UPXP

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Avoid Jumbled Acronyms for Clarity TL;DR: Treat acronyms like normal words to improve human readability. Problems Reduced readability
Breaking naming style
Words confusion
Harder to pronounce Solutions Treat acronyms as Capitalized words


Use camelCase or snake_case Context Acronyms in uppercase (like JSON, XML, REST) in camel case break the natural reading flow. You may think sendJSONRequestOnHTTPREST is a clear name, but it makes your code harder to read, especially when you string multiple acronyms together. Treating acronyms like normal words in camelCase (sendJsonRequest) keeps your code more readable and easier to understand. Sample Code Wrong class NetworkConnector {
    func validateXMLFile() { /*...*/ }
    func sendJSONRequest() { /*...*/ }
    func parseURLResponse() { /*...*/ }
    func setRESTAPIURL() { /*...*/ }
    func retrieveHTTPStatusCode() { /*...*/ }
    func updateDBConnection() { /*...*/ }
    func configureSSLCertificate() { /*...*/ }
    func setHTMLTemplate() { /*...*/ }
    func generateUUID() { /*...*/ }
    func connectViaFTP() { /*...*/ }
} Right class NetworkConnector {
    func validateXmlFile() { /*...*/ }
    func sendJsonRequest() { /*...*/ }
    func parseUrlResponse() { /*...*/ }
    func setRestApiUrl() { /*...*/ }
    func retrieveHttpStatusCode() { /*...*/ }
    func updateDbConnection() { /*...*/ }
    func configureSslCertificate() { /*...*/ }
    func setHtmlTemplate() { /*...*/ }
    func generateUuid() { /*...*/ }
    func connectViaFtp() { /*...*/ }
} Detection [x]Semi-Automatic It would help if you had a smart thesaurus. To detect this smell, look for methods or variable names with uppercase acronyms that disrupt readability. Code reviewers or linters can also flag camelCase inconsistencies. Tags Code Standards Level [x]Beginner AI Generation Modern AI code generators may produce inconsistent acronym casing. Always review and adjust their output to match your conventions. AI Detection With prompts, AI can fix these naming issues and suggest improvements based on the camelCase style. Try Them! Remember: AI Assistants make lots of mistakes Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions



ChatGPT

ChatGPT



Claude

Claude



Perplexity

Perplexity



Copilot

Copilot



Gemini

Gemini Conclusion Naming conventions are key to readable code. Treat acronyms like normal words, and avoid uppercase blocks to keep your code easy to understand. Relations https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xxxii https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-x-i7r34uj More Info https://www.linkedin.com/posts/danielmoka_clean-code-tip-name-acronyms-as-normal-words-activity-7251472396438687744-C4kx/?embedable=true Disclaimer Code Smells are my opinion. Credits Photo by Csabi Elter on Unsplash Thank you @Daniel Moka for this tip. Simple can be harder than complex Steve Jobs https://hackernoon.com/400-thought-provoking-software-engineering-quotes?embedable=true This article is part of the CodeSmell Series. How to Find the Stinky Parts of your Code Avoid Jumbled Acronyms for Clarity Avoid Jumbled Acronyms for Clarity TL;DR: Treat acronyms like normal words to improve human readability. TL;DR: Treat acronyms like normal words to improve human readability. Problems Reduced readability Breaking naming style Words confusion Harder to pronounce Reduced readability Breaking naming style Words confusion Harder to pronounce Solutions Treat acronyms as Capitalized words Use camelCase or snake_case Treat acronyms as Capitalized words Treat acronyms as Capitalized words Capitalized Use camelCase or snake_case Use camelCase or snake_case camelCase camelCase snake_case snake_case Context Acronyms in uppercase (like JSON, XML, REST ) in camel case break the natural reading flow. JSON, XML, REST camel case You may think sendJSONRequestOnHTTPREST is a clear name, but it makes your code harder to read, especially when you string multiple acronyms together. sendJSONRequestOnHTTPREST Treating acronyms like normal words in camelCase ( sendJsonRequest ) keeps your code more readable and easier to understand. sendJsonRequest Sample Code Wrong class NetworkConnector {
    func validateXMLFile() { /*...*/ }
    func sendJSONRequest() { /*...*/ }
    func parseURLResponse() { /*...*/ }
    func setRESTAPIURL() { /*...*/ }
    func retrieveHTTPStatusCode() { /*...*/ }
    func updateDBConnection() { /*...*/ }
    func configureSSLCertificate() { /*...*/ }
    func setHTMLTemplate() { /*...*/ }
    func generateUUID() { /*...*/ }
    func connectViaFTP() { /*...*/ }
} class NetworkConnector {
    func validateXMLFile() { /*...*/ }
    func sendJSONRequest() { /*...*/ }
    func parseURLResponse() { /*...*/ }
    func setRESTAPIURL() { /*...*/ }
    func retrieveHTTPStatusCode() { /*...*/ }
    func updateDBConnection() { /*...*/ }
    func configureSSLCertificate() { /*...*/ }
    func setHTMLTemplate() { /*...*/ }
    func generateUUID() { /*...*/ }
    func connectViaFTP() { /*...*/ }
} Right class NetworkConnector {
    func validateXmlFile() { /*...*/ }
    func sendJsonRequest() { /*...*/ }
    func parseUrlResponse() { /*...*/ }
    func setRestApiUrl() { /*...*/ }
    func retrieveHttpStatusCode() { /*...*/ }
    func updateDbConnection() { /*...*/ }
    func configureSslCertificate() { /*...*/ }
    func setHtmlTemplate() { /*...*/ }
    func generateUuid() { /*...*/ }
    func connectViaFtp() { /*...*/ }
} class NetworkConnector {
    func validateXmlFile() { /*...*/ }
    func sendJsonRequest() { /*...*/ }
    func parseUrlResponse() { /*...*/ }
    func setRestApiUrl() { /*...*/ }
    func retrieveHttpStatusCode() { /*...*/ }
    func updateDbConnection() { /*...*/ }
    func configureSslCertificate() { /*...*/ }
    func setHtmlTemplate() { /*...*/ }
    func generateUuid() { /*...*/ }
    func connectViaFtp() { /*...*/ }
} Detection [x]Semi-Automatic [x] Semi-Automatic [x] It would help if you had a smart thesaurus. To detect this smell, look for methods or variable names with uppercase acronyms that disrupt readability. Code reviewers or linters can also flag camelCase inconsistencies. Tags Code Standards Code Standards Level [x]Beginner [x] Beginner [x] AI Generation Modern AI code generators may produce inconsistent acronym casing. Always review and adjust their output to match your conventions. AI Detection With prompts, AI can fix these naming issues and suggest improvements based on the camelCase style. camelCase camelCase Try Them! Remember: AI Assistants make lots of mistakes Remember: AI Assistants make lots of mistakes Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions



