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Imagine that you are a druggist in a small town

As we may know, the crypto industry is filled with some real horror stories. The saddest part is that most of them were, actually, horror stories. If only the main characters knew! Like the classic star in a movie that should have never gone to that suspicious cabin in the forest. They should have never invested in that platform, left their private keys unattended, or bet for that price. avoidable Fortunately, we can now celebrate Halloween by delving into the eerie and enlightening world of past crypto horror stories, learning from their mistakes. Let's take a spine-chilling but educational journey through these tales. The Betrayal(s) We’ll start with some backstabbing here because we usually trust in the wrong person. And we don’t mean strangers on the Internet, but your own family and friends. At least that’s what happened to an old man in Washington when The major irony here is that it was the same son who introduced the father to crypto investments. his own son offered him a spiked cup of tea and proceeded to rob him of $400,000 in cryptocurrencies. In 2022, Liam Ghershony, 24, that his father wasn’t following the best investment strategy. He visited the father and offered him a cup of tea that contained a large dose of benzodiazepine, a kind of depressant that produces sedation and hypnosis. The father Ghershony was knocked out almost immediately after drinking the tea, and the son used the two-step authentication with his phone to steal from his digital wallet. decided The young Ghershony thought his father would wake up soon, but that didn’t happen for two days. Someone called the Police to check on him, and they found him in the same spot, with severe dehydration and organ dysfunction. He was rushed to the hospital, and his son was quickly arrested. Yikes. At least, the father recovered (and also recovered his coins), while the son apologized and just spent some months in jail. Another happened in Manhattan, in 2017. After luring the victim into an Uber-like minivan, they were kidnapped and robbed of their physical possessions, house keys, ETH seed phrase, and wallet location. While the friend was detained, Meza and accomplices looted the victim's apartment, making off with $1.8 million in ETH. Fortunately, the victim managed to escape, leading to the criminals' arrest, with most of the stolen crypto recovered. betrayal story Louis Meza targeted a supposed friend who held a millionaire Ethereum wallet. Loose lips (and posts) sink ships It’s very important not to go around making a fuss about your holdings. You know, loose lips might sink ships, and this has been proven by several crypto investors over the years. In 2021, a man from the Netherlands suffered a serious assault after, somehow, criminals heard about his crypto holdings and found his address. Three men arrived at his home disguised in green jackets, pretending to be troubleshooters. They went straight for the cryptocurrencies, and as the victim , “They literally beat the code out of me.” He also admitted that he’d been talking about his crypto holdings with numerous people around him, so, the criminals likely learned about it this way. The three men fled the scene, but the coins were frozen in the exchanges. Pretty soon, they were hitting him to force him to reveal his passwords and private keys. declared https://youtu.be/tbPNNEP20pg?si=biczVj7BpNah__eT&embedable=true That one is far from being the only case, though. Again in 2021, this time in England, a criminal gang kidnapped a 14-year-old boy after learning (through social media posts) that he made a significant amount of money by investing in cryptocurrencies. At least, they only to extort around $1,000 from the boy’s mom before releasing him; and one of the kidnappers was tracked and arrested days later. managed More crypto assaults In 2020, the crypto trader Kieran Hamilton from Manchester wasn’t that lucky. He posted a lot of photos on Instagram, showing a luxurious life from his crypto investments. some criminals found him, beat him badly, and stabbed him while demanding money. The criminals didn’t know about how crypto works, so Hamilton managed to keep his private keys. However, they left with several electronics and his beloved dog. As a result, These are barely some examples of crypto assaults. The security firm ADT that So, be pretty careful with the things you share publicly. discovered 78% of burglars resort to social media to find victims. A bet is a bet Sometimes, bad people are responsible for your disgrace. Some other times, you are the sole responsible for it. And this is especially applied in the world of cryptocurrencies. Indeed, there’s a whole Twitter (X) account dedicated to anonymous confessions (often mistakes and bad bets) by average crypto investors worldwide. It’s called “ ,” and we can learn a lot from them. Coinfessions