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A Comparative Algorithm Audit of Conspiracies on the Net: Conclusion and Bibliography

Introduction Mobile banking is not what it used to be just a few years ago. Customers around the world are discovering new kinds of experiences that minimize visits to physical branches (or eliminate them altogether) in favor of hyper-convenient, feature-rich apps that let you track expenses, build a budget, or even trade stocks and crypto. quicker to welcome these new experiences, like the EU, Russia and Latin America. On the other hand, we can see some of the markets, like the US, resisting change owing to legacy banking systems and stricter legislation. But the common truth is that mobile banking is not only here to stay - it will never be the same again. In this article we will look at some of the current mobile banking trends that are redefining your day-to-day financial operations, as well as new approaches to building mobile banking apps and their potential future. Trends Security Let’s first talk about the issue that prevents someone from trying mobile banking in the first place: the safety of their data and funds. As mobile devices introduced new security features like on-device encryption and biometric authentication (first with fingerprints, later with the face and even with your iris), mobile banking has seen an explosion in adoption since it first became a concept with the breakthrough of the smartphone in 2008. Biometrics But progress in that area hasn’t stopped. On the contrary, cybersecurity engineers are constantly introducing new security measures aiming at preventing attacks from happening in the first place and boosting devices’ underlying security. The pandemic has exacerbated the need for security methods that rely on non-fungible traits of the bank account owner rather than passwords or secret codes that can be copied. For example, voice recognition technology has made great strides in becoming available for use in the mobile banking context, and some companies have successfully launched pilots. At Sinara Bank, we aim to build trust in our biometric solutions as we adopt the “One-time contact” approach to offering our retail banking services. This means the client needs to complete a one-time biometric authentication procedure in our branch, and subsequent banking services will be provided on a remote-first basis. We are also experimenting with offering initial biometric authentication without any branch visits at all, and are seeing a positive dynamic with adoption. Voice biometrics is increasingly getting adopted by US bank call centers to securely authenticate account holders who can finally ditch learning a secret phrase or punching in their credit card number on the line. HSBC UK claims it was able to prevent almost £1 billion in customer funds from being stolen by malicious actors thanks to its adoption of voice authentication technology. These “voiceprint” models can be effectively scaled to mobile apps and even combined with existing biometric authentication methods like fingerprint and face recognition to create a unique biometric identity for every customer that is simply impossible to spoof. Real-Time Monitoring Banks also turn to Big Data models to learn how to identify and stop attacks in real time by monitoring millions of active processes across branches and security systems and identifying patterns that would indicate an attack vector. Data analytics derived from banking mobile apps can be a principal contributor to ensuring the security of the banking system. Features Banking apps are more feature-rich than ever. Here are some of the innovations that keep banning customers coming back: Superapps Banking apps have evolved from simply allowing users to check their balance and conduct basic transfer operations to offering the full scope of banking services and even third-party integrations that simplify everyday tasks and empower a healthier financial lifestyle. These bank apps offer instant chat-style customer support, built-in loan instruments and financial expenses dashboards that help customers track their spending habits and plan ahead, automatic bill payment, and sometimes even public transportation payment options, airline tickets and cinema and theater tickets, typically offered as part of the bank’s loyalty program. Of course, customers increasingly find banking apps with better UX to be more appealing. According to internal research by Sinara Bank, only 7% of our clients took advantage of remote APR deposits in 2019. In 2022, that number was 60%. We are seeing a similar dynamic with pre-approved loans as well. This year alone, our app’s MAU and DAU have jumped 11% and 20% respectively. In addition to that, almost all of our clients transitioned to mobile-only banking, abandoning desktop versions and bank branch visits altogether, with just under 10% of our client base sticking to the legacy desktop web application to manage their finances. Overall penetration of our mobile banking app skyrocketed from 40% to 75% over the past few years, with even the most skeptical groups like elderly depositors finally moving on. We can confidently say that clients overwhelmingly prefer a remote-first banking approach, and we responded accordingly with all new features being remote and mobile-only. More Ways To Pay NFC payments are arguably the most convenient way to pay for goods and services - just tap with your phone and you’re done. It’s seamless, secure and blazing fast, but also not the only way to pay with a smartphone. The banking apps of 2023 need to support more ways of payment to offer customers choice and flexibility, plus, retail chains may create special cashback programs that incentivize customers to use one payment method over the other. QR code payments are a fantastic alternative to NFC payments for customers who, for example, don’t have an NFC-enabled device. This way, they can quickly pay by pointing their camera at the QR code at the checkout counter and deduct funds directly from their bank account. Another popular way to pay is digital wallets and bank-enabled BNPL services which have skyrocketed in recent years as players like Klarna, ShopPay and Afterpay introduced simple loan-based payments on websites, typically with zero interest. Banks are creating hybrid services that combine easy-to-use digital wallets that do not require card credentials with BNPL options that incentivize quick purchases and create an additional revenue stream. Instant Transfers Gone are the days when you needed someone's sixteen-digit bank account number and other lengthy details to conduct a basic wire transfer, which would be executed within several banking business days. At Sinara Bank, we introduced instant operations like C2C, C2B and me-2-me pulls several years ago. Now, we’ve added phone number and QR code transfers between individuals and organizations. We already hit a turnover of $4 million on these operations, up from zero, and we are currently testing instant phone number-based cross-border transfers as well. This trend is global: for example, the US’ Federal Reserve is currently testing its instant transfer system called FedNow that would finally allow the aging US banking system to catch up with the modern world. Of course, other phone number-based transfer applications like Zelle aren’t quick to give up their market shares. Virtual Assistants In the advent of virtual assistants, users rely on Siri, Google Assistant, and even on brand new products like Bing Chat to simplify their interactions with devices and boost productivity, and banks are implementing the same functionality in banking apps to speed up routine tasks like sending quick transfers to relatives or paying bills. Artificial intelligence AI is all the rage, and banks can take advantage of it to perform deeper financial analysis of its customers and offer more personalized financial products. Some companies like Affirm already use AI to accurately score potential borrowers with limited credit history. Crypto and Assets Digital currency is not only for enthusiasts anymore. Governments around the world are flocking to legalize and take advantage of all that digital assets have to offer. Even the United States is piloting a so-called “digital dollar” that should unlock next-generation banking capabilities for millions of retail clients. Sinara Bank is proud to be one of the Russian banks partaking in the digital ruble pilot program. But industry-wide adoption does not stop with analogs of regular currency - many banking apps are starting to integrate with popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum and USDT. Some of the leading global banks that are opening their doors to crypto include Revolut, Ally Bank, USAA and even Bank of America., Banking-as-a-Service Neobanks have recently sprung up across the financial landscape to provide competition to traditional banks by undercutting them and introducing features previously unheard of. These novel institutions often lack branches and boast convenient apps with features that younger customers have come to expect from digitally native financial services like PayPal. In response, banks are turning to Banking-as-a-Service (BaaS) platforms to create customized neobank-like experiences that rely on their own infrastructure, diversify their offerings and attract more customers. An everyday example of BaaS solutions are airline credit cards that one might use regularly to accumulate miles and fly cheaper. These cards are issued by banks, not airlines, and in this scenario, both of them reap the benefits. Another example of BaaS are neobank-esque financial companies like Chime that rely on the infrastructure of a legacy bank (in this case, Bancorp Bank, N.A. and Stride Bank, N.A.) to provide services that the underlying banks do not, thus netting those banks more clients. Open Banking Similarly to BaaS, open banking involves the bank opening up some of its tightly kept infrastructure to a third party, but unlike BaaS, it is designed to integrate information from your account with a third party app, like a financial management and planning app that keeps track of your expenses for you. An example of this is Wallet by BudgetBakers, which can synchronize with your bank account to unlock insights into your spending, projected income and overall financial outlook. Conclusion Any banking app can check your balance. So if you want your app to stand out in this increasingly crowded feel, think of ways to pack as many features as possible in the simplest app possible. The future of mobile banking is that of peace-of-mind security that customers don’t have to think twice about, and of infinite flexibility that allows them to manage their entire financial life from a single app. And with more artificial intelligence tools becoming available every day, it’s up to the banks and app developers to take advantage of it to create apps customers will rely on throughout their entire financial journey.