ChatGPT

ChatGPT



Claude

Claude



Perplexity

Perplexity



Copilot

Copilot



Gemini

Gemini Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions ChatGPT

ChatGPT Claude

Claude Perplexity

Perplexity Copilot

Copilot Gemini

Gemini Without Proper Instructions With Specific Instructions Without Proper Instructions Without Proper Instructions With Specific Instructions With Specific Instructions ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Conclusion Naming conventions are key to readable code. Treat acronyms like normal words, and avoid uppercase blocks to keep your code easy to understand. Relations https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xxxii https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xxxii https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-x-i7r34uj https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-x-i7r34uj More Info https://www.linkedin.com/posts/danielmoka_clean-code-tip-name-acronyms-as-normal-words-activity-7251472396438687744-C4kx/?embedable=true https://www.linkedin.com/posts/danielmoka_clean-code-tip-name-acronyms-as-normal-words-activity-7251472396438687744-C4kx/?embedable=true Disclaimer Code Smells are my opinion . opinion Credits Photo by Csabi Elter on Unsplash Csabi Elter Unsplash Thank you @Daniel Moka for this tip. Simple can be harder than complex Simple can be harder than complex Steve Jobs Steve Jobs https://hackernoon.com/400-thought-provoking-software-engineering-quotes?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/400-thought-provoking-software-engineering-quotes?embedable=true This article is part of the CodeSmell Series. How to Find the Stinky Parts of your Code How to Find the Stinky Parts of your Code

Code Smell 277 - UPPERCASE Acronyms 

Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 1.1 The twincode platform 1.2 Related Work 2 Research Questions 3 Variables 3.1 Independent Variables 3.2 Dependent Variables 3.3 Confounding Variables 4 Participants 5 Execution Plan and 5.1 Recruitment 5.2 Training and 5.3 Experiment Execution 5.4 Data Analysis Acknowledgments and References 3 VARIABLES In this section, we describe all the variables we will consider in our study. Note that depending on the development of the twincode platform, more automatically measured dependent variables could be added in the future. When used, abbreviations are enclosed in parentheses after variables’ names. Authors:
(1) Amador Durán, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (amador@us.es);
(2) Pablo Fernández, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (pablofm@us.es);
(3) Beatriz Bernárdez, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (beat@us.es);
(4) Nathaniel Weinman, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (nweinman@berkeley.edu);
(5) Aslı Akalın, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (asliakalin@berkeley.edu);
(6) Armando Fox, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (fox@berkeley.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 1.1 The twincode platform 1.1 The twincode platform 1.2 Related Work 1.2 Related Work 2 Research Questions 2 Research Questions 3 Variables 3 Variables 3.1 Independent Variables 3.1 Independent Variables 3.2 Dependent Variables 3.2 Dependent Variables 3.3 Confounding Variables 3.3 Confounding Variables 4 Participants 4 Participants 5 Execution Plan and 5.1 Recruitment 5 Execution Plan and 5.1 Recruitment 5.2 Training and 5.3 Experiment Execution 5.2 Training and 5.3 Experiment Execution 5.4 Data Analysis 5.4 Data Analysis Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References 3 VARIABLES In this section, we describe all the variables we will consider in our study. Note that depending on the development of the twincode platform, more automatically measured dependent variables could be added in the future. When used, abbreviations are enclosed in parentheses after variables’ names. Authors: (1) Amador Durán, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (amador@us.es); (2) Pablo Fernández, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (pablofm@us.es); (3) Beatriz Bernárdez, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (beat@us.es); (4) Nathaniel Weinman, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (nweinman@berkeley.edu); (5) Aslı Akalın, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (asliakalin@berkeley.edu); (6) Armando Fox, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (fox@berkeley.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Amador Durán, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (amador@us.es); (2) Pablo Fernández, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (pablofm@us.es); (3) Beatriz Bernárdez, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (beat@us.es); (4) Nathaniel Weinman, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (nweinman@berkeley.edu); (5) Aslı Akalın, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (asliakalin@berkeley.edu); (6) Armando Fox, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (fox@berkeley.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

