Validaitor

validaitor

Startups of The Year 2023 Winners: Europe

 Validator or Node Operator? Understanding Key Advantages and Differences with Ethereum’s DVT

Step-by-Step Guide: How to Be a Blockchain Validator (and Earn Rewards From It)

Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung: So werden Sie Blockchain-Validator (und verdienen damit Belohnungen)

Οδηγός βήμα προς βήμα: Πώς να γίνετε επικυρωτής Blockchain (και να κερδίσετε ανταμοιβές από αυτό)

Guía paso a paso: cómo ser un validador de blockchain (y ganar recompensas por ello)

Guía paso a paso: como ser un validador de blockchain (e gañar recompensas con el)

Gid etap pa etap: Ki jan yo dwe yon Validatè Blockchain (ak touche rekonpans nan li)

Guida passo passo: come diventare un validatore blockchain (e guadagnare premi da questo)

ステップバイステップガイド: ブロックチェーンバリデーターになる方法 (そしてそこから報酬を得る方法)

មគ្គុទ្ទេសក៍ជំហានដោយជំហាន: របៀបក្លាយជាអ្នកផ្តល់សុពលភាព Blockchain (និងទទួលបានរង្វាន់ពីវា)

ګام په ګام لارښود: څنګه د بلاکچین تصدیق کونکی اوسئ (او له دې څخه جایزې ترلاسه کړئ)

Ghid pas cu pas: Cum să fii un validator Blockchain (și să câștigi recompense din acesta)

คู่มือทีละขั้นตอน: วิธีการเป็นผู้ตรวจสอบบล็อคเชน (และรับรางวัลจากมัน)

Покрокова інструкція: як стати валідатором блокчейну (і отримувати від цього винагороду)

Ethereum Meets Distributed Validator Technology: A New Era for Resilient Financial Systems

**ZUG, Switzerland, August 8th, 2024, Chainwire/-**Haven1, the REKT-Resistant EVM L1 blockchain, and Amazon Web Services (AWS) today announced a strategic partnership, with AWS working with a verified, infrastructure partner to become one of the seven initial validators of the Haven1 Proof-of-Authority blockchain. It’s a move that underscores alignment to security, innovation and the broader adoption of Web3. Haven1’s Proof-of-Authority blockchain validator network will consist of only the best, most reputable global partners as validators, playing a crucial role in maintaining the network’s integrity. This partnership with AWS, the world’s most comprehensive and broadly adopted cloud solution, marks a significant milestone underscoring AWS’s alignment with Haven1. As Haven1 deploys security and auto-scaling strategies, the network aims to utilize best-in-class AWS cloud services, including AWS Graviton2 processors that are custom-built to deliver the best price performance for cloud workloads, AWS Secrets Manager, Amazon Config, Amazon GuardDuty and AWS Key Management Service (KMS), to build an EVM Layer-1 blockchain ‘safe haven’ ecosystem that is architected to satisfy stringent security requirements, enabling Haven1 to focus on innovation. “Haven1 blockchain needed a scalable and durable infrastructure to power innovation within the Web3 ecosystem,” said Gianluca Ortolani, CTO of Haven1. “We’ve engineered a ‘safe haven’ network with the least number of attack vectors in Web3. This is enhanced by AI-optimized anomaly detection, a set of network guardians, and other proprietary tech built onto the network to fortify the chain, such as transaction level two-factor authentication, and a one-of-a-kind reserve fund, secured through Bitcoin restakers. By building on AWS, we are reinforcing our mission to provide secure on-chain solutions for businesses and individuals, creating the foundation for a more trustworthy Web3 future.” Haven1’s unwavering focus on security, liquidity, and decentralized governance (where H1 token holders play a significant role) positions Haven1 as a leader in providing robust and innovative Web3 solutions, fostering a reliable environment for on-chain activities. The network utilizes a careful selection of reputable, publicly-known validators, to ensure a high level of trust within the system. About Haven1 Haven1 is the REKT-resistant EVM Layer 1 blockchain, engineered to address the critical challenges of security and liquidity in Web3. Through innovative solutions like the Haven1 Passport (POI), 2FA Wallet-Shield, AI-powered network monitoring, and a robust liquidity aggregation system, Haven1 is building a ‘SafeHaven’ ecosystem for everything onchain in Web3. Users can connect, follow and engage with Haven1 on: X (formerly