richard Ward, Thomas Ashehurst, and John Thomas—and three Portuguese mariners—John Fernandus, Francis Fernandus, and John Gundlur—came together for a venture in the track of the Cabots. A patent was obtained from King Henry, under date of March 19, 1501, which conferred upon them the same powers that had originally been given the Cabots, and was in terms similar to the Cabot patents. Whether they sent out an expedition that year is not known. The next year, however, the personnel of the company had changed, with the dropping of Ward and Thomas and the substitution of Hugh Eliot in their place; and under this organization, probably in 1503, a voyage was made which resulted in discovery at Newfoundland and along the Labrador coast. The only record of this voyage is given by Hakluyt in the following excerpt from the merchant Robert Thorne’s “Booke” of 1527, addressed to the English Ambassador at the court of Spain: "A briefe extract concerning the discoverie of Newfound-land taken out of the booke of M. Robert Thorne, to Doctor Leigh &c. “I reason that as some sickenesses are hereditarie, so this inclination or desire of this discovery I inherited from my father, which with another marchant of Bristol named Hugh Eliot, were the discoverers of the Newfound-lands; of the which there is no doubt (as nowe plainely appeareth) if the Mariners would then have bene ruled, and followed their Pilots minde, but the lands of the West Indies, from whence all the golde commeth, had bene ours; for all is one coast as the Card appeareth, and is aforesaid.” The “card” here referred to was a rude map of the world on which, along the line of the coast of Labrador, was written the inscription in Latin, “This land was first discovered by the English.” A short time after this voyage the fisheries about Newfoundland had become well known to Frenchmen, and were being frequented by the hardy fishermen of Brittany and Normandy. Hence the later name of the isle of Cape Breton. No further patents for English navigations were issued for more than half a century. Still English interest in maritime discovery and commercial advancement was not altogether stagnant during this period. Early in Henry the eighth’s reign quite a promising enterprise was set on foot by Sebastian Cabot, then back in England, and in high standing for his knowledge in cosmography. He had been in Spain for seven years (having entered Spain’s service three years after the death of Henry the seventh, which occurred in 1509), acting part of that time as one of the council of the Indies, and latterly completing plans for a new expedition for the search of the Northwest passage under the Spanish flag, which he had been compelled to abandon by Ferdinand’s death, in 1516. Returned to England he had found Henry the eighth hospitable to his scheme and had induced him to fit out a small squadron for its pursuit. The supreme command, however, was given to another,—Sir Thomas Pert, at that time vice-admiral of England,—and this proved disastrous to the enterprise; for, it is recorded, Sir Thomas’s “faint heart was the cause that the voyage took none effect.” All that the expedition accomplished was a visit to the coast of Brazil, to San Domingo, and to Porto Rico, whence it returned to England. Hakluyt gives a narration which he supposes to relate to this voyage, written by the Spanish historian Gonzalo de Oviedo, and reprinted by Ramusio, from whom he translates it: “In the yeere 1517 an English Rover under the colour of travelling to discover, came with a great shippe unto the parts of Brasill on the coast of the firme land, and from thence he crossed over unto this Iland of Hispaneola, and arrived neere unto the mouth of the haven of this citie of S. Domingo, and sent his shipboate full of men on shoare and demaunded leave to enter into this haven, saying that hee came with marchandise to traffique. But at that very instant the governour of the castle, Francis de Tapia, caused a tire of ordinance to be shot from the castle at the ship, for she bare in directly with the haven. When the Englishmen sawe this, they withdrew themselves out, and those that were in the shipboate got themselves with all speede on shipboord. And in trueth the warden of the castle committed an oversight: for if the shippe had entred into the haven the men thereof could not have come on lande without leave both of the citie and of the castle. Therefore the people of the ship seeing how they were received sayled toward the Iland of S. John, and entring into the port of S. Germaine, the English men parled [parleyed] with those of the towne, requiring victuals and things needefull to furnish their ship, and complained of the inhabitants of the city of S. Domingo saying that they came not to doe any harme but to trade and traffique for their money and merchandise. In this place they had certaine victuals and for recompense they gave and paid them with certaine vessell of wrought tinne and other things. And afterward they departed toward Europe....” KING HENRY VIII. From a photograph, copyrighted by Walker and Boutall, of a painting. Hakluyt resents Oviedo’s use of the term “Rover” in this account and his assumption that the object of the expedition was other than discovery and traffic, remarking tartly that Spanish and Portuguese writers “account all other nations for Pirates, rovers, and thieves who visit any heathen coast that they have once sailed by or looked on.” With the failure of this enterprise Cabot again left England and reëntered the service of Spain, taking the post of “pilot major.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Richard Hakluyt (2018). The Boy's Hakluyt: English Voyages of Adventure and Discovery. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/57917/pg57917-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