For instance, one of the latest confessions talks about how a crypto investor put their inheritance in crypto, earned a lot from it, but also lost a lot and ended up with the same amount. Likely, because they have no financial planning at all. https://twitter.com/coinfessions/status/1716031699862364603?embedable=true There are worse stories, though. An anonymous investor had $650,000 before the FTX crash, but now they’re living paycheck to paycheck without savings, and taking loans to pay for medical bills. People who have bet all their money and more (through loans) into cryptocurrencies, or worse, crypto exchanges like the infamous FTX. https://twitter.com/coinfessions/status/1715669308381208879?embedable=true BlockFi, another failed platform, is the star in another sad story by a soon-to-be medical student. They transferred all their savings to that platform, and the money was meant to pay for medical school. When they tried to withdraw their investment in November 2022, they just couldn’t. Now, at least, BlockFi that they’ll repay their users in 2024. announced https://twitter.com/coinfessions/status/1714219773922574457?embedable=true The main lesson to learn here is, likely, that Always use non-custodial services, where you keep your own private keys and have control of your funds all the time. Also, research thoroughly before putting your coins in a project or platform. you should never fully trust centralized platforms and wallets. Maybe a zombie People may fake their own death due to numerous reasons, but money is often involved. That’s when they’re really alive somewhere, of course, and the fake death isn’t just another conspiracy theory. We can’t know that for sure in the case of Gerald Cotten, the founder and CEO of the now-extinct Canadian crypto exchange Quadriga. Cotten has been officially dead since 2018, but The thing is that Quadriga is now considered a Ponzi scam, and it owes around $190 million in cryptocurrencies to over 115,000 customers. former Quadriga users are trying to his body to prove that he’s really dead. legally exhume Cotten's death, in India, was attributed to complications from Crohn's disease, an illness not typically fatal. Skepticism abounded, particularly when it was revealed that he was the sole possessor of the private keys to the exchange's cold wallets. However, known cold addresses of the exchange were found empty in an explorer. Adding to the intrigue, Cotten's death certificate misspelled his name, further fueling suspicions. , while others raised questions about Quadriga's financial operations, suggesting it might have been a Ponzi scheme all along. Cotten's widow, Jennifer Robertson, was left grappling with these complex issues. She paid $12 million worth of assets after the scandal, declaring that she didn’t know about his husband's misdeeds. Some people speculated that Cotten may have faked his own death as part of an exit scam To date, creditors are claiming over $303 million in losses, but they’ll only be given back 13% of it after . It’s unlikely that they’ll receive more, as one of the trustees declared. Most of it just disappeared after Cotten’s death, after all. \ bankruptcy proceedings A nightmare before private keys Taking good care of your private keys is the first and most important lesson you should learn in crypto. Did you know that up to are forever blocked because people keep forgetting or losing their private keys? And that’s just in Bitcoin. Non-custodial money means that only you have access to and control of your funds. If you lose your keys, nobody can recover them for you. 3.7 million bitcoins The summer of that year started his nightmare when he threw out the wrong hard drive into the trash while cleaning his office. It was the hard drive that contained his private keys and Bitcoin wallet. That’s the sad story of James Howells, a British computer engineer who bought 8,000 bitcoins early, in 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MBRgLEXLEE&embedable=true Since then, Howells has been adamant about recovering his bitcoins. He believes the hard drive is buried somewhere in a landfill in Newport, South Wales. So, he’s been trying to get permits to excavate there, unsuccessfully so far. (from 2022) is using an AI-powered mechanical arm to filter the trash and then check it manually in a nearby facility. All of this with the help of $12 million raised from a hedge fund. His last proposal What can we say? Mistakes were made. Another sad story about private keys in 2023 was starred by , a popular crypto influencer. . An opportunistic viewer was faster than him and stole around $60,000 in crypto assets. Ivan Bianco He didn’t lose his private keys but showed them by accident (ironically) in a live streaming about his DeFi earnings Never show up or share your private keys! Also, put them on paper and hide them away. Don’t be a victim this or another Halloween. Featured Vector Image by Freepik