Mobile Banking: Predictions For Mobile Applications Development

Before delving into the content of this article, some context needs to be laid out first: I work at HackerNoon I am still a student in the University I’m taking a class on user-centered design For the class, we’ve been asked to carry out a user and task analysis of a website we’re familiar with. So naturally, I wrote a report on HackerNoon ( ) duh. Disclaimer: This is by no means a representation of how HackerNoon is used amongst users but merely a general analytic speculation on the overall usage and aesthetic of the site. This can be used as a reference for new users on what HackerNoon is and how to utilize the site on a basic level. As the report is quite lengthy, I’ll divide it into 2 articles. This is the first part of the series and it will address the following: What is HackerNoon? Who are the potential users of HackerNoon and what are their personas? A brief analysis of HackerNoon with regards to , and . Accessibility Internationalization, Cognitive & Perceptual challenges Content Overview About HackerNoon User Analysis Accessibility Internationalization Cognitive and Perceptual Challenges Personas References ABOUT HACKERNOON HackerNoon ( ) is an American online publishing website, designed for tech enthusiasts to read, write, and publish. It is an open and multinational community of 35,000+ contributing authors that post articles sharing tech news and knowledge for a monthly audience of 5 - 8 million readers. (HackerNoon 2023a). hackernoon.com Potential users of HackerNoon International users who are interested in anything technology and want to learn more about the tech industry or share their technology-related knowledge with the world. The knowledge or information potential HackerNoon users look for, are interested in, or are willing to share/write about can range from technology-centric topics like , blockchain, , etc. to other technology-adjacent topics like , history, culture, and news media (HackerNoon 2023b; SimilarWeb 2023). AI cybersecurity gaming The potential users of HackerNoon can be divided into 2 main groups: and The Readers are more generic users while the Writers are a more specific and focused group in the HackerNoon audience. Readers Writers. USER ANALYSIS HackerNoon readers 1. User characteristics a. Distinguishability: 25-34 (SimilarWeb 2023), thus they range from the older segment of Gen Z to the younger segment of Gen Y. Age: Both male and female but male is dominant (SimilarWeb 2023; HackerNoon 2023). Gender: : Mostly come from the US or India (SimilarWeb 2023). Ethnicity/Geographic They speak at least 2 languages, one of which is English Language: They are students or people that are currently working in the tech industry. Occupation: Middle to high income, from about $44,879 to $101,494 a year (talent.com 2023). Income: b. Homogeneity: They grew up in the era of technology development, thus being very tech-savvy (Herrity 2023). They are interested in anything tech related and are willing to read and learn about their topics of interest. They spend on average 25 hours per week online, with which the majority of time is spent reading blogs online (Bandy 2020). They are communicative, creative, and interactive; they are ready to make connections within the HackerNoon community. They want to be able to read quality, informative content that not only offers immense family but is also free and has no paywalls (Ciulla 2020; HackerNoon 2023). Use social media to connect with brands mainly for customer service and support (SproutSocial 2023). . ​​ c Domain knowledge: The ability to understand basic web functions, carrying out tasks like login, creating a profile, and navigating the domain. Familiar with words and phrases related to technology such as blockchain, web3, cybersecurity, etc. in order to easily navigate topics. Have prior experience and knowledge with similar websites such as dev.to, or GitHub. While most HackerNoon readers don’t possess much knowledge on how to fully utilize the website, a small percentage of readers who want to become writers or are simply regular readers, do make a HackerNoon account and are familiar with the website’s features such as how to give reactions and how to comment, share or quote HackerNoon articles. d. Other attributes: HackerNoon readers are expected to be familiar with tech devices and basic blog/online news website layout, they are able to use drop-down menus and simple search engines and are able to comfortably navigate through a homepage that is packed with information (Herrity 2023). Skills: 2. Goals: To discuss technology and tech-related topics with the community and people with the same interests at the same time build personal branding or connect with other tech journalists through the HackerNoon platform. Generic: To read and learn about technology. Specific to the group: HackerNoon writers 1. User characteristics: a. Distinguishability: 25-34 (SimilarWeb 2023), in the range from the older segment of Gen Z to the younger segment of Gen Y. Age: Male and Female Gender: Mostly come from the US or India (SimilarWeb 2023). Ethnicity/Geographic: They speak at least 2 languages, one of which is English Language: People working in the tech industry. They can be coders, web developers, founders, or CEO of tech companies; they can also be entrepreneurs, running their own tech startups (HackerNoon 2023). Occupation: Middle to high income, from about $44,879 to $101,494 a year (talent.com 2023). Income: b. Homogeneity: They are tech-savvy digital natives (Herrity 2023). They are interested in anything tech related. They are creative, results-oriented, and like to receive praise, thus they seek ways to show off their knowledge and experiences; therefore, they are prone to write about their topics of interest (Herrity 2023). They like collaborative work, willing to make connections with people of the same profession and same interests (Aisle Planner 2019; Herrity 2023). In order to establish good connections with other technologists and companies, they most often use Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn (Nowspeed 2023). c. Domain knowledge: ​​ The ability to understand basic web functions, carrying out tasks like login, creating a profile, and navigating the domain. Familiar with and able to correctly use words and phrases related to technology such as blockchain, web3, cybersecurity, etc. in their articles. Have prior writing experience and publishing with similar websites such as medium.com, dev.to, or GitHub. Familiar with the website’s features such as how to give reactions and how to comment, share or quote HackerNoon articles. Additionally, know how to fully utilize HackerNoon writing resources such as writing templates and how to enter writing contests. HackerNoon writers are expected to have basic knowledge of the DOs and DON’Ts when publishing with HackerNoon (HackerNoon n.d.). d. Other attributes: Skills: HackerNoon writers are expected to be good with tech devices and familiar with basic blog/online news website layout, they are able to use drop-down menus and simple search engines and are able to comfortably navigate through a homepage that is packed with information. They are expected to have good writing skills, good communication, and an expert understanding of the topic they write about. 2. Goals: To discuss technology and tech-related topics with the community and people with the same interests at the same time build personal branding or connect with other tech journalists through the HackerNoon platform. Generic: To write and publish articles on the site. Specific to the group: Accessibility 1. Visually impaired group of users (low vision and blindness): HackerNoon ( ) is compatible with accessibility features for visually impaired people provided by the operating systems (both MacOS and Windows). hackernoon.com People with visual impairments can navigate the contents on HackerNoon by setting up Voice Over and Spoken Content on MacOS, or use Microsoft Edge on Windows. 