Twitter) | Telegram | Discord | Reddit | LinkedIn | Facebook | Instagram | YouTube For more information, users can visit www.haven1.org Contact Haven1 Haven1 marketing@haven1.org This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. **ZUG, Switzerland, August 8th, 2024, Chainwire/-**Haven1, t he REKT-Resistant EVM L1 blockchain, and Amazon Web Services (AWS) today announced a strategic partnership, with AWS working with a verified, infrastructure partner to become one of the seven initial validators of the Haven1 Proof-of-Authority blockchain. It’s a move that underscores alignment to security, innovation and the broader adoption of Web3. t Haven1’s Proof-of-Authority blockchain validator network will consist of only the best, most reputable global partners as validators, playing a crucial role in maintaining the network’s integrity. This partnership with AWS, the world’s most comprehensive and broadly adopted cloud solution, marks a significant milestone underscoring AWS’s alignment with Haven1. As Haven1 deploys security and auto-scaling strategies, the network aims to utilize best-in-class AWS cloud services, including AWS Graviton2 processors that are custom-built to deliver the best price performance for cloud workloads, AWS Secrets Manager, Amazon Config, Amazon GuardDuty and AWS Key Management Service (KMS), to build an EVM Layer-1 blockchain ‘safe haven’ ecosystem that is architected to satisfy stringent security requirements, enabling Haven1 to focus on innovation. “Haven1 blockchain needed a scalable and durable infrastructure to power innovation within the Web3 ecosystem,” said Gianluca Ortolani, CTO of Haven1. “Haven1 blockchain needed a scalable and durable infrastructure to power innovation within the Web3 ecosystem,” said Gianluca Ortolani, CTO of Haven1. “We’ve engineered a ‘safe haven’ network with the least number of attack vectors in Web3. This is enhanced by AI-optimized anomaly detection, a set of network guardians, and other proprietary tech built onto the network to fortify the chain, such as transaction level two-factor authentication, and a one-of-a-kind reserve fund, secured through Bitcoin restakers. By building on AWS, we are reinforcing our mission to provide secure on-chain solutions for businesses and individuals, creating the foundation for a more trustworthy Web3 future.” “We’ve engineered a ‘safe haven’ network with the least number of attack vectors in Web3. This is enhanced by AI-optimized anomaly detection, a set of network guardians, and other proprietary tech built onto the network to fortify the chain, such as transaction level two-factor authentication, and a one-of-a-kind reserve fund, secured through Bitcoin restakers. By building on AWS, we are reinforcing our mission to provide secure on-chain solutions for businesses and individuals, creating the foundation for a more trustworthy Web3 future.” Haven1’s unwavering focus on security, liquidity, and decentralized governance (where H1 token holders play a significant role) positions Haven1 as a leader in providing robust and innovative Web3 solutions, fostering a reliable environment for on-chain activities. The network utilizes a careful selection of reputable, publicly-known validators, to ensure a high level of trust within the system. About Haven1 Haven1 is the REKT-resistant EVM Layer 1 blockchain, engineered to address the critical challenges of security and liquidity in Web3. Through innovative solutions like the Haven1 Passport (POI), 2FA Wallet-Shield, AI-powered network monitoring, and a robust liquidity aggregation system, Haven1 is building a ‘SafeHaven’ ecosystem for everything onchain in Web3. Users can connect, follow and engage with Haven1 on: Haven1 Haven1 X (formerly Twitter) | Telegram | Discord | Reddit | LinkedIn | Facebook | Instagram | YouTube X (formerly Twitter) X (formerly Twitter) Telegram Telegram Discord Discord Reddit Reddit LinkedIn LinkedIn Facebook Facebook Instagram Instagram YouTube YouTube For more information, users can visit www.haven1.org www.haven1.org www.haven1.org Contact Haven1 Haven1 marketing@haven1.org This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