VENTURES IN THE CABOTS’ TRACK

An average blockchain developer ! Because of the widespread adoption of cryptocurrency, the demand for blockchain developers is at an all-time high. makes about $146,000 a year In this article, I present to you a roadmap and some of the best resources to kick-start your journey as a blockchain developer. Who Is a Blockchain Developer? A blockchain developer is one who creates and maintains the blockchain network. They are in charge of optimizing blockchain protocols, developing internal blockchain systems, and creating smart contracts and web apps. To prevent hacks or strategic changes, most employers will require their developers to store all blockchain data. They are also responsible for creating the interfaces to maintain client applications and security. Steps to Become a Blockchain Developer 1. Understand Blockchain Fundamentals To become an expert at a skill, learning the fundamentals is a great starting point. Before delving into blockchain development, you need to first understand . Understanding how the blockchain came to be will help you know how to use it to develop blockchain applications. what a blockchain is , , , and can keep you updated on the fundamentals of blockchain. Tutorials guides courses training 2. Understand the Basics of Decentralized Applications and Ethereum According to the journal , "A decentralized application" is an application that can operate autonomously, typically through the use of smart contracts, and runs on a decentralized computing, blockchain, or other distributed ledger system. Blockchain Technology in Energy is a technology for developing apps and transacting globally without the constraints of a centralized authority. Ethereum Because of the security and rich ecosystem of this technology, decentralized apps are often built with Ethereum. A solid understanding of decentralized applications and Ethereum is a must for blockchain development. 3. Learn the Basics of Web Development Web development is divided into two parts: the front end and the back end. The front end is concerned with the user interface, or the visual aspect of your application with which prospective customers or visitors will interact. The backend had to do with the server and application working behind the scenes to give you that visual side. Having a good knowledge of web development will help with your transition into blockchain development. 4. Understand What a Smart Contract Is Working as a blockchain developer will involve using smart contracts. A smart contract is a computer protocol that is stored on a blockchain and is designed to digitally facilitate, verify, or enforce contract performance. Learning C++, Golang, and Python is cool, but to stay relevant, you need to have a good grounding in (the most popular language for building smart contracts). Solidity 5. Understand How to Connect Your Smart Contracts to the Front End After building the smart contracts, connecting them to the front end is your next step. For blockchain development, you can rely on two main libraries to do this: web3.js and ether.js. Web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, while ethers.js . divides the API into two distinct roles Depending on your project, you can choose one of the libraries to run your applications. 6. Begin Building Although there are so many frameworks, libraries, and deployment tools to choose from, the most important step is to begin building. There are and communities that can help you navigate these processes. But you first have to build something, even if it isn't a kickass project. courses It can be an NFT marketplace, a game, a decentralized finance app, or even a homepage. Just start! How to Become a Blockchain Developer: How These 10 Pros Did It As a blockchain developer, your job is to create applications on the blockchain for everyone. A lot of people want to be blockchain developers but are confused about where to start. In this article, I want to address your fears. I have interviewed 10 blockchain developers on how they started, the challenges they faced, and their most interesting career highlights. 1. Himanshu Rawat . Lead Developer at QuantumRhino How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? I was drawn to the Web3 ecosystem as a developer because of its potential to reshape the internet and create a more equitable and decentralized world. The combination of blockchain technology and decentralized protocols provides a new set of tools for building decentralized applications that can help to solve some of the biggest challenges facing our world today in the financial sector. As a developer, I've been working on various blockchain projects, and I've found the Web3 community to be very dynamic and innovative. There is a lot of opportunity for growth and impact, and I am excited to be a part of this rapidly evolving space. What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? is one of my favorite projects that I worked on, and I am still a part of that project. Acxyn For tools and testing methods, it depends on which chain we are working on. For solidity, we use ganache to display private chain logs, solidity coverage to test smart contracts, and many other tools. Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? Start with the basics. Make sure you have a strong understanding of computer science fundamentals, including data structures, algorithms, and cryptography. Additionally, research the fundamental principles and concepts of blockchain technology, such as consensus algorithms and smart contract development. Then, get hands-on experience. Start building your own blockchain projects, whether it's a simple or a complex decentralized application. Remember to join the blockchain developer community, which is a thriving and supportive group of people eager to share their knowledge and help others. Remember, becoming a blockchain developer takes time, effort, and dedication. But the rewards of being part of this exciting and innovative field are well worth it. 2. Grace Olayinka Tech Lead at Niyo Group How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? I first heard about blockchain from my brother, who was just giving his usual advice about learning something new and its benefits. A few days later, a friend of mine mentioned blockchain technology and discussed its benefits, so I became more interested and decided to learn more about it. After spending some time reading about blockchain, I began following communities and thought leaders who posted about it. That's where I started as a blockchain developer, learning how to write smart contracts with Solidity. What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? I have mostly worked on , and I would say my favorite one is FountainHead NFTs. NFT projects Although I’ve been a frontend developer before, the frontend aspect wasn’t much of a challenge. The smart contract was a challenge for me, especially because of the specific features for the client. Most times when I got stuck, I reached out to a senior developer, and he helped out a lot. For tools, I use to test. truffle Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? If you want to start with Web3, I advise you to understand and hone Web2 technologies first. Since this is blockchain development, start with web development and build further. Web3 is an advanced version of Web2, not a totally different thing. 3. Sami Ullah Salim Community Builder at Amazon Web Services How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? I started with Web3 by reading about it online in various articles and blog posts. This led me to discover the various potentials of blockchain technology. Blockchain helps us create a decentralized ledger (meaning anyone can access the data, but it is immutable). It also helps us create non-fungible tokens. In Web3, you don't have to create or maintain different accounts for different websites. You can have a wallet that is created using the blockchain, and you can use it to log in or sign up. What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? I created multiple projects in the blockchain. The recent one was a website where people could log in with their wallets and see their remaining balance. They are listed on my profile. For tools, I use for testing and Solidity as a programming language. To integrate smart contracts with the on the web, I also use etherJs and web3Js. Hardhat React library Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? Start learning the theory of blockchain. It's important to understand its concepts because you will be building on them. Then start learning because it's mostly used for smart contract development. Solidity For integrating parts, learn React Library, EtherJs, or Web3Js. You can learn these things from multiple websites and courses. Most of all, start doing projects. You can create your token or your NFT Marketplace. 4. Olubisi Idris Ayinde Developer Relations Engineer at Mara How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? Everything started late last year when I saw a tweet on Web3. Although the term "Web3" had previously trended on Twitter, I assumed it was a passing fad; however, as I dug deeper, I discovered I was mistaken. Curiosity drove me to research, learn, and build decentralized applications in order to gain practical knowledge of Web 3. I work full-time as a backend engineer, but in my spare time, I read Web3-related papers, watch videos, and so on. I realized that we need a lot more information in the Web3 space because, as you know, it's still in its early stages. This motivated me to put even more effort into documenting my journey as I learn or build things that will help others get started in the Web3 ecosystem. What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? I don't have any favorites currently. I put my time and effort into all my projects. For tools: In the frontend of a web application, you need things like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and libraries like React or Angular. Then all you need to do is learn about the blockchain, understand the terminologies used in Web3, and then learn how to interact with the blockchain using libraries and SDKs. Check these out . here For the backend, learning programming languages like Solidity, Rust, or Vyper is your best shot at creating smart contracts and building on the blockchain. Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? Learning and practicing in public can help you r. land your dream job as a develope If you want to work in this space, spend some time studying higher-level ideas in Web3 and building higher-level projects for your resume. Participation in the Web3 community may also lead to recruitment for non-technical roles. 5. Micheal Fawole Blockchain Developer Tutor at LightHall How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? I started with Web3 in 2020. The language I wrote about before then is PHP. As I saw the possibilities and potentials of blockchain technology, I left PHP and entered Web3. What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? My favorite project I worked on was the Ethereum swap, where you can swap Ethereum for native tokens. For tools, is a great platform that blockchain developers use for writing solidity codes. Remix Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? For newbies who want to venture into the blockchain field, you have to be consistent and focused. Don't give up because you encountered an error that lasted for weeks. 6. David Fernández Head of Developer Relations at TestMachine How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? It all started in 2020 when I heard of flash loans. Flash loans are non-restricted decentralized finance loans in which a user borrows and returns funds in the same transaction. If the user is unable to repay the loan before the transaction is completed, a smart contract . cancels it and returns the money to the lender What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? AMMs. Automated Market Makers enable digital assets to be traded automatically using liquidity pools . rather than traditional buyer-and-seller markets For tools, I use the Hard Hat, Chai, and Mocha libraries. Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? The most practical advice I can give is summed up in five-letter words: S-T-A-R-T. Start first by learning and building; the rest will come later. 7. Helder Vasconcelos Co-founder at TAIKAI How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? Everything started in 2017 when I saw an article about Bitcoin in . Wired Magazine I hadn't paid much attention to it before, but when I read that article, the idea of a distributed ledger technology that could eliminate the middleman and run autonomously resonated in my head. After that, like everybody else, I stumbled upon the and started to learn more information and documentation about decentralized technologies. Bitcoin white paper I remember that during that time we had a small group of crypto enthusiast engineers that met on the coffee corner to talk about cryptocurrencies, decentralized technologies, and Web3 projects. After working on a trading engine for a TradFi company, we decided to look for some funding to launch our own crypto exchange. In 2018, I was eager to join the Web3 ecosystem, and I met . Mario Alves We discussed some preliminary ideas and decided to collaborate to launch . Taikai This is a Web-based social innovation network that will connect developers and organizations on a decentralized platform with a tokenized circular economy based on the KAI Token. This is when I started seriously programming smart contracts and gained real-world experience with Web3 protocols like interacting with wallets, writing smart contracts, and designing Web3 software architectures. What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? My favorite project is, of course, . TaiKai This project was a challenge to build and took years to reach the maturity that it has right now. I don't believe you can build an outstanding product in a couple of weeks. It took some months to understand our market and drive the product in the best direction. But one funny thing is that some of the early designs that we made on our first office whiteboard still stand and were important in our journey. We are currently expanding our product to interoperate with external Web3 social graphs. Like many other projects, we use unit tests for smart contracts, UI design systems, and a full suite of end-to-end tests that validate our software in an automated way, just to make sure we have a healthy production build. Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? My general advice for becoming a blockchain developer is to participate in hackathons as much as you can, learn by doing some small pet projects, go to meetups, and share your knowledge with others. In Web3, everything is about community, so be open to talking with people and learning on the way. 8. Favour Adetona Lead Developer at Blockroll How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? I started by reading the basic concepts in Web 3. I found articles about decentralization and distributed ledger technologies. This was the building block that led me to blockchain development. What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? I don't have any favorites currently. I put my time and effort into all my projects. For tools, I use Solidity, JavaScript, Foundry, Remix, Hardhat, and React.js/next.js Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? Just start by building something. It could be a token, an NFT, or a staking dApp. 9. Odewole Babatunde Samson Technical Writer at Hackmamba How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? I got into Web3 out of curiosity and a love for decentralization. I used to be a frontend software developer, but after seeing the potential of blockchain technology, I changed my focus to become a blockchain developer. What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? I've worked on quite a few projects, but my favorite was connecting the frontend with smart contracts, DAO, and . CRUD apps with Solidity Leveraging a community was one of the best things I did when I started. This gave me a host of developers to learn from and interact with as I started my projects. For tools, I used Third Web, Hardhat, and Truffle. Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? My advice would be to have basic knowledge of HTML, CSS, and Javascript and know how the blockchain works. 10. Adetutu Gbangbola Frontend Engineer at FSDH Group How Did You Get Into Web3 as a Developer? I started my blockchain journey in August 2022 through a boot camp. Although I have been into crypto for about two years, the journey never ends. I'm still learning, and I'm currently in a boot camp intermediate class for solidity. My aim is to transition to Fullstack Web3 developer. What Is Your Favorite Project You’ve Worked On, and How Did You Go About It? It was , a social media blogging DApp deployed on Polygon Mumbai and integrated with the Lens protocol. ChainWrite Can You Give Practical Advice to Newbies Who Want to Become Blockchain Developers? Stay committed to learning and networking; there is a lot to learn. Conclusion The journey to becoming a blockchain developer is tough, but it is worth it! With plenty of opportunities and salaries on the increase, there has never been a better time to get started. The right mindset and the right work ethic are needed to help you scale. Blockchain developers must continuously learn and adapt their skills to stay up-to-date with the latest developments in the industry. Also, they need to have strong soft skills, including communication, problem-solving, and teamwork skills. Information overload is one of the greatest hindrances to becoming a blockchain developer. Start with a course first to give you an overview before you step up. Overall, becoming a blockchain developer can be a profitable career choice for anyone. Loved This Article? Check out my other articles in this series, The Web3 Career Guide. Support this article by or so I can keep providing valuable content. sponsoring it buying me a coffee Have a marketing project or need my services? Feel free or . to reach out to me connect with me