2. People whose disabilities don’t allow them to type: HackerNoon ( ) is compatible with the dictation feature both on MacOS and Windows, allowing users to type, search and write with their voice hackernoon.com Internationalization HackerNoon allows users to read articles in 8 different languages including English, Vietnamese, Chinese, Indian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Japanese. Additionally, users can access the HackerNoon homepage in each translated language by adding /vi, /zh, /hi, /es, /fr, /pt, and /ja to the URL on the search bar. hackernoon.com On top of that, when users are on the HackerNoon homepage in different languages, each individual article’s URL will also be shown in the chosen language thus increasing SEO credibility as well as better promoting the domain/articles in the country (LinkedIn 2023). While HackerNoon aims to cater to an international audience, it currently restricts writers to English-only content, which can be seen as a limitation to the website's own internationalization efforts. Additionally, navigating HackerNoon can be quite the feat due to its complexity, filled with academic jargon and industry-specific terms. The platform is geared towards tech enthusiasts and professionals, fostering discussions and exchanging ideas within the tech community. As a result, a foundational understanding of technology is essential to fully utilize and comprehend the content. Cognitive and Perceptual Challenges Cognitive Challenges Analyzing HackerNoon in the context of understanding cognitive challenges. Specifically: how users - old and new - in different user groups are able to learn and use the site effectively. There are 3 types of cognitive load: , and , all of which are applicable to understanding HackerNoon (Fuhrman 2017). Intrinsic Extraneous, Germane Refers to how users perceive difficulty, based on HackerNoon’s interface. It is not hard to navigate around the site, as every basic function and information can be found on the homepage or just by scrolling down. Readers and writers can easily navigate through the site with ease. Additionally, on the navigation bar, the “Help” section is clearly visible with subtabs of potential problems users might encounter. Intrinsic cognitive load: However, as users become more involved with the site, transitioning from casual readers to writers/contributors on HackerNoon, the process of getting published presents some more complexity. Despite having basic instructions on how to write on the homepage, writers may encounter potential navigation challenges. For instance, to save a draft, a title must first be provided. There’s also the fact that writers can customize the text in their articles (Figure 3). Moreso, there are DOs and DON’Ts writers must follow in order to get published on the site (see more ). These are not complicated things but they require a bit of a learning curve for users of the site. here Refers to how the human brain perceives designs and layouts. In the case of HackerNoon, the overall layout and search bar (Figures 4 & 5) can be overwhelming as the site displays many articles, as well as information on the homepage. Thus, it can potentially be perceived as clutter. Extraneous cognitive load: Additionally, the default color of the site, green and yellow can also drain the eyes when looking at it for long periods of time. These are all indications of potential excess of extraneous cognitive load. Refers to how humans relate things that look similar to a group of similar functions (Fuhrman 2017). It can also be understood in terms of the law of proximity. In this case, HackerNoon has done a good job of building consistency among functions and features. This is exemplified by how items and lists in the navigation bar possess the same aesthetic (Figure 4), and how all the steps of the writing process have the same white background, green borders, and green highlights throughout. Germane cognitive load: Perceptual Challenges Since the website is easy to navigate with full instructions and simple icons/titles, there are little to no perceptual challenges users might encounter. The biggest problem still lies in how information-packed HackerNoon is and how complex a task it is for writers to get published. While these challenges might have been analyzed above as extraneous cognitive load, when users are overwhelmed with information and colors, they might refrain from learning and navigating the site, which is a perception issue (Williams 2021). PERSONAS HackerNoon writer: HackerNoon reader: REFERENCES Aisle PLanner (2019) Marketing to Millennials: Keeping Up & Connecting with Generation Y, Aisle Planner website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://www.aisleplanner.com/blog/worklife/marketing-millennials-keeping-connecting-generation-y Bandy C (2020) MARKETING TO MILLENNIALS THROUGH BLOGS: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW, LEADG2 website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://leadg2.thecenterforsalesstrategy.com/blog/marketing-to-millennials-through-blogs Ciulla M (2020) Building A Content Brand w/ Linh Smooke of Hacker Noon, SAASPLG website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://saasplg.com/building-a-content-brand/ Fuhrman J (2017) Cognitive Load Theory: Helping Students' Learning Systems Function More Efficiently, The International Institute for Innovative Instruction website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://www.franklin.edu/institute/blog/cognitive-load-theory-helping-studentslearning-systems-function-more-efficiently HackerNoon (2023) About HackerNoon How Hackers Start Their Afternoons, About HackerNoon website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://www.about.hackernoon.com HackerNoon (2023) HackerNoon Testimonials, HackerNoon Testimonials website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://testimonials.hackernoon.com HackerNoon (n.d.) Backlinks Do’s and Don’ts, HackerNoon Help and Support website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://help.hackernoon.com/backlinks-guideline Herrity J (2023) 8 Characteristics of Generation Y in the Workplace, indeed website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/generationy#:~:text=Gen%20Y%20is%20tech-savvy,software%20releases%20in%20the%20workplace LinkedIn (2023) What are the latest trends and tools for website internationalization?, LinkedIn website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/what-latesttrends-tools-website-internationalization NowSpeed (2023) Top Social Media Platforms For Technology Companies, NowSpeed website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://nowspeed.com/uncategorized/platforms-technologycompanies/#:~:text=Among%20technology%20companies%2C%20Facebook%2C%20Twitt er,97%25%20have%20a%20LinkedIn%20profile SimilarWeb (2023) hackernoon.com, SimilarWeb website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://www.similarweb.com/website/hackernoon.com/#overview SproutSocial (2023) How Millennials use social media, sproutsocial website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://sproutsocial.com/insights/guides/social-media-use-by-generation/#howmillennials-use-social-media Talent.com (2023) Tech average salary in the USA, 2023, talent.com, accessed 14 April 2023. https://www.talent.com/salary?job=tech Williams DD (2021) Four Common Perceptual Problems, LinkedIn website, accessed 14 April 2023. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/four-common-perceptual-problems-coach-dianad-williams/