The Impact of Remote Pair Programming in an Upper-Level CS Course

Authors:
(1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
(2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
(3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Observations Models Results Discussion Conclusion APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C References APPENDIX B YBJ Upper Boundary Condition Beginning from (A3) with the choice C = 0, we can vertically integrate from 𝑧 = −𝐻 to 𝑧 = 0 and use 𝑀 = 0 at 𝑧 = −𝐻 to arrive at The no-normal flow condition is imposed by requiring ∇𝑀 = 0 at 𝑧 = 0 (Young and Ben Jelloul 1997), which eliminates the advection and dissipation terms. We then horizontally average (denoted by ·) equation (B1). Because 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦,0,𝑡) has no horizontal structure, it is equal to its horizontal average. On a horizontally periodic domain, all but two terms vanish in the averaged equation: Because the forcing is horizontally uniform in all of our simulations, this reduces to (13). Note that subtracting (B2) from (B1) yields a condition on the integral of 𝐴: This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Authors: Authors: (1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Observations Observations Models Models Results Results Discussion Discussion Conclusion Conclusion APPENDIX A APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX C References References APPENDIX B YBJ Upper Boundary Condition YBJ Upper Boundary Condition Beginning from (A3) with the choice C = 0, we can vertically integrate from 𝑧 = −𝐻 to 𝑧 = 0 and use 𝑀 = 0 at 𝑧 = −𝐻 to arrive at The no-normal flow condition is imposed by requiring ∇𝑀 = 0 at 𝑧 = 0 (Young and Ben Jelloul 1997), which eliminates the advection and dissipation terms. We then horizontally average (denoted by ·) equation (B1). Because 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦,0,𝑡) has no horizontal structure, it is equal to its horizontal average. On a horizontally periodic domain, all but two terms vanish in the averaged equation: Because the forcing is horizontally uniform in all of our simulations, this reduces to (13). Note that subtracting (B2) from (B1) yields a condition on the integral of 𝐴: This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Our Oceanography Study's YBJ Upper Boundary Condition: How We Found It 

USA v. eBay Court Filing, retrieved on January 11, 2024, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 8 of 12. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here Executive 2's Receipt of lnformation Regarding the Harassment and Intimidation Campaign 46. On or about August 20, 2019, an NPD detective emailed eBay to request assistance with the NPD's investigation into the harassment of the Steiners. 47. On or about August 21, 2019, at approximately 2:49 p.m. (PDT), an eBay communications employee forwarded to Executive 2, who was traveling overseas, an email containing the NPD request, underneath an "exploding head" emoji. 48. At approximately 3:05 p.m. (PDT), Executive 2 responded, "Please do not do anything until J can check a few things .. .I don't want us to engage. Who specifically did the local police contact first at eBay." 49. On or about August 22, 2019, eBay's General Counsel emailed Executive 2, Executive 3, and another eBay executive, informing them that the Steiners had contacted the NPD about being harassed, and that eBay would be beginning an internal investigation immediately ("the GC Email"). The GC Email enclosed a copy of a second NPD request to eBay for assistance in the investigation that identified Harville and Zea's possible involvement in the harassment. 50. On or about August 23, 2019, at approximately 5: 15 p.m. (PDT), Baugh messaged Executive 2 as follows: Hi [Executive 2] - this is Jim Baugh's personal cell. My team ran an Op on our friend in Boston. Nothing illegal occurred and we were actually intending to team up with her and get her on our side in a positive manner. However, small town police got a couple of rental car plates and tracked it back to my people and the hotel the were staying at. They sent a note to ebay investigations GAP team who then passed it to legal and they are conducting an internal investigation on us. We are cooperating, but I know they realize something is off. We will continue to cooperate, but not sure how much longer we can keep this up. If there is any way to get some top cover that would be great. If not, I just wanted you to have a heads up because they are aware that multiple members of the ELT are not a fan of that website to include [redacted] and his wife. Again, no crime was committed and local police don't have a case. I don't want our legal team to give them one. Let me know if you want to discuss this weekend. 51. On or about August 23, 2019, at approximately 5:24 p.m. (PDT), Executive 2 and Baugh spoke by phone for approximately 10 minutes. 52. On or about August 27, 2019 and August 28, 2019, eBay investigators interviewed Executive 2 regarding the harassment and intimidation of the Steiners. 53. On or about August 30, 2019, eBay investigators obtained forensic copies of Executive 2's eBay-issued and personal cell phones. Executive 2's phones did not contain the message from Baugh described in paragraph 50 above or the other August 2019 messages between Baugh and Executive 2 regarding Ina Steiner and EcommerceBytes, indicating that those messages had, at some point, been deleted. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on January 11, 2024, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. ecommercebytes.com

Misconduct in eBay's Upper Echelons

**GRAND CAYMAN, Cayman Islands, January 16th, 2024/Chainwire/--**2000% increase in TVL and superior technology are causing builders to choose Sui, most recently, top lending protocol, Solend. Sui, a leading Layer 1 blockchain created by the team that led Meta’s Diem stablecoin project, has surged past $300M in Total Value Locked (TVL) continuing to climb the ranks of DefiLlama’s leaderboard. This sudden milestone underscores the ecosystem’s rapid ascent and further solidifies Sui’s position as a leader in the DeFi space, surpassing Bitcoin to make it the 13th-largest blockchain in terms of TVL. This achievement marks a more than 2000% increase in TVL since August. "$300 million in TVL is a significant milestone—one in a string of achievements the Sui ecosystem has reached only months since mainnet launch,” said Greg Siourounis, Managing Director of the Sui Foundation. "As market sentiment strengthens and focus turns to the fundamentals of the technology, it is extremely gratifying to see the work of the Sui community bear fruit and Sui’s ecosystem growth leading the industry forward.” Besides reaching this important TVL result so soon after launching its mainnet, other recent milestones achieved by Sui include surpassing $100 million in bridged USDC, handling the most transactions in a single day by any blockchain, and achieving a demonstrated TPS of 297,000 transactions per second all without any disruption of the network or a spike in fees—clearly demonstrating the chain’s ability to scale. The protocols contributing to Sui’s DeFi TVL are led by the Decentralized Exchange (DEX) Cetus with $62M locked in, followed by Navi Protocol ($60M, up 210% over the last 30 days), Scallop Lend ($54M), DeepBook ($33M), and FlowX Finance ($31M). During the past few months, the Sui ecosystem has welcomed many new projects building on its blockchain. Solend—a leading lending protocol on Solana—just announced its intention to expand to Sui as its first alternative ecosystem with its upcoming Suilend, while Bluefin, a leading derivatives trading protocol that began on Arbitrum, recently shuttered its Arbitrum implementation to devote the entirety of its resources to leveraging the uniquely performant Sui platform. Sui has also achieved some remarkable technology and infrastructure breakthroughs. After the September launch of zkLogin—which allows users to create and access Web3 wallets by simply using web2 social credentials like Google and FaceBook—the recent launch of zkSend represented a pioneering effort to make Web3 transactions as easy as sending an email. Thanks to its object-centric model and powerful infrastructure, Sui’s unparalleled potential for mass adoption arises from its simplicity for developers, scalability, and rapid transaction processing for broader use cases. Contact Sui Foundation media@sui.io This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here.