Watch Out: Crypto Horror Stories You Must Know for Halloween

সতর্ক থাকুন: হ্যালোইনের জন্য ক্রিপ্টো হরর গল্পগুলি আপনাকে অবশ্যই জানা উচিত

Aufgepasst: Krypto-Horrorgeschichten, die Sie zu Halloween kennen müssen

Cuidado: Historias de terror criptográfico que debes conocer para Halloween

Attention : histoires d'horreur cryptographiques à connaître pour Halloween

सावधान रहें: क्रिप्टो डरावनी कहानियाँ जो आपको हैलोवीन के लिए अवश्य जानना चाहिए

注意してください：ハロウィーンに知っておくべき暗号ホラーストーリー

조심하세요: 할로윈에 꼭 알아야 할 암호화폐 공포 이야기

Cuidado: histórias de terror criptográfico que você deve conhecer para o Halloween

Остерегайтесь: крипто-ужасные истории, которые вы должны знать на Хэллоуин

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In the exciting yet risky world of cryptocurrencies, the quest for financial freedom has not been without its fair share of challenges. As digital currencies continue to gain prominence (and higher prices), they’ve also become a prime target for malicious actors seeking to exploit vulnerabilities for financial gain. In this exploration, we will delve into the worst crypto hacks of all time, from Mt. Gox to more recent years (until 2023). Besides, we will also venture into the realm of DAG-based cryptocurrencies and examine instances where these innovative, Directed Acyclic Graph-based networks faced their own unique set of security challenges. Brace yourself for a journey through the highs and lows of the crypto world, where innovation meets vulnerability, and where the stakes are higher than ever before. Mt. Gox Strictly speaking, in theory, there have been attacks that took a higher bounty since this one in 2014. But the whole crypto world that year was, basically, just Bitcoin (BTC); and Mt. Gox was the world’s leading Bitcoin exchange. The platform was handling over 70% of total transactions globally amid very volatile prices. Then, after numerous issues and hidden hacks, serious solvency problems were revealed in February 2014. All withdrawals were halted with feeble excuses on February 7. On February 23, the CEO, Mark Karpelès, resigned from the board of the Bitcoin Foundation and deleted all Mt. Gox tweets. The next day, the website went offline and [CMC]. leaked documents indicated the loss of 744.408 BTC (around $473 million at the time). That’d be over $19.1 billion in today’s prices As read on the leaked documents, the hackers were siphoning Bitcoin from Mt. Gox for several years, unbeknownst to the company. According to , somehow, hackers managed to steal the private key from the Bitcoin hot (online) wallet of Mt. Gox, which allowed them to handle the exchange funds at their will. We must say that their security wasn’t the best, since Bitcoin as a ledger wasn’t hacked, but only the exchange. WizSec’s research Due to the still small size of the crypto community in those years, the hit was devastating. Bitcoin lost over 43% since February and until December. It wouldn’t show improvement signs until late 2015. The victims of the Mt. Gox hack, for their part, had to wait for years to receive some kind of hope for reimbursements. After a huge legal battle, the Mt. Gox trustee is set to the exchange’s creditors by the end of October 2023. finally repay Coincheck In January 2018, Coincheck, a prominent Japanese cryptocurrency exchange, fell victim to one of the largest cryptocurrency hacks in history. Hackers exploited vulnerabilities in the exchange's security systems, gaining access to Coincheck's hot wallet (online). They stole approximately 523 million NEM (XEM) tokens, valued at nearly $530 million at the time. As reported by , the breach was executed by sending malware-infected emails to Coincheck employees, allowing the attackers to gain control of internal systems. Once inside, they swiftly transferred the stolen XEM tokens to various addresses, making it challenging to trace the funds. some sources . The exchange to compensate affected users by returning their stolen XEM tokens at a rate of 88.549 JPY per coin, significantly below the market value at the time. They did it with their own funds. In the aftermath, Coincheck faced intense scrutiny from regulators, leading to improved security measures and a massive reimbursement effort vowed Despite the , this hack left a significant impact on both Coincheck and the broader cryptocurrency community. It served as a stark reminder of the security risks associated with centralized cryptocurrency exchanges and the importance of robust security protocols. Coincheck's handling of the incident raised questions about the safety of funds entrusted to exchanges and prompted regulatory authorities worldwide to tighten their oversight of cryptocurrency platforms to protect investors and prevent future breaches. reimbursement efforts BSC Token Hub The Binance brand hasn’t been exempted from issues, either. On October 7, 2022, the BNB Smart Chain's native cross-chain bridge between BNB Beacon Chain and BNB Smart Chain fell victim to a hack. The exploit resulted in the temporary suspension of the Binance Smart Chain to contain the damage. Most of it was quickly frozen by the team, but the hacker managed to move roughly $137 million to other chains. The attacker illicitly minted 2 million BNB tokens, valued at approximately $566 million at the time. began with the attacker receiving 100 BNB from a ChangeNOW wallet on October 5, 2022. This allowed them to register as a Relayer for BSC Token Hub, which facilitates cross-chain transactions between BNB Beacon Chain (BEP2) and Binance Smart Chain (BEP20). The attacker exploited a vulnerability in the way BSC Token Hub verified proofs, forging arbitrary messages and initiating the creation and withdrawal of 2 million BNB in two transactions. The breach Rather than immediately off-ramping the stolen funds to exchanges, the attacker used Venus, a popular lending protocol on BNB Chain. . These stablecoins were then routed to multiple chains using bridges, and various DeFi products were employed to avoid detection. They collateralized 900k BNB to borrow stablecoins like USDT, USDC, and BUSD in five transactions, worth over $250 million After the hack, BSC halted the chain due to irregular activity, preventing further fund movements. The attacker's balances across chains were closely monitored. BNB Chain implemented a hardfork (update) to address vulnerabilities