HackerNoon - A User Experience Analysis: Part 1 

হ্যাকারনুন - একটি ব্যবহারকারীর অভিজ্ঞতা বিশ্লেষণ: পার্ট 1

HackerNoon – Eine User Experience-Analyse: Teil 1

HackerNoon - Un análisis de la experiencia del usuario: Parte 1

HackerNoon - Une analyse de l'expérience utilisateur : Partie 1

हैकरनून - एक उपयोगकर्ता अनुभव विश्लेषण: भाग 1

HackerNoon - ユーザー エクスペリエンス分析: パート 1

HackerNoon - 사용자 경험 분석: 1부

HackerNoon - Uma análise da experiência do usuário: Parte 1

HackerNoon - Bir Kullanıcı Deneyimi Analizi: Bölüm 1

HackerNoon - Phân tích trải nghiệm người dùng: Phần 1

HackerNoon - 用户体验分析：第 1 部分

Testing is a crucial step in software development. Every programming language has a myriad of tools to make our lives easier when testing our code — and Python is no different. However, when using the library I've noticed that testing isn’t as common. Pandas This could be because it’s harder than testing regular Python code, or because Pandas is usually used by professionals who aren’t necessarily programmers. Regardless of the circumstances, the fact remains that testing plays a crucial role and should not be overlooked. In this post, I will share some of my knowledge about the topic, including what tools to use, general strategies for testing, and how to test code that uses Pandas. Using Pytest There are other libraries out there, but I’ve found to be the most simple and yet robust of them. Pytest Other testing tools usually require defining classes with methods for every test, which makes this a bit more cumbersome. Pytest, on the other hand, lets us define simple and compact functions instead. To use it, we must first install it: pip install pytest As an example, say we have the following function that we want to test, inside a file called “ ”: operations.py # operations.py
def sum_a_and_b(a, b):
  return a + b To test it with Pytest, we create a file that either starts or ends with “test” (so “test_operations.py” or “operations_test.py”). Inside this file, we define a function to test our function with an : sum_a_and_b assertion # test_operations.py
from operations import sum_a_and_b

def test_sum():
  result = sum_a_and_b(1, 2)

  assert result == 3 We run the tests by typing in the terminal: pytest (venv) pandas-testing % pytest
========================== test session starts ==========================
platform darwin -- Python 3.9.6, pytest-6.2.5, py-1.10.0, pluggy-1.0.0
rootdir: /Users/eduardo/development/tutorials/pandas-testing
collected 1 item                                                        

test_operations.py .                                              [100%]

=========================== 1 passed in 0.01s =========================== Writing Good Tests Beyond the Happy Path Of course, the simple test above doesn’t ensure our function works correctly 100% of the time. For instance, it doesn’t test the behavior of the function when we pass strings as arguments. To write good tests, we should start by testing the “happy paths” (i.e., the normal expected behavior), but we should always remember to also test the edge cases. Testing Principles For unit tests, it’s a good rule of thumb to remember that tests should always follow the common “ ” structure. That is to say, we should: arrange/act/assert everything that is needed for the test, like creating any necessary data or special settings, preparing an in-memory database, or mocking API calls; arrange on the function or method to be tested by calling it; act the expected outcome. assert If we testing something that relies on user interaction, we can also think of it in terms of “ ”, i.e.: given / when / then what is needed to run the test; given some interaction happens; when we should expect a certain outcome. then Take Your Time Naming Everything Correctly Just like when we’re writing any other code, naming things correctly when testing is highly recommended. Our test functions should be descriptive of what is being tested. The same goes for any variables used inside it. For instance, our example above could have been written like this: test_sum from operations import s

def test1():
  x = s(1, 2)

  assert x == 3 It’s the same test, and it achieves the same result. But even for this simple example, it’s harder to understand what is actually being tested. For more complex test cases, you can imagine it would quickly become unintelligible. Testing Pandas So, how do we apply this to Pandas? If we have functions or methods that output DataFrames, we will want to ensure that the results are as expected. For example, say we have a function that multiplies every value of a DataFrame by two: double_dataframe # pandas_example.py
import pandas as pd

def double_dataframe(df):
    return df * 2 To test it, we may want to use an assertion as we did in our previous example. We define an expected result and compare it with the actual result using an equality operator ( ): == import pandas as pd
from pandas_example import double_dataframe