Sui Tops $300M In TVL, Passes Bitcoin And Joins Upper Echelon of DeFi Protocols

Sui TVL-এ $300M টপকে, বিটকয়েন পাস করে এবং DeFi প্রোটোকলের উপরের অংশে যোগ দেয়

Sui übersteigt die 300-Millionen-Dollar-Marke im TVL, überholt Bitcoin und steigt in die Spitzengruppe der DeFi-Protokolle ein

Sui supera los 300 millones de dólares en TVL, supera a Bitcoin y se une al escalón superior de los protocolos DeFi

Sui dépasse 300 millions de dollars en TVL, dépasse Bitcoin et rejoint l'échelon supérieur des protocoles DeFi

सुई ने टीवीएल में $300 मिलियन का शीर्ष हासिल किया, बिटकॉइन को पार किया और डेफी प्रोटोकॉल के ऊपरी सोपान में शामिल हो गया

スイ、TVLで3億ドルを突破、ビットコインを追い越してDeFiプロトコルの上層部に加わる

Sui, TVL에서 3억 달러 돌파, 비트코인 통과 및 DeFi 프로토콜의 상위 계층에 합류

Sui supera US$ 300 milhões em TVL, passa Bitcoin e se junta ao escalão superior dos protocolos DeFi

Sui превысил $300 млн в TVL, передает биткойны и присоединяется к высшему эшелону протоколов DeFi

Sui, TVL'de 300 Milyon Doları Aştı, Bitcoin'i Geçti ve DeFi Protokollerinin Üst Kademesine Katıldı

Sui đạt 300 triệu USD về TVL, vượt qua Bitcoin và gia nhập cấp cao hơn của giao thức DeFi