How to Become a Blockchain Developer: How These 10 Pros Did It

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A Short History of the World, by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE The third quarter of the eighteenth century thus saw the remarkable and unstable spectacle of a Europe divided against itself, and no longer with any unifying political or religious idea, yet through the immense stimulation of men’s imaginations by the printed book, the printed map, and the opportunity of the new ocean-going shipping, able in a disorganized and contentious manner to dominate all the coasts of the world. It was a planless, incoherent ebullition of enterprise due to temporary and almost accidental advantages over the rest of mankind. By virtue of these advantages this new and still largely empty continent of America was peopled mainly from Western European sources, and South Africa and Australia and New Zealand marked down as prospective homes for a European population. The motive that had sent Columbus to America and Vasco da Gama to India was the perennial first motive of all sailors since the beginning of things—trade. But while in the already populous and productive East the trade motive remained dominant, and the European settlements remained trading settlements from which the European inhabitants hoped to return home to spend their money, the Europeans in America, dealing with communities at a very much lower level of productive activity, found a new inducement for persistence in the search for gold and silver. Particularly did the mines of Spanish America yield silver. The Europeans had to go to America not simply as armed merchants but as prospectors, miners, searchers after natural products, and presently as planters. In the north they sought furs. Mines and plantations necessitated settlements. They obliged people to set up permanent overseas homes. Finally in some cases, as when the English Puritans went to New England in the early seventeenth 336}century to escape religious persecution, when in the eighteenth Oglethorpe sent people from the English debtors’ prisons to Georgia, and when in the end of the eighteenth the Dutch sent orphans to the Cape of Good Hope, the Europeans frankly crossed the seas to find new homes for good. In the nineteenth century, and especially after the coming of the steamship, the stream of European emigration to the new empty lands of America and Australia rose for some decades to the scale of a great migration. So there grew up permanent overseas populations of Europeans, and the European culture was transplanted to much larger areas than those in which it had been developed. These new communities bringing a ready-made civilization with them to these new lands grew up, as it were, unplanned and unperceived; the statecraft of Europe did not foresee them, and was unprepared with any ideas about their treatment. The politicians and ministers of Europe continued to regard them as essentially expeditionary establishments, sources of revenue, “possessions” and “dependencies,” long after their peoples had developed a keen sense of their separate social life. And also they continued to treat them as helplessly subject to the mother country long after the population had spread inland out of reach of any effectual punitive operations from the sea. Because until right into the nineteenth century, it must be remembered, the link of all these overseas empires was the oceangoing sailing ship. On land the swiftest thing was still the horse, and the cohesion and unity of political systems on land was still limited by the limitations of horse communications. Now at the end of the third quarter of the eighteenth century the northern two-thirds of North America was under the British crown. France had abandoned America. Except for Brazil, which was Portuguese, and one or two small islands and areas in French, British, Danish and Dutch hands, Florida, Louisiana, California and all America to the south was Spanish. It was the British colonies south of Maine and Lake Ontario that first demonstrated the inadequacy of the sailing ship to hold overseas populations together in one political system. These British colonies were very miscellaneous in their origin and character. There were French, Swedish and Dutch settlements as well as British; there were British Catholics in Maryland and British ultra-Protestants in New England, and while the New Englanders farmed their own land and denounced slavery, the British in Virginia and the south were planters employing a swelling multitude of imported negro slaves. There was no natural common unity in such states. To get from one to the other might mean a coasting voyage hardly less tedious than the transatlantic crossing. But the union that diverse origin and natural conditions denied the British Americans was forced upon them by the selfishness and stupidity of the British government in London. They were taxed without any voice in the spending of the taxes; their trade was sacrificed to British interests; the highly profitable slave trade was maintained by the British government in spite of the opposition of the Virginians who—though quite willing to hold and use slaves—feared to be swamped by an ever-growing barbaric black population. GEORGE WASHINGTON (From a painting by Gilbert Stuart) Britain at that time was lapsing towards an intenser form of monarchy, and the obstinate personality of George III (1760- 1820) did much to force on a struggle between the home and the colonial governments. The conflict was precipitated by legislation which favoured the London East India Company at the expense of the American shipper. Three cargoes of tea which were imported under the new conditions were thrown overboard in Boston harbour by a band of men disguised as Indians (1773). Fighting only began in 1775 when the British government attempted to arrest two of the American leaders at Lexington near Boston. The first shots were fired in Lexington by the British; the first fighting occurred at Concord. THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL, NEAR BOSTON (From the engraving of the picture by John Trumbull in the British Museum) So the American War of Independence began, though for more than a year the colonists showed themselves extremely unwilling to sever their links with the mother land. It was not until the middle of 1776 that the Congress of the insurgent states issued “The Declaration of Independence.” George Washington, who like many of the leading colonists of the time had had a military training in the wars against the French, was made commander-in-chief. In 1777 a British general, General Burgoyne, in an attempt to reach New York from Canada, was defeated at Freemans Farm and obliged to surrender at Saratoga. In the same year the French and Spanish declared war upon Great Britain, greatly hampering her sea communications. A second British army under General Cornwallis was caught in the Yorktown peninsula in Virginia and obliged to capitulate in 1781. In 1783 peace was made in Paris, and the Thirteen Colonies from Maine to Georgia became a union of independent sovereign States. So the United States of America came into existence. Canada remained loyal to the British flag. For four years these States had only a very feeble central government under certain Articles of Confederation, and they seemed destined to break up into separate independent communities. Their immediate separation was delayed by the hostility of the British and a certain aggressiveness on the part of the French which brought home to them the immediate dangers of division. A Constitution was drawn up and ratified in 1788 establishing a more efficient Federal government with a President holding very considerable powers, and the weak sense of national unity was invigorated by a second war with Britain in 1812. Nevertheless the area covered by the States was so wide and their interests so diverse at that time, that—given only the means of communication then available—a disintegration of the Union into separate states on the European scale of size was merely a question of time. Attendance at Washington meant a long, tedious and insecure journey for the senators and congressmen of the remoter districts, and the mechanical impediments to the diffusion of a common education and a common literature and intelligence were practically insurmountable. Forces were at work in the world however that were to arrest the process of differentiation altogether. Presently came the river steamboat and then the railway and the telegraph to save the United States from fragmentation, and weave its dispersed people together again into the first of great modern nations. Twenty-two years later the Spanish colonies in America were to follow the example of the Thirteen and break their connection with Europe. But being more dispersed over the continent and separated by great mountainous chains and deserts and forests and by the Portuguese Empire of Brazil, they did not achieve a union among themselves. They became a constellation of republican states, very prone at first to wars among themselves and to revolutions. Brazil followed a rather different line towards the inevitable separation. In 1807 the French armies under Napoleon had occupied the mother country of Portugal, and the monarchy had fled to Brazil. From that time on until they separated, Portugal was rather a dependency of Brazil than Brazil of Portugal. In 1822 Brazil declared itself a separate Empire under Pedro I, a son of the Portuguese King. But the new world has never been very favourable to monarchy. In 1889 the Emperor of Brazil was shipped off quietly to Europe, and the United States of Brazil fell into line with the rest of republican America. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2011). A Short History of the World. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11870/11870-h/11870-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