Haven1 And Amazon Web Services (AWS) Announce Partnership For Node Validator

Haven1 এবং Amazon Web Services (AWS) নোড ভ্যালিডেটরের জন্য অংশীদারিত্ব ঘোষণা করেছে

Haven1 und Amazon Web Services (AWS) geben Partnerschaft für Node Validator bekannt

Haven1 y Amazon Web Services (AWS) anuncian una asociación para el validador de nodos

Haven1 et Amazon Web Services (AWS) annoncent un partenariat pour Node Validator

हेवन1 और अमेज़न वेब सर्विसेज (AWS) ने नोड वैलिडेटर के लिए साझेदारी की घोषणा की

Haven1 と Amazon Web Services (AWS) がノード検証のための提携を発表

Haven1과 Amazon Web Services(AWS)가 노드 검증기를 위한 파트너십 발표

Haven1 e Amazon Web Services (AWS) anunciam parceria para Node Validator

Haven1 и Amazon Web Services (AWS) объявляют о партнерстве в области валидатора узлов

Haven1 ve Amazon Web Services (AWS), Node Validator İçin Ortaklık Duyurdu

Haven1 và Amazon Web Services (AWS) công bố quan hệ đối tác cho trình xác thực nút

Haven1 与亚马逊网络服务 (AWS) 宣布建立节点验证器合作伙伴关系

How to Use PHP Attributes to Create and Use a Custom Validator in Symfony

SEC v. Consensys Software Inc. Court Filing, retrieved on June 28, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series. You can jump to any part in this filing here. This part is 18 of 26. A. Background: Staking 224. “Proof of Stake” (“PoS”) refers to a consensus mechanism used by some blockchain networks to reach agreement about which transactions are valid, to add transactions in new blocks to the blockchain, and to reward participants with additional crypto assets. 225. A blockchain network using a PoS consensus mechanism typically selects a “validator” from a group of blockchain participants who have agreed to certain requirements necessary to maintain the blockchain and add new blocks. 226. To be considered for selection into the group or pool of validators, a potential validator must among other things commit, or “stake,” a pre-established minimum set amount of the blockchain’s native asset (e.g., ETH for the Ethereum blockchain). 227. On Ethereum, a validator must stake 32 ETH, and these staked assets are “locked up” while staked in the blockchain’s PoS consensus mechanism, in part to incentivize validators to faithfully perform required functions. 228. A “correction penalty” is deducted from the staked crypto assets of validators who do not meet a variety of standards including server uptime, consistency, and accuracy. 229. “Slashing”— forced removal of a validator’s node from the network and an associated gradual loss of all of its staked ETH—occurs when a validator engages in affirmatively malicious activity. 230. Conversely, validators earn rewards for their efforts, in the form of additional amounts of ETH—for example, by timely voting on proposed blocks, proposing new blocks, and participating in other consensus-related activities. 231. To create a new block to add to the chain of blocks, the protocol chooses a validator from among those that have staked. The more the holder stakes, and the less server downtime a potential validator exhibits, the more likely that holder is to be selected as a validator and receive the maximum staking reward. Thus, the most successful staking operations maximize the chances of being selected by staking a large number of assets across nodes and having better computer resources to minimize server downtime. 232. Since September 2022, the Ethereum network has employed the PoS mechanism described above. 233. To serve as an Ethereum validator and potentially earn rewards, a validator must stake at least 32 ETH (worth more than $100,000 as of June 25, 2024) and run an Ethereum node. 234. The ETH used for staking is held in a smart contract called the “Beacon Deposit Contract” (referred to herein as the “Ethereum validator deposit contract,” which is part of the Ethereum staking and validation system). 235. For those staking ETH, “rewards” are paid out in the form of additional ETH. The amount of rewards that each validator earns depends on the validator’s performance. 236. For example, a validator earns rewards for keeping its node online and participating in various blockchain maintenance activities, including but not limited to timely voting and proposing new blocks. 237. Conversely, validators can be penalized for poor performance or slashed for malicious activity. Continue Reading Here. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings.
This court case retrieved on June 28, 2024, storage.courtlistener.com is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. SEC v. Consensys Software Inc. Court Filing, retrieved on June 28, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series. You can jump to any part in this filing here. This part is 18 of 26. SEC v. Consensys Software Inc. Court Filing, retrieved on June 28, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series . You can jump to any part in this filing here . This part is 18 of 26. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here A. Background: Staking 224. “Proof of Stake” (“PoS”) refers to a consensus mechanism used by some blockchain networks to reach agreement about which transactions are valid, to add transactions in new blocks to the blockchain, and to reward participants with additional crypto assets. 225. A blockchain network using a PoS consensus mechanism typically selects a “validator” from a group of blockchain participants who have agreed to certain requirements necessary to maintain the blockchain and add new blocks. 226. To be considered for selection into the group or pool of validators, a potential validator must among other things commit, or “stake,” a pre-established minimum set amount of the blockchain’s native asset (e.g., ETH for the Ethereum blockchain). 227. On Ethereum, a validator must stake 32 ETH, and these staked assets are “locked up” while staked in the blockchain’s PoS consensus mechanism, in part to incentivize validators to faithfully perform required functions. 228. A “correction penalty” is deducted from the staked crypto assets of validators who do not meet a variety of standards including server uptime, consistency, and accuracy. 229. “Slashing”— forced removal of a validator’s node from the network and an associated gradual loss of all of its staked ETH—occurs when a validator engages in affirmatively malicious activity. 230. Conversely, validators earn rewards for their efforts, in the form of additional amounts of ETH—for example, by timely voting on proposed blocks, proposing new blocks, and participating in other consensus-related activities. 231. To create a new block to add to the chain of blocks, the protocol chooses a validator from among those that have staked. The more the holder stakes, and the less server downtime a potential validator exhibits, the more likely that holder is to be selected as a validator and receive the maximum staking reward. Thus, the most successful staking operations maximize the chances of being selected by staking a large number of assets across nodes and having better computer resources to minimize server downtime. 232. Since September 2022, the Ethereum network has employed the PoS mechanism described above. 233. To serve as an Ethereum validator and potentially earn rewards, a validator must stake at least 32 ETH (worth more than $100,000 as of June 25, 2024) and run an Ethereum node. 234. The ETH used for staking is held in a smart contract called the “Beacon Deposit Contract” (referred to herein as the “Ethereum validator deposit contract,” which is part of the Ethereum staking and validation system). 235. For those staking ETH, “rewards” are paid out in the form of additional ETH. The amount of rewards that each validator earns depends on the validator’s performance. 236. For example, a validator earns rewards for keeping its node online and participating in various blockchain maintenance activities, including but not limited to timely voting and proposing new blocks. 237. Conversely, validators can be penalized for poor performance or slashed for malicious activity. Continue Reading Here. Continue Reading Here . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on June 28, 2024, storage.courtlistener.com is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on June 28, 2024, storage.courtlistener.com is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. storage.courtlistener.com