def test_double_dataframe():
    # arrange
    input_df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': [4, 5, 6]})
    # act
    result_df = double_dataframe(input_df)
    # assert
    expected_df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [2, 4, 6], 'b': [8, 10, 12]})
    assert result_df == expected_df But that does not make sense in Pandas, as a DataFrame is a collection of vectorized values. Pandas won’t understand what we mean by that and will return an error: . ValueError: The truth value of a DataFrame is ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.bool(), a.item(), a.any() or a.all() Using the Pandas Test Functions Instead, we can use the Pandas test methods: , , and . (In many cases, the Pytest assertions will still be useful and necessary, so we should still use them when appropriate.) assert_frame_equal assert_series_equal assert_index_equal assert_frame_equal We can rewrite the example above to correctly compare the result and expected DataFrames with : assert_frame_equal import pandas as pd
from pandas.testing import assert_frame_equal
from pandas_example import double_dataframe


def test_double_dataframe():
    input_df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': [4, 5, 6]})

    result_df = double_dataframe(input_df)

    expected_df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [2, 4, 6], 'b': [8, 10, 12]})
    assert_frame_equal(result_df, expected_df) And this time, the test will succeed. will compare two DataFrames and output any differences. assert_frame_equal We can allow varying the strictness of the equality checks by using additional parameters like , , … and many more that you can find in the Pandas documentation. check_dtype check_index_type check_exact For instance, if we want to compare values but we don’t care if they’re or , we can set : float int check_dtype = false import pandas as pd
from pandas.testing import assert_frame_equal
from pandas_example import double_dataframe


def test_double_dataframe():
    input_df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [1.0, 2.0, 3.0], 'b': [4, 5, 6]})

    result_df = double_dataframe(input_df)

    expected_df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [2, 4, 6], 'b': [8, 10, 12]})
    assert_frame_equal(result_df, expected_df, check_dtype = False) assert_series_equal works in a similar way, but for Series. assert_series_equal Say we have the following function that doubles the values of a single column in a DataFrame, and returns it as a Series: import pandas as pd

def double_column(df, col_name):
    return df.loc[:, col_name] * 2 We can test it with : assert_series_equal def test_double_column():
    input_df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': [4, 5, 6]})

    result_series = double_column(input_df, 'a')

    expected_series = pd.Series([2, 4, 6], name='a')
    assert_series_equal(result_series, expected_series) assert_index_equal can be used when we need to make sure the indexes of two DataFrames are the same. assert_index_equal For example, if we have a function that takes a DataFrame containing information on countries and returns the top countries based on a specified column. get_top_n_countries n The resulting DataFrame uses the country names as the index. import pandas as pd

def get_top_n_countries(df, column_name, n):
    sorted_df = df.sort_values(column_name, ascending=False)
    top_n_countries = sorted_df.head(n)
    top_n_countries.set_index('country', inplace=True)
    return top_n_countries We can test it with : assert_index_equal import pandas as pd
from pandas.testing import assert_index_equal
from pandas_example import get_top_n_countries

def test_get_top_n_countries():
    data = {'country': ['USA', 'China', 'Japan', 'Germany', 'UK'],
            'population': [328, 1393, 126, 83, 66]}
    df = pd.DataFrame(data)

    top_3_countries = get_top_n_countries(df, 'population', 3)

    expected_index = pd.Index(['China', 'USA', 'Japan'], name='country')
    assert_index_equal(top_3_countries.index, expected_index) Don’t Forget About the Edge Cases In the examples above, we’re testing only the happy path, the expected behavior when everything goes according to plan. However, it’s essential to consider situations where something may not go as expected. These are called edge cases, and we need to define the desired behavior for them. For instance, we may want to allow negative values or not, depending on the data type we’re working with. To illustrate that, let’s expand on the last example, where we tested the function. We can think of a few situations where we might have results that deviate from the happy path. get_top_n_countries The DataFrame Is Empty If the DataFrame is empty, we may want to ensure that the function runs and no errors are raised: def test_get_top_n_countries_empty_dataframe():
    data = {'country': [],
            'population': []}
    df = pd.DataFrame(data)

    top_3_countries = get_top_n_countries(df, 'population', 3)

    expected_index = pd.Index([], name='country')
    assert_index_equal(top_3_countries.index, expected_index, exact=False) The DataFrame Contains Missing Values (NaN) If the DataFrame contains missing values, we may want to ensure that they are being handled correctly and no rows are being dropped: def test_get_top_n_countries_missing_values():
    data = {'country': ['USA', 'China', 'Japan'],
            'population': [328, 1393, float('nan')]}
    df = pd.DataFrame(data)

    top_3_countries = get_top_n_countries(df, 'population', 3)

    expected_index = pd.Index(['China', 'USA', 'Japan'], name='country')
    assert_index_equal(top_3_countries.index, expected_index) The DataFrame Contains Non-Numeric Values If the DataFrame contains values that are not numbers, we may want to raise an exception if they are in the column being sorted: def test_get_top_n_countries_non_numeric_values():
    # arrange
    data = {'country': ['USA', 'China', 'Japan'],
            'population': [328, 1393, 'One hundred twenty six']}
    df = pd.DataFrame(data)
    # act and assert
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        get_top_n_countries(df, 'population', 3) The DataFrame Contains Negative Values If the DataFrame contains negative values, we may want to raise an exception when we’re working with population data, as a negative population value wouldn’t make sense. To do that, we would first need to change the function that is being tested: def get_top_n_countries(df, column_name, n):
    if column_name == 'population' and (df[column_name] < 0).any():
        raise ValueError('population values must be greater than zero')

    sorted_df = df.sort_values(column_name, ascending=False)
    top_n_countries = sorted_df.head(n)
    top_n_countries.set_index('country', inplace=True)
    return top_n_countries Then we can implement the test: def test_get_top_n_countries_non_numeric_values():
    data = {'country': ['USA', 'China', 'Japan'],
            'population': [328, 1393, -100]}
    df = pd.DataFrame(data)

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        get_top_n_countries(df, 'population', 3) By testing these edge cases, we can ensure that our function works correctly and handles unexpected situations appropriately. Final Words Testing is a crucial step in software development, and Pandas is no exception. In conclusion: Although it may be harder to test Pandas code, and it’s not as common as testing regular Python code, it is still an essential part of the development process that should not be overlooked. When it comes to testing, Pytest is a simple and robust tool that lets us define compact functions for testing. To write good tests, we should always remember to test both the “happy paths” and the edge cases, and follow the “arrange/act/assert” structure for unit tests. Proper naming of everything when testing is highly recommended to avoid confusion. When testing Pandas, we should use Pandas test methods such as , , and . assert_frame_equal assert_series_equal assert_index_equal By following these tips and best practices, we can ensure that our Pandas code is reliable, robust, and performs as expected.