A Short History of the World, by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE EUROPEANS IN ASIA AND OVERSEAS THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE EUROPEANS IN ASIA AND OVERSEAS While Central Europe thus remained divided and confused, the Western Europeans and particularly the Dutch, the Scandinavians, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the French and the British were extending the area of their struggles across the seas of all the world. The printing press had dissolved the political ideas of Europe into a vast and at first indeterminate fermentation, but that other great innovation, the ocean-going sailing ship, was inexorably extending the range of European experience to the furthermost limits of salt water. The first overseas settlements of the Dutch and Northern Atlantic Europeans were not for colonization but for trade and mining. The Spaniards were first in the field; they claimed dominion over the whole of this new world of America. Very soon however the Portuguese asked for a share. The Pope—it was one of the last acts of Rome as mistress of the world—divided the new continent between these two first-comers, giving Portugal Brazil and everything else east of a line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, and all the rest to Spain (1494). The Portuguese at this time were also pushing overseas enterprise southward and eastward. In 1497 Vasco da Gama had sailed from Lisbon round the Cape to Zanzibar and then to Calicut in India. In 1515 there were Portuguese ships in Java and the Moluccas, and the Portuguese were setting up and fortifying trading stations round and about the coasts of the Indian Ocean. Mozambique, Goa, and two smaller possessions in India, Macao in China and a part of Timor are to this day Portuguese possessions. The nations excluded from America by the papal settlement paid little heed to the rights of Spain and Portugal. The English, the Danes and Swedes, and presently the Dutch, were soon staking out claims in North America and the West Indies, and his Most Catholic Majesty of France heeded the papal settlement as little as any Protestant. The wars of Europe extended themselves to these claims and possessions. In the long run the English were the most successful in this scramble for overseas possessions. The Danes and Swedes were too deeply entangled in the complicated affairs of Germany to sustain effective expeditions abroad. Sweden was wasted upon the German battlefields by a picturesque king, Gustavus Adolphus, the Protestant “Lion of the North.” The Dutch were the heirs of such small settlements as Sweden made in America, and the Dutch were too near French aggressions to hold their own against the British. In the far East the chief rivals for empire were the British, Dutch and French, and in America the British, French and Spanish. The British had the supreme advantage of a water frontier, the “silver streak” of the English Channel, against Europe. The tradition of the Latin Empire entangled them least. EUROPEANS TIGER HUNTING IN INDIA (From the engraving of the picture by Zoffany in the British Museum) France has always thought too much in terms of Europe. Throughout the eighteenth century she was wasting her opportunities of expansion in West and East alike in order to dominate Spain, Italy and the German confusion. The religious and political dissensions of Britain in the seventeenth century had driven many of the English to seek a permanent home in America. They struck root and increased and multiplied, giving the British a great advantage in the American struggle. In 1756 and 1760 the French lost Canada to the British and their American colonists, and a few years later the British trading company found itself completely dominant over French, Dutch and Portuguese in the peninsula of India. The great Mongol Empire of Baber, Akbar and their successors had now far gone in decay, and the story of its practical capture by a London trading company, the British East India Company, is one of the most extraordinary episodes in the whole history of conquest. THE LAST EFFORT AND FALL OF TIPPOO SULTAN (From the engraving of the picture by Singleton in the British Museum) This East India Company had been originally at the time of its incorporation under Queen Elizabeth no more than a company of sea adventurers. Step by step they had been forced to raise troops and arm their ships. And now this trading company, with its tradition of gain, found itself dealing not merely in spices and dyes and tea and jewels, but in the revenues and territories of princes and the destinies of India. It had come to buy and sell, and it found itself achieving a tremendous piracy. There was no one to challenge its proceedings. Is it any wonder that its captains and commanders and officials, nay, even its clerks and common soldiers, came back to England loaded with spoils? Men under such circumstances, with a great and wealthy land at their mercy, could not determine what they might or might not do. It was a strange land to them, with a strange sunlight; its brown people seemed a different race, outside their range of sympathy; its mysterious temples sustained fantastic standards of behaviour. Englishmen at home were perplexed when presently these generals and officials came back to make dark accusations against each other of extortions and cruelties. Upon Clive Parliament passed a vote of censure. He committed suicide in 1774. In 1788 Warren Hastings, a second great Indian administrator, was impeached and acquitted (1792). It was a strange and unprecedented situation in the world’s history. The English Parliament found itself ruling over a London trading company, which in its turn was dominating an empire far greater and more populous than all the domains of the British crown. To the bulk of the English people India was a remote, fantastic, almost inaccessible land, to which adventurous poor young men went out, to return after many years very rich and very choleric old gentlemen. It was difficult for the English to conceive what the life of these countless brown millions in the eastern sunshine could be. Their imaginations declined the task. India remained romantically unreal. It was impossible for the English, therefore, to exert any effective supervision and control over the company’s proceedings. And while the Western European powers were thus fighting for these fantastic overseas empires upon every ocean in the world, two great land conquests were in progress in Asia. China had thrown off the Mongol yoke in 1360, and flourished under the great native dynasty of the Mings until 1644. Then the Manchus, another Mongol people, reconquered China and remained masters of China until 1912. Meanwhile Russia was pushing East and growing to greatness in the world’s affairs. The rise of this great central power of the old world, which is neither altogether of the East nor altogether of the West, is one of the utmost importance to our human destiny. Its expansion is very largely due to the appearance of a Christian steppe people, the Cossacks, who formed a barrier between the feudal agriculture of Poland and Hungary to the west and the Tartar to the east. The Cossacks were the wild east of Europe, and in many ways not unlike the wild west of the United States in the middle nineteenth century. All who had made Russia too hot to hold them, criminals as well as the persecuted innocent, rebellious serfs, religious secretaries, thieves, vagabonds, murderers, sought asylum in the southern steppes and there made a fresh start and fought for life and freedom against Pole, Russian and Tartar alike. Doubtless fugitives from the Tartars to the east also contributed to the Cossack mixture. Slowly these border folk were incorporated in the Russian imperial service, much as the highland clans of Scotland were converted into regiments by the British government. New lands were offered them in Asia. They became a weapon against the dwindling power of the Mongolian nomads, first in Turkestan and then across Siberia as far as the Amur. The decay of Mongol energy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is very difficult to explain. Within two or three centuries from the days of Jengis and Timurlane Central Asia had relapsed from a period of world ascendancy to extreme political impotence. Changes of climate, unrecorded pestilences, infections of a malarial type, may have played their part in this recession—which may be only a temporary recession measured by the scale of universal history—of the Central Asian peoples. Some authorities think that the spread of Buddhist teaching from China also had a pacifying influence upon them. At any rate, by the sixteenth century the Mongol, Tartar and Turkish peoples were no longer pressing outward, but were being invaded, subjugated and pushed back both by Christian Russia in the west and by China in the east. All through the seventeenth century the Cossacks were spreading eastward from European Russia, and settling wherever they found agricultural conditions. Cordons of forts and stations formed a moving frontier to these settlements to the south, where the Turkomans were still strong and active; to the north-east, however, Russia had no frontier until she reached right to the Pacific... About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2011). A Short History of the World. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11870/11870-h/11870-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE EUROPEANS IN ASIA AND OVERSEAS