PoS on Ethereum: Understanding Staking Requirements and Validator Penalties

Exaion, a subsidiary of EDF, Europe's largest electricity group, has announced its partnership with Cronos, a prominent blockchain ecosystem. Exaion will be joining Cronos as a validator node, contributing to the stability and security of the network. This collaboration brings together Exaion's expertise in providing responsible digital services and Cronos' innovative blockchain technology. Validator nodes play a crucial role in the decentralized validation of transactions on a blockchain network. They are responsible for producing or confirming new blocks at regular intervals, ensuring the smooth operation of the network. In the case of Cronos, validators produce or confirm new blocks every five to six seconds on average. By joining Cronos as a validator, Exaion will actively participate in the governance of the blockchain and the approval of network updates. The addition of Exaion as a validator aligns with Cronos' strategy of partnering with open-source contributors and validators known for their robust technical expertise. Cronos has already collaborated with notable contributors such as Crypto.com, Blockdaemon, Allnodes, and several top-tier validators. This approach ensures that the Cronos ecosystem benefits from a diverse range of expertise and strengthens its position in the blockchain industry. Ken Timsit, Managing Director of Cronos Labs, highlighted the significance of the partnership with Exaion. He emphasized that the collaboration will enhance Cronos' brand recognition, attract new talent and expertise to the ecosystem, and strengthen Cronos' participation in the French blockchain community. This partnership demonstrates Cronos' commitment to fostering a vibrant and diverse ecosystem that brings together crypto-native developers, mainstream users, and established enterprises. Fatih Balyeli, CEO of Exaion, expressed his admiration for the technical depth of Cronos developers and the enthusiasm of the Cronos user community. He acknowledged Cronos' focus on decentralized finance, NFTs, and Web3 gaming, recognizing the ecosystem's potential. Exaion's decision to support Cronos as a validator, alongside other prominent blockchain protocols such as Avalanche, Bitcoin, Ethereum, EWF, Starknet, Tezos, Polkadot, Moonbeam, and Polygon, demonstrates its confidence in Cronos' capabilities and future prospects. The partnership between Exaion and Cronos represents a significant milestone for both entities. Exaion's expertise in providing responsible digital services, coupled with its association with EDF, Europe's largest electricity group, brings credibility and resources to the Cronos ecosystem. This collaboration can potentially attract more enterprises and mainstream users to explore the benefits of blockchain technology through Cronos. Exaion's involvement as a validator node strengthens the decentralization and security of the Cronos network. With a diverse set of validators, including reputable companies like Exaion, Cronos ensures that its network remains resilient and resistant to potential attacks or centralization risks. The partnership also highlights the growing interest and adoption of blockchain technology by established companies. Exaion's decision to support Cronos as a validator, alongside other prominent blockchain protocols, indicates a recognition of the potential and maturity of the blockchain industry. This validation from a subsidiary of a major electricity group can inspire confidence among other enterprises considering blockchain adoption. Final Thoughts The collaboration between Exaion and Cronos represents a significant step forward for the blockchain industry. It demonstrates the increasing convergence of traditional industries with blockchain technology, as established companies like EDF, through its subsidiary Exaion, actively participate in blockchain networks as validators. This partnership not only strengthens the Cronos ecosystem but also sets an example for other enterprises to explore the benefits of blockchain technology. By joining forces with reputable companies like Exaion, Cronos is positioning itself as a leading blockchain ecosystem that can attract mainstream users and enterprises. As the blockchain industry continues to evolve, collaborations like this will play a crucial role in driving adoption, enhancing security, and unlocking the full potential of decentralized technologies. The Exaion-Cronos partnership is a testament to the growing maturity and recognition of blockchain technology, and it will be exciting to see how this collaboration contributes to the future development of the Cronos ecosystem and the wider blockchain industry. Don’t forget to like and share the story! Vested Interest Disclosure: This author is an independent contributor publishing via our business blogging program. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR. Exaion , a subsidiary of EDF, Europe's largest electricity group, has announced its partnership with Cronos, a prominent blockchain ecosystem. Exaion will be joining Cronos as a validator node, contributing to the stability and security of the network. This collaboration brings together Exaion's expertise in providing responsible digital services and Cronos' innovative blockchain technology. Exaion blockchain Validator nodes play a crucial role in the decentralized validation of transactions on a blockchain network. They are responsible for producing or confirming new blocks at regular intervals, ensuring the smooth operation of the network. In the case of Cronos, validators produce or confirm new blocks every five to six seconds on average. By joining Cronos as a validator, Exaion will actively participate in the governance of the blockchain and the approval of network updates. The addition of Exaion as a validator aligns with Cronos' strategy of partnering with open-source contributors and validators known for their robust technical expertise. Cronos has already collaborated with notable contributors such as Crypto.com, Blockdaemon, Allnodes, and several top-tier validators. This approach ensures that the Cronos ecosystem benefits from a diverse range of expertise and strengthens its position in the blockchain industry. Ken Timsit, Managing Director of Cronos Labs , highlighted the significance of the partnership with Exaion. He emphasized that the collaboration will enhance Cronos' brand recognition, attract new talent and expertise to the ecosystem, and strengthen Cronos' participation in the French blockchain community. This partnership demonstrates Cronos' commitment to fostering a vibrant and diverse ecosystem that brings together crypto-native developers, mainstream users, and established enterprises. Cronos Labs Fatih Balyeli, CEO of Exaion, expressed his admiration for the technical depth of Cronos developers and the enthusiasm of the Cronos user community. He acknowledged Cronos' focus on decentralized finance, NFTs, and Web3 gaming, recognizing the ecosystem's potential. Exaion's decision to support Cronos as a validator, alongside other prominent blockchain protocols such as Avalanche, Bitcoin, Ethereum, EWF, Starknet, Tezos, Polkadot, Moonbeam, and Polygon, demonstrates its confidence in Cronos' capabilities and future prospects. The partnership between Exaion and Cronos represents a significant milestone for both entities. Exaion's expertise in providing responsible digital services, coupled with its association with EDF, Europe's largest electricity group, brings credibility and resources to the Cronos ecosystem. This collaboration can potentially attract more enterprises and mainstream users to explore the benefits of blockchain technology through Cronos. Exaion's involvement as a validator node strengthens the decentralization and security of the Cronos network. With a diverse set of validators, including reputable companies like Exaion, Cronos ensures that its network remains resilient and resistant to potential attacks or centralization risks. The partnership also highlights the growing interest and adoption of blockchain technology by established companies. Exaion's decision to support Cronos as a validator, alongside other prominent blockchain protocols, indicates a recognition of the potential and maturity of the blockchain industry. This validation from a subsidiary of a major electricity group can inspire confidence among other enterprises considering blockchain adoption. Final Thoughts The collaboration between Exaion and Cronos represents a significant step forward for the blockchain industry. It demonstrates the increasing convergence of traditional industries with blockchain technology, as established companies like EDF, through its subsidiary Exaion, actively participate in blockchain networks as validators. This partnership not only strengthens the Cronos ecosystem but also sets an example for other enterprises to explore the benefits of blockchain technology. By joining forces with reputable companies like Exaion, Cronos is positioning itself as a leading blockchain ecosystem that can attract mainstream users and enterprises. As the blockchain industry continues to evolve, collaborations like this will play a crucial role in driving adoption, enhancing security, and unlocking the full potential of decentralized technologies. The Exaion-Cronos partnership is a testament to the growing maturity and recognition of blockchain technology, and it will be exciting to see how this collaboration contributes to the future development of the Cronos ecosystem and the wider blockchain industry. Don’t forget to like and share the story! Vested Interest Disclosure: This author is an independent contributor publishing via our business blogging program. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR. Vested Interest Disclosure: This author is an independent contributor publishing via our business blogging program . HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR. Vested Interest Disclosure: business blogging program business blogging program