Pandas Code Testing Guide for New Python Developers

According to , the global market for industrial design services stood at $2.2 bln in 2020 and experts project that it will be around $2.9 billion by 2027. This suggests that the global industrial design market is expected to grow by 3.9% yearly. Research and Markets Moreover, under the based on Prudour's research, the Global industrial design revenue is constantly rising and experts believe this its profits will increase from almost $39 million in 2021 to $59.5 million by 2030. Market.us report What is the reason for such an intensive industrial design market development? Let's consider the evolution of the industrial design (ID) sphere. This will help us to understand the these trends better. How Did That All Start? For the first time in history, the German company AEG began to use industrial designers' services. In 1907 the enterprise's owner hired the architect and artist P. Behrens to improve his company's product appearance. Source However, the idea of ID revealed itself much earlier. For example, in the 18th century, an English entrepreneur, J. Wedgwood, used some industrial design concepts as a part of printed fabrics' production. Industrial design concepts were widely used in the USA during the Great Depression that began in 1929. At that time, numerous business owners had to shut down their factories because of significantly decreased incomes. Source Entrepreneurs usually rent out their industrial workshops to get at least some profit. The latter were commonly occupied by artists. The craftsmen frequently lived in deep poverty. Therefore, low workshops' rent prices incredibly attracted them. Industrial Design After World War II The middle of the 20th century is a distinct ID growth and development era. Today, we can see that many of the design solutions that were common for those days, come back to our lives as vintage ideas. Bright colors and round shapes are becoming stylish again. But why did they even appear in the routine lives of people from the 50s? Enhanced simplicity of the household appliances Rationalization of the design was the main trend during the 50s. This was the post-war period so manufacturers couldn’t afford to use too expensive materials to create necessary household appliances such as TV sets, refrigerators, microwave ovens, etc. They needed to make the production process as cheap as possible. That’s why the range of the most popular materials included artificial materials such as glass, plastic, and various metal alloys. The simplest solution was to manufacture household appliances of round shapes. At the same time, the simplicity of these materials allowed manufacturers to play with a wide range of colors. This combination became the most popular design trend of the 50s. In addition, many common household appliances, including radio-phonograph consoles and refrigerator-stove combinations, were just invented during the 50s. Other utensils, such as dishwashers, became available for the middle class. Naturally, the technical characteristics of these devices were quite simple. There were not many extra details, so manufacturers didn’t think about how to integrate them into the designs of their products. Optimism was the rescue WWII was undoubtedly one of the biggest disasters in the history of humanity. It caused not only economic problems, which made manufacturers look for cheap solutions, but also had an extremely negative impact on the mental health of the entire society. Source Because of this, there was a necessity to boost and enhance the feeling of idealism. People were willing to feel real democracy; they wanted to see things more open and simple. The designs of the most common household appliances were quite helpful in fulfilling this aim. The modernist style appeared, and designers started experimenting with different ideas that could make post-war life more optimistic. They achieved this by adding bright hues to the routine lives of ordinary people. Durability becoming the matter Manufacturers realized that people couldn’t afford to buy their products multiple times. The economic conditions weren’t the best. The vast majority of buyers were looking for cost-effective options. That’s why companies had to ensure that the devices they produced would be as durable as possible. One of the most common ways to solve the durability issue was to cover the metal surface with special enamel or liquid plastic. Thanks to this, the surface of the device became more solid. Alongside this, enamel and liquid plastic had unusual visual features, which helped the appliances look more sleek and glossy. Source Evolution of the designer profession One more thing we should take into consideration is the fact that the middle of the 20th century was the time when the US and European cultures started closely interacting. Besides, the US competed against the USSR and tried to promote the idea of the “American dream.” The design of everyday things turned out to be one of the most efficient marketing tools in this promotional campaign. Harley Earl was one the first who understood this. The entrepreneur revolutionized the car production industry – his cars weren’t just vehicles, these were attractive products. Actually, the invention of automobile styling by Harley Earl was the reason why other companies started hiring designers as their full-time staff members. Thus, the designer profession became more popular, creating a better field for competition and accelerating the style's progress. What Is Industrial Design Nowadays About? Source Over the course of time, the industry of household appliance manufacturing has evolved. New technologies, concepts, solutions, and materials have been introduced. Thus, manufacturers started looking for new ideas and combinations of materials. This is why the style from the 50s isn’t the routine anymore, but rather a fashionable trend that is now being replaced by something more creative and functional. Presently, ID helps to solve a lot of manufacturing tasks. Furthermore, business owners can only stay competitive in the global market by applying such a concept within their companies' production processes. That's because modern ID includes the following mottos: Innovations' implementation. For instance, Sony made an audio player, , in 1979. The device allowed listening to music and not disturbing people around, thanks to headphones. The player had plenty of unusual functions for that time. So, it became a revolution in the music sphere. Walkman Providing consumers with easy-to-use products. Here, e.g., Apple is a great example. This company invented a PC mouse ( ) that looked like contemporary analogs. It could work on any surface. Nay, sensor smartphones became popular worldwide because of this company. That's due to Apple creating . The latter was the first sensor smartphone with a truly user-friendly interface. Lisa Mouse iPhone 2G Ensuring products' aesthetics and natural appearance. E.g., shaping an ordinary bottle into a female body profile can significantly increase sales of products in such a container. However, if such a flask has a label with a strict font style, this will alienate consumers. Compliance with current fashion trends. Many brands release restyled versions of their products to match the vogue. Source Also, the popularity of products made from environmentally friendly materials has increased over the past few decades. E.g., in the USA, a supercar, , with a stylish wooden body and even a timbered suspension, was introduced in 2007. Splinter How Does The Demand for Goods Relate to Industrial Design? Well-designed products affect consumers in a similar way to optical illusions. So, customers frequently buy goods with stylish appearances. However, they may have the same quality and number of options as analogs with slightly worse looks. And the worse the design of competitors' products, the better the good with the most stylish appearance will look. Source The stats confirm the information above. Under , based on McKinsey research, manufacturers that use ID concepts receive 32% more income. Also, their shareholders obtain 56% larger returns. So, things' shape changings help not only realize creative ideas but also increase profits. To get more spectacular information on this topic, follow my posts. the uxdesign.cc report Lead image . source

Industrial Design: Why Do Product Shapes Change Over Time?