Sui 的 TVL 突破 3 亿美元，超过比特币并加入 DeFi 协议的高层

Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ELECTRICITY AT THE UPPER SCHOOL OF TELEGRAPHY. here APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ELECTRICITY AT THE UPPER SCHOOL OF TELEGRAPHY. —On a former occasion I described an instrument to which, in 1873, I gave the name , and which is nothing else than a tuning fork whose motion is kept up electrically in such a way as to last indefinitely, provided that the elements of the pile are renewed gradually, and that from time to time the metallic contact is changed, which causes, at every oscillation, the current to pass from the pile into the magnet, which keeps up the vibration. Electro Tuning Forks and their Uses. Electro-Tuning Fork We reproduce herewith, in Fig. 1, a cut showing in projection one of the simplest forms of the apparatus. If we imagine the platinum or steel style, , of the figure to be done away with, as well as the platinized plate, I, and its communication with the negative pole of the pile, P, we shall have the ordinary instrument kept in operation electrically by the aid of the electro-magnet, E, the style, , the interrupting plate, I, and the pile. s s If we preserve the parts above mentioned, the instrument will possess the property of having vibrations of a constant amplitude if sufficient energy be kept up in the pile. In fact, when the amplitude is sufficiently great to cause the style, , to touch the plate, I, it will be seen that at such a moment the current no longer passes through the electromagnet, and the vibration is no longer maintained. The amplitude cannot exceed an extent which shall permit the style, , to touch I. s s Under such conditions, the duration of the vibrations remains exactly constant, as does also the vibratory intensity of the entire instrument. The measurement of time, then, by an instrument of this kind is, indeed, as perfect as it could well be. This complication in the arrangement of the apparatus has no importance as regards those tuning forks the number of whose vibrations exceeds a hundred per second, for in such a case these are given an amplitude of a few millimeters only; but it would be of importance with regard to instruments whose number of vibrations is very small, and to which it might be desirable to give great amplitude; for then, as I have long ago shown, the duration of the oscillation would depend a little on the amplitude, but a very little, it is true. I shall not refer now to the applications of these instruments in chronography, but will rather point out first the applications in which they are destined to produce an effective power. For this purpose it is necessary to make them pretty massive. The number of the vibrations depends upon such massiveness, and it is necessity to know the relation which exists between these two quantities in order to be able to construct an instrument under determinate conditions. I made in former years such a research with regard to tuning forks of prismatic form, that is to say, of a constant rectangular section continuing even into the bent portion where the parallel branches are united by a semicylinder, at the middle of which is the wrought iron rod as well as the branches. The of the instrument is the dimension parallel to the vibrations; its is the dimension which is perpendicular to them, and its is reckoned from the extremity of the branches up to the middle of the curved portion. thickness width length It is found that the number of vibrations is independent of the width, proportional to the thickness, and very nearly inverse ratio of the square of the length, provided the latter exceeds ten centimeters. If we represent the length by , the thickness by , and the number of vibrations by , we shall have the following formula: l e n = × ( / 2) n k e l in which is a constant quantity whose value depends upon the nature of the metal of which the tuning fork is made. k This constant varies very little from steel to malleable cast iron, and it may be taken as equal to 818270. Thus, then, we have a means of constructing a tuning fork in which two of the three quantities, , , , are given in advance. Experience proves that no errors are committed exceeding one or two per cent. n e l It is seen from this that there is a means of increasing the mass of the instrument without changing anything in the thickness, the length or, consequently, the number of vibrations, and this is by increasing the . breadth It is in this way that I have succeeded in having long massive tuning forks made of malleable iron, giving no more than 12 to 15 vibrations per second, and vibrating with perfect regularity. Fig. 2, annexed, shows one of these instruments of about 55 centimeters length, whose breadth, E, is from 5 to 6 centimeters, and which makes about fifteen double vibrations per second only. This number might be still further reduced, but at the expense of our being led to exaggerate the longitudinal dimensions of the apparatus in such a way as to make it inconvenient. The object may be attained more simply by loading the branches with slides supporting leaden weights, M, of 500 grammes each. By fixing these slides at different points on the branches, the number of vibrations can be made to vary from simple to double, and even triple. Thus, by fixing them at the extremity of the branches the number of the vibrations is reduced to 5 or 6. There will be seen in the figure the electro-magnet which keeps up the vibration. This is formed of three simple electro-magnets, whose bobbins have a resistance of no more than 10 ohms, and which are united in series. The interrupting plate, P, against which the style, , rests at each vibration, is capable of a forward movement, or one of recoil, by the aid of a screw, V, and of an eccentric movement which is produced by a small handle, , and during which its plane remains invariable. This arrangement permits the point of contact of the style and plate to be varied without changing the precision with which the contact takes place, and all the points of the plate to be slowly used in succession before replacing it. The motion is produced by means of a relatively weak pile, whose poles are connected to the terminals, A and A'. Three Callaud elements of triple surface, renewed one after the other every month at the most, are sufficient to keep up the vibrations continuously, day and night, without interruption, and that too even when the instrument is employed in producing a small mechanical power, as we shall see further on. s m We have now seen how electro-tuning forks may be constructed of large dimensions, of large mass, and giving a small number of vibrations per second. Such instruments are well fitted to perform the role of electrical interrupters, and it was in such a character that one of them figured in the Exhibition of the Upper School of Telegraphy as a type of an interrupter for testing piles. When it is desired to test a pile to ascertain the practicability of employing it in telegraphy, it is necessary to make it perform a work which shall be as nearly as possible identical with that which it will be called on to do, until it is used up, to estimate the duration of such work, to measure regularly the constants of the pile, the electro-motive power, and the internal resistance. Usually, in telegraphy, this work consists in sending over a line of a certain resistance intermittent currents, through the intermedium of suitable manipulators. It suffices then to cause the branches of the electro tuning fork to play the role of one of these manipulators. For doing this the tuning fork carries two insulating ebonite or ivory strips, B B (Fig. 3), which, at every oscillation, abut against vertical brass springs, . Each of these latter is located in front of the platinized point of a screw, , which is affixed to a small metallic tongue. The springs and tongues are insulated from each other, and are mounted on a piece which may be moved by a screw, V, so as to cause the springs of the strips, B B', to approach or recede according to the amplitude of the instrument's vibrations. Each spring and tongue is connected with terminals affixed to the base of the apparatus. One of the poles of one element, P, of the pile is connected with the tongue and corresponding screw, while the other pole is connected with the screw in front of it through the intermedium of a galvanometer, 2, which gives the intensity of the intermittent current, and of a resistance coil, 2, which performs the role of an artificial telegraph line. The apparatus being set in operation, it will be seen that the current from the pile is emitted once at every vibration. r v g b Thus there may be exhausted as many pile elements as there are springs, and that, too, simultaneously; and the contacts of the screws and springs can be regulated in such a way that the duration of the emissions shall be the same for all. At the laboratory of the School of Telegraphy one of these instruments has operated without interruption, day and night, during eighteen months. The apparatus shown in Fig. 4 is also an interrupting electro-tuning fork, but it makes a much greater number of vibrations than the preceding, and may serve for other electric tests. The operation of the tuning fork is kept up electrically by the aid of the screw, , and the corresponding plate; of the style, , and of the fine wire spiral spring, , both insulated from the fork, from the electro-magnet, N, and from the two wires, F F', which communicate with a pile. v s f The interrupting system is symmetrical with the first. It consists of the style, , of the spiral spring, , of the screw, , and of the plate that this carries at its extremity. The terminal, B, which carries the spring, , and the rod which carries the screw being insulated from each other, it is only necessary to cause to terminate therein the extremities of a circuit comprising one pile, in order to produce in the circuit a number of interruptions equal to that of the tuning fork's vibrations. Provided the lengths of the springs, and , are proper, such vibrations will not be altered. s f v f f f' Moreover, the instrument is so arranged as to produce vibrations whose during the whole time the experiments last. This is done by modifying the of the vibrations; for the greater the amplitude, the longer likewise the duration of the contact of the style, , on the corresponding plate, and the shorter the duration of the interruption. In order to modify the amplitude, the action of the electro-magnet on the branches of the apparatus is made to vary. To effect this, the electro-magnet is made movable perpendicularly by the aid of a screw, V, between two slides, so that the core, N, may be moved with respect to the median line of the branches, and even be raised above them. Its action diminishes, necessarily, while it is being raised, and the amplitude of the vibrations likewise diminishes gradually and continuously. It may thus be made, without difficulty, to vary from two to three tenths of a millimeter to three or four millimeters or more. duration can be varied at pleasure and kept constant amplitude s But it is not sufficient to cause the amplitude to vary; it is necessary to measure it and to keep it constant at the value desired. The measurement is effected by the aid of a very simple apparatus that I have before described under the name of the . This is a small square of paper carrving a design like that shown in Fig. 5, and which is seen in Fig. 4 glued to one of the masses, M, which serve to vary the number of the instrument's vibrations. This figure is in fact, an angle, one of whose sides is graduated into millimeters, for example, and the other forms the edge of a wide black band. The apex of the angle is above and the divided side is perpendicular to the direction of the vibrations. vibrating micrometer Under such conditions, when the fork is vibrating, the apex of the angle, by virtue of the persistence of impressions upon the retina, to advance along the graduation in measure as the amplitude of the vibrations increases. If an angle has been drawn such that the slope of one of its sides to the other is one-tenth, it is easy to see that for each millimeter passed over by the apex of the angle, the amplitude will increase by two-tenths of a millimeter. seems apparently This is the way, then, that the amplitude is measured. On another hand, it suffices to keep the apex of the angle of the micrometer immovable, in order to be sure of the constancy of the tuning fork's amplitude; and this is done, when necessary, by causing the screw, V, to move slightly. The instrument represented in Fig. 4 is, moreover, fixed to a support devised by Mr. A. Duboscq, so as to make it possible to give the tuning fork every position possible with respect to a vertical plane; to raise it or lower it, and to move it backward or forward so that it may be employed for chimography, and in all those experiments in which electro-tuning folks are used. E. MERCADIER. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18763/pg18763-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ELECTRICITY AT THE UPPER SCHOOL OF TELEGRAPHY