Exaion, Subsidiary of Europe's Largest Electricity Group, Joins Cronos Network as Validator 

In recent years, Ethereum transitioned to the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) model, moving away from its initial Proof-of-Work consensus. This new PoS model changes how transactions are verified on Ethereum and how new blocks are added to the network. Instead of the energy-heavy mining required in Proof-of-Work, PoS works by selecting validators based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to risk as security. This method is more energy-efficient and aims to improve network security and fairness in participation. However, switching to PoS introduced challenges, especially in maintaining network decentralization and ensuring secure validation. For example, security is a paramount concern in blockchain networks, especially for validators who participate in consensus mechanisms and have access to significant funds. Traditional if a validator's private key is compromised, it can lead to serious consequences such as slashing or loss of staked ETH. single-node validator configurations pose a risk; Ethereum has introduced Distributed Validator Technology (DVT) to tackle these issues. DVT spreads out the tasks and risks related to the validation process in Ethereum's PoS system. It works by dividing and sharing a validator's key responsibilities among several entities, decreasing the chances of centralized control and eliminating single points of failure. In this system, a validator's private key is fragmented and distributed across a network, forming a strong cluster. These clusters work together, ensuring the complete key is never fully available on any computer. This method enhances network security and guarantees uninterrupted validation, even if some nodes in the cluster are compromised or fail. Alon Muroch, Founder of the SSV.Network's core team broke it down saying, "Distribuited-Validator-Tech (DVT) is a protocol for delegating validator operations to a group of independent operators (cluster). DVT combines 2 core technologies: a BFT consensus protocol and threshold signatures. Cluster members reach a consensus, every epoch, on what duty data to sign, and then sign it using t-of-n BLS threshold." "Each operator in a cluster holds a key share, those shares can be split from an existing validator using Shamir-Secret-Sharing or by some distributed-key-generation (DKG) protocol." "Cluster members require consensus before signing, removing single point of failure setups in which a hacked or compromised service provider compromises the entire validator. DVT overcomes those challenges by using a fault tolerant consensus protocol (QBFT)." DVT's integration into Ethereum's PoS framework is crucial for a more decentralized and secure blockchain network. By reducing the risks of centralized power and enhancing the security of the validation process, DVT significantly bolsters the integrity and reliability of Ethereum's network. It ensures that the power to validate and create new blocks is spread across a broader group of participants, not concentrated among a few. This paper will examine how DVT strengthens Ethereum's decentralization, exploring its mechanisms and impact on the future of blockchain security and integrity. Understanding Ethereum's Proof-of-Stake and the Need for Decentralization was motivated by the need to improve the inefficiencies and environmental issues linked to PoW. Ethereum's transition from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) PoS, is more energy-efficient and accessible, reducing the heavy computational demand of PoW. which selects validators based on their cryptocurrency holdings and risk commitment, Decentralization is a key aspect of PoS, vital for network security and resilience. Unlike PoW, where the high computational demands can lead to a few entities dominating mining power, PoS provides a fairer system for participation. Decentralization is important in PoS to avoid any single group having too much control over the network, which helps reduce the risk of unfair tactics like the 51% attack, where someone controls most of the mining power. A decentralized network is also more robust, less prone to specific points of failure, whether technical, geographical, or political. Yet, achieving true decentralization in standard PoS models has its challenges. One main concern is the risk of wealth concentration, where wealthier stakeholders might have too much influence, potentially leading to a plutocracy. There's also the issue of centralization through staking pools, where smaller stakeholders combine their resources to increase their chances of being chosen as validators, unintentionally leading to a concentration of validation power. These issues underscore the importance of systems like DVT, which aim to distribute the validation process more evenly across the network, reinforcing the decentralized nature of PoS. Addressing these obstacles, PoS systems aim to more closely adhere to the fundamental tenets of blockchain technology, striving towards an authentically decentralized and secure network. The Basics of Distributed Validator Technology ) is an innovative method that transforms how blockchain networks validate transactions, especially in Ethereum's Proof-of-Stake system. DVT's main goal is to boost security and promote decentralization by spreading the tasks and powers of a single validator among many nodes. Distributed Validator Technology (DVT It does this by dividing the validator's private key into parts, each handled by different nodes in the network. These nodes work together to do the jobs of a single validator, like proposing and checking blocks, without ever having the full private key in one place. This greatly lowers the risk of someone getting unauthorized access to the key. DVT relies on several critical cryptographic techniques. First is , which splits the private key into multiple pieces. Each piece is given to different nodes, and only a certain number of these pieces can put the original key back together. This setup means no single node has total