White Boy

Chico blanco

Garçon blanc

गोरा लड़का

白人男子

Rapaz branco

Cậu bé trắng

白人男孩

In October 2021, Facebook rebranded its parent company (also named Facebook) to , showing the company's focus on a future where users will interact with each other via virtual and augmented reality. The move was part of a plan to create a more immersive user experience. The announcement led to a major wave of interest in the metaverse, with some unique use cases for this. This article will look at some unique use cases for the metaverse. Meta Fashion Fashion is a unique metaverse use case, where people can use virtual worlds and games to showcase real-life fashion brands. Let's take gaming, for example; it's one of the world's biggest industries, larger than combined. Fashion brands can use this to their advantage by displaying their products in-game and making outfits that can be used by player characters with the option to purchase a real-life counterpart. the movie and music industries For example, the metaverse game lets players open a shop, unlock clothing blueprints, create clothing, sell that clothing to customers, grow their shop, and more. In addition, brands can showcase their products within the game, which can help increase brand awareness. Fashion League The shops within the game come in two styles, a regular store, and an NFT store. Players start with a regular store, and NFT store owners can choose the stores they want to display. The game is female-focused, and since women are bigger spenders in online shopping, this could be a good opportunity for fashion brands to showcase their products. Fashion is one aspect that can benefit from metaverse adoption. Remote working Remote work is an interesting use case for the metaverse that would see employees completing their work and interacting with their colleagues in a virtual environment. Organizations can create virtual offices that allow employees from around the world to be in the same space. Although this is already possible via Zoom calls and Google Meetings, the metaverse will add an interactive layer to the experience. For example, workers can create 3D presentations that better represent a project or proposal they are working on. Virtual spaces can also make it easier for users to articulate ideas or present certain objectives to their colleagues. For example, a worker can be walked through a virtual version of a physical pop-up store planned to open soon or interact with virtual versions of future products. Remote work has grown increasingly popular since the pandemic in 2020 and 2021, forcing many people to work from home. An additional factor contributing to this increased popularity is a better work-life balance since workers can be more flexible with their jobs. The metaverse can capitalize on this trend and make remote work a more interactive experience for users. Bonus Mention: Real estate One of the essential characteristics of the metaverse is its ability to give its consumers the most cutting-edge virtual reality experiences presently available on the market. Virtual representations of physical buildings can be showcased to users around the world. Real estate salespeople and prospective purchasers benefit from significant time savings from not having to physically enter the building. This also opens up the customer pool, allowing anyone to view a property inside and out without traveling to the location. For example, a potential customer in France can take a virtual tour of a property in the USA. A virtual reality tour of the property will feel like being there in person. Potential customers can then follow up with an in-person viewing or purchase within the metaverse via a payment pop-up, for example. It is feasible to consider an individual's preferences while creating a tailored virtual tour for them. Appropriate adjustments may be made to meet each person's tastes in design and other factors. Conclusion In the near future, most people's lives will undoubtedly include parts of and . The concept of metaverse virtual worlds has already extended well beyond video games and is already being employed in diverse fields. augmented reality virtual reality