The Football Fever is Here - FIFA 2022 The world has been taken over by football mania in the lead-up to the commencement of the FIFA in Qatar. The 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup will be played by the elite national teams of the member associations of FIFA. After the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan, this will be the in Asia. Additionally, the tournament is expected to be the final with a 32-team field; the field is projected to rise to 48 teams for the 2026 event in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. The first game will be played between Qatar and Ecuador at Al Bayt Stadium in Al Khor. World Cup 2022 second World Cup hosted exclusively Binance is Bringing Crypto to FIFA 2022 Football fans may of a huge prize pool, which includes more than $1,000,000 in tokens, limited-edition NFTs, and premium club experiences like player meet-and-greets and training ground visits in a brand-new online tournament that Binance is launching. Starting on November 7th, Binance will begin " ," an initiative aimed at uniting and engaging a global community of sports and football lovers. win a share Football Fever 2022 To play, fans can start by claiming their complimentary NFT Passports and submit a guess for the outcome of upcoming matches to support their favourite teams. Users can start claiming their NFT Passport from November 7 and begin rooting for their favourite team from November 11 to December 18. The event is one of the latest to use blockchain technology to create a Web3 fan experience, and in addition to the possibility to win prizes, players are also rewarded with non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and money-can't-buy experiences from top-tier teams like as S.S. Lazio, FC Porto, Santos FC, and the BWT Alpine F1® Team, a Formula 1 racing team. New players and Binance Fan Token holders will also get game-specific incentives and multipliers. : Vested Interest Disclosure The author is an independent contributor publishing via our . Be it through direct compensation, media partnerships, or networking. The author has a vested interest in the company/ies mentioned in this story. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR brand-as-author program https://twitter.com/binance/status/1589657055547527168?embedable=true How Is It Going to Work? If you want to take part in the experience, all you have to do is visit or download the Binance app. You may sign up for three guesses in the daily challenge if you're new to Binance and want to check the game out, and you can play along every day if you already have a Binance account and have your NFT Passport set up. Binance.com What Is Binance? Binance is a major blockchain ecosystem and cryptocurrency infrastructure provider with the most prominent digital asset exchange by volume as part of its financial product suite. The Binance platform aims to expand the cryptocurrency market to provide financial liberty to individuals. It offers an unrivalled range of crypto products and services, including trading and finance, education, data and research, social good, investment and incubation, decentralisation and infrastructure solutions. What Is Binance Token? Binance Fan Token is a utility token that drives the fan experience and links teams, companies, and fans globally. Fans can demonstrate their support and unlock unique "fan moments" via exclusive rewards such as once-in-a-lifetime experiences, limited edition NFTs, and meet-and-greets with players while enjoying unique token holder benefits such as exclusive voting rights on certain club decisions reserved for fans and other blockchain-enabled solutions such as NFT ticketing with added benefits. All Binance users can purchase Binance Fan Tokens with both cash and cryptocurrency. Visit the for further information, token availability, and new listings. Binance Fan Token platform Don’t forget to like and share the story! Image credits: and . Thomas Serer Willian Justen de Vasconcellos

Binance Kicks Off 'Football Fever 2022' with $1 Million in Rewards for Football Fans 

POLLOCK AND THE PORROH MAN

Wayra, Telefónica's open innovation initiative, invests in . The video game studio in Barcelona has created Metasoccer, the first in which you can manage your own club and generate income while playing. The game is aimed at both play-and-earn players and soccer fans interested in getting into the metaverse and web3 gaming. Champion Games soccer metaverse It consists of a form of online games that allow players to earn rewards, with value in the real world, by playing against other players and progressing through the game. These rewards come as game assets, such as cryptocurrencies or NFTs, such as virtual stadiums and sports equipment, among others. All of these actions are recorded in the blockchain, a public database on the Internet. “It is a privilege for us to have Wayra as an investor in our company. We hope that all the knowledge and experience in the field of telecommunications and innovation can help us consolidate our business,” said Marc Cercós, CEO and co-founder of Champion Games, creators of MetaSoccer. In 2021, Champion Gamers raised a in which investors such as Play Ventures, ParaFi Capital, Defiance Capital and DAO Maker, among others, stood out. The objective of the round was to lay the foundations for creating the first sports metaverse with a new generation of digital native players and soccer clubs in MetaSoccer, which in the coming years will achieve ratings similar to those of professional soccer leagues. funding round of 2 million euros To this end, it is investing in hiring profiles specialized in the development of Golang, React technologies and onchain programming in Solidity and, in addition, they are reinforcing marketing actions to provide more visibility to the project. So far they have won the support of great players such as Ronaldinho or Dani Carvajal and clubs like Vasco da Gama. “Play-and-Earn is causing a new paradigm in the gaming industry. The use of decentralized technologies opens up a new world of opportunities that will revolutionize the industry. Champion Games is taking advantage of this wave and create a web3 game that can reach the mainstream audience. We are delighted to support this team of great professionals and we are sure that opportunities for collaboration with great potential can be opened up through Telefónica and Movistar,” says Marta Antunez, director of Wayra Barcelona. A few months ago, Wayra launched the global Open2Metaverse call, to search for companies that are developing technology for the metaverse, which brought together 135 startups and analyzed 1625 startups from all over the world. Telefónica also organized Metaverse Day on September 29th, where Champion Games was presented as one of the Web3 startups that the company is promoting.

Telefonica Bets on Web3 Gaming by Investing in MetaSoccer

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: Book IV, Chapter VII - Part I