control or knowledge of the private key, making the system more secure. Shamir's Secret Sharing Another key part is the Threshold Signature Scheme. This scheme decides how many key pieces are needed to perform a task, like making a signature. For example, in a 3-out-of-5 setup, three of the five pieces can create a valid signature. This ensures the system keeps working even if some nodes are down or compromised, as long as enough nodes are active and working together. Distributed Key Generation (DKG) is used to create these key pieces. It's a complex method that makes sure each participant gets a part of the key, without any single participant seeing the whole key. This step is crucial when first setting up a DVT system. Multiparty Computation (MPC) is also important in DVT. It allows multiple parties to jointly calculate something while keeping their inputs secret. In DVT, MPC helps nodes work together to make signatures, without sharing their key pieces. Lastly, the consensus protocol in DVT is essential for making decisions in the network. It determines how nodes, each with a part of the validator's key, agree on actions like confirming blocks or approving transactions. This protocol ensures that even though the validation duties are spread out, the network runs smoothly and in sync, with all nodes aiming for the same goal. This protocol handles the usual blockchain operations and adapts to DVT's unique features, ensuring the system's distributed nature strengthens security without losing efficiency or unity. A Closer Look at Distributed Validator Technology in Ethereum's SSV Network The SSV Network, employing Secret Shared Validator (SSV) or Distributed Validator Technology (DVT), introduces a novel method for Ethereum staking. This technology facilitates establishing a decentralized and open-source network for staking ETH. The SSV Ethereum staking network, recently rolled out its unrestricted mainnet. The primary function of SSV is to , allowing the operation of an Ethereum validator across various non-trusting nodes. This division aims to improve the security and redundancy of validator keys, potentially impacting individual stakers, the Ethereum network, and staking services. divide a validator key into multiple KeyShares SSV operates similarly to a multi-signature wallet with an additional consensus layer. It interfaces between a beacon node and a validator client to streamline the staking process. Its operation involves Distributed Key Generation, where operators collaboratively create a shared public and private key set. Each operator controls a private key segment, preventing total control by a single party. The network uses the Shamir Secret Sharing method for reassembling validator keys, based on a specific threshold of KeyShares. Notably, each KeyShare alone cannot sign duties, yet the entire set is unnecessary if some are faulty, as indicated by the formula n≥3f+1. The flexibility is enhanced through BLS signatures, enabling the combination of multiple signatures to form a validator key signature. This integration aids in the distribution and assembly of keys as required. SSV incorporates Multi-Party Computation (MPC) to secure KeyShares distribution among operators and decentralized computation of validator duties. This process ensures that the validator key is not reconstructed on a single device. To reach a network-wide consensus, even when certain operators are offline or malfunctioning, the Istanbul Byzantine Fault Tolerance (IBFT) Consensus process is employed. The SSV Network ecosystem consists of stakers, operators, and DAO members. Stakers, including individual ETH holders or services, utilize SSV/DVT technology to enhance the security and decentralization of their validators, compensating operators with SSV tokens. Operators provide hardware support and manage the SSV protocol, ensuring the network remains robust and functional. The DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) plays a significant role in governing the SSV Network protocol and managing its treasury, with decisions made through governance functions and token holder votes. The native token of the SSV Network, $SSV, is primarily used for payments and governance. Stakers pay operators $SSV; the token also enables participation in network decision-making. As more ETH is staked, operators and the DAO's treasury receive higher fees, potentially creating a cycle promoting network growth. Muroch said, "Such an important public good like DVT needs to have the right governance to ensure it's aligned with the greater ethereum ethos. An active and prominent DAO empowers the ssv community to make decisions and drive innovation." "The ssv DAO decides everything that happens within the ssv protocol: protocol params, contract upgrades, resource allocation and more. We believe that a powerful DAO must be the driving force for ssv to serve ethereum and help make it more secure and decentralized." Diva's Approach to Distributed Validator Technology Diva, an Ethereum Liquid Staking protocol, utilizes Distributed Validator Technology to enhance Ethereum's Proof of Stake system. It introduces novel features for two types of participants: Liquid Stakers and Operators. Liquid Stakers interact with Diva by depositing Ethereum (ETH). , a unique Liquid Staking Token. This token represents the initial ETH stake and accumulates Ethereum Staking Rewards over time. The distinct aspect of divETH is its liquidity; unlike traditional staking where assets are locked, divETH can be freely transferred or traded, maintaining its value and rewards. In return, they receive divETH Additionally, divETH is dynamic, with its balance regularly updating to reflect accrued rewards or penalties. This token also has versatility in the DeFi ecosystem, as it's an ERC20 token and can be used for various purposes like lending or bridging. For those who prefer a stable balance, divETH can be converted into wdivETH. Operators in the Diva ecosystem have a different role. They run nodes that are essential for the network's validation process, staking their divETH as collateral. This