2 Truly Unique Use Cases of the Metaverse

I want to start this guide with two important points. First, Incubators are for startups. Not ideas. Second, incubators are organisations that bet on you by investing in you in exchange for equity. If they don’t, they’re just a real estate business. I learnt these two points the hard way. Let me explain the critical mistakes I made to give you more context and ensure you avoid making them too. When I was younger, just starting my entrepreneurial journey, I took part in an incubator. But I went with an idea on a napkin. I didn’t have a fully formed vision for my product, I simply wasn’t ready. It was one of the reasons I failed. Incubators are for startups that already have a formed idea, have some market validation behind them and are ready to take it to the next step. My second mistake was going to an incubator that didn’t invest in the startups they worked with. I went somewhere that took my money in exchange for office space and free beers in the afternoon. I wasn’t working with an incubator. I was joining a co-working space. There is little value in that when you’re first building your startup. In my opinion, businesses like that shouldn’t even be called incubators. It’s vastly different from going to an actual incubator that will invest in your startup for two reasons: You’re going to learn from industry leaders who have a wealth of experience in what they’re doing and a vested interest in your success; You’re going to learn from other founders in your cohort because if the incubator thinks they’re also worth investing in they must also be doing something great. Yes, at an “incubator” where you pay for the privilege of office space you’ll also meet other founders. However, there’s no guarantee that those founders know what they’re doing because the “incubator’s” main focus is filling empty desks. Whereas an incubator's focus should be on guiding and investing in young startups that have potential. With that in mind, here’s some more information on what an incubator is, how it can help you in your entrepreneurial journey, and the list of the best ones from around the world. What is a Startup Incubator? A startup incubator is a collaborative organisation designed to support new startups that are looking to validate their formed product vision (hence the name incubator). Incubators provide a number of services designed to help you at the MVP stage – like access to startup capital. That being said, incubators aren’t for everyone. If you have access to capital and other vital resources to help you get your MVP off the ground, you may not need one – and save some equity. But we’ll delve into that later in the article. Before we get to the list of the best incubators, let’s dig a little deeper into how an incubator can help you. How a Startup Incubator Can Help You Here’s a rundown of the top three ways startup incubators help entrepreneurs succeed: 1. Mentorship There are a plethora of hurdles on the road to startup success. While some of them will be unique to your specific business, there are many that are common among all startups. If you choose to work with a startup incubator, you’ll have access to successful entrepreneurs who’ve faced many of those hurdles already. As Warren Buffet once said: It’s good to learn from your mistakes. It’s better to learn from other people’s mistakes. Connecting with these entrepreneurs will help you avoid common mistakes altogether – which will save you a lot of time as you build your MVP. They can help you with everything from business basics and presentation skills to marketing advice, product expertise and connections to strategic partners. This leads me to the second benefit, opportunities for funding. 2. Opportunities for Funding Getting your startup off the ground is an expensive endeavor. Most startup incubators will provide you with funding opportunities at key points in your collaboration with them. For example, Y Combinator offers a of $500k to every startup they work with. This investment is made on two separate safes in return for a percentage of the company. standard deal But, as I’ve already mentioned, startup incubators provide connections to strategic partners. This includes investors. Most incubators have a network of both angel investors and venture capitalists who can assist with further fundraising opportunities. 3. An Entrepreneurial Environment The final benefit of working with a startup incubator is the opportunity to work in an entrepreneurial environment. This starts with a workspace. Most incubators will offer you space in a shared co-working or even a dedicated office for you and your founding team. That being said, some of the biggest incubators don’t offer a physical space – Y Combinator is a prime example here. This agreement lasts for the duration of your collaboration with them. That being said, some incubators let you stay in the space for months or even years after the collaboration ends. Aside from the financial benefits, having a workspace surrounded by other startup founders is a great way to immerse yourself in the entrepreneurial environment. However, incubators don’t only offer this resource as part of the package. Many will also offer cloud computing credits, discounted SaaS subscriptions and other products and services to make life easier. Finally, it’s common to take part in a Demo Day as part of working with an incubator. This gives you the opportunity to showcase your product, pitch your idea and network with investors, advisors and other key stakeholders. What to Assess Before Joining an Incubator If the Model Fits Your Needs Not every startup fulfils the growth targets often demanded by startup incubators. And that’s ok, there are out there that are still very successful without seeing rapid growth. plenty of startups Instead, they focused on steady growth. Take as an example. The now giant communications company and still achieved a successful IPO. Bandwidth bootstrapped for 15 years The Amount of Equity You’re Selling Most startup incubators work off fixed equity percentages. By nature, that means they’re overpaying some companies and discounting others. Before joining an incubator, you have to see if the capital they invest is worth the percentage you’re giving up for your specific scenario. Profiles of the Mentors A large part of the benefit of joining a startup incubator is the mentors you’ll meet during the experience. If those mentors aren’t entrepreneurs themselves, with a fantastic track record avoid that incubator. In my experience, many incubators are full of wannabe angel investors who are posing as startup mentors. I can’t overstate how important it is that you don’t get trapped in such a programme. How Easy it is to Get In A quick Google will tell you how competitive the startup incubator ecosystem is. You’ll read that places are limited and there are thousands of other founders just like you fighting for a coveted spot. With that in mind, if a startup incubator is easy to get into it probably isn’t a great programme to join. Put simply, places like Y Combinator didn’t get their reputation from an easy application process. Is there “Industrial Value” in the Programme You have to evaluate how valuable the programme is to your specific industry. While seed capital is important, it might be worth going with an incubator that offers less than the average if they can introduce you to the right contacts in your industry. Let’s say you’re an aerospace startup for example. On one hand, you have an incubator that can offer a warm introduction to Nasa, Boeing, SpaceX (or SurfAir’s founder and friend of Altar, ), but only invests $40k of seed capital. Wade Eyerly On the other, you have an incubator offering $150k of seed capital, but they can’t offer you a warm introduction. The former may be more advantageous in your situation. Should You Work With a Startup Incubator? To answer this question, I recommend first looking at what you need from a startup incubator. If you think it will enhance your startup journey and the knowledge, capital, network and resources are worth giving up the equity, go for it. Just make sure you choose the right incubator for you. On the other side of the coin, if you can bootstrap your startup and already have a wealth of industry and product knowledge, good connections within your market and can find all the resources you need yourself, maybe an incubator isn’t for you. If you do go down the route of working with an incubator, make sure you get the most out of the experience possible. Take this example from a successful entrepreneur, Giacomo De Lorenzo. I sat down with him recently as part of our content series The Startup Journey: “Our incubator was extremely helpful, but not all of the startups that were part of the programme made the right use of them. They weren’t calling them twice a day. Whereas I knew I had that opportunity so I took it, and it was very valuable for us. So embrace that ability to ask for help, it’s one of the most valuable resources you have. You’ll be surprised how many people will be happy to help.” Last but not least, here’s the list of the 7 best startup incubators from across the globe. The 7 Best Startup Incubators Worldwide 1. Y Combinator Founding Date: 2005 Location: Silicon Valley, California USA Application Info: Online Application Form Funding amount: $500,000 for 7% equity Startups Funded: Over 3,000 Portfolio Companies: , , Twitch Reddit Product Hunt 2. Seedcamp Founding Date: 2007 Location: London, UK Application Info: Online Application Form Funding amount: Around £200,000 ($271,000) for 6% – 7% equity Startups Funded: 430 Portfolio Companies: , (formerly Transferwise), Revolut Wise Hopin 3. Amplify LA Founding Date: 2011 Location: Los Angeles, California, USA Application Info: Online Contact Form Funding amount: $100k for 10% equity Startups Funded: 70+ Portfolio Companies: , , (acquired by Google) FloQast Clutter Bitium 4. 500 Startups Founding Date: 2010 Location: San Francisco, California, US with locations across the globe Application Info: about locations and applications Learn more here Funding amount: $150,000 for a 6% stake Startups Funded: Over 2,500 worldwide Portfolio Companies: , , Udemy Talkdesk Canva 5. AngelPad Founding Date: 2010 Location: The US in San Francisco and New York Application Info: Apply online via landing page Funding amount: $120,000 for 7% equity Startups Funded: 150Portfolio Companies: , , Postmates Buffer AllTrails 6. Bethnal Green Ventures Founding Date: 2012 Location: London, UK Application Info: Contact the team Funding amount: £30,000 for 7% equity Startups Funded: 167 Portfolio Companies: , , Fairphone Commonplace DrDoctor 7. Techstars Founding Date: 2006 Location: Techstars is situated across 12 countries in 33 cities including London, Paris, Stockholm, Berlin, New York, LA and Toronto Application Info: You can find and apply to your location of choice . here Funding amount: $120,000 convertible note, $20,000 of which is contributed by TechStars for 6% equity Startups Funded: 2,500+ Portfolio Companies: , , Digital Ocean Chainalysis DataRobot Thanks for reading. Also Published here

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