Who Breaks The #Internet? Not Ralph! The long answer would be YOU GUYS - the superstars driving the internet into a promising, interesting, dynamic, democra-tech, and fun direction while really embracing the awesome side of the human psyche. For that, we thank you! To see the winners simply visit , pick an award, and discover which name appears at the top. That’s the winner! noonies.tech The will announce some of the top founders, hackers, and makers in all 6 categories. Noonies Winners Announcement series 2021 was the year went all out for its annual Noonies Awards with more categories, more sub-categories, more nominees, and more winners, making it the most exciting Noonies to date. HackerNoon Still don’t believe us? Here are some stats for ya nerds: . 4,961 nominees for 2021. 586 Hacker Noon awards Across : 6 award categories , , , , , and . Decentralization Gaming Internet Heroes Internet Software Development Technology A monumental over at 105,122 votes cast noonies.tech The honors the true internet artists of our time ,those who host the best podcasts, write the best newsletters, and those who generally help make the internet a worthwhile place to spend time. Think of this award as the Nobel Prize, for the internet. #Internet award category And without further ado, the N̶o̶b̶e̶l̶ Noonies go to... HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - DESIGN Thanks to Jamie, designers ‘don’t need Google no more’ for inspiration and wisdom. Give it up for for giving more colors than just green! jamiefry HackerNoon HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - ECOMMERCE We couldn’t be more proud of how much of an influence she has been in terms of e-commerce. A round of applause to . Sahana Women in tech keep winning! HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - EMAIL Twitter, TikTok or Mailboxes? Thanks to , checking our mailboxes is now the new scrolling TikTok ;) Jullie Arden HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - FREELANCING Here’s to writing more incredible Freelancing stories on , . Congratulations on winning a Noonie award! HackerNoon Amtul Rafay HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - PODCAST Tired of watching Netflix? No worries, time to rest your eyes because the QUEEN of podcasts is here to the rescue. Thank you, , for giving us reasons to care for our ears. RachelEleza HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - STARTUP-MARKETING When it comes to publishing stories on startup-marketing on , no one can beat the woman herself, , at giving us the highest quality stories. The Noonies salutes you! HackerNoon Jane Rouge HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - STORYTELLING Everything in the world revolves around storytelling; books, movies, music, traveling and even work. We couldn’t be more grateful to Brian Wallace for giving us big brain insights into storytelling. HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - VPN VPN simply stands for Internet Teleportation. We’ve all been teleporting with VPNs from time to time. And for that, let’s give it up for Tangram Vision for inspiring us to travel the world while sitting in front of our computers. HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - YOUTUBE Here claiming the award for best Youtube stories on , we have who deserves all the plaudits for giving us such insightful content. HackerNoon Jeremy Kauffman Science Person Making Twitter Better We assure you, she’s not a mad scientist. Not yet at least ( A large part of the universe is a mystery, but the universe is no match for this scientist. Thanks to her, Aliens were finally discovered on Earth! A standing ovation for . Thank you for demystifying the universe. wink wink). Martha Hilton HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - SALES Salesman of the year? Close. Congratulations on winning a Noonie, and thanks for giving us some great reads. Steve Kehler HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - SOCIAL-MEDIA Big shout out to for showing us . We still do, but thanks! Ivan Mir how to use Twitter without hating it HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - CULTURE Here’s to the person who wrote the most eye-opening stories from to . , you’ve earned a Noonie, and our respect! ways of protecting our cellphone number ways of hacking your own body to beat “inflamm-aging” Zen Chan HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - EMAIL-MARKETING Not many people are willing to show us . A Noonie award is waiting for you to claim, ! the A-Z of email development and sending Andriy Zapisotskyi HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - FACEBOOK Even Mark Zuckerberg can’t beat our man, . Louis Bouchard You’re ready to create your own Meta, and we can provide you our . Verse Remote Work Advocate We Need All hail the new leader of #remote-work-gang, . Thanks to your advocation, we can now work in sweatpants. Heather Doshay HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - CMS Planning your next website design isn’t easy, but giving out a Noonie is, especially when the person who won an award is . Marie-Elise Your story on Drupal 8, a CMS-based project, was top-notch! HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - PHILOSOPHY The Noonies celebrates the amazing people who power the technology industry. And especially those who write, those who shine a spotlight on triumphs, fumbles, hacks, why's that, how-tos and breakthroughs. This award is for the highest quality PHILOSOPHY stories on HackerNoon. The winner is: ! Karim Fanous HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - IDEAS We can’t be happier to give this Noonie award to the one and only, Keep flying high! Ieva Sipola HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - INFLUENCER-MARKETING This nominee literally showed us . Say hello to the new Noonie recipient, the INFLUENCER of the Welsh vegan engineers’ world, ! how to detect influencers with machine learning Kyle Jones HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - INTERNET CENSORSHIP We can’t be more f** ing award to, the one and only, . erf g excited to give this mt Benjamin Bateman Who the **** cares about internet censorship when we have Benjamin the man to do all the uncensoring and teas-pilling for us. HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - WEB-DESIGN It's a science. It's an art. It's never perfect. And the Noonie goes to . Anastasia Dyachenko HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - GOVERNMENT You get a Noonie, you get a Noonie, gets a Noonie, you all get a Noonie. Now that’s democracy. Pavel Cherkashin HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - LIFE isn’t only about technology, coding, and hacking the net. HackerNoon Here we also highlight stories on biology, philosophy, rationalism, illusions, deceptions, metaphysics, happiness, and others. In other words, think of us when you’re trying to draft a story, like this Noonie winner: ! Roxana Murariu HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - SIDE-PROJECT This award recognizes the highest quality SIDE-PROJECT stories on . We’re happy to have your name engraved on a Noonie badge, ! HackerNoon Ashutosh Mishra HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - GOOGLE Anyone should at least once in their lifetime learn about Thank God we have to walk us through that. And for that, sir, you earn a Noonie! what Google’s third-party cookie ban mean to their privacy. Nabeel Ali HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - MAKERS A standing ovation for for making the best out of stories. Without you, we would have . Jon V HackerNoon sold our NFTs like noobs HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - TEAM-BUILDING Thanks for showing us an insightful take into product leadership between Ford and Ferrari, . One Noonie award for you! Sundar Raghavan HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - WEBSITE As a full-stack software developer, a tech blogger, a person who genuinely loves to write about JavaScript, Python, Linux, and Open Source, this nominee won the Noonie fair and square. Congratulations, ! Suhail Kakar Productivity Role Model Because heaven knows we needed them this year. #FCovid And the Noonie goes to . How to ADHD HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - ADVERTISING This nominee has been with HackerNoon since 2018, and consistently produced high quality stories. Let’s give it up for . Louis Barclay We specifically enjoyed reading ”, and not just because it’s fun to say the title out loud! “Bad Blocking Will Be The New Ad Blocking HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - ANALYTICS Another Noonie goes to for writing the highest quality analytics stories. Salute! Nick Platonenko HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - EDUCATION We love it that this nominee walked us through the process of . Big congrats to . building a website to view classmates using Wix and Velo AppleiPad556 Tim Cook, is that you? How about a Noonie for a new Mac? We’ll be waiting. HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - MVP Say no more, the MVP of this Noonie award calls for . UppLabs HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - WORDPRESS A WordPress king. No one deserves this award more than . John Risby Thank you for showing us how to gain quality control for WordPress plugins. HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - SEO All the problems with SEO in the world will be solved by this man. And no, we’re not exaggerating (okay maybe a little bit). Let’s give it up for ! Sonny Alves Dias HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - MARKETING Because "if you build it, they will come" was always bullsh*t. And the winner is a marketer in IT. Egor Kaleynik HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - GROWTH-HACKING This award is for the highest quality GROWTH-HACKING stories on HackerNoon. And the Noonie goes to . Khamisi Hamisi HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - DIGITAL-MARKETING 2 awards in a row? We don’t get enough Noonies around here for . Khamisi Hamisi HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - LIFE-LESSONS 'The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.' Aristotle And the recipient of this Noonie is no one else but, Liz Eddy HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - BLOGGING Astonished by the consistent production of top-notch stories on HackerNoon, The Noonies is more than honored to give this award to . Elizabeth Lvova We love you here, much like your colleagues at Evrone! HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - MARKETING-STRATEGIES Your stories about marketing strategy are awesome. We might just steal one or two and use them for ourselves. Thank you in advance, . Ritika Mehta HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - PRODUCT-DESIGN You are something of a design celebrity, y’know. Your design influence is massive, especially on Hackernoon. Thank you for your longevity and good stories, . Jordan Bowman HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - PRODUCT-DEVELOPMENT You rock! We want to honor you with a Noonie award for your wonderful content. Keep pushing out wonderful stories, . Adetolani Eko HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - DESIGN-PATTERNS Your stories about how to use different design patterns are awesome! We appreciate you and your content, . Sukhpinder Singh HR Department With the Best NO BS Job Descriptions In the simplest words, we don’t like BS when it comes to job descriptions. Thanks to this HR department, that is now a reality. Thank you, for having No BS Job Descriptions. AppSignal HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - CREATIVITY Creative block SUCKS. SO. BAD. You have helped us conquer work and impostor syndrome with your creativity boosts. We look forward to more how-to-use stories from . Hua Shu HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - DESIGN-THINKING You’ve made us come to the harsh realization that design is not just about colors, shapes and text (childhood ruined!). Actually, we appreciate all exposure you’ve given us in the design world. Here’s a Noonies medal for you, . Jordan Bowman HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - WRITING Writing is as old as time itself. No matter how much technology evolves, writing will always be a vital part of it. The Clash of the Titans: Video vs Audio vs Written Stories will always have a clear winner. Thank you, . rhortx Best Online Lecturer Since school moved to the internet, life has been SO MUCH EASIER OMG! Online learning is more effective in some cases, and this is not just because we can now learn while only wearing underwear. Either way, much thanks to you for being a walking and talking school, ! Dr. John Campbell HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - PERFORMANCE Performance, the ultimate benchmark for measuring success. Thanks to you, we now know . To we say a massive thank you. which database is best for us Margo McCabe HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - BRANDING Your story was fire (spoiler alert, it’s not about how to shoot a basketball). The Noonies congratulate you, . Keep shooting to the top! NBA Top Shots Rao Vinnakota HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - INSTAGRAM Thanks to you, many of us have been able to get more IG followers. No jokes, we are now mini-IG celebrities. The only thing we don’t have is the blue tick, for now. Thank you, . Anupriya HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - SOCIAL-MEDIA-MARKETING Another consecutive win! Seems like you’re something of a Social Media Sensei. Keep blessing us with all your wisdom and knowledge, o great one. The incredible, . Anupriya Best Tech Educator on Instagram Another Mark Zuckerberg app takeover! I’m sure IG wasn’t created to teach Tech but this content creator has turned it into Udemy. All hail for creating Instademy! Julie Smith HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - CHATBOTS We can all agree that we are happy that Chatbots don’t ask us to verify if we are humans. Shout-out to . kunal rajput HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - CONTENT-MARKETING First of all, we love your interview stories with tech celebrities. Nothing beats getting first-hand knowledge from a Pioneer of the tech world. Kudos to you, . Elizabeth Lvova HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - HACKATHONS Hackernoon and Hackathon sound so good together. We love your stories and would also love to read one of your books one day. Take a bow, . Helder Vasconcelos HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - LEARNING We’ve all had moments where we loved and hated learning. Ultimately, learning is why we are all here today. The Noonies congratulates Azamah Jr for helping us rediscover the importance of learning. HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - REMOTE-WORKING Your Story, was very insightful. Thanks to you, a lot of Post-Pandemic questions have been answered. Muchos gracias, . To Offshore Or Not To Offshore Alcor HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - UI-DESIGN Design is so vast and not easy to grasp. Thanks to this brave man, one of the concepts, UI Design, seems a bit simpler to understand. you, . Tank Vivek Tank HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - TWITTER Ah yes, Twitter. We all have a love-hate relationship with Twitter. Cheers to for his great Twitter Content. Jack would be proud. Daniel Jimenez HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - ART Whether it is art in the museum worth $10 Million or an NFT worth 500 ETH, we can all agree that art proves that beauty is expensive. We want to give a shout-out to . We appreciate all you do for the world of art. Christian Kameir Tech Podcastor of the Year You proved that listening to tech podcasts is as interesting as listening to true-crime podcasts. Dear, we appreciate you, sincerely. Thank you for leading us to the NorthStar. 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Eddie Shleyner at VeryGoodCopy Critical Thinker of the Year 2 years in a row??? Let’s give it up for . Nebojsa ”Nesha” Todorovic Thanks for always asking the big questions, forecasting the next big things, and never shying away from playing the devil's avocado. 🥑 HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - NEWS This is for the highest quality NEWS stories on , and the award goes to . Thanks for spending a chunk of your time writing quality news stories, now you can go back to testing software! HackerNoon Sergei Shaikin More Information: If you’re a winner, please answer ! If you’re a reader, participant, or just a curious individual, consider answering one of our other interviews . this interview here Read about the Noonies . To see all of the winners you may visit , pick any award, and view the name that appears at the top. here this site Or follow for posts with the list of names released over the course of the week of February 14, 2022. this account The will announce some of the top founders, hackers, and makers in all 6 categories. Noonies Winners Annoucement series Thank you to all of our sponsors! We truly appreciate your contribution to the tech world and thus the future! The Noonies Awards are sponsored by: , , and hosted by: Bybit Avast TECH Domains HackerNoon This post was written by and . Kien Dao Joshua Kevin Omale If you have any questions or concerns or would like to report a discrepancy please email ellen@hackernoon.com.