Is the Nonce in Bitcoin Really Random? Analyzing Over 860,000 Blocks

In this guide, you will register a new domain name for your web application. You will then connect that domain name through the Domain Name System (DNS) to a frontend or backend application. There's an annual fee to register a domain. The fee can range from $3 to several hundred dollars depending on the top-level domain. This fee is not refundable. See the Amazon Route 53 domain pricing documentation for full details. When you register a domain, we automatically create a hosted zone that has the same name as the domain. You use the hosted zone to specify where you want Amazon Route 53 to route traffic for your domain. The fee for a hosted zone is $0.50 per month. You can delete the hosted zone if you want to avoid this charge. See the Amazon Route 53 Hosted Zone pricing documentation for full details. Step 1: Register a domain name a. Open a browser and navigate to the AWS Management Console. Once you have logged in, ensure you have selected your desired Region in the upper right hand corner based on your infrastructure requirements. b. Enter Route 53 in the search bar and select Route 53 to open the service console. c. Choose the Register domain button. d. Enter a desired domain name in the text box and choose an extension such as .com in the dropdown list and choose the Check button. Choose the Add to cart button next to the domain that you want to purchase.
Choose the Continue button at the bottom of the page.
If the domain you chose is not available, choose one of the related domain suggestions or try again with a different domain name. e. Enter the registrant contact detail for your domain. Choose the Continue button on the bottom of the page. f. Verify your contact details. Choose either Enable or Disable in the auto renewal section. Select the check box after reading and agreeing to the terms and conditions. Choose Complete Order. Step 2: Configure DNS a. After domain registration is complete, return to the AWS console. Enter Route 53 in the search bar and select Route 53 to open the service console. b. Choose Hosted zones from the left navigation pane. c. Select the hosted zone with your domain name that Route 53 created for you as part of the domain registration. d. You can now create DNS records for your domain. In this guide, we will create a simple A record type. Choose the Create record button to get started. e. Choose Switch to quick create if you are currently in the wizard view. f. To allow clients to connect to your ALB using IPv4, enter your A record information and ensure A is selected in the Record type field. For this guide, we will enter www for Record name. Turn on Alias. Select Alias to Application and Classic Load Balancer in the Choose an end point dropdown menu. In the Choose Region dropdown menu, select the Region in which your ALB is located. In the Choose load balancer dropdown menu, select the existing ALB that you want to receive traffic from this domain. Choose the Create records button once you have finished. g. To allow clients to connect to your ALB with IPv6, enter in your AAAA record information and ensure AAAA is selected in the Record type field. For this guide, we will enter www for Record name. Turn on Alias. Select Alias to Application and Classic Load Balancer in the Choose an end point dropdown menu. In the Choose Region dropdown menu, select the region in which your ALB is located. In the Choose load balancer dropdown menu, select the existing ALB that you want to receive traffic from this domain. Choose the Create records button once you have finished. In this guide, you will register a new domain name for your web application. You will then connect that domain name through the Domain Name System (DNS) to a frontend or backend application. There's an annual fee to register a domain. The fee can range from $3 to several hundred dollars depending on the top-level domain. This fee is not refundable. See the Amazon Route 53 domain pricing documentation for full details. Amazon Route 53 domain pricing Amazon Route 53 domain pricing When you register a domain, we automatically create a hosted zone that has the same name as the domain. You use the hosted zone to specify where you want Amazon Route 53 to route traffic for your domain. The fee for a hosted zone is $0.50 per month. You can delete the hosted zone if you want to avoid this charge. See the Amazon Route 53 Hosted Zone pricing documentation for full details. Amazon Route 53 Hosted Zone pricing Amazon Route 53 Hosted Zone pricing Step 1: Register a domain name a. Open a browser and navigate to the AWS Management Console . AWS Management Console AWS Management Console Once you have logged in, ensure you have selected your desired Region in the upper right hand corner based on your infrastructure requirements. Once you have logged in, ensure you have selected your desired Region in the upper right hand corner based on your infrastructure requirements. b. Enter Route 53 in the search bar and select Route 53 to open the service console. Route 53 Route 53 c. Choose the Register domain button. Register domain d. Enter a desired domain name in the text box and choose an extension such as .com in the dropdown list and choose the Check button. Check Choose the Add to cart button next to the domain that you want to purchase. Choose the Continue button at the bottom of the page. If the domain you chose is not available, choose one of the related domain suggestions or try again with a different domain name. Choose the Add to cart button next to the domain that you want to purchase. Add to cart Choose the Continue button at the bottom of the page. Continue If the domain you chose is not available, choose one of the related domain suggestions or try again with a different domain name. e. Enter the registrant contact detail for your domain. Choose the Continue button on the bottom of the page. Choose the Continue button on the bottom of the page. Continue f. Verify your contact details. Choose either Enable or Disable in the auto renewal section. Choose either Enable or Disable in the auto renewal section. Enable Disable Select the check box after reading and agreeing to the terms and conditions. Select the check box after reading and agreeing to the terms and conditions. Choose Complete Order. Choose Complete Order . Complete Order Step 2: Configure DNS a. After domain registration is complete, return to the AWS console. Enter Route 53 in the search bar and select Route 53 to open the service console. Enter Route 53 in the search bar and select Route 53 to open the service console. Route 53 Route 53 b. Choose Hosted zones from the left navigation pane. Hosted zones c. Select the hosted zone with your domain name that Route 53 created for you as part of the domain registration. d. You can now create DNS records for your domain. In this guide, we will create a simple A record type. Choose the Create record button to get started. Choose the Create record button to get started. Create record e. Choose Switch to quick create if you are currently in the wizard view. Switch to quick create f. To allow clients to connect to your ALB using IPv4, enter your A record information and ensure A is selected in the Record type field. A Record type For this guide, we will enter www for Record name. For this guide, we will enter www for Record name. www Record name. Turn on Alias. Turn on Alias . Alias Select Alias to Application and Classic Load Balancer in the Choose an end point dropdown menu. Select Alias to Application and Classic Load Balancer in the Choose an end point dropdown menu. Alias to Application and Classic Load Balancer Choose an end point In the Choose Region dropdown menu, select the Region in which your ALB is located. In the Choose Region dropdown menu, select the Region in which your ALB is located. Choose Region In the Choose load balancer dropdown menu, select the existing ALB that you want to receive traffic from this domain. In the Choose load balancer dropdown menu, select the existing ALB that you want to receive traffic from this domain. Choose load balancer Choose the Create records button once you have finished. Choose the Create records button once you have finished. Create records g. To allow clients to connect to your ALB with IPv6, enter in your AAAA record information and ensure AAAA is selected in the Record type field. For this guide, we will enter www for Record name. Turn on Alias. Turn on Alias . Alias Select Alias to Application and Classic Load Balancer in the Choose an end point dropdown menu. Select Alias to Application and Classic Load Balancer in the Choose an end point dropdown menu. Alias to Application and Classic Load Balancer Choose an end point In the Choose Region dropdown menu, select the region in which your ALB is located. In the Choose Region dropdown menu, select the region in which your ALB is located. Choose Region In the Choose load balancer dropdown menu, select the existing ALB that you want to receive traffic from this domain. In the Choose load balancer dropdown menu, select the existing ALB that you want to receive traffic from this domain. Choose load balancer Choose the Create records button once you have finished. Choose the Create records button once you have finished. Create records