collateral secures the network and entitles them to Operator Rewards, supplementing the standard Staking Rewards that divETH generates. The system incentivizes Operators to perform their duties correctly; because if they fail to do so, it can lead to penalties on their collateral. The more divETH an Operator stakes, the greater their potential rewards, as they can receive more Key Shares, which are crucial for the validation process. What sets Diva apart, particularly for Operators, is its non-custodial approach. Operators never handle the actual funds or private keys. Instead, the Diva Smart Contract acts as a mediator, handling ETH deposits and setting up validators within Ethereum's Consensus Layer. A unique feature of Diva is its use of Distributed Key Generation and Boneh–Lynn–Shacham (BLS) threshold signatures, ensuring secure and decentralized validation. Each Ethereum validator in this system is controlled by multiple Key Shares, distributed among various Operators. A consensus of two-thirds of these Key Shares is necessary for any validator action, ensuring reliability and security. Diva's architecture offers a more accessible and flexible staking option than traditional Ethereum staking. While Ethereum requires a significant commitment of 32 ETH and the operation of a node, Diva allows Liquid Stakers to stake any amount of ETH without running a node. Operators, on the other hand, can lock smaller amounts of divETH and still participate in node operation, often finding it more advantageous than operating a solo Ethereum validator. This approach simplifies the staking process and aggregates rewards from the entire network, leading to smoother and more predictable returns for all participants. How Lido Utilized DVT Lido's project involving Distributed Validator Technology (DVT) is a bit like a big experiment in teamwork for computers that handle cryptocurrency transactions, specifically Ethereum. They worked with a group called the SSV Network from April to July to test this out. The involvement to include solo stakers, community stakers, and various professional organizations. This diversity of participants is crucial for a robust test of the DVT system. extended beyond Lido's existing Node Operators Imagine a group of people (or in this case, computers) who need to agree on something before taking action. In Lido's test, they created teams, or "clusters," each with a different number of members. Some teams needed most members to agree before acting, while others required nearly all members to agree. Each team had a leader responsible for organizing things and ensuring everyone was ready to work together. These teams comprised different types of participants – some were experienced with Lido's system, while others were new and came from the wider community. The main task for these teams was to handle Ethereum transactions. They had to set up their systems following specific instructions and then work together to process transactions. Despite some initial challenges, most teams did well, showing they could handle transactions reliably and quickly. The results were encouraging. After fixing some early problems, the teams worked better, showing that this method could be reliable in the long run. Lido plans to improve this system and eventually use it in the real world, not just in tests. They want to make the process more secure and efficient and invite more people to join in future tests. This could lead to changes in how Ethereum transactions are handled, making the process more decentralized – not controlled by just one computer or a small group. DVT in the Broader Context of Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Distributed Validator Technology (DVT) offers a notable departure from traditional validator models in blockchain networks, representing a significant advancement in blockchain security and decentralization. In many blockchain systems, especially those using a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) mechanism, individual nodes or a small group of nodes often handle validation. While these conventional models are somewhat effective, they tend to concentrate power and responsibility in a few hands, leading to potential centralization issues. This concentration can create security risks and uneven distribution of rewards and governance influence. DVT changes this by spreading the validator's duties across several nodes, diluting the influence of any single validator and leading to a more democratic, decentralized network. This approach improves security by minimizing failure points and creates a fairer system with wider participation. The implementation and success of DVT in Ethereum could profoundly impact other cryptocurrencies and the future of blockchain technology. As blockchain networks grow and need to become more secure, efficient, and decentralized, DVT offers a model for enhancing these aspects. Its adoption might inspire new blockchain innovations, leading to more advanced, secure decentralized systems. The principles and methods of DVT could be adapted in various ways across different blockchain designs, possibly setting a new standard for validator operations in the broader blockchain field. The wider implications of DVT for the cryptocurrency ecosystem and stakeholder trust are significant. In a field where trust is crucial and concerns about centralization and security are common, DVT presents a practical solution to some key issues. By promoting a more decentralized and secure validation process, DVT boosts the overall trustworthiness of the network. This can increase confidence among stakeholders, not just in Ethereum but across the blockchain and cryptocurrency sectors. Knowing that they are part of a securely and fairly managed system is invaluable for users, investors, and developers. This increased trust and security could lead to broader adoption, more innovation, and a stronger, more resilient cryptocurrency ecosystem. Therefore, DVT is more than a technological advance; it marks a critical step in the growth and development of the blockchain and cryptocurrency world.