#Noonies2021 Awards: The List of Winners in the Internet Category

Photo by on Willian Justen de Vasconcellos Unsplash Since NoSQL Databases are widely used and preferred among developers (because of their close relation to the agile methodology) we decided to focus on their functionality in this article. At first, we need to define how we see the abbreviation -- considering that there are several different versions of that. NoSQL In the ‘battle of the meanings,’ we have: 1. Literally the database without SQL usage 2. ‘Not SQL’. only We prefer the second one because SQL is quite prevalent. The NoSQL databases create more intuitive methods of storing data, allowing to model the structured linkage that will be closer to the application’s form. They require fewer transformations when saving or retrieving with NoSQL APIs. Furthermore, NoSQL databases can fully utilize the cloud to ensure minimal outage. As you can deduct, NoSQL DB seems to be more beneficial and more flexible than traditional storing, hence, let’s discover this difference in further detail. Merits of NoSQL DB Compared With SQL Below we compare the two types of databases: We highlight the NoSQL approach with its advantages in relation to SQL. There are a plethora of differences, so we are going to break down some of the most apparent ones. Non-Relational Vs Relational While relational databases (SQL approach) store data using tables, non-relational DB (NoSQL approach) incorporates a storage model that is designed for the particular needs of the data that is being stored. Within tables, linking works by getting ‘keys’ (identifiers that may be applied to a row of data). Such ‘keys’ could be primary and foreign, depending on the addition to the record, and altogether they create the relations, which are defining the whole concept of SQL databases. For the Non-relational databases, there is no unified form and usage. Since there are various types of databases, namely column-oriented, key-value, graph, and document data stores, which are built differently, with their own specific linking methods. The benefit of such flexibility is apparently obvious when you want to develop some complex ideas, requiring a more intuitive structure. Horizontally vs Vertically Scalable Vertical scaling (SQL approach) means adding more power to a present structure, however, horizontal scaling applies to adding new machines to the resource pool. Horizontal scalability (NoSQL approach) is typically focused on data segmentation (each node only contains part of the data). That being said, in principle, integrating additional machines into an existing pool makes it easier to manage, with less downtime because you are no longer constrained by the performance of a single unit. But in this case, it also increases the cost of sharing, copying, or updating data because copies of the data should be passed. Dynamic Vs. Predefined scheme With unstructured data, SQL databases employ a predetermined schema, whereas NoSQL databases utilize a dynamic model. Until you can add data to a relational database, you need to design schemas at first. The structure and data types are set in stone ahead of time. The structure of your database updates every minute you add an extra element to your application. This is an extremely lengthy procedure that causes significant downtime if the database is massive. NoSQL databases are designed to store data without having to adhere to a strict schema. That provides the flexibility to make major real-time adjustments in applications. NoSQL databases have offered a solution to the scale and data format difficulties. So they are worth considering, undoubtedly. When we had a look at the core differences between SQL and NoSQL databases and determine the internal operational capacities that offer NoSQL solutions, we can move to the exploration of practical implementation. Example #1: API Building Platform The first thing to consider is the platform, which offers a user-friendly interface for creating various APIs. Since this SaaS platform is a technical solution, for non-technical people, it uses graphs to visualize the structure and relations within the future users’ APIs. But a platform is not confined to the integration of graphs in the interface. Our developer team uses a Graph database, in particular, Neo4j (which is the most common among Graph database environments). When choosing the database in one instance, there were no other applicable options, other than Graph database, since this type of NoSQL DB generates the whole network between data. Simply said, Neo4j creates nodes (entities, criteria, and other valuable data) and establishes relations between each of them. Neo4j also offers the possibility to monitor changes, that are rendered from the modifications the user contributes to the platform. But let’s return to the main point: While the user generates API in the graph form with the same relations and nodes, the platform automatically adopts everything to the code, converting it at the same time to a more comprehensible form for the machine. But if you take a look at the Neo4j dashboard, where the database is displayed, the scheme would be as intuitive for the human, as for the machine. Example #2: The Data Analytics Platform for DAOs. A second thing to consider is the analytics software that ranks and examines the top Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) based on a variety of criteria. The platform collects and aggregates a range of statistical metrics on DAOs, then shows them in an interactive map used for the community to explore. You are probably wondering how and where NoSQL DB could be implemented here. Essentially, since the platform is something like a social network for DAOs, there is a real-time interaction between users, so we used Graph database (Neo4j) particularly for two features, that require complex link building. The first feature is called ‘Collaboration’ and it is used to display users the results of the voting pattern, existing on the platform (the users can vote for different DAOs, and their ideas to invest or something else). In the panel ‘Collaboration’, you can find matches between users, that voted for the same DAOs. To make these relations work, we needed the Graph database, which allows us to simplify the structure of connections. The other one is ‘Similar DAOs’, which helps to find DAOs somehow related or connected within different criteria. Graph Database here is necessary to bring out each criterion separately on the graph scheme, in order to find correlations between them. Surely, it is easier than going through each entity in the table’s rows and columns, to find similarities. Why Should You Consider Utilizing a Graph Database? Now, when we shared our insights on some of the previous examples -- which are both utilizing Graph Databases -- we should examine the Graph Database examples on a more general scale. How often are they used? Why Graphs? How are they better than traditional relational databases? Being multi-relational by nature, Graph Databases are opposed to relational ones, which have loosely affiliated tables. Navigating relationships is quick because they are already stored in the database and don’t need to be calculated. Data is saved in the same way that thoughts are scribbled on board. The information is stored, thus letting you conceive and use it in a variety of ways. In contrast, relational databases can’t handle the quantity, pace, and diversity of current data spreading. Acknowledging ways for NoSQL databases to address these issues is merely the first step in determining which database is best for your business. Considering the fact that there are a variety of database approaches, and available tools for each of them, searching for the right solution could be tough. But if the ranking by the types of databases could somehow help you to decide, you can find it . here are anticipated to surpass other types of databases, especially the still-dominant relational database. Even though they are not suitable for each and every app idea. Graph databases A graph database is suitable for any environment that enables social networking. This concept may be applied to any project where you’d have to find out people’s behavior in order to suggest new offerings for them. Besides, these types of databases enable to define the shortest route between entities. Hence, they are commonly used for social networks, platforms with communities, logistics, and spatial dimensions (for example, in real-time maps, flight booking platforms, or Transportation Management Systems). In Conclusion NoSQL DBs have a foundation relating to Agile. These types of databases might be the right solution for your software. They could increase performance, by eliminating the chances of ‘Nulls’ (deadlocks of requests). They could be flexible and adapt to the purposes. And lastly, they could build intuitive interfaces from complex data. That being said, NoSQL DB is not a panacea. Business ideas can be unique and require a custom perspective, whether it would be a Graph database or Key-Value. If you encountered difficulties in deciding on which database is preferable to your project – you can always contact specialists to help you make a final decision, based on your requirements. First published here.