Registering a Domain in AWS Cloud

Building Scalable Event-Driven Orchestration Platform in AWS

Authors:
(1) Shih-Tang Su, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (shihtang@umich.edu);
(2) Vijay G. Subramanian, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and (vgsubram@umich.edu);
(3) Grant Schoenebeck, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (schoeneb@umich.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction 2. Problem Formulation 2.1 Model of Binary-Outcome Experiments in Two-Phase Trials 3 Binary-outcome Experiments in Two-phase Trials and 3.1 Experiments with screenings 3.2 Assumptions and induced strategies 3.3 Constraints given by phase-II experiments 3.4 Persuasion ratio and the optimal signaling structure 3.5 Comparison with classical Bayesian persuasion strategies 4 Binary-outcome Experiments in Multi-phase trials and 4.1 Model of binary-outcome experiments in multi-phase trials 4.2 Determined versus sender-designed experiments 4.3 Multi-phase model and classical Bayesian persuasion and References 3.4 Persuasion ratio and the optimal signaling structure Careful readers may notice that if we multiply the persuasion ratio with the prior, the value will be the (maximum) expected utility the sender can achieve from the given set of strategies. Since the sender’s expected utility is monotone increasing in the prior p regardless of which set of strategies the sender adopts, the persuasion ratio under a given prior can be viewed as the relative utility gain this set of strategies can offer to the sender. Hence, given a specific prior, if a set of strategies has a higher persuasion ratio with respect to another set of strategies, the sender should use a strategy in the former instead of the latter. According to this discussion, we can draw a persuasion ratio curve for each set of strategies as the prior is varied in [0, 1]. Abusing notation, we represent the persuasion ratio curve by P R(S). It may appear that an optimization needs to be carried out for each value of the prior. However, structural insights presented in the following two lemmas considerably simplify the analysis. Properties presented in Lemma 3 narrow down the space where the sender needs to search for the optimal signaling strategy. This allows us to depict persuasion ratio curves P R(S) for some basic strategies. On top of that, Lemma 4 provides a systematic approach to derive persuasion ratio curves for all types of strategies. Lemma 3. Given a type of strategy S and a prior p, there exists a (sender’s) optimal strategy S ∈ S which satisfies one of the following two conditions: At least one IC requirement of the constituent induced strategies is tight;