and introduced a new on-chain governance mechanism to fight against future attacks. Poly Network The Poly Network, an interoperability protocol facilitating trading between different chains, was a victim of an exploit on August 10, 2021. I They stole ETH, USDC, DAI, UNI, SHIB, FEI, MATIC, and several BSC tokens; all of them from general community members. Notably, this was one of the largest security incidents in the history of decentralized finance (DeFi). t was orchestrated by anonymous hackers, resulting in the transfer of more than $610 million in cryptocurrencies to their control. moved the pilfered funds to addresses they controlled on Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Polygon. Following the attack, the Poly team called upon exchanges and miners to monitor the stolen tokens' flow and urged a halt to the hacker's transactions. Tether froze $33 million worth of USDT. The hackers , claiming the theft aimed to expose vulnerabilities and enhance Poly Network's security. They used embedded messages in transactions to communicate publicly. In a surprising turn of events, the hackers announced on August 11, 2021, their intention to return the tokens The protocol team, in response, initiated the recovery process and referred to the hackers as "Mr. White Hat." They offered a $500,000 bug bounty and the role of "chief security advisor" to ensure the safe return of the remaining assets. The last portion of the stolen funds was returned on . August 23 The incident sparked some controversy over the use of the term "white hat" for the hackers, with concerns that it could set a precedent for criminal hackers to sanitize their actions. However, Poly Network launched a to improve security, inviting security agencies and white hat organizations to audit its core functions. Rewards of up to $100,000 were offered for critical vulnerabilities. bug bounty program Ronin (Axie Infinity) This is considered the largest-ever hack in the crypto world. On March 23, 2022, the Ronin Network, an Ethereum sidechain for the game Axie Infinity, fell victim to a massive attack. The hackers made off with 173,600 ETH and 25.5 million USDC, totaling , surpassing previous record-breaking crypto heists. over $625 million exploited the Ronin bridge, a crucial component for asset transfers between Ronin and other ecosystems. The attackers gained control of four Ronin validator keys hosted on Sky Mavis (the company behind Axie Infinity). It is common for blockchains that this small number of keys is enough to gain control of the network. To complete their scheme, they leveraged a backdoor through a gas-free RPC node, obtaining the signature for the Axie DAO validator. This granted them control of all necessary keys to carry out fake withdrawals. The hack . While a significant portion of the stolen funds remained with the hackers, they attempted to withdraw smaller amounts through centralized crypto exchanges. At least, Sky Mavis to reimburse its users. Sky Mavis detected the breach after a user reported withdrawal issues, six days post-attack compromised The incident caused Ronin's token price to plummet by over 20%, exacerbating concerns within the DeFi space, already grappling with a string of high-profile attacks. Crypto exchanges Binance and Huobi pledged to assist in tracking and returning stolen funds to Axie Infinity users, while Sky Mavis is cooperating with government agencies to bring the hackers to justice. Is all this possible in a DAG like Obyte? Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) ledgers like Obyte have their own unique structure and consensus mechanisms, which can offer certain advantages compared to blockchain systems. However, they’re not totally immune to security vulnerabilities and potential hacks. in terms of decentralization The specific attack vectors and may differ from those of blockchains, but DAG-based systems can still be susceptible to various types of attacks. Some possible concerns, depending on the platform involved, include: potential exploits Perpetrators create numerous fake identities or nodes to control a network, compromising its trust, security, and consensus mechanisms through artificial influence and manipulation. Only some naively designed DAGs are vulnerable to this issue, and they usually solve it through centralization (e.g. IOTA). Sybil Attacks: Exploiting coding flaws to execute unauthorized actions, siphon assets, or disrupt decentralized applications, often leading to financial losses. Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: A fraudulent act where a user duplicates a cryptocurrency transaction, enabling them to spend the same digital assets multiple times, undermining the integrity of the ledger. Like in blockchains, this issue occurs only if the user accepts a payment without waiting for its finality (or without waiting long enough if there is no deterministic finality). Double Spending: Some DAGs have the risk of excessive control or influence by a few entities in a network (like companies, miners, or validators), eroding its decentralization, and potentially compromising its security, immutability, and trustworthiness. This isn’t the case with in Obyte, though. Potential Centralization: Order Providers Vulnerabilities in external cryptocurrency exchanges can result in security breaches, hacking incidents, or exchange insolvency, causing substantial financial losses and interruptions in trading activities. Failures of External Exchanges: Not every DAG is susceptible to all these issues, and they have their own methods to avoid them. So, while DAGs offer their own set of advantages, they’re not immune to security concerns. The specific nature of potential attacks may differ, but the fundamental principles of securing a decentralized ledger still apply. It's essential to continuously assess and address security vulnerabilities in any blockchain or DAG-based system. That’s why Obyte has a on Immunefi, where anyone can report a bug —if they found it. So far, Obyte has paid around 5,000 USD to white hats through Immunefi –and around 10,000 USD for bug reports before this program. Security is always essential for any kind of crypto platform! bug bounty program We’re offering up to $50,000 per critical bug. Featured Vector Image by Freepik

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