When to Use a Relational, Non-Relational, or Graph Database 

Introduction Counting objects in images is one of the fundamental tasks in computer vision. It has a lot of applications, in particular in: microbiology (e.g. ); counting bacterial colonies in a Petri dish surveillance (e.g. ); counting people agriculture (e.g. counting fruits or vegetables); medicine (e.g. counting tumor cells in histopathological images); wildlife conservation (e.g. counting animals). The task of counting objects is relatively easy for us, people, but it can be challenging for a computer vision algorithm, especially when different instances of an object vary significantly in terms of shape, color, texture or size. If a problem is complex from an algorithmic point of view but simple from a human point of view, machine learning methods can be an answer. Currently, in digital image processing. However, they require collecting a lot of annotated data, which is usually time consuming and prone to labelling errors. deep learning (DL) methods provide the state-of-the-art performance The common way to count objects using DL is to first detect them using , like e.g. GCNet [1], and then count all found instances. It is effective but requires bounding box annotations, like presented in Fig. 1a, which are hard to obtain. convolutional neural networks Fig. 1a: COCO dataset [2] To overcome this issue, alternative approaches leverage point-like annotations of objects positions (see Fig. 1b), which are much cheaper to collect. Fig. 1b: Mall dataset [3-6] In this article we describe our studies on . In the next sections details on a model we used are presented together with the implementation, considered datasets, and results we obtained. counting objects in images with fully convolutional networks (FCN), trained on data with point-like annotations Method We decided to start with the approach described in [7]. The main idea is to count objects indirectly by estimating a density map. The first step is to prepare training samples, so that for every image there is a corresponding density map. Let’s consider an example shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2a: An example image Fig. 2b: A label (head positions) The image presented in Fig. 2a is annotated with points in the positions of pedestrians heads (Fig. 2b). A density map is obtained by applying a convolution with a Gaussian kernel (and normalized so that integrating it gives the number of objects). The density map for the example above is presented in Fig. 3. Fig. 3: A density map generated with a Gaussian filter Now, the goal is to train a fully convolutional network to map an image to a density map, which can be later integrated to get the number of objects. So far, we have considered two FCN architectures: U-Net [8] and Fully Convolutional Regression Network (FCRN) [7]. U-Net U-Net is a widely used FCN for image segmentation, very often applied to biomedical data. It has autoencoder-like structure (see Fig. 4). An input image is processed by a block of convolutional layers, followed by a pooling layer (downsampling). This procedure is repeated several times on subsequent blocks outputs, which is demonstrated on the left side of Fig. 4. This way the network encodes (and compresses) the key features of an input image. The second part of U-Net is symmetric, but pooling layers are replaced with upsampling, so that an output dimensions match the size of an input image. The information from higher resolution layers in the downsampling part is passed to corresponding layers in the upsampling part, which allows to reuse learned higher level features to decode contracted layers more precisely. Fig. 4: U-Net architecture FCRN Fully Convolutional Regression Network (FCRN) was proposed in [7]. The architecture is very similar to U-Net. The main difference is that the information from higher resolution layers from downsampling part is not passed directly to the corresponding layers in upsampling part. In the paper two networks are proposed: FCRN-A and FCRN-B, which differ in downsampling intensity. While FCRN-A perform pooling every convolutional layer, FCRN-B does that every second layer. Implementation Our implementation can be found It is based on the code from , but PyTorch is used instead of Keras. Please feel free to use it for your research on objects counting in images. in our public repository. Weidi Xi’s GitHub Currently, U-Net and FCNR-A are implemented. They both use three downsampling and three upsampling convolutional blocks with fixed filter size 3×3. By default there are two convolutional layers in each block for U-Net, and one for FCNR-A. For U-Net we keep constant number of filters for all convolutional layers, and for FCRN-A we increase this number every subsequent layer to compensate for the loss of higher resolution information during pooling (which is not passed directly as in the case of U-Net). Data We considered three datasets in our study. They all are annotated with point-like objects positions, so we could use them directly to generate density maps for all images and test the method described above. We preprocess them to a common format and store in HDF5 flies before the training. Fluorescent cells dataset Fluorescent cells (FC) dataset is generated by Visual Geometry Group (VGG) with a computational framework from [9], which can simulate fluorescence microscope images with bacterial cells. It can be downloaded from . An example image along with generated density map is presented on Fig. 5 VGG website Fig. 5: An example image and corresponding density map (FC dataset)UCSD pedestrian dataset UCSD dataset [10] contains videos of pedestrians recorded on walkways in the University of California San Diego campus. It is widely used for various problems, such as counting, motion segmentation, and analysis of pedestrians behaviour. It can be downloaded from . An example image along with generated density map is presented on Fig. 6. Statistical Visual Computing Lab website Fig. 6: An example image and corresponding density map (UCSD dataset) Mall dataset Mall dataset [3-6] was created for crowd counting and profiling. It contains a video recorded by a publicly available webcam. Every frame is annotated with head positions of every pedestrian. An example image along with generated density map is presented on Fig. 3. The method of counting objects in images by integrating an estimated density map has been already applied to both fluorescent cells and UCSD datasets [11]. We chose mall dataset to be our test dataset for the method. Results As stated above, two models were tested, namely U-Net and FCRN. Using U-Net we were able to achieve more accurate results so below we present our findings obtained with this architecture. In the table below the summary of our results is presented for each dataset with minimum and maximum numbers of objects in validation sets and the mean absolute error (MAE) we obtained. We used standard definition for MAE: where is true and is predicted number of objects for i-th sample. ti pi The scatter plots for true ( ) vs predicted ( ) number of objects for each validation sample are presented in Figs. 7-9. As expected, the model handles well relatively simple fluorescent cells dataset despite high number of objects in single image. However, there is much higher deviation when counting pedestrians. This could be happening due to the fact that it is difficult even for human labeller to decide whether person standing behind a plant or just barely visible from behind corner should be counted. ti pi This is just the beginning of our research on object counting. We are looking forward to conduct more experiments including trying out different architectures and methods. Fig 7. True vs predicted counts on fluorescent cells validation dataset Fig 8. True vs predicted counts on UCSD validation dataset Fig 9. True vs predicted counts on mall validation dataset References Cao, Yue, Jiarui Xu, Stephen Lin, Fangyun Wei, and Han Hu. “GCNet: Non-local Networks Meet Squeeze-Excitation Networks and Beyond.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.11492(2019). Lin, Tsung-Yi, Michael Maire, Serge Belongie, James Hays, Pietro Perona, Deva Ramanan, Piotr Dollár, and C. Lawrence Zitnick. “Microsoft coco: Common objects in context.” In European conference on computer vision, pp. 740-755. Springer, Cham, 2014. Change Loy, Chen, Shaogang Gong, and Tao Xiang. “From semi-supervised to transfer counting of crowds.” In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2256-2263. 2013. Chen, Ke, Shaogang Gong, Tao Xiang, and Chen Change Loy. “Cumulative attribute space for age and crowd density estimation.” In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 2467-2474. 2013. Loy, Chen Change, Ke Chen, Shaogang Gong, and Tao Xiang. “Crowd counting and profiling: Methodology and evaluation.” In Modeling, simulation and visual analysis of crowds, pp. 347-382. Springer, New York, NY, 2013. Chen, Ke, Chen Change Loy, Shaogang Gong, and Tony Xiang. “Feature mining for localised crowd counting.” In BMVC, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 3. 2012. Weidi, Xie, J. Alison Noble, and Andrew Zisserman. “Microscopy cell counting with fully convolutional regression networks.” In 1st Deep Learning Workshop, Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI). 2015. Ronneberger, Olaf, Philipp Fischer, and Thomas Brox. “U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation.” In International Conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention, pp. 234-241. Springer, Cham, 2015. Lehmussola, Antti, Pekka Ruusuvuori, Jyrki Selinummi, Heikki Huttunen, and Olli Yli-Harja. “Computational framework for simulating fluorescence microscope images with cell populations.” IEEE transactions on medical imaging 26, no. 7 (2007): 1010-1016. Chan, Antoni B., Zhang-Sheng John Liang, and Nuno Vasconcelos. “Privacy preserving crowd monitoring: Counting people without people models or tracking.” In 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2008. Lempitsky, Victor, and Andrew Zisserman. “Learning to count objects in images.” In Advances in neural information processing systems, pp. 1324-1332. 2010. Previously published at https://neurosys.com/article/objects-counting-by-estimating-a-density-map-with-convolutional-neural-networks/

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