There is a signal that will be sent with probability 1 under S. Before discussing the simplifications that Lemma 3 yields in terms of the key properties for solving the problem, we give an intuitive outline of the proof of Lemma 3. When the IC requirements of the two induced strategies are not tight and both signals are sent with non-zero probability in a strategy S, the sender can increase her expected utility by slightly raising the probability of the signal with a higher persuasion ratio (and adjust the probability of the other signal to respect the prior) to form a strategy S+. The sender can keep doing this ‘slight’ modification of her strategies until either one of the IC conditions is satisfied or the signal is sent with probability one. Lemma 5. The persuasion ratio curve of the optimal signaling strategy P R∗ (p) is the upper envelope of the different types of strategies’ persuasion curves. Further, the optimal signaling strategy (under a given prior) is the strategy that reaches the frontier of the persuasion ratio curve (at that prior). For a two-phase trial or to solve the last two phases of a trial with more than two phases studied in Section 4, the following corollary can further simplify the sender’s optimization procedure. With Corollary 1, the Equation (3) in Lemma 4 reduces to a linear equation. Hence, the comparison in Lemma 5 and the computation in Lemma 4 can be reduced to a comparison of the (unique) corresponding IC strategies (if one exists) under the interim belief listed in Corollary1 for different types of strategies. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Shih-Tang Su, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (shihtang@umich.edu); (2) Vijay G. Subramanian, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and (vgsubram@umich.edu); (3) Grant Schoenebeck, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (schoeneb@umich.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Shih-Tang Su, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (shihtang@umich.edu); (2) Vijay G. Subramanian, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and (vgsubram@umich.edu); (3) Grant Schoenebeck, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (schoeneb@umich.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Abstract and 1. Introduction 2. Problem Formulation 2. Problem Formulation 2.1 Model of Binary-Outcome Experiments in Two-Phase Trials 2.1 Model of Binary-Outcome Experiments in Two-Phase Trials 3 Binary-outcome Experiments in Two-phase Trials and 3.1 Experiments with screenings 3 Binary-outcome Experiments in Two-phase Trials and 3.1 Experiments with screenings 3.2 Assumptions and induced strategies 3.2 Assumptions and induced strategies 3.3 Constraints given by phase-II experiments 3.3 Constraints given by phase-II experiments 3.4 Persuasion ratio and the optimal signaling structure 3.4 Persuasion ratio and the optimal signaling structure 3.5 Comparison with classical Bayesian persuasion strategies 3.5 Comparison with classical Bayesian persuasion strategies 4 Binary-outcome Experiments in Multi-phase trials and 4.1 Model of binary-outcome experiments in multi-phase trials 4 Binary-outcome Experiments in Multi-phase trials and 4.1 Model of binary-outcome experiments in multi-phase trials 4.2 Determined versus sender-designed experiments 4.2 Determined versus sender-designed experiments 4.3 Multi-phase model and classical Bayesian persuasion and References 4.3 Multi-phase model and classical Bayesian persuasion and References 3.4 Persuasion ratio and the optimal signaling structure Careful readers may notice that if we multiply the persuasion ratio with the prior, the value will be the (maximum) expected utility the sender can achieve from the given set of strategies. Since the sender’s expected utility is monotone increasing in the prior p regardless of which set of strategies the sender adopts, the persuasion ratio under a given prior can be viewed as the relative utility gain this set of strategies can offer to the sender. Hence, given a specific prior, if a set of strategies has a higher persuasion ratio with respect to another set of strategies, the sender should use a strategy in the former instead of the latter. According to this discussion, we can draw a persuasion ratio curve for each set of strategies as the prior is varied in [0, 1]. Abusing notation, we represent the persuasion ratio curve by P R(S). It may appear that an optimization needs to be carried out for each value of the prior. However, structural insights presented in the following two lemmas considerably simplify the analysis. Properties presented in Lemma 3 narrow down the space where the sender needs to search for the optimal signaling strategy. This allows us to depict persuasion ratio curves P R(S) for some basic strategies. On top of that, Lemma 4 provides a systematic approach to derive persuasion ratio curves for all types of strategies. Lemma 3. Given a type of strategy S and a prior p, there exists a (sender’s) optimal strategy S ∈ S which satisfies one of the following two conditions: Lemma 3. Given a type of strategy S and a prior p, there exists a (sender’s) optimal strategy S ∈ S which satisfies one of the following two conditions: At least one IC requirement of the constituent induced strategies is tight; There is a signal that will be sent with probability 1 under S. At least one IC requirement of the constituent induced strategies is tight; At least one IC requirement of the constituent induced strategies is tight; At least one IC requirement of the constituent induced strategies is tight; There is a signal that will be sent with probability 1 under S. There is a signal that will be sent with probability 1 under S. There is a signal that will be sent with probability 1 under S. Before discussing the simplifications that Lemma 3 yields in terms of the key properties for solving the problem, we give an intuitive outline of the proof of Lemma 3. When the IC requirements of the two induced strategies are not tight and both signals are sent with non-zero probability in a strategy S, the sender can increase her expected utility by slightly raising the probability of the signal with a higher persuasion ratio (and adjust the probability of the other signal to respect the prior) to form a strategy S+. The sender can keep doing this ‘slight’ modification of her strategies until either one of the IC conditions is satisfied or the signal is sent with probability one. Lemma 5. The persuasion ratio curve of the optimal signaling strategy P R∗ (p) is the upper envelope of the different types of strategies’ persuasion curves. Further, the optimal signaling strategy (under a given prior) is the strategy that reaches the frontier of the persuasion ratio curve (at that prior). Lemma 5. The persuasion ratio curve of the optimal signaling strategy P R∗ (p) is the upper envelope of the different types of strategies’ persuasion curves. Further, the optimal signaling strategy (under a given prior) is the strategy that reaches the frontier of the persuasion ratio curve (at that prior). For a two-phase trial or to solve the last two phases of a trial with more than two phases studied in Section 4, the following corollary can further simplify the sender’s optimization procedure. With Corollary 1, the Equation (3) in Lemma 4 reduces to a linear equation. Hence, the comparison in Lemma 5 and the computation in Lemma 4 can be reduced to a comparison of the (unique) corresponding IC strategies (if one exists) under the interim belief listed in Corollary1 for different types of strategies. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

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