Distributed Validator Technology: Decentralizing Ethereum's Proof-of-Stake

The researchers conducted an in-depth analysis of blockchain security, focusing on a less explored aspect— the security of the central servers, known as validators, that support blockchain networks. These validators were provided by InfStones, a company offering staking services on various blockchain protocols. The researchers discovered a chain of vulnerabilities that allowed them to compromise the security of these validators. The research team adopted a distinctive approach, treating blockchain validators as conventional servers and delving into classical hacking techniques. The vulnerabilities unearthed not only granted control over these validators but also enabled the execution of code and extraction of private keys, potentially leading to losses surpassing among others. one billion dollars in various cryptocurrencies, including ETH, BNB, SUI, and APT, https://twitter.com/omersadika/status/1726940679849287950?embedable=true They initiated their investigation with the Sui blockchain network, known for its robust security. Using an API call on the Sui Explorer, they obtained a list of active validators and IP addresses. Further investigation led them to a specific server managed by InfStones, which piqued their interest. The targeted server had an open port (55555/tcp) running an open-source Tailon tool, designed for reading log files. Exploiting a vulnerability in Tailon, the researchers gained Remote Code Execution (RCE) on the Sui validator. Tailon ran as a root user, giving the researchers significant privileges. They exploited this initial entry point and extended their attack to other InfStones servers using a similar setup. Through a Censys search, they identified close to 80 servers with the same Tailon service. However, some servers required basic authentication for access. To overcome this, the researchers created an account on the InfStones platform and, through their investigation, discovered an API that acted as a proxy connecting to Tailon. By setting up their server and using the proxy, they obtained credentials that allowed them to authenticate on servers requiring basic authentication. Having gained control of around 80 nodes, the researchers reported the initial vulnerability to InfStones in July 2023. They found AWS credential files on all servers during their exploration, indicating that InfStones downloaded blockchain network binaries from S3 buckets. The compromised credentials had read access to the buckets and write access, enabling potential manipulation of the binaries. Further exploration uncovered a service running on port 12345 named "infd." The researchers identified that this service ran as a root user by exploiting a command injection vulnerability in the "upgrade" route. However, JWT authentication posed a challenge. The researchers discovered a server with a specific CloudProvider setting that allowed them to bypass JWT authentication and exploit the command injection vulnerability. This server was identified as the InfStones Aptos validator, which staked approximately 150 million dollars. The impact of these vulnerabilities was substantial. An attacker exploiting these flaws could acquire the private keys of validators across various blockchain networks, potentially leading to the slashing of validators, withdrawal of staked funds, or theft of staking rewards. The affected validators represented a significant portion of the Ethereum network and Lido, a major operator in the space. The researchers responsibly disclosed their findings to InfStones and communicated the potential impact of the vulnerabilities. , and the researchers agreed to delay public disclosure to allow time for remediation efforts and key rotation. InfStones claimed to have remediated the issues and is actively collaborating with InfoStones to address the identified issues. The focus is on rectifying the problem specifically related to Ethereum nodes within InfoStones' infrastructure. Lido DAO has acknowledged the reported vulnerability While progress is being made in addressing the Ethereum-related concerns, there remains uncertainty regarding the extent of the impact on Lido's validators and other networks mentioned in dWallet's comprehensive report. The collaborative effort aims to thoroughly investigate and mitigate any potential repercussions arising from the vulnerabilities. This study highlighted a gap in the accountability and responsibility related to the security of blockchain network validators. While considerable resources are invested in code quality and smart contract security, the security of validators is often considered out of the scope of bounty programs, creating a potential entry point for attackers. The researchers emphasized the need for increased focus on the security of validators, crucial components of blockchain networks. Looking Forward Users can take several actionable steps to enhance the security of their involvement in blockchain networks and technologies. First and foremost, it is crucial to stay informed about the ever-evolving security landscape of blockchain networks. Following reputable sources, security researchers, and organizations regularly sharing insights and updates will help individuals and organizations avoid potential risks and vulnerabilities. If you are involved in staking or operating nodes on blockchain networks, diversifying your validator services is a prudent strategy. Relying on a single service provider increases the risk of vulnerabilities or attacks. Furthermore, regular security audits of the infrastructure are essential. These audits should go beyond the assessment of code and smart contracts, extending to the security of the validators supporting the network. Implementing multi-factor authentication (MFA) is another critical measure. Enabling MFA on all accounts and services related to blockchain operations adds an extra layer of security, mitigating the risk of unauthorized access. Security awareness training for personnel managing blockchain infrastructure is equally important. It ensures that individuals are well-informed about potential threats, common attack vectors, and the best security practices. In the event of discovering vulnerabilities in blockchain networks or services, it is advisable to follow responsible disclosure practices. Promptly notifying the affected parties and collaborating with them to address the issues before public disclosure can minimize potential harm. Additionally, regularly reviewing and auditing the configurations of cloud services used in blockchain operations is vital. This includes securing services, closing unnecessary open ports, and appropriately configuring access controls. Recognizing the critical role of validators in the security of blockchain networks is essential. Encouraging blockchain projects and organizations to include validator security as part of their security programs and bug bounty initiatives can contribute significantly to a more secure ecosystem. Continuous monitoring for unusual activities and unauthorized access on validator nodes is also recommended. Early detection of suspicious behavior can prevent or minimize the impact of security incidents. Finally, supporting initiatives that advocate for comprehensive security programs in the blockchain space and the inclusion of validator security in bounty programs will contribute to addressing potential vulnerabilities effectively.

The Achilles' Heel of Blockchain: How Validators Became the Target of a Billion-Dollar Threat

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